ENVRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND POTECTION

. IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MINING OPERATIONS,

THE MITIGATION MEASURES AND THE SUGGESTED RECOMMENDATIONS.

GROUP 8 PRACTICAL 1
INTRODUCTION

Mining is one of the prescribed activities through which an EIA (environmental impact
assessment) is required. The in-depth need for the natural resources, which are the minerals in this
industrialized world has led to the increase in the mining activities. However, while mining
activities contribute significantly to local and national economies, they also pose profound
environmental impacts that cannot be overlooked. There are various environmental consequences
associated with mining operations such as land disturbance, water pollution, air pollution,
biodiversity loss, waste generation, noise pollution and climate change. On the other hand there
can be mitigation measures put in place to reduce these environmental impacts.

Background Mutoko Mine

Mutoko Mining Complex located in Kwekwe does surface mining in order to reach the reefs near
the earth’s surface. This mine also does underground mining and has a fully functional mineral
processing plant. This venture does has relative impacts to the environment. Blasting activities are
carried out every day. Below are the environmental impacts related to the mining activities, h
mitigation measures and the suggested recommendations.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Environmental impact refers to any change to the environment that results from a particular
activity or project such as mining, construction, manufacturing and agriculture. These impacts can
be positive or negative and can affect various aspects of the environment.

Mitigation refers to the actions taken to reduce, minimize or prevent the negative impacts of an
activity of an activity on environment. The aim of mitigation strategies is to lessen the adverse
effects of projects like mining, industrial activities and construction.

Mining refers to process of extracting valuable minerals or other geological materials from earth.
This activity plays a crucial role in the global economy, providing resources for various industries.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

1|Page
LAND DISTURBANCE

It is one of the most significant environmental impacts associated with the mining operations at
Mutoko Mine. It refers to the alteration or degradation of the natural landscape due to mining
operations which can have profound and lasting effects on ecosystems and biodiversity. Mining
operations often involve extensive land clearing, resulting in the removal of vegetation and top
soil. This change in land use can lead to significant habitat destruction. The disruption of
landscapes affects local flora and fauna, leading to loss of biodiversity leading to potential
extinction or displacement of species. Soil erosion becomes prevalent, increasing sedimentation in
nearby water bodies and altering natural drainage patterns. This alteration can exacerbate flooding
and reduce soil fertility for surrounding agricultural lands. In some cases mining operations can
lead to the displacement of local communities, disrupting their livelihoods and cultural practices.
Once disturbed land may not return to its original productive state, affecting agriculture and other
land uses that local populations depend on.

Below is an image showing the degradation caused by the mining operations.

WATER POLLUTION

Water pollution comes in when it comes to the environmental effects of the Mutoko Mining
operation. Mining processes can introduce pollutants into local water systems. Contaminants from
tailings, heavy metals, and chemicals used in extraction (e.g., cyanide in gold mining) can leach
into groundwater and surface water. Contaminated water poses severe risks to aquatic ecosystems

2|Page
and human health. Toxic substances can bio accumulate in aquatic organisms, impacting food
chains and leading to fish kills. Communities reliant on these water sources for drinking and
agriculture face health risks and economic challenges. Acid mine drainage is when sulfides
minerals are exposed to air and water during mining they can oxidize producing sulfuric acid. This
acid leaches heavy metals from surrounding rocks, contaminating nearby water sources. Mining
operations can release heavy metals (e.g. lead, mercury and arsenic) into water bodies. These
metals can be toxic to aquatic life and humans, leading to bio accumulation in the food chain. The
movement of soil and rock during mining can increase sediment in waterways, disrupting aquatic
habitats and affecting water quality. Polluted water bodies can lead to decline in fish and other
aquatic species disrupting local ecosystem and food webs. Changes in water quality can alter the
physical and chemical environment of aquatic habitats, making them unsuitable for certain species.
Exposure to contaminated water can lead to various health problems to humans.

This image shows the discharge of acidic water

discharging into a river polluting the water.

AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution comes in also as one of the major environmental damages caused by the mining
operations. Dust and emissions from heavy machinery, blasting, and transportation activities
contribute to air pollution. Particulate matter and gases, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,
are common by-products. Air quality degradation can lead to respiratory issues in nearby
populations and have broader implications for climate change. The release of greenhouse gases
contributes to global warming, which in turn affects weather patterns and ecosystem stability.
Heavy machinery used in mining operation often runs on fossil fuels releasing pollutants such as
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particular matter into atmosphere. Volatile organic

3|Page
compounds these are chemicals used in the processing of minerals can evaporate into the air
contributing to air quality degradation and forming ground level ozone. Air pollutants can settle
on vegetation harming plant health and reducing photosynthesis. This can lead to decreased plant
growth and biodiversity. Emission of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can lead to acid rain,
which negatively soil and water quality ultimately harming ecosystems. Exposure to airborne
particulate matter and toxic gases can lead to respiratory problems including asthma, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease and other lung diseases.

The image above shows the surface blasting operations which in turn causes air pollution through
the release of dust and noxious gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrous fumes and sulphur dioxide
into the atmosphere.

NOISE POLLUTION

Sources of noise pollution in mining are heavy machinery, the operation of large equipment such
as excavators, bulldozers, and trucks generates substantial noise, which can reach levels harmful
to human and wildlife health. Drilling and Blasting activities such as drilling and blasting are
inherently loud and can produce sharp, impulsive noises that contribute to overall noise pollution.
Transport Activities the movement of materials and equipment, including trucks and conveyor
systems, adds to the cumulative noise in mining areas. Processing Facilities crushing, grinding,
and other processing operations also generate significant noise, further contributing to the overall
sound levels. Wildlife Disturbance many species are sensitive to noise, and mining-related sounds
can disrupt animal behavior, including feeding, mating, and communication. This can lead to
habitat abandonment and decreased biodiversity. Hearing Loss prolonged exposure to high noise

4|Page
levels can lead to noise-induced hearing loss among workers and nearby residents. Stress and
Anxiety chronic noise pollution can contribute to psychological stress, anxiety, and sleep
disturbances in affected communities. Cardiovascular Issues research has shown that long-term
exposure to noise can lead to increased blood pressure and a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Below are some of the sources of noise in mining.

Both of the above machinery produces a lot of noise so as blasting operations.

WASTE GENERATION

Mining generates substantial waste, including tailings (the residual materials after ore extraction)
and waste rock, which can contain hazardous substances. Overburden this is the soil and rock that
must be removed to access the mineral deposits. Overburden can cover large areas and is often
stored in tailings piles. After the extraction of valuable minerals, the leftover materials, or tailings,
are often mixed with water and chemicals. Tailings can contain toxic substances and heavy metals.
Waste rock this refers to the non-valuable rock that is removed during mining operations. It can
also contain harmful minerals that may leach into the environment. Chemical waste is the use of
chemicals in mineral processing (e.g., cyanide in gold extraction) can lead to the generation of
hazardous waste, which requires careful handling and disposal. Improper management of mining
waste can lead to soil contamination, affecting plant growth and local agriculture. Harmful

5|Page
substances can leach into the soil, altering its composition and fertility. Tailings and other waste
can contaminate nearby water bodies through runoff, leading to acid mine drainage (AMD) and
the leaching of heavy metals.

Waste accumulation at Mutoko Mine

This can harm aquatic ecosystems and pose risks to human health. Dust generated from waste
rock and tailings can contribute to air pollution, affecting air quality and respiratory health for
nearby communities. The accumulation of mining waste alters the landscape, potentially leading
to erosion, habitat destruction, and changes in local hydrology. Communities near mining
operations may face health risks due to exposure to contaminated water, soil, and air. This can lead
to chronic illnesses and increased healthcare costs. The degradation of land and water resources
can negatively impact local economies, particularly those reliant on agriculture, fishing, or
tourism.

However every cloud has its own silver lining and so does mining. Mining operations have also
positive impacts to the community and to the country in whore.

1. Economic Growth: Mining can be a major driver of economic development, providing

jobs and generating income for local communities and the national economy.
2. Job Creation: Mining creates direct employment opportunities in the mining sites, and
indirectly through industries supporting the mining operations like equipment suppliers,
transport, and maintenance services.

6|Page
 3. Infrastructure Development: Often, mining operations lead to the development of
infrastructure such as roads, schools, and healthcare facilities, which can benefit the
broader community.
4. Technological Advancements: Mining operations can lead to advancements in
technology and the development of new methods for extracting resources more
efficiently and sustainably.
5. Investment Attraction: Mining can attract both domestic and international investment,
which can stimulate further economic activity and growth.

MITIGATION METHODS

Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA)

Comprehensive EIAs are conducted before mining projects commence to identify potential
environmental impacts and develop strategies for mitigation. This proactive approach helps in
planning and minimizing adverse effects from the outset.

Rehabilitation Plans

Mining companies are required to develop rehabilitation plans that detail how they will restore
land post-mining, including re-vegetation and soil stabilization techniques. Effective rehabilitation
can help restore ecosystems, improve soil quality, and prevent erosion.

Land disturbance Mitigation

To address the environmental impacts of land disturbance, several mitigation strategies can be
implemented. Reclamation after mining operations, efforts can be made to restore the land to its
original state or to a condition that supports new ecological functions. Buffer Zones establishing
buffer zones around mining areas can help protect sensitive ecosystems and reduce the extent of
land disturbance. Implementing sustainable mining practices, such as minimizing land footprint
and using less invasive extraction techniques, can significantly reduce land disturbance.

Waste Management Systems

7|Page
Implementing comprehensive waste management plans that include waste reduction, recycling,
and safe disposal is essential to minimize environmental impacts. Best Practices in Tailings
Management techniques such as dry stacking, which reduces the amount of water used in tailings
management, can help mitigate the risks associated with tailings storage. Post-Mining
Rehabilitation restoring mined land to its natural state or repurposing it for sustainable uses is
crucial for minimizing long-term impacts of waste generation.

Air Pollution Measures

Many countries have established air quality standards to regulate emissions from mining
operations. Compliance is essential for protecting public health and the environment. Dust
suppression techniques implementing dust control measures, such as water spraying, vegetation
cover, and using dust suppressants, can significantly reduce airborne particulate matter. Emission
Controls installing scrubbers and filters on machinery can help capture harmful emissions before
they enter the atmosphere. Monitoring and Reporting engaging local communities in monitoring
air quality can enhance transparency and accountability, ensuring that mining operations adhere to
environmental standards. Educating communities about the potential health impacts of mining-
related air pollution can empower them to advocate for better practices and regulations.

Noise Reduction Techniques

Establishment of regulations and standards for permissible noise levels in mining operations.
Compliance with these regulations is essential for protecting public health and the environment.
Implementing noise-reduction technologies, such as sound barriers and mufflers on machinery,
can help mitigate the impact of noise pollution. Operational Changes scheduling high-noise
activities during less sensitive times (e.g., daytime rather than nighttime) can reduce the impact on
nearby communities and wildlife. Monitoring and Reporting: Engaging local communities in
monitoring noise levels can enhance accountability and ensure that mining operations adhere to
noise regulations. Educating communities about the potential health impacts of noise pollution
can empower them to advocate for better practices. Employing quieter machinery. These
techniques help mitigate the impact on both wildlife and local residents.

8|Page
Biodiversity Conservation Programs

Implementing best practices in mining, such as minimizing land disturbance, restoring habitats
after mining, and using environmentally friendly technologies, can help reduce the impact on
biodiversity. Environmental Impact Assessments (ElAs) conducting thorough ElAs before
initiating mining operations can help identify potential impacts on biodiversity and inform
mitigation strategies. Collaborating with conservation organizations to protect critical habitats and
support biodiversity recovery can enhance ecosystem resilience and sustainability. Raising
awareness about the importance of biodiversity and the impacts of mining can empower
communities to advocate for better environment practices. These programs help maintain
biodiversity and ecosystem health.

Water Management

Implementation of regulations and standards in place to monitor and mitigate water pollution from
mining. Compliance with these regulations is essential for protecting water quality. Implementing
sustainable mining practices, such as using less harmful chemicals and improving waste
management, can help reduce water pollution. Involving local communities in monitoring and
decision-making processes can enhance environmental stewardship and ensure that mining
impacts are addressed. Water pollution resulting from mining activities pose a significant
challenges to both ecosystem and human health. Addressing these impacts requires a
comprehensive approach that includes regulations, community involvement and adoption of
sustainable practices.

Climate Change Mitigation

Sustainable Mining Practices, adopting practices that minimize GHG emissions, such as using
renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency, can help mitigate the climate impacts
of mining. Reforestation and Rehabilitation implementing reforestation projects and rehabilitating
mined land can enhance carbon sequestration and restore ecosystems. Environmental Impact
Assessments (ElAs): Conducting thorough ElAs can help identify potential climate-related
impacts of mining projects and inform better decision-making. Involving local communities in
decision-making processes can ensure that their concerns about climate change and environmental

9|Page
impacts are addressed. Raising awareness about the links between mining activities and climate
change can empower communities to advocate for sustainable practices and policies.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT

Enhanced Community Engagement

Strengthen relationships with local communities through transparent communication and

involvement in decision-making processes. Increased trust and cooperation, leading to more
effective environmental stewardship.

Adoption of Sustainable Practices

Invest in renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind, to power mining operations, reducing
reliance on fossil fuels. Lower carbon emissions and operational costs, while enhancing the
company's sustainability profile.

Regular Monitoring and Reporting

Establish ongoing environmental monitoring programs to assess impacts and the effectiveness of
mitigation measures, with regular public reporting. Improved accountability and the ability to
adjust practices based on real-time data.

Training and Capacity Building

Provide training for employees focused on sustainable practices, environmental management, and
safety protocols. A workforce that is more aware of environmental issues and committed to
sustainable operations.

Innovation in Waste Treatment

Invest in research and development for advanced waste treatment technologies and recycling
methods. Reduced environmental footprint and increased resource recovery.

10 | P a g e
Collaboration with Environmental Organizations

Partner with NGOs and academic institutions to share knowledge, develop best practices, and
engage in conservation efforts. Enhanced credibility and effectiveness of environmental initiatives.

Policy Advocacy

Actively engage in advocating for stricter environmental regulations and standards that prioritize
sustainability in mining operations. A more robust regulatory framework that encourages
responsible mining practices across the industry.

CONCLUSION

Mining ventures can have profound environmental impacts that necessitate effective management
strategies. By understanding these impacts and implementing robust mitigation measures, mining
companies can operate more sustainably and responsibly. Furthermore, by continuously seeking
improvements and engaging with local communities, the industry can contribute positively to
environmental conservation and social well-being. This holistic approach not only benefits the
environment but also enhances the long-term viability of mining operations.

REFERENCES

Chanda, E.K., & Zimba, F. (2021).Environmental Management in Mining Operations. Journal of

Mining Practices.

International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM). (2020). Sustainable Mining Practices and
Their Impact on the Environment.

Hilson, G. (2017).Environmental Challenges in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining. Resources

Policy.

World Bank. (2019). Mitigation Measures for Environmental Impacts in Mining.

11 | P a g e
12 | P a g e