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3

Check this out

Food problems—
Can we feed ourselves?
 Contents
1 Where does our food come from? 3

2 Where are the farming activities in China? 14

Can we produce enough food for our growing population? 22

3 Skills box • How do we draw a line graph showing the population of China? 23

Integrated exercise 1 27

What are the major farming problems in China? 30

4 Skills box • How do we draw a bar graph to show the changes in the area 32
of arable land in China?

5 Are scientific farming methods effective to solve the farming problems in China? 41

Integrated exercise 2 57

Are there other ways to solve the farming problems in China? 59

6 Fieldwork • How do organic farmers tackle the farming problems in
Hong Kong? 67

7 Are other parts of the world facing food problems? 71

Integrated exercise 3 85

Part summary 87
Scan the QR code to access the multimedia resources such as audio files,
videos, flipped classroom tools, animations and games for the series
List of IT resources (indicated by icons inside the book).

2
1 Where does our food come from?

Is the Mainland a major supplier of

1.1 our food?
1
Where does our food come from?
Figure 1 shows what Sophie ate for dinner last night. Figure 2 shows the place of origin of
the food.

Scrambled eggs Place of origin

with tomatoes
Egg The Mainland
Boiled Chinese
flowering cabbages Tomato The Mainland
Pork chop The Mainland
Chinese flowering The Mainland
cabbage
Rice Thailand

Rice
Figure 2 Place of origin of the food

Fried pork chops

Figure 1 Dishes for Sophie’s family dinner

1 What do you usually eat for dinner at home? With reference to Figure 2, write down the
food you usually eat for dinner and the place of origin of these foods as far as you know.

2 Carry out a simple survey in class to find out which region(s) is/are the major supplier(s)
of the following foods:
a Fresh vegetables
b Fresh meat (pork and beef)
c Rice

We eat different kinds of food every day. However in Hong Kong, we do not produce
enough food for ourselves. In fact, most of our food is imported. The Mainland is one
of our major food suppliers (Table 1 on p. 4).

Thailand 泰國 import 入口 3
1 Where does our food come from?

Table 1 Major sources of food supply in Hong Kong, 2019

Rice Fresh vegetables Live pigs and cattle
(thousand tonnes) (thousand tonnes) (thousand heads)
Imported 317 847 16,112

Local production 0 15 109

Major source Thailand (around 52%) The Mainland (over 90%) The Mainland (over 90%)
Source: Hong Kong Annual Digest of Statistics 2020

China is a large agricultural Refer to Table 1.

country and has a long history of 1 a Calculate the percentage share of local
farming. Before we look at the various food production against the total supply of
each category shown.
aspects of food production in China,
b How would you describe local food production
let’s learn some basic knowledge about in Hong Kong?
farming. 2 a Among the foods listed, which one is a staple
food?
b What is the major source of this staple food?

staple food

We eat different types of food every day. These include grains

(or cereals), meat, fish, milk, eggs, fruits and vegetables.

Staple foods are foods eaten regularly in a community or Soybean

society. They make up the largest part of people’s diets and
are the main source of energy and nutrients.

Staple foods differ from place to place. In ancient China,

‘five grains’ were the staple foods. There are different versions
Millet
of this list of ‘five grains’. They are commonly believed to be
wheat, rice, corn, millet and soybeans (Figure 3).

At present, China’s staple foods are rice, wheat and corn.

Wheat Rice
Corn

Figure 3 ‘Five grains’

4 staple food 主要糧食 grain 穀物 five grains 五穀 millet 小米 soybean 大豆

 Where does our food come from? 1

What is farming? What is a farming

1.2 system?

A Farming
Farming includes the growing of crops and the rearing of livestock. It is also known
as agriculture.

Farming activities are carried out in farms. Crops and livestock produced from farms
are known as farm produce (Figure 4). They are mainly used as food for people and as
raw materials for industries.

a b c

Figure 4 Examples of farm produce

B Farming system
2
What is the farming system of a vegetable farm?
Scan the QR code on p. 2 for the video clip showing what a farming system is. Flip

Which of the following sentences about a farming system is correct? Put

‘T’ (for true) in the box provided if the sentence is correct and ‘F’ (for false) if A farming system

the sentence is incorrect.

1 A farming system consists of inputs, processes and outputs.
2 Sunlight is an example of a cultural/human input.
3 Ploughing and weeding are examples of processes.
4 Crop residues are useful outputs that can be sold for money.
5 Farmers sell crops to obtain money to reinvest in the farm. This is the feedback
loop of the farming system.

farming system 農業系統 crop 作物 livestock 牲畜 agriculture 農業 farm produce 農產品 raw material 原料
input 投入 process 過程 output 產出 cultural/human input 人文投入 ploughing 犁地 weeding 除草 5
crop residue 作物殘株 feedback 反饋
1 Where does our food come from?

Farming can be viewed as a system. Figure 5 shows a farming system of a vegetable

farm. As mentioned in the activity, a farming system consists of:
• inputs: the things needed for farming. The inputs can be classified into physical
( a – f ) and cultural/human inputs ( g – m );
• processes: types of farm work that convert the inputs into outputs ( A – D ); and
• outputs: the things produced by the farm. They include farm produce (such as crops,
livestock and their products), crop residues and pollutants ( 1 – 3 ). Farm produce
that is sold for money is known as cash crops.

The farming system also consists of feedback, which refers to the things that are
put back into the system. Money is one example of feedback in the system. The money
is used to buy further inputs and sustain the farming activity.

Physical inputs Farming processes

c Rainfall
a Sunlight

A Ploughing
d Seeds

b Air temperature
e Land

f Soil nutrients

B Irrigating

l Irrigation system
Cultural inputs

i Technology

j Labour

g Capital

h Fertilizers
k Pesticides

Figure 5 Farming system of a vegetable farm

physical input 自然投入 pollutant 污染物 cash crop 經濟作物 air temperature 氣温 soil nutrient 土壤養分
6 capital 資本 fertilizer 肥料 technology 科技 labour 勞工 pesticide 殺蟲劑 irrigation system 灌溉系統
irrigate 灌溉
 Where does our food come from? 1

1 What is farming?
Farming includes the and the .

2 Which of the following is/are cultural 3 Which of the following are outputs of
input(s) of a farming system? a dairy farm?
1 Labour 1 Milk
2 Rainwater 2 Meat
3 Technology 3 Animal waste
A 1 only C 1 and 3 only A 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only
B 1 and 2 only D 2 and 3 only B 1 and 3 only D 1, 2 and 3

Outputs
m Machines

1 Pollutants
Food for farmers

Subsistence crop
D Harvesting

2 Crop residues Cash crop

3 Farm produce

C Fertilizing

Market
Feedback Cash/Money

fertilize 施肥 harvest 收割 subsistence crop 自給作物

7
1 Where does our food come from?

1.3 What are the major types of farming?

With the knowledge of farming system, we can classify farming activities based on
different criteria (Table 2).

Table 2 The classification of farming activities

Criteria Type of farming
Amount of Intensive farming
inputs/outputs • High inputs (e.g. labour,
per unit area of machines, capital,
land technology, etc.) and
outputs per unit area of
land
• Farms can be large or
small

Extensive farming
• Low inputs and outputs
per unit area of land
• Farms are usually large

Types of outputs Arable farming

Growing of crops

Pastoral farming
Rearing of livestock

Mixed farming
Carrying out both crop
growing and livestock
rearing on the same farm

Uses of outputs Subsistence farming

Farm produce is used as food for the farmers and their families

Commercial farming
Farm produce is for sale

8 intensive farming 集約式農業 extensive farming 粗放式農業 arable farming 耕作農業 pastoral farming 畜牧業
mixed farming 混合農業 subsistence farming 自給農業 commercial farming 商業農業
 Where does our food come from? 1

Criteria Type of farming

Level of High-technology farming
technology • Using modern and advanced farming
technologies, e.g. biotechnology
• Relying on machines and using a lot
of fuel to run the farm

Low-technology farming
• Using simple and traditional farming
methods
• Relying on animals and human power
to do the farm work

Table 3 shows some information about two farms. Compare the level of input and output
per unit area of land of farms X and Y.

Table 3
Farm X Farm Y
Area of the farm (hectares*) 2.4 560

Number of workers per hectare 2.5 0.01

Number of machines used per hectare 0.8 0.01

Output per hectare (tonnes) 8.8 1.9

*1 hectare = 100 m × 100 m, or approximately the size of a standard sports ground.

Which farm carries out intensive farming? Explain your answer with evidence from Table 3.

Farm carries out intensive farming. Table 3 shows that, compare to another
farm, this farm has a level of input per unit area of land [including ( more
/ fewer ) workers (Farm X has 2.5 workers/hectare while Farm Y has 0.01 worker/hectare)
and ( more / fewer ) machines (Farm X uses machine/hectare while Farm Y
uses machine/hectare)]. In addition, this farm has a ( higher / lower )
output per unit area of land (Farm X has 8.8 tonnes/hectare while Farm Y has 1.9 tonnes/
hectare).

high-technology farming 高科技農業 biotechnology 生物科技 low-technology farming 低科技農業 9

 1 Where does our food come from?

What farming activities are practised

1.4 in different parts of the world?
In 2016, about one third of the world’s total land area was used for farming. About
884 million people were employed in the farming sector (27% of the global workforce)
in 2019. Figure 6 shows some farming activities found in different parts of the world.

A Market gardening in the Netherlands B Rice cultivation in upland areas of Laos

• Average farm size: 1–5 hectares

• Typical cultural inputs: • Average farm size: 1–2 hectares
Technology (greenhouses • Typical cultural inputs: Labour (farmers
and computers) and and their family members), simple
A market
irrigation systems gardening farm in farm tools
• Farm produce: Cash crops, the Netherlands • Farm produce: Rice, mainly as food for
mainly vegetables and flowers farmer’s family consumption

E
USA

B 1 °
2 N
23 —
Laos

0°

Australia C 1°
23 —
2 S

0 2,500 km

Figure 6 Different farming activities found in the world

10 market gardening 園藝農業 Netherlands 荷蘭 greenhouse 温室 Laos 老撾 Australia 澳洲

 Where does our food come from? 1

C Wheat-sheep farming in South-east D Dairy farming in New Zealand

Australia

• Average farm size:

2,800 hectares
• Typical cultural inputs: A wheat-sheep farm
Technology (plant and in Australia • Average farm size:
animal breeding), large 150 hectares
farm machines and irrigation systems • Typical cultural inputs: A dairy farm in
• Farm produce: Wheat, wool and mutton, Technology (breeding of New Zealand
mainly for sale dairy cattle) and machines
(for milking and milk processing)
• Farm produce: Milk and dairy products,
E Wheat farming in central USA mainly for sale

F Beef cattle rearing in Argentina

• Average farm size:

400 hectares
• Typical cultural inputs: A wheat farm
Technology (plant breeding), in the USA • Average farm size: 760 hectares
large farm machines and • Typical cultural inputs: Labour and
irrigation systems technology (breeding of beef cattle)
• Farm produce: Wheat, mainly for sale • Farm produce: Beef, mainly for sale

1 On the world map in Figure 6, label ‘Netherlands’, ‘New Zealand’ and ‘Argentina’,
as well as their representative letters (A, D and F).
2 Refer to the different farming activities shown in Figure 6. Classify them by using the
classification criteria listed in Table 2 on pp. 8–9. Tick ‘✓’ the appropriate columns in
Table 4 on p. 12. Each type of farming activity can have more than one classification.

wheat-sheep farming 小麥牧羊農業 plant breeding 植物育種 animal breeding 動物配種 mutton 羊肉 11
New Zealand 新西蘭 dairy farming 乳牛畜牧業 beef cattle rearing 肉牛放牧業 Argentina 阿根廷
 1 Where does our food come from?

Table 4
A B C D E F
Market Rice Wheat-sheep Dairy Wheat Beef cattle
gardening cultivation in farming in farming farming in rearing in
in the upland areas South-east in New central USA Argentina
Netherlands of Laos Australia Zealand

Intensive farming ✓

Extensive farming ✓ ✓ ✓

Arable farming

Pastoral farming

Mixed farming

Subsistence farming

Commercial farming

High-technology
farming

Low-technology
farming

staple food 主要糧食 4 pesticide 殺蟲劑 6

farming system 農業系統 5 irrigation system 灌溉系統 6
crop 作物 5 subsistence crop 自給作物 7
agriculture 農業 5 intensive farming 集約式農業 8
farm produce 農產品 5 extensive farming 粗放式農業 8
raw material 原料 5 arable farming 耕作農業 8
input 投入 5 pastoral farming 畜牧業 8
process 過程 5 mixed farming 混合農業 8
output 產出 5 subsistence farming 自給農業 8
cultural/human input 人文投入 5 commercial farming 商業農業 8
crop residue 作物殘株 5 high-technology farming 高科技農業 9
feedback 反饋 5 biotechnology 生物科技 9
physical input 自然投入 6 low-technology farming 低科技農業 9
cash crop 經濟作物 6 market gardening 園藝農業 10
soil nutrient 土壤養分 6 wheat-sheep farming 小麥牧羊農業 11
fertilizer 肥料 6 dairy farming 乳牛畜牧業 11

12
 Where does our food come from? 1

1 Most of the food in Hong Kong is . This is because Hong Kong does
not produce enough food for local consumption.

2 What is farming?
Farming includes .

3 Complete Figure 7 to show the farming system of a vegetable farm.

Inputs Farming O

P • Farm
• R • Ploughing • Crop residues
• S n • Irrigating • P
• Seeds • Sunlight • Fertilizing
• Land • Air temperature • H

C
Food for farmers
• Labour • Fertilizers
• Machines
• C
• P
• T
Feedback
• I s

Figure 7
4 Match the types of farming in Column A with their characteristics in Column B. Put the
letters in the brackets.

Column A Column B
1 Arable farming ( ) A Rearing of livestock
2 High-technology farming ( ) B Farm outputs are mainly for sale
3 Mixed farming ( ) C High inputs and outputs per unit area of land
4 Subsistence farming ( ) D Modern farming technologies are used
5 Low-technology farming ( ) E Only crops are grown
6 Intensive farming ( ) F Simple tools and traditional farming methods
7 Pastoral farming ( ) are used
8 Extensive farming ( ) G Low inputs and outputs per unit area of land
9 Commercial farming ( ) H The growing of crops and rearing of livestock
are carried out on the same farm
I Farm outputs are mainly used as food for the
farmer’s family

13
 2 Where are the farming activities
in China?

Where are the major farming regions

2.1 in China?
3
Where is China’s largest granary?
Study Figure 1 or scan the QR code on p. 2, which shows the top three grain production
provinces in China.
Flip
Grain production in China in 2019: 613.7 million tonnes

N Top three grain production

Heilongjiang provinces in China
Production of grains in 2019:
66.5 million tonnes

Shandong
Production of grains in 2019:
52 million tonnes

Henan
Production of grains in 2019:
Major crop 65.2 million tonnes
Rice

Wheat
0 500 km
Corn

Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2020

Figure 1 The top three grain-producing provinces in China
1 a Among the three provinces shown in Figure 1, which one is the top grain-producing
province?
b Calculate the percentage share of grain production in the province mentioned above
against China’s total grain production in 2019.

2 Refer to the photograph shown in Figure 1, identify the type of farming practised in the
province. Tick ‘✓’ the appropriate answer(s).
Arable Pastoral Intensive Extensive

14 granary 穀倉 Heilongjiang 黑龍江 Shandong 山東 Henan 河南

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