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SIXTH EDITION

Essentials
of Sociology
Anthony Giddens
London School of Economics

Mitchell Duneier
City University of New York Graduate Center
Princeton University

Richard P. Appelbaum
University of California, Santa Barbara

Deborah Carr
Rutgers University

W. W. NORTON & COMPANY, INC.

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
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Contents
PREFACE xix

Chapter 1: Sociology: eory and Method 2

WHAT IS THE “SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION”? 5
Studying Sociology 7
Developing a Global Perspective 7
Understanding Social Change 8
Globalization by the Numbers: Opinion of the United States 9

WHAT THEORIES DO SOCIOLOGISTS USE? 10

Early Theorists 10
Neglected Founders 14
Modern Theoretical Approaches 16
Digital Life: Bullying Goes Viral 19
Theoretical Thinking in Sociology 20
Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology 21

WHAT KINDS OF QUESTIONS CAN 22

SOCIOLOGISTS ANSWER?

WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF THE 23

RESEARCH PROCESS?
1. Define the Research Problem 24
2. Review the Evidence 24
3. Make the Problem Precise 24
4. Work Out a Design 25

Contents v
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5. Carry Out the Research 25

6. Interpret the Results 25
7. Report the Findings 26

WHAT RESEARCH METHODS DO SOCIOLOGISTS USE? 26

Ethnography 26
Surveys 27
Experiments 30
Comparative and Historical Research 30

WHAT ETHICAL DILEMMAS DO SOCIOLOGISTS FACE? 32

HOW DOES THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION 37

AFFECT YOUR LIFE?
The Big Picture 38

Chapter 2: Culture and Socie 40

WHAT IS CULTURE? 43
Defining “Culture” 43
Culture and Society 46

HOW DOES HUMAN CULTURE DEVELOP? 47

Early Human Culture: Adaptation to Physical Environment 47
Nature or Nurture? 48
How Nature and Nurture Interact 49
Cultural Diversity 51
Cultural Universals 54
Culture and Social Development 56
Digital Life: The Secret Power of Cultural Norms and Values 57

WHAT HAPPENED TO PREMODERN SOCIETIES? 58

The Earliest Societies: Hunters and Gatherers 58
Pastoral and Agrarian Societies 59
Traditional Societies or Civilizations 60

HOW HAS INDUSTRIALIZATION SHAPED 61

MODERN SOCIETY?
The Industrialized Societies 61
Global Development 62

HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION AFFECT 64

CONTEMPORARY CULTURE?
Does the Internet Promote a Global Culture? 65

vi Contents
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Globalization by the Numbers: Internet Connectivity 67

Globalization and Local Cultures 68
The Big Picture 70

Chapter 3: Socialization, the 72

Life Course, and Aging
HOW ARE CHILDREN SOCIALIZED? 75
Theories of Child Development 76
Agents of Socialization 77
Social Roles 81
Identity 81
Gender Socialization 82

WHAT ARE THE FIVE MAJOR STAGES 86

OF THE LIFE COURSE?
Childhood 86
The Teenager 86
Young Adulthood 86
Midlife or “Middle Age” 87
Later Life or “Old Age” 88
Globalization by the Numbers: Life Course Transitions 89

HOW DO PEOPLE AGE? 90

The Meanings of “Age” 90
Growing Old: Trends and Competing Sociological Explanations 91
Digital Life: Apps for Successful Aging 93

WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF AGING 94

IN THE UNITED STATES?
Health Problems 95
Elder Abuse 97
Social Isolation 98
Prejudice 99
The Big Picture 100

Chapter 4: Social Interaction 102

and Everyday Life in the Age
of the Internet
WHAT IS SOCIAL INTERACTION? 104
Nonverbal Communication 106

Contents vii
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HOW DO WE MANAGE IMPRESSIONS IN DAILY LIFE? 109

Impression Management 109
Focused and Unfocused Interaction 109
Audience Segregation 111

WHAT RULES GUIDE HOW WE COMMUNICATE 112

WITH OTHERS?
Ethnomethodology 112
Digital Life: Turning Away from Face-to-Face Interaction 113
Interactional Vandalism 114
Response Cries 116
Personal Space 116
Eye Contact 117

HOW DO TIME AND SPACE AFFECT OUR INTERACTIONS? 117

Clock Time 118
Globalization by the Numbers: Who Owns a Smartphone? 119
The Compulsion of Proximity 120

HOW DO THE RULES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION 122

AFFECT YOUR LIFE?
Women and Men in Public 122
Race and the Public Sphere 123
The Big Picture 126

Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, 128

and Organizations
WHAT ARE SOCIAL GROUPS? 130
Groups: Variety and Characteristics 131
The Effects of Size 132
Types of Leadership 134
Conformity 134

HOW DO WE BENEFIT FROM SOCIAL NETWORKS? 137

The Internet as Social Network 138
Digital Life: Crowdfunding and the Strength of Weak Ties 139

HOW DO ORGANIZATIONS FUNCTION? 140

Theories of Organizations 141

IS BUREAUCRACY AN OUTDATED MODEL? 145

The Transformation of Management 145

viii Contents
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Technology and Modern Organizations 146

The “McDonaldization” of Society 148

HOW DO GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS AFFECT 149

YOUR LIFE?
Social Capital: The Ties That Bind 149
Globalization by the Numbers: Nonprofit & Volunteer Sector 151
Conclusion 152
The Big Picture 154

Chapter 6: Conformi, Deviance, 156

and Crime
WHAT IS DEVIANT BEHAVIOR? 159
What Is Deviance? 159
Norms and Sanctions 161

WHY DO PEOPLE COMMIT DEVIANT ACTS? 161

The Biological View of Deviance 161
The Psychological View of Deviance 162
Sociological Perspectives on Deviance 163
Theoretical Conclusions 169

HOW DO WE DOCUMENT CRIME? 169

WHOSE LIVES ARE AFFECTED BY CRIME? 172

Gender and Crime 172
Youth and Crime 173
Crimes of the Powerful 175
Organized Crime 177

HOW CAN CRIME BE REDUCED? 177

Are Prisons the Answer? 177
Globalization by the Numbers: Incarceration Rates 179
The Mark of a Criminal Record 180
The Death Penalty 180
Policing 181
Crime and Community 183
Digital Life: Using Cameras to Police the Police 185

HOW DO CRIME AND DEVIANCE AFFECT YOUR LIFE? 186

The Costs of Crime 186
The Functions of Deviance 187
The Big Picture 188

Contents ix