Chapter 2 Ultrasonic
Assignment questions:
I. Multiple choice questions
1) Ultrasonic waves have frequencies
a. above 20 kHz
b. below 20 kHz
c. below 20 Hz
d. from 20 Hz to 20 kHz
2) Ultrasonic waves are produced by using
a. electromagnetic waves
b. tuning forks
c. piezoelectric effect
d. inverse piezoelectric effect
3) Ultrasonic waves are
a. electromagnetic waves
b. mechanical waves
c. matter waves
d. gravitational waves
4) Ultrasonic waves travel in air with a velocity
a. equal to the velocity of sound waves
b. equal to the velocity of electromagnetic waves
c. less than the velocity of sound waves
d. more than the velocity of sound waves
5) The velocity of ultrasonic waves is
a. greater in solids than in air
b. lower in solids than in air
c. equal in solids and air
d. greatest in vacuum.
6) The wavelength of ultrasonic waves in air is of the order
a. 1Å
b. 1μ
c. 1 nm
d. 1 cm
7) The frequency f of ultrasonic waves produced by an oscillator is
given by
a.
m ρ
√
2L Y
b.
√
2m Y
L ρ
c.
√
p Y
2l ρ
d.
√
2L Y
m ρ
8) Velocity of ultrasonic waves in water is about __________ m/s at
Temperature T= 25˚C
a. 340
b. 1500
c. 3400
d. 5400
9) Piezoelectric effect is observed in
a. Nickel
b. Copper
c. Iron
d. Quartz
10) Ultrasonic waves can travel long distances in sea water due to its
a. high intensity
b. larger wavelength
c. high frequency
d. low frequency
II. Answer the following questions
1. What are ultrasonic wave?
2. Why ultrasonic waves are used for detection of objects submerged
in sea?
3. Which crystal is used more generally in the production of ultrasonic
waves?
4. Define the natural frequency of a crystal.
5. What is meant by nondestructive testing?
6. What is sonar?
7. How ultrasonic cleaners are used to clean mechanical conductors
and semiconductor chips, lens etc.?
8. Explain the direct and inverse piezoelectric effects?
9. Give the principle of piezoelectric Oscillator.
10. Describe different methods of detection of ultrasonic waves.
11.State the properties of ultrasonic waves?
12.What is an acoustic grating? How is it used in determining velocity
of ultrasound?
13. Discuss at least three applications of ultrasonic in engineering.
14.Explain the principle of sonar.
15.What is Magnetostriction effect? Draw the diagram of
Magnetostriction oscillator and explain its working.
III. Problems For Practice
1. Calculate the frequency to which piezoelectric oscillator circuit
should be tuned so that a piezoelectric crystal of thickness 0.12 cm
vibrates in its fundamental mode generating ultrasonic waves. Given that
Y=80GPa and density= 2654 kg/m3. [Ans. 2.29 × 106 Hz]
2. Find the frequency of the first and second mode of vibrations for
quartz crystal. The velocity of longitudinal waves in quartz crystal is
5km/second. The thickness of quartz crystal is 55cm. [Ans. 4.54 kHz, 9.09
kHz]
3. An ultrasonic source of 90 kHz sends down a pulse towards the
seabed which returns after 0.5 second. The velocity of sound in water is
1500m/s. Calculate the depth of the sea and wavelength of pulse. [Ans.
375 m, 0.016 m]
4. An ultrasonic source of 70 kHz sends down a pulse towards the
seabed which returns after 0.65 second. The velocity of the ultrasonic
sound in the sea is 1700m/s. Calculate the depth of the sea and the
wavelength of the ultrasonic sound. [Ans. 552.5 m, 0.0243 m]
5. Calculate the natural frequency of the iron rod of 0.03m length. The
density of iron is 23230 kg/m3 and Young’s modulus is 11.6x1010 N/m2.
[Ans. 37.24 kHz]
6. A quartz crystal of thickness 0.001 m is vibrating at resonance.
Calculate its fundamental frequency if Young’s modulus of quartz is
7.9x1010 N/m2and the density is 2650 kg/m3. [ Ans. 2.73 MHz]
7. A Piezo- electric quartz plate (x-cut) has thickness of 1 mm. If the
velocity of propagation of ultrasonic waves in the crystal along X-direction
be 5760m/s, calculate the fundamental frequency of the crystal.[ Ans.
2.88 MHz]
8. A wrought iron rod of length 6 cm is used in the oscillator. Obtain
the frequency of the produced ultrasonic waves if modulus of elasticity =
20x1010 N/m2and the density is 7850 kg/m3. [Ans. 13.3 kHz]
9. Find the frequency of the first and second mode of vibration for a
quartz crystal of Piezoelectric oscillator. The velocity of the longitudinal
waves in quartz crystal is 5500 m/s. Thickness of quartz crystal is 0.05 m.
[Ans. 55 kHz, 110 kHz]
