NOTES OF SCIENCE

Student Name: Teacher’s name : Aanchal Mam Ph no.: 9896716957

Subject: Science Chapter: Tissues Class – 9th

In most of multi-cellular organisms, the cells coordinate to perform a specific function. This group of
similar or dissimilar cells coordinating to perform a specific function is called tissue.
TWO TYPES OF TISSUES
A group of cells similar in form, structure and embryonic origin which coordinate to perform a specific
function is called a simple tissue, e.g. Parenchyma of plants and epithelial tissue of animal.
While a group of cells, different in their structure and origin but coordinate to perform a specific function,
is called a compound or complex tissue, e.g., phloem and xylem of plants and nervous tissue of animals.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT TISSUES AND ANIMAL TISSUES
1. Most of the plant tissue are dead while most of the animal tissues are living.
2. The plant tissues are generally supportive in function, non-contractile and need less maintenance
and energy while the animal tissues are generally contractile or conductive or transportive in
function and need more energy.
3. In the plants, there is distinct boarder between the dividing and non-dividing regions while such
demarcation is absent in animals.
4. The growth in plants is limited to certain regions only while the cellular growth is uniform in
animals.
5. Most of plants are fixed into the soil and are non-motile except some lower plants e.g.
Chlamydomonas, Volvox etc., while most of animals are motile except sponges
PLANT TISSUES
On the basis of nature of cells, plant tissues are of two types
i) Simple tissues, and
ii) Compound tissues.
Simple tissues

These are formed of cells similar in form, structure and function.

On the basis of power of division, simple tissues are of two types:
i) Meristematic tissues
ii) Permanent tissues
Meristematic or Growing Tissues
A tissue in which the cells have division power is called meristematic tissue.

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 NOTES OF SCIENCE
Student Name: Teacher’s name : Aanchal Mam Ph no.: 9896716957
Subject: Science Chapter: Tissues Class – 9th

Characteristics
 In these tissues, cells are thin walled living and isodiametric.
 The cells are compactly arranged, so not having intercellular spaces,
 These are capable of division throughout life, so help in growth. These
are localized in certain regions.

Types of Meristems
On the basis of their location, primary meristematic tissues are of three types:
i) Apical meristem
ii) Intercalary meristem
iii) Lateral meristem

Permanent tissues
1. In these tissues, cells are thin or thick walled, living or dead, and mature.
2. These may be oval or rounded or polygonal or elongated fibre-like.
3. The cells have intercellular spaces.
4. The cells have lost the power of division so do not help in growth.
5. These have become specialized by differentiation for some specific function so have definite
shape, size and function.
Characters Meritematic tissue Permanent tissue
1. Division power Divide throughout life so help in growth. Lost the division power so do not
Living help in growth.
2. Nature of cells Oval or rounded or polygonal Living or dead
3. Shape of cells Oval or rounded or polygonal or
fibre-like
4. Cell wall Thin walled and formed of only cellulose Thin or thick walled (may be
deposited with fibre pectin or lignin.
5. Cytoplasm Non-vacuolated Vacuolated
6. Intercellular spaces Absent Present

Two types of permanent tissues: On the basis of nature of cells, permanent tissues are of two types:
i) Simple permanent tissues;
ii) Compound or complex permanent tissues.

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 NOTES OF SCIENCE
Student Name: Teacher’s name : Aanchal Mam Ph no.: 9896716957
Subject: Science Chapter: Tissues Class – 9th

Simple permanent tissue

It is formed of cells similar in structure, origin and function. On the basis of nature of cells, simple
permanent tissues are of three types:
i) Parenchyma
ii) Collenchyma
iii) Sclerenchyma
Characters Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
1. Shape Oval or rounded or Prismatic or elongated Isodiametric or
polygonal and with pointed ends. elongated Fibre like
isodiametric. Usually
loosely packed.
2. Nature of cells Thin walled and living. Thick walled and living Thick walled and dead
3. Nature of cell wall Only of cellulose and is Cell wall is thick as is Cell wall is thick as is
not deposited with pectinised at the lignified Lignin is
pectin or lignin so no comers. Pectin is unequally deposited so
pits are present. unequally deposited so pits are present in the
pits are present in the cell wall.
cell wall.

There are large There are very little There are no

intercellular spaces. intercellular spaces. intercellular spaces.
4. Occurrence Most abundant type of Forms hypodermis Forms hypodermis of
permanent tissue of (below epidermis) of monocot stem, husk of
plants and is found in dicot stem (e.g. coconut, covering of
softer tissues e.g. sunflower), and also seeds and nuts, in the
epidermis, cortex, found in midrib and leaf veins of leaves, around
endodermis, pericycle stalks of the leaves. vascular bundles, etc.
and pith of root, stem,
mesophyll of leaf, flower
and fruit.
5. Functions Primarily helps in Primarily for mechanical Primarily for mechanical
storage of food (e.g. support (tensile support (chief
starch grains in the strength) and elasticity mechanical tissue), so
parenchymal cells of (flexibility). So allow enables the plant to
potato tuber). It also bending of leaves, stem, resist various strains.
provides support to the etc. without their
stem of herbaceous breaking
plants. It acts as packing
tissue between the
specialized tissues.

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 NOTES OF SCIENCE
Student Name: Teacher’s name : Aanchal Mam Ph no.: 9896716957
Subject: Science Chapter: Tissues Class – 9th

Modifications of parenchyma
 Chlorenchyma: In this, the parenchymal cells develop the chloroplasts and start photosynthesis. It
is found in the mesophyll of the leaves.
 Aerenchyma: In this, air cavities are present in the parenchymal cells which trap air and provides
buoyancy to help in floating. It is found in certain hydrophytes e.g., in the petiole of water
hyacinth.
 Prosenchyma: In this, the parenchymal cells become long and taper at both the ends. It is found in
pericycle (a layer surrounds vascular tissue in roots and stem) of some plants.

NOTE:
 Differentiation: In this, cells formed by meristematic tissue transform into permanent tissue, stop
dividing and become specialized in their morphology to perform certain specific function.
 Lignin acts as cement and provides tensile strength and compressional strength to the
sclerenchymal cells.
 Sclerenchyma is formed of two types of cells: sclereids or stone cells (found in nut and bark of
trees) and sclerenchymal fibres (long thread-like).
 Cork is with microscopic apertures, called lenticles, for exchange of gases.
 Only living cells of xylem are of xylem parenchyma, while except the phloem fibres, other phloem
components are living.

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 NOTES OF SCIENCE
Student Name: Teacher’s name : Aanchal Mam Ph no.: 9896716957
Subject: Science Chapter: Tissues Class – 9th

Compound or complex permanent tissue

These are formed of two or more than two types of cells which coordinate to perform a specific function.
These form conducting or vascular tissues of plants.
Vascular tissues are of two types:
1. Xylem, and
2. Phloem.
Both of these are present in the vascular bundles of roots, stem and leaves and help in conduction of
water, minerals and food so increase their chances of survival in the terrestrial environment
Xylem: Xylem, also called wood, is formed of four types of cells: Tracheids, tracheae or vessels, xylem
parenchyma and xylem fibres.
Functions.: Tracheids and vessels water and minerals
upward from the root system to various parts of
shoot system. These also help in mechanical support.
Xylem parenchyma is formed of living parenchymal
cells which help in storage of food and lateral
conduction of water and minerals, while xylem fibres
are dead and lignified sclerenchymal cells which are
mainly supportive in function as provide mechanical
strength.

Phloem: Phloem, also called bast, is also formed of four types of cells: Sieve tube cells, companion cells,
phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
Mature sieve tube cells are dead and multicellular
(syncyte) in which the cells are placed end to end.
Their end walls are porous, so called sieve plates.
Phloem is chief food conducting tissues and
transports the organic nutrients (i.e. food) from the
leaves both upward and downward to storage sites
and meristems. Companion cells are long, narrow and
living parenchymal cells and control functioning of
dead sieve tube cells. Phloem parenchyma is formed
of thin walled living parenchymal cells which help in
storage and short distance conduction of food.
Phloem fibres are dead and lignified sclerenchymal
cells that provide mechanical support.

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 NOTES OF SCIENCE
Student Name: Teacher’s name : Aanchal Mam Ph no.: 9896716957
Subject: Science Chapter: Tissues Class – 9th

PROTECTIVE TISSUES
1. Epidermis: Epidermis is the outermost layer of all the organs of the plant body, It is formed of
single layer of compactly arranged, usually a hollow cylinderical-shaped parenchymal cells with
no intercellular spaces It protects the internal tissues from mechanical injuries and entry of germs.
The outer wall of the epidermis of all the aerial parts of plant body e.g. leaves, young stem, flower
etc. is deposited with a fatty substance, called cutin, which forms a water proof layer called cuticle
So their outer walls are generally thicker than the inner walls. It checks the loss of water from the
epidermis by transpiration Cuticle is more thicker in the xerophytic plants found in dry habitats to
further reduce the transpiration.
Lower epidermis of dicot leaves is with large number of microscopic apertures called stomata.
Each stomatum is an elliptical aperture bounded by two kidney-shaped guard cells which regulate
the opening and closing of stomatum.
These stomata help in exchange of gases with atmosphere.
These also help in loss of water vapour called transpiration.
Epidermal cells of the roots usually have hair. like root hair which greatly increase their surface
area for absorption of water and minerals.
2. Cork: Cork or phellem is the peripheral tissue of old stem or stem branches of woody trees and is
formed due to activity of cork cambium (a type of secondary meristem). It is made up of dead cells
with thick walls but no intercellular spaces. The cell walls of cork cells are deposited with waxy
suberin so is water proof and helps in conservation of water in the trees because subrin is
impermeable to water and gases.
Cork is obtained from the bark of oak tree (Quercus) and is characterized by its lightness,
toughness, elasticity and imperviousness. It is highly compressible, non-reactive and does not
catch fire easily.
It is used for insulation and is used to manufacture corking the wine bottles, sports goods etc.