Normal performance of electrical equipment

• Normally the following conditions are considered as the normal

conditions of performance of the electrical equipment:
➢Speed
➢Voltage
➢Current
➢Temperature
Protective gears used in electrical equipments
• Normally the following protective devices are employed in electrical
equipment:

➢Fuse
➢Overload protection
➢Under voltage/overvoltage protection
➢Temperature limiter
Causes of faults in electrical equipments
• External causes:

1. Overvoltage
2. Under voltage
3. Overloading
4. Interruption in supply voltage
5. Defect in starting or control circuit
Cont…
• Internal causes:

➢Mechanical:
1. Improper bearing
2. Broken brush holder
3. Loose commentator bar
4. Loosening of armature core
5. Bent shaft
Cont.…
• Electrical internal causes:

1. Punctured insulation
2. Short circuit in winding
3. Loose connections
4. Damaged commutator
5. Improper setting of brushes
6. Wrong electrical connections
Cont.….
• Magnetic Internal causes:

1. Short circuit in stampings

2. Loose pole fittings
3. Uneven air gap
4. Misalignment of poles
Trouble shooting
• The process of tracing the fault by logical sequence and clearing it is known
as the trouble shooting

• Following steps are followed in trouble shooting:

➢To take note of trouble

➢To decide the responsible part from the effort of trouble
➢To isolate the faulty part or circuit
➢To start procedure of clearing the fault
➢To put back the equipment in service after clearance of fault
Instruments required in trouble shooting

• Multi meter • Thermometer

• Megger • Growler
• Earth tester • Cell tester
• Hydrometer
• Tongue tester
• Spirit level
• Phase sequence indicator • Dial gauge
• Watt meter • Line tester
• Tachometer
Tools and other materials required in trouble
shooting
• Wire gauge
• Filler gauge
• Bearing puller
• Under cutting tool
• Soldering iron
• Sand paper
• Cotton and PVC tape
• Varnish
• Cleaning solvent
Troubles in Transformers
Cont.
Troubles in Circuit Breakers
Cont.
 Troubles in underground cables
• Underground cables are susceptible to several common troubles, including:
• Faults: Faults can occur in underground cables due to insulation breakdown, cable damage, or other factors. These faults can
cause interruptions in the supply of electricity or other services.
• Water ingress: Moisture can enter the cable through damaged insulation, joints, or other points of entry. Water ingress can
cause cable insulation to deteriorate, leading to faults or even complete failure.
• Damage to cable sheath: Damage to the cable sheath can occur due to environmental factors such as soil movement or
external forces. Damage to the sheath can cause moisture to enter the cable, leading to insulation breakdown and faults.
• Corrosion: Corrosion can occur due to exposure to soil or other environmental factors, causing the cable to degrade and
potentially leading to faults or failure.
• Poor cable joints: Cable joints are vulnerable points where faults can occur. Poor quality joints or joints that have not been
installed correctly can cause cable failure or other issues.
• Overloading: Overloading the cable can lead to overheating, which can cause insulation breakdown and potentially lead to
faults or even cable failure.
• Mechanical damage: Underground cables can be damaged due to external forces, such as excavation work or heavy vehicles
passing over the cable. This can cause cable sheath damage, insulation breakdown, or other issues.
• It's important to regularly inspect and maintain underground cables to prevent these common troubles and ensure reliable
operation. Regular inspections can identify potential issues before they cause problems, allowing for timely repairs or
replacement of damaged cables or components.
 Need of trouble shooting chart
• A troubleshooting chart is a useful tool for identifying and solving problems with electrical systems or equipment.
The chart provides a step-by-step guide to follow when diagnosing and repairing electrical problems, helping to
identify the source of the problem quickly and efficiently. Some of the benefits of using a troubleshooting chart
include:
• Efficiency: A troubleshooting chart can save time by providing a structured approach to problem-solving, helping
to identify the root cause of the issue quickly and efficiently.
• Accuracy: By following a structured process, a troubleshooting chart can help to ensure that all potential causes
of the problem are considered, reducing the risk of misdiagnosis or overlooking a critical issue.
• Consistency: A troubleshooting chart can help to ensure that all team members follow the same process when
diagnosing and repairing electrical problems, promoting consistency and standardization in troubleshooting
procedures.
• Training and Development: A troubleshooting chart can be a useful tool for training new technicians or
electricians, providing a structured approach to problem-solving and helping to develop skills and knowledge.
• Maintenance and Preventative Maintenance: A troubleshooting chart can also be used proactively as part of a
maintenance program to identify potential problems before they become major issues. Regular use of a
troubleshooting chart can help to identify patterns or trends in electrical problems, allowing for preventative
measures to be taken to avoid future problems.
Trouble shooting chart of DC Motor
• Here is a basic troubleshooting chart for DC motors:
1. No rotation
• Check the power supply voltage and ensure it matches the motor voltage.
• Check for loose or damaged connections in the power supply circuit.
• Check the motor brushes for wear or damage.
• Check for an open circuit or short circuit in the armature or field windings.
• Check the commutator for damage or contamination.
2. Motor runs but at reduced speed
• Check the power supply voltage and ensure it matches the motor voltage.
• Check the brushes for wear or damage.
• Check the commutator for contamination or uneven wear.
• Check the field windings for open or short circuits.
• Check for excessive friction or binding in the motor bearings.
 Cont.
3. Motor overheats
• Check the power supply voltage and ensure it matches the motor voltage.
• Check for excessive friction or binding in the motor bearings.
• Check the brushes for wear or damage.
• Check the commutator for contamination or uneven wear.
• Check the field windings for open or short circuits.
• Check for overload conditions or excessive load on the motor.
4. Motor stalls or trips the circuit breaker
• Check for overload conditions or excessive load on the motor.
• Check the brushes for wear or damage.
• Check the commutator for contamination or uneven wear.
• Check the field windings for open or short circuits.
• Check for excessive friction or binding in the motor bearings.
• Check for loose or damaged connections in the power supply circuit.
 Cont.
5. Motor runs but with excessive noise or vibration
• Check for loose or damaged connections in the power supply circuit.
• Check for excessive friction or binding in the motor bearings.
• Check for wear or damage to the motor brushes.
• Check for loose or damaged parts in the motor or mechanical load.
• Check for contamination or uneven wear on the commutator.
 Trouble shooting chart of DC Generator
• Here is a basic troubleshooting chart for DC generators:
1. No output voltage
• Check the brushes for wear or damage.
• Check the field windings for open or short circuits.
• Check the armature windings for open or short circuits.
• Check the connections to the generator and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check the voltage regulator and ensure it is functioning properly.
2. Low output voltage
• Check the brushes for wear or damage.
• Check the field windings for open or short circuits.
• Check the armature windings for open or short circuits.
• Check the connections to the generator and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check the voltage regulator and ensure it is functioning properly.
 Cont.
3. High output voltage
• Check the voltage regulator and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check the brushes for wear or damage.
• Check the field windings for open or short circuits.
• Check the armature windings for open or short circuits.
• Check the connections to the generator and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
4. Generator overheats
• Check the brushes for wear or damage.
• Check the field windings for open or short circuits.
• Check the armature windings for open or short circuits.
• Check the connections to the generator and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check the ventilation system and ensure it is functioning properly
 Cont.
5. Generator produces excessive noise or vibration
• Check for loose or damaged parts in the generator.
• Check the bearings for wear or damage.
• Check the brushes for wear or damage.
• Check the field windings for open or short circuits.
• Check the armature windings for open or short circuits.
 Trouble shooting of Transformer
• Here is a basic troubleshooting chart for transformers:
1. No output voltage
• Check the power supply voltage and ensure it matches the transformer rating.
• Check the connections to the transformer and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check for an open circuit in the primary or secondary winding.
• Check the fuse or circuit breaker and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check the transformer's internal wiring for loose connections or damage.
2. Low output voltage
• Check the power supply voltage and ensure it matches the transformer rating.
• Check for shorted turns in the primary or secondary winding.
• Check the connections to the transformer and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check the transformer's internal wiring for loose connections or damage.
 Cont.
3. High output voltage
• Check the power supply voltage and ensure it matches the transformer rating.
• Check for an overloaded secondary circuit.
• Check for damaged insulation on the transformer windings.
• Check the transformer's internal wiring for loose connections or damage.
4. Transformer overheats
• Check for an overloaded circuit on the secondary side.
• Check the ventilation system and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check for damaged insulation on the transformer windings.
• Check the transformer's internal wiring for loose connections or damage.
 Cont.
5. Transformer produces excessive noise or vibration
• Check for loose or damaged parts in the transformer.
• Check the mounting and ensure it is secure.
• Check for loose or damaged connections.
• Check for loose laminations in the core.
 Troubleshooting chart of synchronous motor
• Here is a basic troubleshooting chart for synchronous motors:
1. Motor fails to start
• Check the power supply voltage and ensure it matches the motor rating.
• Check the connections to the motor and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check the starting mechanism (e.g., starting switch or starter relay) and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check for open or shorted circuits in the stator or rotor windings.
• Check the motor bearings and ensure they are properly lubricated.
2. Motor runs at improper speed
• Check the power supply frequency and ensure it matches the motor rating.
• Check the motor speed control mechanism (e.g., governor or speed controller) and ensure it is functioning
properly.
• Check for damaged or worn motor components (e.g., shaft or bearings).
• Check the motor load and ensure it is properly matched to the motor rating.
• Check the connections to the motor and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
 Cont.
3. Motor produces excessive noise or vibration
• Check for loose or damaged parts in the motor.
• Check the mounting and ensure it is secure.
• Check for loose laminations in the core.
• Check the motor bearings and ensure they are properly lubricated.
• Check for worn or damaged motor components (e.g., shaft or bearings).
4. Motor overheats
• Check the ventilation system and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check the motor load and ensure it is properly matched to the motor rating.
• Check for damaged or worn motor components (e.g., shaft or bearings).
• Check the connections to the motor and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check the motor windings and ensure they are properly insulated and not damaged.
 Cont.
5. Motor produces insufficient torque
• Check the motor load and ensure it is properly matched to the motor rating.
• Check the connections to the motor and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check for open or shorted circuits in the stator or rotor windings.
• Check for damaged or worn motor components (e.g., shaft or bearings).
• Check the motor's field excitation and ensure it is properly adjusted.
 Troubleshooting Charts of Induction Motor
• Here is a basic troubleshooting chart for induction motors:
1. Motor fails to start
• Check the power supply voltage and ensure it matches the motor rating.
• Check the connections to the motor and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check the starting mechanism (e.g., starting switch or starter relay) and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check for open or shorted circuits in the stator or rotor windings.
• Check the motor bearings and ensure they are properly lubricated.
2. Motor runs at improper speed
• Check the power supply frequency and ensure it matches the motor rating.
• Check the motor speed control mechanism (e.g., variable frequency drive or voltage regulator) and ensure it
is functioning properly.
• Check for damaged or worn motor components (e.g., shaft or bearings).
• Check the motor load and ensure it is properly matched to the motor rating.
• Check the connections to the motor and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
 Cont.
3. Motor produces excessive noise or vibration
• Check for loose or damaged parts in the motor.
• Check the mounting and ensure it is secure.
• Check for loose laminations in the core.
• Check the motor bearings and ensure they are properly lubricated.
• Check for worn or damaged motor components (e.g., shaft or bearings).
4. Motor overheats
• Check the ventilation system and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check the motor load and ensure it is properly matched to the motor rating.
• Check for damaged or worn motor components (e.g., shaft or bearings).
• Check the connections to the motor and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check the motor windings and ensure they are properly insulated and not damaged.
 Cont.
5. Motor produces insufficient torque
• Check the motor load and ensure it is properly matched to the motor rating.
• Check the connections to the motor and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check for open or shorted circuits in the stator or rotor windings.
• Check for damaged or worn motor components (e.g., shaft or bearings).
• Check the motor's capacitor or capacitors and ensure they are properly connected and
functioning.
 Troubleshooting chart of Circuit Breaker
• Here is a basic troubleshooting chart for circuit breakers:
1. Circuit breaker fails to trip
• Check the power supply and ensure it is properly connected and working.
• Check the circuit breaker settings and ensure they are properly adjusted.
• Check the wiring connections and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check the mechanical operation of the circuit breaker and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check the circuit breaker's trip mechanism and ensure it is properly adjusted and functioning.
2. Circuit breaker trips unexpectedly
• Check the circuit breaker settings and ensure they are properly adjusted.
• Check the circuit breaker's trip mechanism and ensure it is properly adjusted and functioning.
• Check the circuit load and ensure it is within the rated capacity of the circuit breaker.
• Check for short circuits or ground faults in the circuit.
• Check for loose or damaged wiring connections.
 Cont.
3. Circuit breaker trips frequently
• Check the circuit load and ensure it is within the rated capacity of the circuit breaker.
• Check for short circuits or ground faults in the circuit.
• Check for loose or damaged wiring connections.
• Check the circuit breaker settings and ensure they are properly adjusted.
• Check the circuit breaker's trip mechanism and ensure it is properly adjusted and functioning.
4. Circuit breaker won't reset
• Check the wiring connections and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check the circuit breaker's reset mechanism and ensure it is properly adjusted and functioning.
• Check the circuit breaker's trip mechanism and ensure it is properly adjusted and functioning.
• Check the circuit load and ensure it is within the rated capacity of the circuit breaker.
• Check for short circuits or ground faults in the circuit.
 Cont.
5. Circuit breaker produces sparks or emits smoke
• Turn off the power supply and immediately contact a qualified electrician.
• Do not attempt to reset or operate the circuit breaker.
• Check the wiring connections and ensure they are tight and free from corrosion.
• Check the circuit load and ensure it is within the rated capacity of the circuit breaker.
• Check for short circuits or ground faults in the circuit.
 Troubleshooting chart for Electric Iron
• Here is a basic troubleshooting chart for an electric iron:
1. Iron does not heat up
• Check the power supply and ensure it is properly connected and working.
• Check the thermostat settings and ensure they are properly adjusted.
• Check the power cord and ensure it is not damaged or frayed.
• Check the heating element and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check the thermal fuse and ensure it is not blown.
2. Iron heats up too much or too little
• Check the thermostat settings and ensure they are properly adjusted.
• Check the heating element and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check the power cord and ensure it is not damaged or frayed.
• Check the iron's voltage rating and ensure it matches the voltage of your power supply.
• Check for mineral buildup on the soleplate and clean if necessary.
 Cont.
3. Iron produces steam unevenly or not at all
• Check the water reservoir and ensure it is properly filled.
• Check the steam settings and ensure they are properly adjusted.
• Check for mineral buildup on the steam vents and clean if necessary.
• Check the heating element and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check the thermostat settings and ensure they are properly adjusted.
4. Iron produces water droplets or leaks water
• Check the water reservoir and ensure it is not overfilled.
• Check the steam settings and ensure they are properly adjusted.
• Check for mineral buildup on the steam vents and clean if necessary.
• Check the water tank cap and ensure it is securely fastened.
• Check for cracks or damage in the water reservoir or steam vents.
 Cont.
5. Iron does not turn on
• Check the power supply and ensure it is properly connected and working.
• Check the power cord and ensure it is not damaged or frayed.
• Check the thermostat settings and ensure they are properly adjusted.
• Check the on/off switch and ensure it is properly aligned and functioning.
• Check the fuse and ensure it is not blown.
 Troubleshooting chart for Ceiling Fan
Here is a basic troubleshooting chart for a ceiling fan:
1. Ceiling fan does not turn on
• Check the power supply and ensure it is properly connected and working.
• Check the wall switch or remote control and ensure it is properly aligned and functioning.
• Check the circuit breaker and ensure it is not tripped.
• Check the fan's wiring connections and ensure they are properly connected.
2. Ceiling fan wobbles or makes noise
• Check the blades and ensure they are properly aligned and balanced.
• Tighten any loose screws or hardware on the fan.
• Check the ceiling mounting bracket and ensure it is securely fastened.
• Check the fan's motor and bearings for wear or damage.
• Check the fan's blade irons for damage or misalignment.
 Cont.
3. Ceiling fan spins too slowly
• Check the fan's speed settings and ensure they are properly adjusted.
• Check the fan's wiring connections and ensure they are properly connected.
• Check the fan's capacitor and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check the fan's motor and bearings for wear or damage.
• Check the fan's blades for proper alignment and balance.
4. Ceiling fan produces no air flow
• Check the blades and ensure they are properly aligned and balanced.
• Check the fan's motor and bearings for wear or damage.
• Check the fan's capacitor and ensure it is functioning properly.
• Check the fan's wiring connections and ensure they are properly connected.
• Check the air filter and clean or replace if necessary.
 Cont.
5. Ceiling fan has a light that does not work
• Check the light bulb and ensure it is properly installed and functioning.
• Check the light switch and ensure it is properly aligned and functioning.
• Check the wiring connections and ensure they are properly connected.
• Check the light fixture and ensure it is not damaged or defective.
• Check the circuit breaker and ensure it is not tripped
 Troubleshooting chart for Washing Machine
• Here is a basic troubleshooting chart for a washing machine:
1. Washing machine does not turn on
• Check the power supply and ensure it is properly connected and working.
• Check the door switch and ensure it is properly aligned and functioning.
• Check the circuit breaker and ensure it is not tripped.
• Check the timer or control board and ensure they are functioning properly.
2. Washing machine does not fill with water
• Check the water supply and ensure it is turned on and working.
• Check the water inlet valve and ensure it is properly connected and functioning.
• Check the water level switch and ensure it is properly aligned and functioning.
• Check the water pressure and ensure it is sufficient.
 Cont.
3. Washing machine does not drain or spin
• Check the drain hose and ensure it is not clogged or kinked.
• Check the drain pump and ensure it is properly connected and functioning.
• Check the lid switch and ensure it is properly aligned and functioning.
• Check the drive belt and ensure it is properly aligned and not worn.
4. Washing machine produces excessive noise or vibration
• Check the leveling feet and ensure the machine is level.
• Check the shock absorbers and springs and ensure they are properly aligned and
functioning.
• Check the drum bearings and seals and ensure they are not worn or damaged.
• Check the drive belt and ensure it is properly aligned and not worn.
 Cont.
5. Washing machine produces leaking water
• Check the water inlet hoses and ensure they are properly connected and not damaged.
• Check the water level switch and ensure it is properly aligned and functioning.
• Check the door gasket and ensure it is not worn or damaged.
• Check the drain hose and ensure it is not clogged or kinked.
 Troubleshooting chart for Air Cooler
• Here is a basic troubleshooting chart for an air cooler:
1. Air cooler does not turn on
• Check the power supply and ensure it is properly connected and working.
• Check the control panel and ensure it is properly aligned and functioning.
• Check the circuit breaker and ensure it is not tripped.
• Check the fan motor and ensure it is properly connected and functioning.
2. Air cooler does not produce cool air
• Check the water level and ensure it is sufficient.
• Check the water pump and ensure it is properly connected and functioning.
• Check the air filter and ensure it is not clogged or dirty.
• Check the cooling pads and ensure they are not clogged or dirty.
 Cont.
3. Air cooler produces insufficient cool air
• Check the fan speed settings and ensure they are properly adjusted.
• Check the water level and ensure it is sufficient.
• Check the cooling pads and ensure they are not clogged or dirty.
• Check the air filter and ensure it is not clogged or dirty.
4. Air cooler produces excessive noise
• Check the fan blades and ensure they are properly aligned and balanced.
• Check the fan motor and bearings for wear or damage.
• Check the water pump and ensure it is properly connected and functioning.
• Check the cooling pads and ensure they are properly aligned and not damaged.
 Cont.
5. Air cooler produces leaking water
• Check the water level and ensure it is not too high.
• Check the water inlet and outlet and ensure they are not clogged or damaged.
• Check the water pump and ensure it is properly connected and functioning.
• Check the cooling pads and ensure they are properly aligned and not damaged.
 Troubleshooting chart for Vacuum Cleaner
• Here is a basic troubleshooting chart for a vacuum cleaner:
1. Vacuum cleaner does not turn on
• Check the power supply and ensure it is properly connected and working.
• Check the power switch and ensure it is properly aligned and functioning.
• Check the circuit breaker and ensure it is not tripped.
• Check the motor and ensure it is properly connected and functioning.
2. Vacuum cleaner does not suction properly
• Check the air filter and ensure it is not clogged or dirty.
• Check the dustbin or bag and empty it if it is full.
• Check the suction hose and ensure it is not clogged or damaged.
• Check the brush roll and ensure it is not clogged with hair or debris.
 Cont.
3. Vacuum cleaner produces excessive noise
• Check the brush roll and ensure it is not clogged with hair or debris.
• Check the brush roll bearings and ensure they are not worn or damaged.
• Check the motor and ensure it is properly connected and functioning.
• Check the suction hose and ensure it is not clogged or damaged.
4. Vacuum cleaner produces bad odor
• Check the air filter and replace it if necessary.
• Check the dustbin or bag and empty it if it is full.
• Check the brush roll and clean it thoroughly.
• Check the suction hose and ensure it is not clogged or damaged.
 Cont.
5. Vacuum cleaner produces sparks or smoke
• Turn off the vacuum cleaner immediately and unplug it.
• Check the power cord for damage or wear.
• Check the motor for damage or wear.
• Contact a qualified technician for repair or replacement.