Group Leader: San Miguel, Vince Christian P Group Number: 3
Section: E01 Date: 05-24-2025
Course Code: CE142P-5 Experiment No: 2
Instructor Name: Christ John L. Marcos School: Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
MAPUA UNIVERSITY SCEGE
Honesty Pledge
In completing this assessment, we swore that neither nor anybody else provided any appropriate aid. We are
aware that cheating and/or plagiarism are serious offenses in accordance with University’s Memorandum, and
we will be subject to the corresponding penalties if we do so.
______________________________________
Signature of Group Members
LABORATORY REPORT NO. 2
MEASUREMENT OF DENSITIES AND SPECIFIC GRAVITIES
Presented to
School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering
Intramuros Manila
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course
CE142P-5 Hydraulics
by
Alivio, Kurt Lawrence
Aticaldo, John Meghan
Bello, Patrick
De Mesa, Lorenzo
Relativo, Elijah Khey
Roldan, Kent Rovrick
San Miguel, Vince Christian
to
Engr. Christ John L. Marcos
Data Result
Part (a)
Liquid Scale Reading = Specific Gravity, S
Water 1.0 = 226ml
Diesel 0.825
Kerosene 0.8
Oil 0.9
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑆=
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑔𝑚 1 ′ 6 𝑘𝑔
𝑟𝑤 = = 3 10 = 103 3
𝑚𝑙 10 𝑚
Density
Liquid gm/ml Kg/m^3
Water 1.0 1000
Diesel 0.825 825
Kerosene 0.800 800
Oil 0.900 900
Part (b)
Trial 1 𝑘𝑁 ℎ𝑤 (𝑚) 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑘 (𝑚) 𝑆𝑤 𝑆𝑘
𝑔𝐻2𝑂 ( )
𝑚3 kerosene
1 9.81 0.29m 0.36m 1.00 0.81
𝑆𝐺𝑤 ℎ𝑤
𝑆𝐺𝐿 =
ℎ𝐿
ℎ𝑤 = 0.29
ℎ𝑘 = 0.36
𝑆𝐺𝑤 = 1
1(0.29)
𝑆𝐺𝐿 = = 0.81
0.36
0.81 − 0.80
% 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100 = 1.25%
0.80
Analysis and Interpretation
In Experiment A, we used a hydrometer to measure the specific gravity of diesel, kerosene, and
cooking oil. The hydrometer floated at different levels in each liquid, and we recorded the scale
readings. Water was used as a reference with a reading of 1.00. Diesel gave a specific gravity of
0.825, kerosene was 0.80, and oil was 0.90. These matched the expected densities when compared
to water, which has a standard density of 1.0 g/ml.
The relationship between specific gravity and density is straightforward. Since all the tested
liquids are less dense than water, their readings were below 1. This means they are lighter than
water and would float on it. The data confirmed this and among the three, kerosene had the lowest
specific gravity, so it was the lightest. Oil was denser than both diesel and kerosene, but still lighter
than water.
In Experiment B, we used a U-tube manometer to get the specific gravity of kerosene again.
One side of the tube had water and the other had kerosene. We measured the height of each liquid
column. The water column rose to 0.29 meters, and the kerosene column rose to 0.36 meters. Using
the formula, we calculated the specific gravity of kerosene to be 0.81.
This matched with the 0.80 result from the hydrometer. The small difference gave an error
of only 1.25%, which is acceptable. This showed that both methods are reliable for measuring
specific gravity. The manometer method worked well and gave results close to the hydrometer.
Conclusion
To conclude our Laboratory Report No. 2 on the Measurement of Densities and Specific
Gravities, the activity effectively demonstrated the procedures for determining the specific gravity
of various liquids using hydrometer and U-tube manometer methods. The data from our
experiments indicated that the specific gravities of the liquids examined—water, diesel, kerosene,
and castor oil—aligned with established values, thereby validating their relative densities. The
hydrometer measurements showed specific gravities of 0.825 for diesel, 0.80 for kerosene, and
0.90 for castor oil, corresponding with the anticipated densities (for instance, water at 1.00).
The comparison between the hydrometer and manometer methods showed good
agreement; for example, the specific gravity of kerosene measured by the hydrometer was 0.80,
while the manometer method indicated 0.81, resulting in a negligible 1.25% error. This high
accuracy suggests that both methods are reliable when proper procedures are followed for density
measurements. The slight discrepancies could be attributed to measurement uncertainties,
temperature variations, or minor fluid impurities. Our experiment emphasized the significance of
meticulous calibration and accurate measurement methods in achieving reliable specific gravity
readings. The findings validated that both approaches successfully assess the relative densities of
liquids, which are essential for use in fluid mechanics and material analysis.
Appendices
Laboratory Manual Experiment A
Figure 1.0 Initial Laboratory Data Sheet
Documentation
Apparatus:
• Hydrometer
• Graduated Cylinder
Figure 2.0 (Hydrometer and Graduated Cylinder)
Laboratory Procedure
Figure 3.0 Fill a hydrometer jar with enough water to float the hydrometer and ensure it reads 1.00 on
the scale.
Figure 3.1 Fill hydrometer jars with each liquid
Figure 3.2 Find the Specific Gravity using Hydrometer
Figure 3.3 Preliminary Data Sheet
Laboratory Manual Experiment B
Figure 4.0 Initial Laboratory Data Sheet
Documentation
Apparatus:
• U Tube Manometer
Figure 5.0 U Tube Manometer
Laboratory Procedure
Figure 6.0 Set up the manometer and fill it with water
Figure 6.1 Place kerosene after you places the water
Figure 6.2 Record the reading of the pressure head
Figure 6.3 Preliminary Data Sheet
