Low Level Design Patterns

## **Complete Learning Path:**

### **Phase 1: Fundamentals (Week 1-2)**

- Requirements analysis and gathering

- UML diagrams (Class, Use Case, Sequence, Activity)

- Object modeling basics

- System architecture fundamentals

### **Phase 2: OOP Principles (Week 3)**

- Encapsulation (data hiding, access control)

- Inheritance (types, method overriding)

- Polymorphism (runtime/compile-time)

- Abstraction (interfaces, abstract classes)

### **Phase 3: SOLID Principles (Week 4)**

- Single Responsibility Principle

- Open/Closed Principle

- Liskov Substitution Principle

- Interface Segregation Principle

- Dependency Inversion Principle

### **Phase 4: Design Patterns (Week 5-8)**

- **Week 5:** Creational Patterns (Singleton, Factory, Builder, etc.)

- **Week 6:** Structural Patterns (Adapter, Decorator, Facade, etc.)

- **Week 7-8:** Behavioral Patterns (Observer, Strategy, Command, etc.)

### **Phase 5: System Components (Week 9-10)**

- Database design and normalization

- API design (REST, GraphQL)

- Caching strategies

- Message queues and event systems

### **Phase 6: Advanced Topics (Week 11-13)**

- Concurrency and threading

- Performance optimization

- Security design

- Error handling and logging

### **Phase 7: Practice Projects (Week 14-19)**

- **Week 14-15:** Beginner projects (Library, ATM, Parking Lot)

- **Week 16-17:** Intermediate projects (E-commerce, Hotel Booking)

- **Week 18-19:** Advanced projects (Ride Sharing, Chat App)

1. OverView
What is Low Level Design (LLD)?
Low Level Design (LLD) is the process of designing the internal
structure of individual components or modules of a software
system. It focuses on the detailed implementation aspects like
classes, interfaces, methods, and their relationships.

What LLD Covers:

 Class design and relationships

 Method signatures and implementations
 Data structures and algorithms
 Design patterns application
 Code organization and modularity

Why Learn LLD:

 Write maintainable and scalable code

 Ace technical interviews
 Build robust software systems
 Understand system architecture better
 Improve problem-solving skills
Complete Learning Path Timeline
Estimated time to master each section
1
Fundamentals
1-2 weeks
Basic concepts, UML, Requirements analysis
2
OOP Principles
1 week
Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction
3
SOLID Principles
1 week
SRP, OCP, LSP, ISP, DIP with examples
4
Design Patterns
3-4 weeks
Creational, Structural, Behavioral patterns
5
System Components
2 weeks
Database design, API design, Caching
6
Advanced Topics
2-3 weeks
Concurrency, Performance, Security
7
Practice Projects
4-6 weeks
Real-world system implementations

2. Fundamentals:
Phase 1: Fundamentals (Week 1-2)
Building the foundation for Low Level Design

1.1 Understanding Requirements

Learn how to analyze and break down system requirements into

manageable components.

What You'll Learn:

 • Functional vs Non-functional requirements

 • Requirement gathering techniques
 • User stories and use cases
 • Requirement prioritization
Practical Skills:

 • Writing clear requirement documents

 • Creating user personas
 • Identifying edge cases
 • Requirement validation

1.2 UML Diagrams

Master the visual language of software design using Unified

Modeling Language.

Diagram Types:

 • Class Diagrams (relationships, multiplicity)

 • Use Case Diagrams (actors, scenarios)
 • Sequence Diagrams (interactions, lifelines)
  • Activity Diagrams (workflows, processes)
Advanced Diagrams:

 • State Diagrams (object states, transitions)

 • Component Diagrams (system structure)
 • Deployment Diagrams (hardware mapping)
 • Communication Diagrams (message flow)

1.3 Object Modeling Basics

Learn to identify and model real-world entities as software

objects.

Core Concepts:

 • Identifying objects and classes

 • Attributes and methods
 • Object relationships (association, aggregation)
 • Inheritance hierarchies
Modeling Techniques:

 • Domain modeling
 • CRC (Class-Responsibility-Collaborator) cards
 • Object interaction modeling
 • Data modeling fundamentals

1.4 System Architecture Basics

Understand how individual components fit into the larger system

architecture.

Architecture Patterns:

 • Layered architecture
 • MVC (Model-View-Controller)
 • Client-Server architecture
 • Component-based architecture
Design Principles:

 • Separation of concerns
 • Modularity and cohesion
 • Coupling and dependencies
 • Interface design
3. Oops Principle
Phase 2: OOP Principles (Week 3)
Master the four pillars of Object-Oriented Programming

2.1 Encapsulation

Bundle data and methods together while controlling access to

internal implementation.

Key Concepts:

 • Data hiding and information hiding

 • Access modifiers (private, protected, public)
 • Getter and setter methods
 • Property-based access
Benefits:

 • Data integrity and validation

 • Reduced coupling between classes
 • Easier maintenance and debugging
 • Implementation flexibility

2.2 Inheritance

Create new classes based on existing classes to promote code

reuse and establish relationships.

Types of Inheritance:

 • Single inheritance
 • Multiple inheritance (where supported)
 • Multilevel inheritance
 • Hierarchical inheritance
Advanced Concepts:

 • Method overriding
 • Super keyword usage
 • Constructor chaining
 • Abstract classes and methods

2.3 Polymorphism
Enable objects of different types to be treated as instances of the
same type through a common interface.

Types:

 • Runtime polymorphism (method overriding)

 • Compile-time polymorphism (method overloading)
 • Interface-based polymorphism
 • Generic polymorphism
Implementation:

 • Virtual methods and dynamic binding

 • Interface implementation
 • Abstract method implementation
 • Operator overloading

2.4 Abstraction

Hide complex implementation details while exposing only

essential features and functionality.

Implementation Methods:

 • Abstract classes
 • Interfaces and contracts
 • Pure virtual functions
 • Protocol-oriented programming
Design Benefits:

 • Simplified client code

 • Reduced complexity
 • Better maintainability
 • Flexible implementations

4. Design Patterns
Phase 4: Design Patterns (Week 5-8)
23 Gang of Four patterns plus modern patterns

4.1 Creational Patterns (Week 5)

Patterns that deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to

create objects in a manner suitable to the situation.
Core Patterns:

 • Singleton: Ensure single instance

 • Factory Method: Create objects without specifying exact
class
 • Abstract Factory: Create families of related objects
 • Builder: Construct complex objects step by step
Advanced Patterns:

 • Prototype: Clone existing objects

 • Object Pool: Reuse expensive objects
 • Dependency Injection: Provide dependencies externally
 • Lazy Initialization: Delay object creation

4.2 Structural Patterns (Week 6)

Patterns that deal with object composition and relationships

between objects.

Core Patterns:

 • Adapter: Make incompatible interfaces work together

 • Decorator: Add behavior to objects dynamically
 • Facade: Provide simplified interface to complex
subsystem
 • Composite: Treat individual and composite objects
uniformly
Advanced Patterns:

 • Proxy: Provide placeholder/surrogate for another object

 • Bridge: Separate abstraction from implementation
 • Flyweight: Share common parts of objects efficiently
 • Module: Encapsulate related functionality

4.3 Behavioral Patterns (Week 7-8)

Patterns that focus on communication between objects and the

assignment of responsibilities.

Communication Patterns:

 • Observer: Notify multiple objects about state changes

  • Strategy: Encapsulate algorithms and make them
interchangeable
 • Command: Encapsulate requests as objects
 • Mediator: Define how objects interact with each other
Control Flow Patterns:

 • State: Change object behavior based on internal state

 • Template Method: Define algorithm skeleton in base
class
 • Chain of Responsibility: Pass requests along handler
chain
 • Iterator: Access elements sequentially without exposing
structure

5. Solid Principles
Phase 3: SOLID Principles (Week 4)
Five fundamental principles for maintainable object-oriented
design

3.1 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

A class should have only one reason to change, meaning it should

have only one job or responsibility.

Key Concepts:

 • Identifying single responsibilities

 • Separating concerns
 • Cohesion vs coupling
 • Refactoring techniques
Common Violations:

 • God classes (too many responsibilities)

 • Mixed business and presentation logic
 • Data access in business classes
 • Utility classes with unrelated methods

3.2 Open/Closed Principle (OCP)

Software entities should be open for extension but closed for

modification.
Implementation Strategies:

 • Inheritance-based extension
 • Composition over inheritance
 • Strategy pattern application
 • Plugin architectures
Design Techniques:

 • Abstract base classes

 • Interface segregation
 • Dependency injection
 • Template method pattern

3.3 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Objects of a superclass should be replaceable with objects of its

subclasses without breaking functionality.

Requirements:

 • Behavioral compatibility
 • Precondition weakening
 • Postcondition strengthening
 • Exception handling consistency
Common Violations:

 • Strengthening preconditions
 • Weakening postconditions
 • Throwing unexpected exceptions
 • Changing expected behavior

3.4 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Clients should not be forced to depend on interfaces they do not

use.

Design Strategies:

 • Small, focused interfaces

 • Role-based interfaces
 • Interface composition
 • Client-specific interfaces
Benefits:

 • Reduced coupling
 • Better testability
 • Easier maintenance
 • Flexible implementations

3.5 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules. Both

should depend on abstractions.

Implementation:

 • Dependency injection
 • Inversion of Control (IoC)
 • Abstract factory pattern
 • Service locator pattern
Injection Types:

 • Constructor injection
 • Setter injection
 • Interface injection
 • Method injection

6. System Components
Phase 5: System Components (Week 9-10)
Design individual system components and their interactions

5.1 Database Design

Design efficient and scalable database schemas for your

applications.

Core Concepts:

 • Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling

 • Normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF)
 • Primary and foreign keys
 • Indexing strategies
Advanced Topics:

 • Denormalization for performance

 • Partitioning and sharding
 • ACID properties
 • Transaction design

5.2 API Design

Create well-designed APIs that are intuitive, consistent, and

maintainable.

REST API Design:

 • Resource identification and URIs

 • HTTP methods and status codes
 • Request/response design
 • Versioning strategies
Advanced API Concepts:

 • GraphQL design principles

 • API authentication and authorization
 • Rate limiting and throttling
 • API documentation and testing

5.3 Caching Strategies

Implement effective caching mechanisms to improve system

performance.

Caching Levels:

 • Browser caching
 • CDN (Content Delivery Network)
 • Application-level caching
 • Database query caching
Cache Patterns:

 • Cache-aside (Lazy loading)

 • Write-through caching
 • Write-behind (Write-back) caching
 • Refresh-ahead caching
5.4 Message Queues and Event Systems

Design asynchronous communication systems for decoupled

architectures.

Messaging Patterns:

 • Point-to-point messaging
 • Publish-subscribe pattern
 • Request-reply pattern
 • Event sourcing
Implementation:

 • Message broker selection

 • Queue design and partitioning
 • Dead letter queues
 • Message ordering and delivery guarantees

7. Advanced Topics:
Phase 6: Advanced Topics (Week 11-13)
Master advanced concepts for production-ready systems

6.1 Concurrency and Threading

Design thread-safe systems that can handle concurrent

operations efficiently.

Core Concepts:

 • Thread safety and synchronization

 • Locks, mutexes, and semaphores
 • Deadlock prevention and detection
 • Race condition handling
Advanced Patterns:

 • Producer-consumer pattern
 • Reader-writer locks
 • Thread pools and executors
 • Lock-free programming

6.2 Performance Optimization

Optimize system performance through various techniques and
best practices.

Optimization Techniques:

 • Algorithm complexity analysis

 • Memory management and garbage collection
 • CPU and I/O optimization
 • Database query optimization
Monitoring and Profiling:

 • Performance metrics and KPIs

 • Profiling tools and techniques
 • Load testing strategies
 • Bottleneck identification

6.3 Security Design

Implement security best practices and design secure systems

from the ground up.

Security Principles:

 • Authentication and authorization

 • Input validation and sanitization
 • Encryption and hashing
 • Secure communication (HTTPS, TLS)
Common Vulnerabilities:

 • SQL injection prevention

 • Cross-site scripting (XSS) protection
 • Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) prevention
 • Session management security

6.4 Error Handling and Logging

Design robust error handling mechanisms and comprehensive

logging systems.

Error Handling:

 • Exception hierarchy design

 • Graceful degradation
 • Circuit breaker pattern
  • Retry mechanisms
Logging Strategy:

 • Log levels and categorization

 • Structured logging
 • Log aggregation and analysis
 • Monitoring and alerting

8. Practice Projects
Phase 7: Practice Projects (Week 14-19)
Apply your knowledge with real-world system design projects

7.1 Beginner Projects (Week 14-15)

Start with simpler systems to practice fundamental LLD concepts.

Project Ideas:

 • Library Management System: Books, members,

borrowing
 • ATM System: Account management, transactions
 • Parking Lot System: Vehicle parking, fee calculation
 • Elevator System: Floor management, scheduling
Focus Areas:

 • Class design and relationships

 • Basic design patterns application
 • Simple state management
 • Error handling basics

7.2 Intermediate Projects (Week 16-17)

Build more complex systems with multiple components and

interactions.

Project Ideas:

 • Online Shopping System: Products, cart, orders,

payments
 • Hotel Booking System: Rooms, reservations, pricing
  • Chess Game: Board, pieces, moves, game logic
 • Social Media Feed: Posts, likes, comments, timeline
Advanced Concepts:

 • Multiple design patterns integration

 • Database design and ORM
 • API design and implementation
 • Basic caching strategies

7.3 Advanced Projects (Week 18-19)

Tackle complex, distributed systems with advanced requirements.

Project Ideas:

 • Ride Sharing System: Uber/Lyft clone with matching

 • Chat Application: Real-time messaging, groups
 • Food Delivery System: Restaurants, orders, delivery
 • Distributed Cache: Redis-like caching system
Advanced Features:

 • Microservices architecture
 • Event-driven design
 • Concurrency and threading
 • Performance optimization

Project Evaluation Criteria

Design Quality:

 • SOLID principles adherence

 • Design patterns usage
 • Code organization
 • Extensibility
Implementation:

 • Code quality and readability

 • Error handling
 • Testing coverage
 • Documentation
System Design:

 • Scalability considerations
  • Performance optimization
 • Security implementation
 • Monitoring and logging

# Low Level Design (LLD) Complete Learning Roadmap

## What is Low Level Design (LLD)?

Low Level Design (LLD) is the process of designing the internal structure of individual components or
modules of a software system. It focuses on the detailed implementation aspects like classes,
interfaces, methods, and their relationships.

### What LLD Covers:

• Class design and relationships

• Method signatures and implementations

• Data structures and algorithms

• Design patterns application

• Code organization and modularity

### Why Learn LLD:

• Write maintainable and scalable code

• Ace technical interviews

• Build robust software systems

• Understand system architecture better

• Improve problem-solving skills

## Complete Learning Path Timeline

**Phase 1: Fundamentals** - 1-2 weeks

Topics: Basic concepts, UML, Requirements analysis

**Phase 2: OOP Principles** - 1 week

Topics: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction

**Phase 3: SOLID Principles** - 1 week

Topics: SRP, OCP, LSP, ISP, DIP with examples

**Phase 4: Design Patterns** - 3-4 weeks

Topics: Creational, Structural, Behavioral patterns

**Phase 5: System Components** - 2 weeks

Topics: Database design, API design, Caching

**Phase 6: Advanced Topics** - 2-3 weeks

Topics: Concurrency, Performance, Security

**Phase 7: Practice Projects** - 4-6 weeks

Topics: Real-world system implementations

---

# Phase 1: Fundamentals (Week 1-2)

## 1.1 Understanding Requirements

Learn how to analyze and break down system requirements into manageable components.

### What You'll Learn:

• Functional vs Non-functional requirements

• Requirement gathering techniques

• User stories and use cases

• Requirement prioritization

### Practical Skills:

• Writing clear requirement documents

• Creating user personas

• Identifying edge cases

• Requirement validation

## 1.2 UML Diagrams

Master the visual language of software design using Unified Modeling Language.

### Diagram Types:

• Class Diagrams (relationships, multiplicity)

• Use Case Diagrams (actors, scenarios)

• Sequence Diagrams (interactions, lifelines)

• Activity Diagrams (workflows, processes)

### Advanced Diagrams:

• State Diagrams (object states, transitions)

• Component Diagrams (system structure)

• Deployment Diagrams (hardware mapping)

• Communication Diagrams (message flow)

## 1.3 Object Modeling Basics

Learn to identify and model real-world entities as software objects.

### Core Concepts:

• Identifying objects and classes

• Attributes and methods

• Object relationships (association, aggregation)

• Inheritance hierarchies

### Modeling Techniques:

• Domain modeling

• CRC (Class-Responsibility-Collaborator) cards

• Object interaction modeling

• Data modeling fundamentals

## 1.4 System Architecture Basics

Understand how individual components fit into the larger system architecture.

### Architecture Patterns:

• Layered architecture

• MVC (Model-View-Controller)

• Client-Server architecture

• Component-based architecture

### Design Principles:

• Separation of concerns
• Modularity and cohesion

• Coupling and dependencies

• Interface design

---

# Phase 2: OOP Principles (Week 3)

## 2.1 Encapsulation

Bundle data and methods together while controlling access to internal implementation.

### Key Concepts:

• Data hiding and information hiding

• Access modifiers (private, protected, public)

• Getter and setter methods

• Property-based access

### Benefits:

• Data integrity and validation

• Reduced coupling between classes

• Easier maintenance and debugging

• Implementation flexibility

## 2.2 Inheritance

Create new classes based on existing classes to promote code reuse and establish relationships.

### Types of Inheritance:

• Single inheritance

• Multiple inheritance (where supported)

• Multilevel inheritance

• Hierarchical inheritance

### Advanced Concepts:

• Method overriding

• Super keyword usage

• Constructor chaining

• Abstract classes and methods

## 2.3 Polymorphism

Enable objects of different types to be treated as instances of the same type through a common
interface.

### Types:

• Runtime polymorphism (method overriding)

• Compile-time polymorphism (method overloading)

• Interface-based polymorphism

• Generic polymorphism

### Implementation:

• Virtual methods and dynamic binding

• Interface implementation

• Abstract method implementation

• Operator overloading
## 2.4 Abstraction

Hide complex implementation details while exposing only essential features and functionality.

### Implementation Methods:

• Abstract classes

• Interfaces and contracts

• Pure virtual functions

• Protocol-oriented programming

### Design Benefits:

• Simplified client code

• Reduced complexity

• Better maintainability

• Flexible implementations

---

# Phase 3: SOLID Principles (Week 4)

## 3.1 Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

A class should have only one reason to change, meaning it should have only one job or responsibility.

### Key Concepts:

• Identifying single responsibilities

• Separating concerns
• Cohesion vs coupling

• Refactoring techniques

### Common Violations:

• God classes (too many responsibilities)

• Mixed business and presentation logic

• Data access in business classes

• Utility classes with unrelated methods

## 3.2 Open/Closed Principle (OCP)

Software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification.

### Implementation Strategies:

• Inheritance-based extension

• Composition over inheritance

• Strategy pattern application

• Plugin architectures

### Design Techniques:

• Abstract base classes

• Interface segregation

• Dependency injection

• Template method pattern

## 3.3 Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Objects of a superclass should be replaceable with objects of its subclasses without breaking
functionality.

### Requirements:

• Behavioral compatibility

• Precondition weakening

• Postcondition strengthening

• Exception handling consistency

### Common Violations:

• Strengthening preconditions

• Weakening postconditions

• Throwing unexpected exceptions

• Changing expected behavior

## 3.4 Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Clients should not be forced to depend on interfaces they do not use.

### Design Strategies:

• Small, focused interfaces

• Role-based interfaces

• Interface composition

• Client-specific interfaces

### Benefits:

• Reduced coupling
• Better testability

• Easier maintenance

• Flexible implementations

## 3.5 Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules. Both should depend on abstractions.

### Implementation:

• Dependency injection

• Inversion of Control (IoC)

• Abstract factory pattern

• Service locator pattern

### Injection Types:

• Constructor injection

• Setter injection

• Interface injection

• Method injection

---

# Phase 4: Design Patterns (Week 5-8)

## 4.1 Creational Patterns (Week 5)

Patterns that deal with object creation mechanisms, trying to create objects in a manner suitable to
the situation.
### Core Patterns:

• **Singleton:** Ensure single instance

• **Factory Method:** Create objects without specifying exact class

• **Abstract Factory:** Create families of related objects

• **Builder:** Construct complex objects step by step

### Advanced Patterns:

• **Prototype:** Clone existing objects

• **Object Pool:** Reuse expensive objects

• **Dependency Injection:** Provide dependencies externally

• **Lazy Initialization:** Delay object creation

## 4.2 Structural Patterns (Week 6)

Patterns that deal with object composition and relationships between objects.

### Core Patterns:

• **Adapter:** Make incompatible interfaces work together

• **Decorator:** Add behavior to objects dynamically

• **Facade:** Provide simplified interface to complex subsystem

• **Composite:** Treat individual and composite objects uniformly

### Advanced Patterns:

• **Proxy:** Provide placeholder/surrogate for another object

• **Bridge:** Separate abstraction from implementation

• **Flyweight:** Share common parts of objects efficiently

• **Module:** Encapsulate related functionality

## 4.3 Behavioral Patterns (Week 7-8)

Patterns that focus on communication between objects and the assignment of responsibilities.

### Communication Patterns:

• **Observer:** Notify multiple objects about state changes

• **Strategy:** Encapsulate algorithms and make them interchangeable

• **Command:** Encapsulate requests as objects

• **Mediator:** Define how objects interact with each other

### Control Flow Patterns:

• **State:** Change object behavior based on internal state

• **Template Method:** Define algorithm skeleton in base class

• **Chain of Responsibility:** Pass requests along handler chain

• **Iterator:** Access elements sequentially without exposing structure

---

# Phase 5: System Components (Week 9-10)

## 5.1 Database Design

Design efficient and scalable database schemas for your applications.

### Core Concepts:

• Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling

• Normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF)

• Primary and foreign keys

• Indexing strategies

### Advanced Topics:

• Denormalization for performance

• Partitioning and sharding

• ACID properties

• Transaction design

## 5.2 API Design

Create well-designed APIs that are intuitive, consistent, and maintainable.

### REST API Design:

• Resource identification and URIs

• HTTP methods and status codes

• Request/response design

• Versioning strategies

### Advanced API Concepts:

• GraphQL design principles

• API authentication and authorization

• Rate limiting and throttling

• API documentation and testing

## 5.3 Caching Strategies

Implement effective caching mechanisms to improve system performance.

### Caching Levels:

• Browser caching

• CDN (Content Delivery Network)

• Application-level caching

• Database query caching

### Cache Patterns:

• Cache-aside (Lazy loading)

• Write-through caching

• Write-behind (Write-back) caching

• Refresh-ahead caching

## 5.4 Message Queues and Event Systems

Design asynchronous communication systems for decoupled architectures.

### Messaging Patterns:

• Point-to-point messaging

• Publish-subscribe pattern

• Request-reply pattern

• Event sourcing

### Implementation:

• Message broker selection

• Queue design and partitioning

• Dead letter queues

• Message ordering and delivery guarantees

---

# Phase 6: Advanced Topics (Week 11-13)

## 6.1 Concurrency and Threading

Design thread-safe systems that can handle concurrent operations efficiently.

### Core Concepts:

• Thread safety and synchronization

• Locks, mutexes, and semaphores

• Deadlock prevention and detection

• Race condition handling

### Advanced Patterns:

• Producer-consumer pattern

• Reader-writer locks

• Thread pools and executors

• Lock-free programming

## 6.2 Performance Optimization

Optimize system performance through various techniques and best practices.

### Optimization Techniques:

• Algorithm complexity analysis

• Memory management and garbage collection

• CPU and I/O optimization

• Database query optimization

### Monitoring and Profiling:

• Performance metrics and KPIs

• Profiling tools and techniques

• Load testing strategies

• Bottleneck identification

## 6.3 Security Design

Implement security best practices and design secure systems from the ground up.

### Security Principles:

• Authentication and authorization

• Input validation and sanitization

• Encryption and hashing

• Secure communication (HTTPS, TLS)

### Common Vulnerabilities:

• SQL injection prevention

• Cross-site scripting (XSS) protection

• Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) prevention

• Session management security

## 6.4 Error Handling and Logging

Design robust error handling mechanisms and comprehensive logging systems.

### Error Handling:

• Exception hierarchy design

• Graceful degradation

• Circuit breaker pattern

• Retry mechanisms

### Logging Strategy:

• Log levels and categorization

• Structured logging

• Log aggregation and analysis

• Monitoring and alerting

---

# Phase 7: Practice Projects (Week 14-19)

## 7.1 Beginner Projects (Week 14-15)

Start with simpler systems to practice fundamental LLD concepts.

### Project Ideas:

• **Library Management System:** Books, members, borrowing

• **ATM System:** Account management, transactions

• **Parking Lot System:** Vehicle parking, fee calculation

• **Elevator System:** Floor management, scheduling

### Focus Areas:

• Class design and relationships

• Basic design patterns application

• Simple state management

• Error handling basics

## 7.2 Intermediate Projects (Week 16-17)

Build more complex systems with multiple components and interactions.

### Project Ideas:

• **Online Shopping System:** Products, cart, orders, payments

• **Hotel Booking System:** Rooms, reservations, pricing

• **Chess Game:** Board, pieces, moves, game logic

• **Social Media Feed:** Posts, likes, comments, timeline

### Advanced Concepts:

• Multiple design patterns integration

• Database design and ORM

• API design and implementation

• Basic caching strategies

## 7.3 Advanced Projects (Week 18-19)

Tackle complex, distributed systems with advanced requirements.

### Project Ideas:

• **Ride Sharing System:** Uber/Lyft clone with matching

• **Chat Application:** Real-time messaging, groups

• **Food Delivery System:** Restaurants, orders, delivery

• **Distributed Cache:** Redis-like caching system

### Advanced Features:

• Microservices architecture

• Event-driven design

• Concurrency and threading

• Performance optimization

## Project Evaluation Criteria

### Design Quality:

• SOLID principles adherence

• Design patterns usage

• Code organization

• Extensibility

### Implementation:

• Code quality and readability

• Error handling

• Testing coverage

• Documentation

### System Design:

• Scalability considerations
• Performance optimization

• Security implementation

• Monitoring and logging

---

This structured approach ensures you build knowledge progressively without jumping between
topics, giving you a solid foundation before moving to more complex concepts. Each phase builds
upon the previous one, creating a comprehensive understanding of Low Level Design principles and
practices.

# Low Level Design (LLD) - Week 1 Daily Schedule

## Week 1: Fundamentals Part 1 (Requirements & UML)

### **Day 1: Understanding Requirements**

**Morning Session (2-3 hours):**

- What are software requirements?

- Functional vs Non-functional requirements

- Requirement gathering techniques

- User stories format and examples

**Afternoon Session (2-3 hours):**

- Use case identification

- Actor identification

- Writing clear requirement documents

- Requirement prioritization techniques

**Evening Practice (1 hour):**

- Exercise: Write requirements for a simple "Library Management System"

- Identify 5 functional and 3 non-functional requirements

- Create 3 user stories

**Day 1 Deliverables:**

- Requirements document for Library Management System

- List of actors and use cases

---

### **Day 2: Use Case Diagrams**

**Morning Session (2-3 hours):**

- Introduction to UML

- Use case diagram components (actors, use cases, relationships)

- Include and extend relationships

- System boundary definition

**Afternoon Session (2-3 hours):**

- Drawing use case diagrams

- Best practices for use case diagrams

- Common mistakes to avoid

- Tools for creating UML diagrams

**Evening Practice (1 hour):**

- Exercise: Create use case diagram for Library Management System

- Include at least 6 use cases and 3 actors

**Day 2 Deliverables:**

- Use case diagram for Library Management System

- Written description of each use case

---

### **Day 3: Class Diagrams - Basics**

**Morning Session (2-3 hours):**

- Class diagram fundamentals

- Classes, attributes, and methods

- Visibility modifiers (+, -, #, ~)

- Data types and method signatures

**Afternoon Session (2-3 hours):**

- Relationships in class diagrams

- Association, aggregation, composition

- Multiplicity and cardinality

- Dependency relationships

**Evening Practice (1 hour):**

- Exercise: Create basic class diagram for Library Management System

- Include Book, Member, Librarian classes with attributes and methods

**Day 3 Deliverables:**

- Basic class diagram with 5-6 classes

- Proper relationships and multiplicities

---

### **Day 4: Class Diagrams - Advanced**

**Morning Session (2-3 hours):**

- Inheritance relationships

- Abstract classes and interfaces

- Generalization and specialization

- Interface realization

**Afternoon Session (2-3 hours):**

- Advanced relationships

- Qualified associations

- Association classes

- Constraints and notes

**Evening Practice (1 hour):**

- Exercise: Enhance Library Management class diagram

- Add inheritance hierarchy for different user types

- Include interfaces for common behaviors

**Day 4 Deliverables:**

- Enhanced class diagram with inheritance

- Interface definitions

---

### **Day 5: Sequence Diagrams**

**Morning Session (2-3 hours):**

- Sequence diagram components

- Lifelines and activation boxes

- Messages and message types

- Synchronous vs asynchronous calls

**Afternoon Session (2-3 hours):**

- Control structures in sequence diagrams

- Loops, conditions, and alternatives

- Combined fragments

- Return messages

**Evening Practice (1 hour):**

- Exercise: Create sequence diagram for "Borrow Book" use case

- Show interaction between Member, Librarian, and System

**Day 5 Deliverables:**

- Sequence diagram for book borrowing process

- Sequence diagram for book return process

---

### **Day 6: Activity Diagrams & State Diagrams**

**Morning Session (2-3 hours):**

- Activity diagram basics

- Start/end nodes, activities, decisions

- Parallel activities and synchronization

- Swimlanes for responsibility

**Afternoon Session (2-3 hours):**

- State diagrams fundamentals

- States, transitions, and events

- Guard conditions and actions

- Composite states

**Evening Practice (1 hour):**

- Exercise: Create activity diagram for book borrowing process

- Create state diagram for Book object (Available, Borrowed, Reserved, etc.)

**Day 6 Deliverables:**

- Activity diagram for complete borrowing workflow

- State diagram for Book lifecycle

---

### **Day 7: Review & Object Modeling**

**Morning Session (2-3 hours):**

- Review all UML diagrams created

- Object modeling principles

- Identifying objects from requirements

- CRC (Class-Responsibility-Collaborator) cards

**Afternoon Session (2-3 hours):**

- Domain modeling techniques

- Object interaction patterns

- Refining class relationships

- Validation of design against requirements

**Evening Practice (1 hour):**

- Exercise: Complete Library Management System design

- Create CRC cards for main classes

- Validate design covers all requirements

**Day 7 Deliverables:**

- Complete UML package for Library Management System

- CRC cards for all major classes

- Design validation checklist

---

## Week 1 Assessment Criteria:

**Knowledge Check:**

- Can identify and write clear requirements

- Understands different UML diagram types

- Can create basic class relationships

- Knows when to use each diagram type

**Practical Skills:**

- Created complete UML documentation for a system

- Proper use of UML notation

- Logical flow in sequence diagrams

- Appropriate level of detail in diagrams

**Next Week Preview:**

Week 2 will cover Object Modeling Advanced concepts, System Architecture Basics, and start with
OOP Principles.

---

**Daily Time Commitment:** 5-6 hours

**Tools Needed:**

- UML drawing tool (draw.io, Lucidchart, or Visio)

- Text editor for requirements

- Notebook for CRC cards

**Success Metrics for Week 1:**

- Complete requirements document ✓

- 5 different UML diagrams ✓

- Understanding of object identification ✓

- Ready to move to OOP concepts ✓

Let me know when you complete Week 1, and we'll move to Week 2 with OOP Principles and
Advanced Object Modeling!