24 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions

(c) 1  3 log 7 2 (d) None of these

log 36 4 / log 7 9
11. The value of 81(1 / log 5 3 )  27 9  3 is equal to
(a) 49 (b) 625
(c) 216 (d) 890
 16   25   81 
12. 7 log    5 log    3 log   is equal to
Logarithms  15   24   80 
[EAMCET 1990]
1. For y  log a x to be defined 'a' must be [IIT 1990] (a) 0 (b) 1
(a) Any positive real number (c) log 2 (d) log 3
(b) Any number 13. If log 4 5  a and log 5 6  b, then log 3 2 is equal to
(c) e 1 1
(d) Any positive real number  1 (a) (b)
2a  1 2b  1
2. Logarithm of 32 5 4 to the base 2 2 is 1
(c) 2ab  1 (d)
(a) 3.6 (b) 5 2 ab  1
(c) 5.6 (d) None of these 14. If log k x . log 5 k  log x 5, k  1, k  0, then x is equal to
3. The number log 2 7 is [IIT 1990; Pb CET 2002]
1
(a) An integer (b) A rational number (a) k (b)
5
(c) An irrational number (d) A prime number (c) 5 (d) None of these
4. If log 7 2  m , then log 49 28 is equal to [Roorkee 1999] 15. If log 5 a. log a x  2, then x is equal to
1  2m
(a) 2 (1  2 m ) (b) (a) 125 (b) a 2
2
(c) 25 (d) None of these
2
(c) (d) 1  m 16. If a 2  4 b 2  12 ab, then log(a  2b) is
1  2m
1 a b
ab 1 (a) [log a  log b  log 2] (b) log  log  log 2
5. If log e    (log e a  log e b) , then relation 2 2 2
 2  2
1 1
between a and b will be [UPSEAT 2000] (c) [log a  log b  4 log 2] (d) [log a  log b  4 log 2]
2 2
b
(a) a  b (b) a  17. If A  log 2 log 2 log 4 256  2 log 2 2, then A is equal to
2
b [WB JEE 1992]
(c) 2 a  b (d) a 
3 (a) 2 (b) 3
6. Which is the correct order for a given number (c) 5 (d) 7
 in increasing order [Roorkee 2000] 18. If log 10 x  y , then log 1000 x 2 is equal to
(a) log 2  , log 3  , log e  , log 10 
(a) y 2 (b) 2 y
(b) log 10  , log 3  , log e  , log 2 
3y 2y
(c) (d)
(c) log 10  , log e  , log 2  , log 3  2 3
(d) log 3  , log e  , log 2  , log 10  19. If x  log a (bc ), y  log b (ca), z  log c (ab), then which of
7. log ab  log | b |  the following is equal to 1
(a) log a (b) log | a | (a) x  y  z

(c)  log a (d) None of these (b) (1  x )1  (1  y )1  (1  z )1

(c) xyz
8. The value of (log 02.5 4 ) is
(d) None of these
(a) –2 (b) (4 ) 20. If a  log 24 12, b  log 36 24 and c  log 48 36 , then 1+abc
(c) 2 (d) None of these is equal to [SCRA 2000]
9. The value of log 3 4 log 4 5 log 5 6 log 6 7 log 7 8 log 8 9 is (a) 2 ab (b) 2 ac
[IIIT Allahabad 2000] (c) 2bc (d) 0
(a) 1 (b) 2 21. If a x  b, b y  c, c z  a, then value of xyz is
(c) 3 (d) 4 (a) 0 (b) 1
10. (c) 2 (d) 3
log 7 log 7 7( 7 7 ) 
22. If log 10 2  0 . 30103 , log 10 3  0 . 47712 , the number of
(a) 3 log 2 7 (b) 1  3 log 3 7
digits in 3 12  2 8 is
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 25
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) x  y (d) None of these
(c) 9 (d) 10 1 1
n 33. If   x , then x be
1 log 3  log 4 
23.  log (a)

(a) 2 (b) 3
n 1 2n

n(n  1) n(n  1) (c) 3.5 (d) 

(a) log a 2 (b) log 2 a
2 2 34. If log 1 / 2
sin x  0, x  [0, 4  ], then the number of
2 2 
(n  1) n values of x which are integral multiples of , is
(c) log 2 a (d) None of these
4 4
24. The solution of the equation log 7 log 5 (a) 4 (b) 12
(c) 3 (d) None of these
( x2  5  x)  0 35. The set of real values of x satisfying
[UPSEAT 2000] log 1 / 2 (x 2  6 x  12)  2 is
(a) x  2 (b) x  3
(a)  , 2  (b) [2, 4 ]
(c) x  4 (d) x  2
25. log 4 18 is (c) 4 ,   (d) None of these
(a) A rational number (b) An irrational number 36. The set of real values of x for which
log ( x 1 )
(c) A prime number (d) None of these 2 2
 x  5 is
log (0 .1  0 . 01  0 . 001  ......) (a) (,  1)  (4 ,) (b) (4 , )
26. The value of (0 . 05 ) 20
is
(c) (1, 4 ) (d) None of these
1
(a) 81 (b) 37. If log 0 . 04 ( x  1)  log 0 .2 ( x  1) then x belongs to the
81
1 interval
(c) 20 (d) (a) 1, 2  (b)  , 2 
20
27. If a, b, c are distinct positive numbers, each (c) 2,    (d) None of these
different from 1, such that 38. The set of real values of x for which
[log b a log c a  log a a]  [log a b log c b  log b b ] x2
log 0 .2  1 is
[log a c log b c  log c c]  0, then abc = x
(a) 1 (b) 2  5 5 
(a)   ,    (0, ) (b)  ,   
(c) 3 (d) None of these  2 2 
28. If log 12 27  a, then log 6 16  [EAMCET 1990] (c) (,  2)  (0 , ) (d) None of these
3a 3a 39. If x  log b a, y  log c b, z  log a c , then xyz is
(a) 2 . (b) 3 .
3a 3 a [UPSEAT 2003]
3 a (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 4 . (d) None of these
3 a (c) 3 (d) None of these
log x log y log z . 21
29. If   , then which of the following 99 98
..
b c c a ab 40. The value of log 2 . log 3 .... log 100 100 is[AMU 2005]
is true (a) 0 (b) 1
[Karnataka CET 2004]
(c) 2 (d) 100!
(a) xyz  1 (b) x a y b z c  1
b  c c  a a b
(c) x y z 1 (d) xyz  x a y b z c Indices and Surds
30. The number of real values of the parameter k for
which (log 16 x )2  log 16 x  log 16 k  0 with real (l 2  lm m 2 ) (m 2  nm n 2 ) (n 2  nl  l 2 )
 xl   xm   xn 
coefficients will have exactly one solution is 1. For x  0 ,  m  
 xn 
  
 xl  =
x     
(a) 2 (b) 1
(a) 1 (b) x
(c) 4 (d) None of these
3 5 (c) Does not exist (d) None of these
(log 3 x )2  log 3 x 
31. If x 4 4  3 then x has x y z 1 1 1
2. If 2  4  8 and xyz  288 , then   
(a) One positive integral value 2x 4y 8z
(b) One irrational value (a) 11/48 (b) 11/24
(c) Two positive rational values (c) 11/8 (d) 11/96
(d) None of these 2 . 3 n 1  7 . 3 n 1
32. If x  log 5 (1000 ) and y  log 7 (2058 ) then 3. 
3 n  2  2(1 / 3)1 n
(a) x  y (b) x  y (a) 1 (b) 3
 26 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions
(c) –1 (d) 0 17. If a x 1  bc , b y 1  ca, c z 1  ab, then  (1 / x ) 
x 2 2 2 x
2 3 (a) 1 (b) 0
4. If     , then x = [UPSEAT 1999]
3 2 (c) abc (d) None of these
(a) 1 (b) 3 (2 n 1 )m (2 2 n )2 n
18. If  1, then m =
(c) 4 (d) 0 (2 m 1 )n 2 2 m
5. The greatest number among 3
9 , 4 11 , 6 17 is (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) n (d) 2n
3 4
(a) 9 (b) 11 19. If x y  y x , then ( x / y )( x / y )  x ( x / y )k , where k 
6
(c) 17 (d) Can not be (a) 0 (b) 1
determined (c) –1 (d) None of these
3
15 20. If x x x
 (x . 3 x ) x , then x =
6. The value of is
10  20  40  5  80 (a) 1 (b) –1
(a) 5 (5  2 ) (b) 5 (2  2 ) (c) 0 (d) 64/27
(c) 5 (1  2 ) (d) 5 (3  2 ) 21. If a x  b y  (ab)xy , then x  y 
(a) 0 (b) 1
7. The rationalising factor of a1 / 3  a 1 / 3 is
(c) xy (d) None of these
(a) a 1 / 3  a 1 / 3 (b) a 2 / 3  a 2 / 3
2 / 3
22. If x  21 / 3  2 1 / 3 , then 2 x 3  6 x 
(c) a 2/3
a (d) a 2 / 3  a 2 / 3  1
(a) 1 (b) 2
8. (3  5 ) is equal to (c) 3 (d) None of these
(a) 5 1 (b) 3 2 23. Solution of the equation ( x ) x x  ( x x ) x are
1 (a) 9/4 (b) 1
(c) ( 5  1) / 2 (d) ( 5  1)
2 (c) –1 (d) 0
9. 4
(17  12 2 )  24. If 5 x 1  5 .(0 . 2)x  2  26 , then x may have the value
(a) 25 (b) 1
(a) 2 1 (b) 21 / 4 ( 2  1)
(c) 3 (d) None of these
(c) 2 2  1 (d) None of these 7 1/4
25. Let 1 / 2  A  B. 2  C . 21 / 2  D. 2 3 / 4 , then
10. The equation ( x  1)  ( x  1)  (4 x  1) , x  R has 2  21 / 4  1
(a) One solution (b) Two solution (a) A  1 (b) B  3
(c) Four solution (d) No solution (c) C  2 (d) D  1
11. a m log a n  26. Solution of the equation 4 . 9 x  1  3 (2 2 x  1 ) has the
(a) a mn (b) m n solution
(c) n m (d) None of these (a) 3 (b) 2
n (c) 3/2 (d) 2/3
12. If (am )n  am , then the value of 'm' in terms of 'n' 1 3
x x
is 27. Solution of the equation 9 x  2 2 2 2  3 2 x 1
1/m
(a) n (b) n (a) log 9 (9 / 8 ) (b) log 9 / 2 (9 / 8 )
(c) n 1 /(n  1) (d) None of these
3 / 2 (c) log e (9 / 8 ) (d) None of these
1 
13. ( x 5 )1 / 3 (16 x 3 )2 / 3  x 4 / 9   3/2 3/2
 4  [4  (15 ) ]  [4  (15 ) ]
28. 
(a) (x / 4 ) 3
(b) (4 x ) 3 [6  (35 )]3 / 2  [6  (35 ) ]3 / 2
(a) 1 (b) 7/13
(c) 8 x 3 (d) None of these
(c) 13/7 (d) None of these
14. If a1 / x  b 1 / y  c1 / z and b 2  ac then x  z 
(a) y (b) 2y 5 2 5 2
29. If x  ,y  , then 3 x 2  4 xy  3 y 2 
(c) 2xyz (d) None of these 5 2 5 2
x y z 1 1
15. If a  bc, b  ca, c  ab, then xyz = (a) (b)
[56 10  12 ] [56 10  12 ]
(a) 0 (b) 1 3 3
(c) x  y  z (d) x  y  z  2 1
(c) [56  12 10 ] (d) None of these
16. If a x  (x  y  z )y , a y  ( x  y  z )z , az  (x  y  z)x , 3
12
then 30. 
(a) x  y  z  a / 3 (b) x  y  z  a / 3 3 5 2 2
(c) x  y  z  0 (d) None of these (a) 1  5  (10 )  2 (b) 1  5  (10 )  2
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 27
(c) 1  5  10  2 (d) 1  5  2  (10 ) (c) 352 (d) 200
x
(5 / 2)  (7  3 5 ) 43. If x  3  5, then 
31. = 2  (3 x  2)
(7 / 2)  (16  5 7 )
(a) 5 (b) 5
(a) Rational (b) Surd
(c) 1 / 5 (d) 1 / 5
(c) Multiple of 7 (d) None of these
44. If a  (21)  (20 ) and b  (18 )  (17 ), then
2
32.  (a) a  b (b) a  b  0
(2  3 )  (2  3 )
(c) a  b (d) a  b
(a) 0 (b) 1
45. Solution of the equation ( x  10 )  ( x  2)  6 are
(c) 2 (d) 1 / 2
4 (a) 0 (b) 6
33.  (c) 4 (d) None of these
1 2  3
46. [6  2 3  2 2  2 6 ]  1 / (5  2 6 ) 
(a) 2  2  6 (b) 1  2  3
(c) 3  2  3 (d) None of these (a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 0 (d) None of these
3 2 4 3 6
34.   
6 3 6 2 3 2 Partial fractions
(a) 5 2 (b) 3 2
2x  3 a b
(c) 2 3 (d) 0 1. If   , then a  b [MNR 1993]
( x  1)( x  3) x  1 ( x  3)
35. The rationalising factor of 2 3  7 is (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 9/4 (d) –1/4
(a) 3 7 (b) 2 3  7
3x  a A 10
2. If 2   , then
(c) 3 2 7 (d) None of these x  3 x  2 (x  2 ) x  1
(a) a  7 (b) a  7
36. The value of [12  (68  48 2 )]  (c) A  13 (d) A  13
(a) 2  2 (b) 2  2 3x  4 A B C
3. If    , then A 
( x  1)2 ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1)2
(c) 2 1 (d) None of these
[EAMCET 1994]
37. The square root of (50 )  (48 ) is (a) –1/2 (b) 15/4
(c) 7/4 (d) –1/4
(a) 21 / 4 (3  2 ) (b) 21 / 4 ( 3  2)
3x  1
4. The partial fractions of are
(c) 21 / 4 (2  2 ) (d) 21 / 4 ( 3  2 ) (1  x  x 2 ) (2  x )
[MNR 1995]
38. (3  5 )  (2  3 ) 
x 1 1 x
(a) + (b) 
(a) (5 / 2)  (3 / 2) (b) (5 / 2)  (3 / 2) ( x 2  x  1) x  2 x2  x 1 x2
(c) (5 / 2)  (1 / 2) (d) (3 / 2)  (1 / 2) x 1 1 x
(c) 2  (d) 
x  x 1 x  2 x2  x 1 x2
39. The value of [12 5  2 (55 ) ] is
( x  1) 2 A Bx  C A
1/ 2 1/2
5. If 3
  2 , then sin 1   
(a) 5 [ (11)  1] (b) 5 [ (11)  1] x x x x 1 C
1/ 4 1/ 4 [EAMCET 1997, 98]
(c) 5 [ (11)  1] (d) 5 [ (11)  1]
 
(a) (b)
40. The cube root of 9 3  11 2 is 6 4
(a) 2 3  2 (b) 3 2 2  
(c) (d)
3 2
(c) 3 3  2 (d) 3 2
x 1  1 x 1 
2 6. If      y then y =
41. If x  (x  1)  a, then x = ( x  1) ( x 2  1)2 4  ( x  1) x 2  1 
1 1 (1  x ) (1  x )
(a) (a  1 / a) (b) (a  1 / a) (a) (b)
2 2 2( x 2  1) 2 3( x 2  1)
(c) (a  a 1 ) (d) None of these 1 x
(c) (d) None of these
42. If x  7  3 and xy  4 , then x 4  y 4 = 2 ( x 2  1) 2
(a) 400 (b) 368
 28 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions
7. The coefficient of x n
in the expression 1
(a) a 2  b 2 (b)
5x  6 ab
when expanded in ascending order is [MNR 1993]
1 1
(2  x ) (1  x ) (c) (d) 2
a b a b2
 2 (1)n 11 2 (1)n 11
(a)  (b)  n  9 A B C
3 2n 3 3 2 3 17. If    then
n
( x  1)( x  2)2 x  1 x  2 ( x  2)2
2 (1) 11
(c)    n (d) None of these ABC 
3 3 2
(a) 3 (b) – 1
8. The remainder obtained when the polynomial
(c) 5 (d) None of these
1  x  x 3  x 9  x 27  x 81  x 243 is divided by x  1 is
ax  b 1 3
[EAMCET 1991] 18. If   then
(a) 3 (b) 5 (3 x  4 )2 3 x  4 (3 x  4 )2
(c) 7 (d) 11 (a) a  2 (b) b  1
9. If (c) a  3 (d) b  4
1 A A A2 A x 2  13 x  15
 0  1   ....  n 19. 
x (x  1)( x  2)....( x  n) x x 1 x  2 x n (2 x  3)( x  3)2
then Ar  1 1 5
(a)  
r!(1)r (1)r x  3 2 x  3 ( x  3 )2
(a) (b)
(n  r)! r!(n  r)! 1 1 5
(b)  
1 2 x  3 x  3 ( x  3)2
(c) (d) None of these
r!(n  r)! 1 1 5
(c)  
x 1 2 x  3 x  3 ( x  3 )2
10.  [IIT 1996]
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3 ) 1 1 5
(d)  
1 3 1 3 1 2 2 x  3 x  3 (x  3 )2
(a)   (b)   
x 1 x  2 x  3 x 1 x  2 x  3 3 x 3  8 x 2  10
20. The partial fractions of is
1 3 2 ( x  1)4
(c)   (d) None of these
x 1 x  2 x  3
3 1 7 5
ax 2  bx  c (a)   
3 2 5 ( x  1) ( x  1)2 ( x  1)3 ( x  1)4
11. If =   , then
( x  1) ( x  2) (2 x  3) x  1 x  2 2 x  3 3 1 7 5
(a) a  5 (b) b  18 (b)   
( x  1) ( x  1)2 ( x  1)3 ( x  1)4
(c) c  22 (d) None of these 3 1 7 5
(e x  2) 3 B (c)   
12. If x  x  , then B  ( x  1) ( x  1)2 ( x  1)3 (x  1)4
(e  1)(2 e x  3) e  1 2e x  3
(d) None of these
(a) 1 (b) 3
( x  1)2 A Bx  C
(c) 5 (d) 7 21. If   2 , then
x3  x x x 1
3x  4 A B
13. If 2   ,then ( A, B)  (a) A  1, B  0, C  2 (b) A  1, B  0, C  2
x  3x  2 x  2 x 1
[EAMCET 1996] (c) A  1, B  0, C  2 (d) None of these
(a) (7, 10) (b) (10, 7) 2x A Bx  C
22. If 3   , then
(c) (10, – 7) (d) (– 10, 7) x 1 x 1 x 2  x  1
14. If the remainders of the polynomial f (x ) when (a) A  B  C (b) A  B  C
divided by x  1, x  2, x  2 are 6, 3, 15 then the (c) A  B  C (d) A  B  C
remainder of f (x ) when divided by x2 1
23.  [MNR 1994]
( x  1)( x  2)( x  2) is (2 x  1)(x 2  1)
(a) 2 x 2  3 x  1 (b) 3 x 2  2 x  1 5 3 1 5 1 1
(a)   (b)  
2
(c) 2 x  x  3 2
(d) 3 x  2 x  1 3(2 x  1) (x  1) (x  1) 3(2x  1) 3(x  1) (x  1)
1  cos x sin  2 1 5 3
15. If   , then   (c)   (d) None of these
cos x (1  cos x ) cos x 1  cos x 2 x  1 (x  1) ( x  1)
(a) /8 (b) /4 ax  1 x 1
24. If 2
 2
 , then a 
(c) /2 (d)  (1  x  x ) (2  x ) 1  x  x 2  x
x2  a2 b2  (a) 2 (b) 3
16. If 2 22 2
 k  2 2
 2  then k =
 (c) 4 (d) 5
(x  a ) (x  b )  x a x  b2 
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 29
1 A Bx  C
25.   , then ( A, B, C )  [IIT 1995]
x (x 2  1) x ( x 2  1)
(a) (1, – 1, 0) (b) (1, 0 ,  1) 1. If x  log 3 5, y  log 17 25 , which one of the following
is correct [WB JEE 1993]
(c) (0, 1, 1) (d) None of these
(a) x  y (b) x  y
2x
26.  (c) x  y (d) None of these
x4  x2 1
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 2. If log 0 . 3 ( x  1)  log 0 . 09 (x  1), then x lies in the
(a) 2  (b) 
x  x 1 x 2  x 1 x  x 1 x2  x 1
2 interval
x x 1 1 1 (a) (2, ) (b) (– 2, –1)
(c) 2  (d) 2 
x  x 1 x 2  x 1 x  x 1 x2  x 1 (c) (1, 2) (d) None of these
3x 2  5 a b 3. If log x : log y : log z  (y  z ) : (z  x ) : ( x  y ) then
27.   , then (a, b ) 
( x 2  1)2 x 2  1 ( x 2  1)2 [UPSEAT 2001]
(a) (2, 3) (b) (3, 2) (a) x y .y z .z x  1 (b) x x y y z z  1
(c) (– 2,3) (d) (–3, 2) x y
(c) x yz z 1 (d) None of these
( x  a)(x  b ) A B
28.    C , then C = 4. The number of solution of log 2 ( x  5 )  6  x is
( x  c)( x  d ) x  c ( x  d )
(a) 5 (b) 4 (a) 2 (b) 0
(c) 3 (d) 1 (c) 3 (d) None of these
5. The number log 20 3 lies in
x2 5
29. The partial fractions of are
2
x  3x  2 (a) 1 / 4 , 1 / 3  (b) 1 / 3, 1 / 2 
1 1 1 1 (c) 1 / 2, 3 / 4  (d) 3 / 4 , 4 / 5 
(a) 1   (b) 
( x  1) (x  2)2 ( x  1) ( x  2)2 1
6. If  log 0. 1 x  2 then
1 1 4 1 2
(c)  (d) 1  
( x  1) ( x  2)2 ( x  1) (x  2) (a) The maximum value of x is 1 / 10
6x4  5x3  x2  5x  2
30. The partial fraction of  (b) x lies between 1/100 and 1 / 10
1  5x  6x2
(c) x does not lie between 1/100 and 1 / 10
1 1 1 1
(a) x 2   (b) x 2   (d) The minimum value of x is 1/100
1  2x 1  3x 1  2x 1  3x
2 2
 2)  2)
1 1 7. The equation 4 (x  9 . 2( x  8  0 has the
(c) x 2   (d) None of these
1  2x 1  3x solution
(a) x  1 (b) x  1
sin 2 x  1 A B
31. If 2
=  C , (c) x  2 (d) x   2
2 sin x  5 sin x  3 (2 sin x  3) (sin x  1)
then 8. [10  (24 )  (40 )  (60 ) ] 
13
(a) A  (b) B  2 (a) 5 3 2 (b) 5 3 2
2
(c) C  1 (d) A  B  C  5 (c) 5 3 2 (d) 2 3 5
4 1
32. The coefficient of x in the expansion of the 9.  
3x 1  x ab  x ac
expression is (a) 1 (b) –1
( x  2)( x  1)
(c) 0 (d) None of these
(a) –15/16 (b) 15/16
1 3 4
(c) –16/15 (d) 16/15 10.   
33. The coefficient of x 5
in the expansion of (11  2 30 ) (7  2 10 ) (8  4 3 )
x2 1 (a) 0 (b) –1
2
is (c) 1 (d) None of these
( x  4 )( x  2)
(a) 1/256 (b) 1/562 11. The square root of 134 + (6292 ) is
(c) 1/265 (d) –1/256 (a) 21  (13 ) (b) 11  (13 )
(c) 13  (11) (d) 13  (21)
x y
12. If x  2  3 , xy  1, then  
2 x 2 y
 30 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 1 (d) None of these
x2
13. The partial fractions of are [IIT 1992]
( x  1)3 ( x  2)
1 3 4 4
(a)   
( x  1)3 ( x  1) 2 ( x  1) ( x  2)
1 3 4 4
(b) 3
 2
 
( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  2)
1 3 4 4
(c)   
( x  1)3 ( x  1) 2 ( x  1) ( x  2)
(d) None of these
x 3  6 x 2  10 x  2 A B
14. If  f(x )   , then
x 2  5x  6 ( x  2) ( x  3)
f (x ) 
(a) x  1 (b) x  1
(c) x (d) None of these
x 4  24 x 2  28
15. The partial fractions of are
( x 2  1)3
[EAMCET 1986]
1 22 5
(a)  
( x 2  1) ( x 2  1)2 ( x 2  1)3
1 22 5
(b)  
( x 2  1) ( x 2  1)2 ( x 2  1)2
1 22 5
(c)  
( x 2  1) ( x 2  1)2 (x 2  1)3
(d) None of these
16. Which of the following is not true [UPSEAT 2000]
(a) log(1  x )  x for x  0 (b)
x
 log(1  x ) for x  0
1x
(c) e x  1  x for x  0 (d) e x  1  x for x  0
 30 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions

Logarithms Logarithms

1 d 2 a 3 c 4 b 5 a 1. (d) It is obvious.
2. (a) Let x be the required logarithm , then by
6 b 7 b 8 c 9 b 10 c
definition (2 2 )x  32 5 4  (2 . 2 1 / 2 ) x  2 5 . 2 2 / 5 ;
11 d 12 c 13 d 14 b,c 15 c 3x 2
5
 2 2 2 5
16 c 17 c 18 d 19 b 20 c
3 27
21 b 22 c 23 a 24 c 25 b Here, by equating the indices, x
2 5
26 a 27 a 28 c 29 a,b,c,d 30 b 18
x   3.6 .
31 a,b,c 32 a 33 a 34 a 35 b 5
3. (c) Suppose, if possible, log 2 7 is rational, say
36 b 37 c 38 a 39 b 40 b
p / q where p and q are integers, prime to each
other.
Indices and Surds
p
Then,  log 2 7  7  2 p / q  2 p  7q ,
1 a 2 d 3 a 4 c 5 a q

6 c 7 d 8 c 9 a 10 d which is false since L.H.S is even and R.H.S is

odd. Obviously log 2 7 is not an integer and
11 c 12 c 13 d 14 b 15 d
hence not a prime number.
16 a 17 a 18 d 19 b 20 a,d
log 28 log 7  log 4
21 b 22 c 23 a,b 24 b,c 25 a,c,d 4. (b) log 49 28  
log 49 2 log 7
26 c 27 b 28 b 29 b 30 c
log 7 log 4 1 1
    log 7 4
31 a 32 b 33 a 34 d 35 b 2 log 7 2 log 7 2 2
36 b 37 d 38 b 39 c 40 d
41 b 42 b 43 d 44 d 45 b 1 1 1 1 1  2m
  . 2 log 7 2   log 7 2   m 
46 a 2 2 2 2 2
ab  1
5. (a) log e    (log e a  log e b )
Partial fractions  2  2
1
1 b 2 a,d 3 c 4 c 5 a  log e (ab)  log e ab
2
6 a 7 a 8 c 9 b 10 c ab
  ab  a  b  2 ab
11 a,c 12 d 13 b 14 a 15 c 2
16 d 17 c 18 b,c 19 a 20 c   a  b 2
0  a  b 0  a b .
21 b 22 d 23 b 24 b 25 a 6. (b) Since 10, 3, e, 2 are in decreasing order.
26 d 27 b 28 d 29 d 30 a Obviously, log 10  , log 3  , log e  , log 2  are in

31 a,d 32 b 33 d
increasing order.
 ab 
7. (b) log ab  log | b |  log    log | a | .

Critical Thinking Questions | b | 

8. (c) log 02. 5 4  {log 0 .5 (0 . 5 )2 } 2  (2)2  2 .

1 c 2 a 3 b 4 d 5 b
9. (b) log 3 4 . log 4 5 . log 5 6 . log 6 7 . log 7 8 . log 8 9
6 a,b,d 7 a,b 8 b 9 a 10 a
log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8 log 9 log 9
11 b 12 a 13 c 14 a 15 a  . . . . . 
log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8 log 3
16 d
 log 3 9  log 3 3 2  2 .
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial fractions 31

10. (c) log 7 log 7 7 7 7  log 7 log 7 7 7 / 8  log 7 (7 / 8 )

 log 7 7  log 7 8  1  log 7 2 3  1  3 log 7 2 .

 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 31
11. (d) 81 (1 / log 5 3 )  27 log 9 36  3 4 / log 7 9
1. (d) It is obvious. 1
3 . log 3 36
2. (a) Let x be the required logarithm , then by  3 4 log 3 5  3 2  3 4 log 9 7
log 3 5 4 log 3 36 3 / 2 4/2
definition (2 2 )x  32 5 4  (2 . 2 1 / 2 ) x  2 5 . 2 2 / 5 ; 3 3  3 log 3 7
4 3/2 2
3x
5
2  5  36  7  890 .
 2 2 2 5
 16 7 25 5 81 3 
3 27 12. (c) Given expression = log  7 . 5 . 3   log 2 .
Here, by equating the indices, x   15 24 80 
 
2 5
1
18 13. (d) ab  log 4 5 . log 5 6  log 4 6  log 2 6
x   3.6 . 2
5
1
3. (c) Suppose, if possible, log 2 7 is rational, say ab  (1  log 2 3)  2 ab  1  log 2 3
2
p / q where p and q are integers, prime to each 1
 log 3 2  .
other. 2 ab  1
p 14. (b,c) log k x . log 5 k  log x 5  log 5 x  log x 5
Then,  log 2 7  7  2 p / q  2 p  7q ,
q 1
 log x 5   (log x 5 )2  1  log x 5  1
which is false since L.H.S is even and R.H.S is log x 5
odd. Obviously log 2 7 is not an integer and 1
hence not a prime number.  x  1  5  x  5, .
5
log 28 log 7  log 4 15. (c) log 5 a. log a x  2  log 5 x  2  x  5 2  25 .
4. (b) log 49 28  
log 49 2 log 7
16. (c) a 2  4 b 2  12 ab
log 7 log 4 1 1
    log 7 4  a 2  4 b 2  4 ab  16 ab  (a  2b )2  16 ab
2 log 7 2 log 7 2 2
 2 log( a  2b )  log 16  log a  log b
1
1 1 1 1 1  2m  log(a  2b )  [log a  log b  4 log 2]
  . 2 log 7 2   log 7 2   m  2
2 2 2 2 2
17. (c) A  log 2 log 2 log 4 256 + 2 log 2 1 / 2 2
ab 1
5. (a) log e    (log e a  log e b ) 1
 2  2  log 2 log 2 log 4 4 4  2  log 2 2
(1 / 2)
1  log 2 log 2 4  4  log 2 log 2 2 2  4
 log e (ab)  log e ab
2
 log 2 2  4  1  4  5 .
ab
  ab  a  b  2 ab 2 2
2 18. (d) log 1000 x 2  log 10 3 x 2  2 log 10 3 x  log 10 x  y .
3 3
  a  b 2
0  a  b 0  a b. 19. (b) x  log a bc  1  x  log a a  log a bc  log a abc
6. (b) Since 10, 3, e, 2 are in decreasing order.  (1  x )1  log abc a
Obviously, log 10  , log 3  , log e  , log 2  are in  (1  x )1  (1  y )1  (1  z )1  log abc a  log abc b  log abc c
increasing order.  log abc abc  1 .
 ab  log 12 2 log 2  log 3
7. (b) log ab  log | b |  log    log | a | .
 20. (c) a  log 24 12  
| b |  log 24 3 log 2  log 3
3 log 2  log 3
8. (c) log 02. 5 4  {log 0 . 5 (0 . 5 )2 } 2  (2)2  2 . b  log 36 24 
2(log 2  log 3)
9. (b) log 3 4 . log 4 5 . log 5 6 . log 6 7 . log 7 8 . log 8 9 2(log 2  log 3 )
c  log 48 36 
log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8 log 9 log 9 4 log 2  log 3
 . . . . . 
log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8 log 3 2 log 2  log 3
 abc 
2 4 log 2  log 3
 log 3 9  log 3 3  2 .
6 log 2  2 log 3 3 log 2  log 3
 1  abc   2.  2 bc .
10. (c) log 7 log 7 7 7 7  log 7 log 7 7 7 /8 4 log 2  log 3 4 log 2  log 3
 log 7 (7 / 8 )
21. (b) a x  b  x log a  log b
 log 7 7  log 7 8  1  log 7 2 3  1  3 log 7 2 .
log b
 x  log a b
log a
Similarly y  log b c, z  log c a
 xyz  log a b . log b c. log c a  1 .
 32 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions
22. (c) y  3 12  2 8  log 10 y  12 log 10 3  8 log 10 2 x a y b z c  e k (b c )a  k (c  a)b  k (a b )c  e 0  1  xyz
2
 12  0 . 47712  8  0 . 30103 c 2 )  k ( c 2  a 2 )  k ( a 2 b 2 )
x b  c y c  a z a b  e k (b  e0  1.
 5 . 72544  2 . 40824  8 . 13368
30. (b) Let log 16 x  y  y 2  y  log 16 k  0
 Number of digits in y = 8 + 1 = 9.
This quadratic equation will have exactly one
n 1 n n n
23. (a)    log a 2n =  n log a 2  log a 2 .  n solution if its discriminant vanishes.
n 1 log 2 n (a) n 1 n 1 n 1
 (1)2  4 . 1 . log 16 k  0  1  log 16 k 4
n(n  1) n(n  1)
= log a 2 .  log a 2 .  k 4  16  k 2  4  k  2 .
2 2
But log 16 k is not defined k  0 ,  k  2 .
24. (c) log 7 log 5 ( x 2  5  x )  0  log 7 1  Number of real values of k  1 .
3 5 1
 log 5 (x 2  5  x )1 / 2  1  log 5 5 (log 3 x )2  log 3 x 
31. (a,b,c) x 4 4 = 3  32 .

 (x 2  5  x )1 / 2  5 There is a possibility of a solution x  3

For this value, LHS =
 ( x 2  x  5 )  25  x 2  x  20  0 3 2 5 
.1 1    2 1
 ( x  4 )( x  5 )  0  x  4 ,  5  x  4 . 3 4 4 
   RHS .
34 32
1 1  x  3 is a solution, which is a ve integer.
25. (b) log 4 18  log 2 (3 2. 2)  (2 log 2 3  log 2 2)
2 2 3 5 1
Next,  (log 3 x )2  log 3 x   log 3 x 
1 4 4 2
 log 2 3  , which is irrational.
2  [3 (log 3 x ) 2  4 log 3 x  5 ] log 3 x  2  0
 0 .1 
2 log 20    3 t 3  4 t 2  5 t  2  0 , [ t  log 3 x ]
log (0 .1  0. 01 ......)  1   1 0 . 1 
26. (a) (0 . 05 ) 20
   3t 3  3t 2  7t 2  7t  2t  2  0
 20 
 (3 t 2  7 t  2) (t  1)  0  (3 t  1)(t  2)(t  1)  0
2 1 1
 20 2 log 20 (1 / 9 )  20 2 log 20 9  20 log 20 9  9 2  81 .  t  1,  2,   log 3 x  1,  2, 
3 3
27. (a) [log b a. log c a  log a a]  [log a b. log c b  log b b]
1 1
[log a c log b c  log c c]  0  x  3 1 , 3 2 ,3 1 / 3 ;  x  3, ,
9 33
1 Thus, there is one +ve integral value, one
 [(ln a)3  (ln b )3  (ln c)3 ] 3 0
ln a. ln b. ln c irrational value, two positive rational values.
 32. (a) x  log 5 1000  3 log 5 10  3  3 log 5 2  3  log 5 8
1
[(ln a)3  (ln b )3  (ln c)3  3 ln a. ln b . ln c ]  0 y  log 7 2058  log 7 (7 3 . 6 )  3  log 7 6
ln a. ln b . ln c
As log 5 8  log 5 5 i.e., log 5 8  1 .  x  4
 (ln a)3  (ln b)3  (ln c)3  3 ln a. ln b. ln c  0
And log 7 6  log 7 7 i.e., log 7 6  1
 ln a  ln b  ln c  0
 y 4;  x y.
 ln(abc ) = ln 1, [a 3  b 3  c 3  3 abc  0
1 1
 a  b  c  0 ] ,  abc  1 . 33. (a)  x
log 3  log 4 
log 27 3 log 3 2 a log 2
28. (c) a    log 3   log  3  log  4  x  log  12  x
log 12 log 3  2 log 2 3a
log 16 4 log 2  2  12   3
log 6 16  
log 6 log 2  log 3  12   2 ;  log  12  log   2
4 log 2 4 (3  a) 3 a i.e., log  12  2 ;  x will be 2.
   4. .
2 a log 2 3  a  2 a 3a
log 2  1
3 a 34. (a) 0  1
2
log x log y log z Y
29. (a,b,c,d)    k (say )
b c c a ab
 log x  k (b  c), log y  k (c  a), log z  k (a  b )
 x  e k ( b  c ) , y  e k ( c a ) , z  e k ( a b ) 4
2
 xyz  e k (b  c) k (c a )k (a b )  e 0  1 X
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 33
log 1 / 2
sin x  0 , x  [0, 4 ]  0  sin x  1 .2
1
..
99 98
  log 2 log 3 .... log 99 [log 100 100  1]
 Integral multiple of will be 1
4 . .2
97 .
 3 9 11  log 2 log 3 .... log 98 98
, , ,
4 4 4 4
Number of required values = 4. 21
. ..
2 97 96 1
35. (b) log 1 / 2 ( x  6 x  12)  2 …..(i)  log 2 log 3 .... log 97  log 2 log 3 3 2
For log to be defined, x 2  6 x  12  0  log 2 2' log 3 3  log 2 2  1 .
 ( x  3) 2  3  0 , which is true x  R .
2 Indices and Surds
1
From (i), x 2  6 x  12   
2 l 2  lm  m 2 m 2  nm  n 2 n 2  nl  l 2
 x 2  6 x  12  4  x 2  6 x  8  0  xl   xm   xn 
1. (a)  m     
x   xn   xl 
 ( x  2)( x  4 )  0  2  x  4 ;  x  [2, 4 ] .      
log ( x 1 ) 2
 lm  m 2 ) 2
 nm  n 2 2
 nl  l 2
36. (b) 2 2
 x  5  ( 2 ) 2 log 2 ( x 1)  x  5 = ( x l  m ) (l (x m  n ) m ( x n  l )n
 (x  1)2  x  5  x 2  3 x  4  0 = xl
3
m 3
.x m
3
n 3
.x n
3
l 3
= xl
3
 m 3  m 3 n 3  n 3 l 3
 x 0 =1
 ( x  4 )( x  1)  0  x  4 or x  1
2. (d) 2 x  2 2 y  2 3 z i.e ., x  2 y  3 z  k (say).
But for log 2
( x  1) to be defined, x  1  0 i.e.,
k3
x 1 Then xyz   288 , So k  12
 x  4  x  (4 , ) . 6
37. (c) log 0 . 04 ( x  1)  log 0. 2 (x  1) …..(i)  x  12, y  6, z  4 . Therefore,
1 1 1 11
For log to be defined x  1  0  x  1   
2 x 4 y 8 z 96
From (i), log (0 . 2)2 ( x  1)  log 0 .2 ( x  1)
2 . 3 n  1  7 . 3 n 1 2 . 3 n 1. 3 2  7 . 3 n 1 3 n 1 [18  7 ]
1 3. (a) 1 n
  n 1 1.
 log 0. 2 ( x  1)  log 0 .1 ( x  1)  x  1  ( x  1) 1 3 n 1. 3 3  2 . 3 n 1 3 [27  2]
2 3 n  2  2 
3
 x  1 (1  x  1 )  0  1  x  1  0
x 2 22 x x 2 2 x 2
2 3 2 2
 x  1  1  x  2 ,  x  [2, ) . 4. (c)          .
3 2 3 3
x2
38. (a) log 0 . 2 1 …..(i) Clearly x  2  2 x  2  x  4
x
3
x2 5. (a) 9 , 4 11 , 6 17
For log to be defined, 0  x  0 or
x  L.C.M. of 3, 4, 6 is 12
x  2
 3 9  9 1 / 3  (9 4 )1 / 12  (6561 )1 / 12 ,
x2
Now from (i), log 0 . 2  log 0 .2 0 . 2
x 4
11  (11) / 4 (11 3 )1 / 12  (1331 )1 / 12 ,
x2
  0.2 …..(ii) 6
17  (17 )1 / 6  (17 2 )1 / 2  (289 )1 / 12
x
3
Case (i) x  0 Hence, 9 is the greatest number.
From (ii), x  2  0 . 2 x 6. (c) Given fraction
 0 . 8 x  2 15
5 
 x . 5 0 5 –2 10  20  40  5  80
2 – –
2 2 15
Case (ii) x  2 
5 10  2 5  2 10  5  4 5
From (ii), x  2  0 .2 x  0.8 x  2  x  
2 15 5 10  5
 5  5   .
 x  (0, )    ,   ;  x    ,    (0 , ) . 3 10  3 5 10  5 10  5
 2  2
39. (b) We have xyz  log b a  log c b  log a c  10  5  5 ( 2  1)
log e a log e b log e c 7. (d) Let x  a 1 / 3 , y  a 1 / 3 then a  x 3 , a 1  y 3
    1.
log e b log e c log e a x 3  y 3  ( x  y )( x 2  xy  y 2 )
21
..
98 .
40. (b) log 2 . log 3 ..... log 99 log 100 100 99
 34 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions
So, rationlising factor is ( x 2  xy  y 2 ) . Put the  mn  m  3 n  mn  2m  n  m  2n .
value of x and y. Thus the required rationlising 19. (b) x y  y x  ( x y )1 / x  y
factor is a 2 / 3  a 2 / 3  1 . x /y x/y
x /y
x  x   1 y 
8. (c) Let 3 5  x  y Now,     y/x   x x 
y x   
 
3  5  x  y  2 xy . Obviously x  y  3
= x ( x / y ) 1  x ( x / y )  k  k  1 .
2
and 4 xy  5 . So (x  y)  9  5  4 or ( x  y )  2 1 x
1/3
1
3
 1 1 
5 1 20. (a, d) x x . x  (x . x 1 / 3 ) x  x x  x 3 
After solving x  , y  .  
2 2  
4
x 4
Hence, 3 5 
5

1

5 1
.  xx
4 /3

 x 4/3 =
x
xx
4/3
 x 3  x 4 /3 
3
x
2 2 2
4 3
1 4 4 4  64
9. (a) 2
(17  12 2 )  [3  (2 2 )  2 .3 . 2 2 ]  3  2 2 2
 x3   x1/3  ;  x    
3 3 3 27
 4 (17  12 2 )  (3  2 2 )  2 1 . Also x  1 is an obvious solution.
10. (d) Given ( x  1)  ( x  1)  (4 x  1) .....(i) 21. (b) a x  b y  (ab ) xy
 x ln a  y ln b  xy ln(ab)  k (say)
Squaring both sides, we get,  2 ( x 2  1)  2 x  1 k k
ln a  , ln b 
5 x y
Squaring again, we get, x  , which does not
4 k k k k k
ln(a b )   ln a  ln b    
satisfy eq. (i). Hence, there is no solution of the xy xy x y xy
given equation. 1 1 1 x y 1
m      ;  x  y  1.
11. (c) am log a n  a log a n  n m . x y xy xy xy
12.
n
(c) (am )n  am  amn  a m  mn  m n
n
22. (c) x  2 1 / 3  2 1 / 3
1
 x 3  2  2 1  3 . 2 1 / 3 . 2 1 / 3 (2 1 / 3  2 1 / 3 )
 n  m n 1  m  n n 1 . 1
 x3  2   3x  x 3  3x 
3
3 / 2 5 2 4 3 2 17 2 2
1 3 .  . .4 3
13. (d) (x 5 )1 / 3 (16 x 3 )2 / 3  x 4 / 9  x3 3 9 2 23  2 3 x3 .  2x 3  6x  3 .
4  3/ 2 3/2
1/x 1/y 1/z x y z 23. (a,b) x x x
 (x x )x  x x  (x 3 / 2 ) x  x x  x (3 / 2) x
14. (b) a b c  k (say )  a  k , b  k , c  k
3 3 9
 x 3 / 2  x  x 1/ 2   x 
b 2  ac  (k y )2  k x .k z  k 2 y  k x  z  x  z  2 y . 2 2 4
15. (d) a x .b y .c z  bc .ca.ab  a 2 b 2 c 2 Also x  1 is an obvious solution.
x 2
 a x  2b y  2 c z  2  1  a0b 0 c 0 1
24. (b,c) 5 x 1  5 (0 . 2) x 2  26  5 x 1  5 .    26
 x yz2 5
 5 x 1  5 3  x  26  5 x 1  25 . 5 ( x 1)  26  0
 xyz  2 3  8  x  y  z  2 .
 5 2( x 1)  26 . 5 ( x 1)  25  0
16. (a) a x .a y .a z  (x  y  z)y  z  x
 5 2( x 1)  5 x 1  25 . 5 x 1  25  0
 a x y  z  (x  y  z) x  y  z  x  y  z  a
 5 x 1 (5 x 1  1)  25(5 x 1  1)  0
Now, a x  ( x  y  z )y  a y  x y, similarly
 (5 x 1  25 )(5 x 1  1)  0  (5 x 1  5 2 ) (5 x 1  5 0 )  0
yz
 5 x 1  5 2 or 5 x 1  5 0  x  3, 1 .
a
x yz . 25. (a, c, d)
3
7 7 . (2 1 / 4  1)
17. (a) a x 1  bc  a x  abc 
x y z
21 / 2  21 / 4  1 (2 1 / 4  1) [(2 1 / 4 ) 2  2 1 / 4 . 1  1 2 ]
 a  b  c  abc  k (say )
7 . (2 1 / 4  1)
1 =  A  B . 2 1 / 4  C . 2 1 / 2  D. 2 3 / 4
 a  k1 / x   log k a ; 23 / 4  1
x
 7 . 21 / 4  7  (A  D) 2 3 / 4  (2B  A)  (2C  B).21 / 4
 1
x
 log k a  log k b  log k c  log k abc  log abc abc  1  (2 D  C )2 1 / 2

.  (2B  A  7)  (A  D)23 / 4  (2C  B  7)21/ 4  (2D  C)21/ 2  0

 2 B  A  7  A  D  2C  B  7  2 D  C  0
18. (d) 2 m (n 1) 2 n  n  2 (m 1)n  2 m
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 35
 A  D  1, B  3, C  2 .  3 x 2  4 xy  3 y 2  3 ( x  y ) ( x  y  4 )
2 x 1
2
26. (c) 4 . 9 x  1  3 . (2 2 x  1 )  3 2 x  2 1  2 2  5 2 5 2   5 2 5  2 
 3.     4
2  5 2 5 2   5 2 5  2 
2 x 3 2 x 3  2 x 3    
 3 2 x 3  2 2  2 2  3 2 
  3 [( 5  2 )2  ( 5  2 )2 ]
   [( 5  2 )2  ( 5  2 )2 ]  4
(5  2) (5  2)
3
 2x  3  0 ,  x  . 1 56 1
2  . 4 10 . 2 (5  2)  4  10  4  (56 10  12) .
3 3 3
27. (b) 9 x  2 x (1 / 2)  2 x (3 / 2 )  3 2 x 1
1 1 12 12 [(3  2 2 )  5 ]
1 2x x x  2 30. (c) 
 3 2x  .3  2.2 2  2 2 3 5 2 2 [(3  2 2 )  5 ][(3  2 2 )  5 ]
3
1 1
x x  2 12 (3  2 2  5 ) 12 (3  2 2  5 )
 4 . 3 2 x 1  3. 2 2  3 2 x 2  2 2  
3 x 1
(3  2 2 )2  5 17  12 2  5
2 x2
x 9
 3 2 2
    2 1 / 2 (3  2 2  5 ) ( 5  2 2  3) ( 2  1)
2  
1 1 2 ( 2  1)( 2  1)
 ( x  1) log 9 / 2 9 / 2   log 9 / 2 2
2 10  4  3 2  5  2 2  3
  1  5  10  2 .
1 2 1
 x  1   log 9 / 2 2
2
5/2  7 3 5 5  14  6 5
 x  1  log 9 / 2 2  log 9 / 2 9 / 2  log 9 / 2 2 31. (a) 
7 / 2  16  5 7 7  32  10 7
 x  log 9 / 2 (9 / 2 2 ) ;  x  log 9 / 2 (9 / 8 ) .
5  (3  5 ) 3
1 =  , which is rational.
28. (b) Let 4  15  x , then 4  15  7  (5  7 ) 5
x
1  
6  35  y , then 6  35  2 2 3  2 3 
2  
y 32. (b) 
2 3  2 3 (2  3 )  (2  3 )
 Given expression =
1
x3/2  3 3/2
x 3 / 2  x  1 . y  42 3  4 2 3 ( 3  1)  ( 3  1)
 
1 3
y 1  x    1.
y3/2  3/2 2 3 2 3
y
33. (a) 4 4 (1  2  3 )
3/2 
(4  15 )3  1  6  35  1 2  3 (1  2 )2  3
 .
(6  35 )3  1  4  15  4 (1  2  3 ) 6( 3  2)
 
3/2 32 2 3 32
(4  15  1) {(4  15 )2  (4  15 )  1}  6  35 
 
(6  35  1) {(6  35 )2  (6  35 )  1}  4  15   2 (1  2  3 )  2  2  6 .
3/2 34. (d) 3 2 4 3 6
 
5  15 {31  8 15  4  15  1}  6  35  6 3 6  2 3 2
 . .
5  35 {71  12 35  6  35  1}  4  15  3 2( 6  3) 4 3 ( 6  2) 6( 3  2)
  
3/2 6 3 62 32
5 3 28  7 15  6  35 
   2 ( 6  3 )  3 ( 6  2 )  6 ( 3  2 ) = 0.
5 7 78  13 35  4  15 
35. (b) (2 3  7 ) (2 3  7 )  12  7  5 (a rational)
5 3 7 6  35
 ..  Rationalising factor = 2 3  7
5  7 13 4  15

7 3  5 ( 5  7 )2 2 36. (b) 12  68  48 2  12  6 2  (4 2 ) 2  2 . 6 . 4 2
 . . .
13 5  7 2 ( 3  5 )2
= 12  (6  4 2 ) 2 = 12  6  4 2  6  4 2
7 3 5 5 7 7
 . .  . = 2 2  ( 2 )2  2 . 2 2  2  2 .
13 5  7 3  5 13
1 37. (d) 50  48  5 2  4 3  2 [5  2 . 2 . 3 ]
29. (b) y   xy  1
x = 2 ( 3  2 )2 ;  50  48  2 1 / 4 ( 3  2 ) .
 36 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions

62 5 42 3 ( 21  18 )( 21  18 ) 20  17
38. (b) (3  5 )  2  3   = 
2 2 21  18 20  17

1 1 5 3  1 1 
 [(1  5 )  (1  3 )]  ( 5  3)   . = 3  
2 2 2 2  21  18 20  17 
39. (c) 12 5  2 55  5 (12  2 11 ) 3 [ 20  17  21  18 ]
=
( 21  18 ) ( 20  17 )
 5 1 / 4 11  1  2 11  5 1 / 4 ( 11  1)
40. (d) Let x  (9 3  11 2 )1 / 3 3 [( 20  21 )  ( 17  18 ) ]
=
3 ( 21  18 ) ( 20  17 )
 x  9 3  11 2
6 3 3 3 9 2 2 2  3 [( 21  20 )  ( 18  17 )
=  0,  ab.
 3 3 2 2 6 3 9 2 ( 21  18 ) ( 20  17 )

 3 3  2 2  3 (2 3  3 2 ) 45. (b) x  10  x  2  6  x  10  6  x  2
 3 3  2 2  3 2 . 3( 2  3)  x  10  36  x  2  12 x  2
 2 x  2  4  x  2  x  6
 ( 3 )3  ( 2 )3  3 . 2 . 2 ( 3  2 )  ( 3  2 )3
This value satisfies the given equation.
So, x 3  ( 3  2 ) 3 x  6 .

x 3  2. 6  2 3  2 2  2 6 1
46. (a)
2 2
41. (b) x  x  1  a  x  1  a  x 52 6
2 2 2 2
 x  1  (a  x )  x  2ax  a (1  2  3 )  1 3 2
= = 1 .
1  a2 a2 1 1  1 ( 3  2) 3 2
 x   a   .
 2a 2a 2 a
Partial fractions
42. (b) x  7  3 , xy  4
1. (b) 2 x  3  a( x  3)  b( x  1)
4 4 4( 7  3 )
 y    7  3
x 7  3 73 1
Put x  1 ; 2(1)  3  a(1  3)  1  4 a  a 
4
x 4  y 4  (x 2  y 2 )2  2 x 2 y 2
Now put x 3; 2(3)  3  b (3  1)  9  4 b 
 [( x  y )2  2 xy ]2  2(xy )2  [(2 7 )2  8 ]2  2 . 4 2  368 . 9
b
43. (d) x  3  5 4

1 1 1 9
x  3 5  . 62 5  ( 5  1) Therefore, a  b   2.
2 2 4 4
3x  a A 10
14  6 5 2. (a, d)  
3x  2  9  3 5  2  7  3 5  x 2  3 x  2 ( x  2) (x  1)
2
 (3 x  a)  A( x  1)  10 ( x  2)
(3  5 ) 2 3 5
= ;  3x  2 
2 2  3  A  10 , a   A  20
(On equating coefficients of x and constant
5 5  5 1
2  3x  2   5  term)
2  2 
  A = 13, a = 7.
 2  3x  2  5 . x ; 3x  4 A B C
3. (c) We have,   
x 1 ( x  1)2 ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1) ( x  1)2
  .
2  3x  2 5  3 x  4  A(x  1)2 + B ( x  1) ( x  1)  C ( x  1)
44. (d) a  b  21  20  18  17 7
Putting x  1 , we get 7 = A(2)2  A  .
= ( 21  18 )  ( 20  17 ) 4
3x 1 Ax  B C
4. (c)  
(1  x  x 2 ) (2  x ) x2  x 1 x2
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 37
 (3 x  1)  ( Ax  B) (x  2)  C (x 2  x  1) 1  Ar (r) (r  1) (r  2), .....( 1).1 . 2 ....( r  n)

Comparing the coefficient of like terms, we (1)r

 1  Ar .(1)r r!.(n  r) ! ;  Ar  .
get A  C  0 , 2 A  B  C  3 , 2 B  C  1  r !(n  r)!
A  1 , B  0 , C  1
x 1 A B C
3x 1 x 1 10. (c)   
   . ( x  1) (x  2)( x  3) x  1 x  2 x  3
(1  x  x 2 ) (2  x ) x2  x 1 x2
 x  1  A ( x  2) (x  3)  B(x  1) (x  3)  C( x  1) (x  2)
( x  1) 2
A Bx  C
5. (a) 3
  2 Putting x  1, A  1 ; x  2 gives B  3 ,
x x x x 1
 ( x  1) 2  A( x 2  1)  (Bx  C ) x For x  3, C  2

 A  B 1, C  2 , A 1  B  0 1 3 2
 Given expression =   .
 x 1 x  2 x  3
A 1
Therefore, sin 1    sin 1    30 o  .
C 2 6 11. (a,c) ax 2  bx  c  3(x  2)(2 x  3)  2(x  1)(2 x  3)

x 1 1 x 1  5 ( x  1)( x  2)
6. (a)    y
( x  1)(x 2  1)2 4  ( x  1) x 2  1 
 a  6  4  5  5 , b  21  2  5  18 ,
x 1 1 x 1  Ax  B
 2 2
   2  c  18  6  10  22 .
(x  1)(x  1) 4  ( x  1) x  1  (x 2  1)2
12. (d) e x  2  3(2e x  3)  B(e x  1)
 4 x  (x 2  1)2  (x  1)(x  1)(x 2  1)  4 ( Ax  B)(x  1)
 1  6  B , 2  9  B  B  7 .
1 1
 4 A  2  0 , 4B  4A  4  A  , B
2 2 13. (b) 3 x  4  A(x  1)  B(x  2)
Ax  B 1 (1  x )  3  A  B, 4   A  2 B
y 
( x 2  1) 2 2 ( x 2  1) 2
 A  10 , B  7
4 11
5x  6  ( A, B)  (10 , 7 ) .
7. (a)  3  3
(2  x ) (1  x ) 2  x 1  x f (x ) 6 f (x ) 3
14. (a)  1 ( x )  ,   2 (x ) 
x 1 x 1 x  2 x2
Rewriting the denominators for expressions,
f (x ) 15
we get and   3 (x ) 
x2 x2
4 11 f (x ) Q( x )
1
3 2 x 11   (x ) 
=  3   1    (1  x )
1
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  2) ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  2)
 x  1 x 3  2 3
2 1   We have to find Q(x ) , which will be a second
 2
degree polynomial. When Q(x ) is divided by
2 x x2 x3 xn  ( x  1) , we should get the same remainder as
= 1     ......  (1)n n  ...... 
3  2 4 8 2  being obtained by dividing f (x ) by ( x  1) i.e.,
11 6. Similarly when Q(x ) is divided by ( x  2) ,
 [1  x  x 2  .......  x n  .....]
3 remainder should be 3 and when f (x ) is
divided by x  2, the remainder should be 15.
The coefficient of x n in the given expression
 Q(1)  6
is
Q(2)  3 , Q(2)  15
2 1 11
(1)n n  . Let Q(x )  x 2  x   ,        6 …..(i)
3 2 3
4   2     3 .....(ii); 4   2     15
8. (c) Putting x  1 , remainder = 7
…..(iii)
9. (b) 1  A 0 ( x  1)( x  2)....( x  n)  A1 x ( x  2)( x  3)...( x  n)    2,   3,   1 ;  Q(x )  2 x 2  3 x  1 .
...  Ar x (x  1)( x  2)....( x  r  1)( x  r  1)( x  r  2) 15. (c) 1  cos x  sin  (1  cos x )  2 cos x

.......( x  n)  1  sin  ,  1  2  sin     .
2
Putting x  r ,
 38 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions
16. (d) x 2  k [a 2 ( x 2  b 2 )  b 2 ( x 2  a 2 )]  B C B  i 3
  1  3i       C   (C  2 B)
 x 2  k [(a 2  b 2 )x 2 ]  1  k (a 2  b 2 )  2 2 2  2
1 3 3
k  .  1   C, 3  (C  2 B )
a2  b2 2 2
17. (c) 9 = A(x  2) 2  B(x  1) ( x  2)  C ( x  1) 2 C2 2
C ,B  
For x  1, 9  9 A  A  1 3 2 3
For x  2, 9  3 C  C  3  A C  B  A  BC.
Equating coefficient of x2 1 A B C
2 23. (b) 2
  
x , 0  A  B  B   A  1 (2 x  1) ( x  1) (2 x  1) x  1 x  1
 A  B  C  1  (1)  (3)  1  1  3  5 .
 x 2  1  A( x 2  1)  B(2 x  1) (x  1)  C(x  1) (2 x  1)
18. (b,c) ax  b  (3 x  4 )  3  a  3, b  4  3  1 .
For x  1, 2  2 C  C  1
x 2  13 x  15 A B C
19. (a)    1
(2 x  3)( x  3)2 2 x  3 x  3 (x  3 )2 For x  1 , 2  6 B  B 
3
 x 2  13 x  15  A ( x  3 ) 2  B(2 x  3 ) (x  3 )  C (2 x  3)
1 5 3 5
3 For x  ,  A A
For x  3, C  5 and for x   ; A  1 2 4 4 3
2
 Given expression =
Equating coefficient of x 2
5 1 1 1 1
1 A   
1  A  2B  B  1 3 (2 x  1) 3 x  1 x  1
2
1 1 5 24. (b) ax  1  x (2  x )  (1  x  x 2 )  3 x  1
 Given expression =   .
x  3 2 x  3 ( x  3) 2 a3.
3 2
20. (c)
3 x  8 x  10

A

B

C

D 25. (a) A(x 2  1)  (Bx  C )x  1
4 x  1 (x  1) 2 ( x  1) 3 (x  1) 4
(x  1) For x  0, A  1 and for x  i ,  B  Ci  1
 3 x 3  8 x 2  10  A(x  1)3  B(x  1) 2  C(x  1)  D
 B  1, C  0  ( A, B, C )  (1,  1, 0 ) .
Equating coefficients of different powers of
x, 3A 2x 2x 2x
26. (d) 4 2
 2 2 2
 2
8  3 A  B  B  1 x  x  1 ( x  1)  x ( x  x  1) ( x 2  x  1)
0 = 3 A  2 B  C  C  7
1 1
10   A  B  C  D  D  5  2
 2 .
x  x 1 x  x 1
 Given expression
3 1 7 5 27. (b) 3 x 2  5  a (x 2  1)  b
=  2
 3
 .
x  1 ( x  1) (x  1) ( x  1) 4  a  3, a  b  5  b  2 ;  (a, b )  (3, 2) .
21. (b) A(x 2  1)  x (Bx  C )  ( x  1)2 28. (d) A(x  d )  B( x  c)  C( x  c)( x  d )  ( x  a) ( x  b )
For x  i,  B  Ci  2i  B  0, C  2
Equating coefficient of x 2 , C  1 .
Equating coefficient of x 2 ,
x2  5 x2  5 A B
A  B 1 A 1B 10 1 ; 29. (d) 2
   C
x  3 x  2 ( x  1) (x  2) x  1 x  2
 A  1, B  0 , C  2 .
 x 2  5  A(x  2)  B(x  1)  C(x  1)(x  2)
2
22. (d) 2 x  A( x  x  1)  (Bx  C ) ( x  1)  C  1, A  B  3 C  0,  2 A  B  2 C  5
2  A  4 , B  1, C  1
For x  1 , 2  3 A  A 
3 4 1
 Given expression = 1  
For x   , 2  A(1     2 )  B  2  (C  B)   C x 1 x  2
 2  A. 0  B  2  (C  B )  C 6 x 4  5 x 3  x 2  5 x  2 x 2 (6 x 2  5 x  1)  (5 x  2)
30. (a) 
6x2  5x  1 (6 x 2  5 x  1)
 1  3i  1  3i
 , 2  5x  2 (2 x  1)  (3 x  1)
2 2 = x2   x2 
(2 x  1) (3 x  1) (2 x  1) (3 x  1)
 1 3   1 3 
  1  3 i  B   i   (C  B)    i C 1 1
 2 2   2 2  = x2   .
    2x  1 3 x  1
31. (a,d) sin 2 x  1  A(sin x  1)  B(2 sin x  3)
 C(sin x  1)(2 sin x  3 )
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 39
1 log x log y log z
 1  2C  C      k (say)
2 yz zx x y
0  A  2 B  5 C, 1   A  3 B  3 C .  log x  k (y  z ), log y  k (z  x ), log z  k ( x  y )
13 1  log x  log y  log z  0  log( xyz )  0  xyz  1 .
A , B  2 , C  , A  B  C  5 .
2 2 x log x  y log y  z log z
1
3x 3x  x 3 = x .k .(y  z )  y.k .(z  x )  z .k ( x  y )  0
32. (b)  (1  x ) 1  1    x
( x  2) ( x  1) 2  2 2  log( x x .y y .z z )  log 1
 x xyyzz  1 .
 2 3 
x x x (d) log 2 ( x  5 )  6  x  x  5  2 6  x  x  5  64 . 2  x
(1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4  ..) 1         ...  4.
 2 2 2 
  Let y  x  5 , y  64 .2  x will intersect at one
3 4 1 1 1 point.
Coefficient of x    1 . 1  1 .  1 .  1 . 
2 2 4 8 Number of solutions = 1.
3  1 1 1  15 1 1
5. (b) 20 1 / 3  3  20 1 / 2   log 20 3 

2  1  2  4  8   16 . 3 2
 
x2 1 Ax  B C 1 1
 log 20 3   ,  .
33. (d) 2
 2  3 2
( x  4 ) ( x  2) x  4 x  2
1
 x 2  1  ( Ax  B) ( x  2)  C ( x 2  4 )  1  A  C 6. (a,b,d)  log 0 . 1 x  2
2
2 A  B  0 , 1  2 B  4 C 1
3 3 5  log 0. 1 x  log 0 .1 (0 . 1)1 / 2  log 0 .1 x
 A  , B  ,C  2
8 4 8 1
3 3 5  (0.1)1 / 2  x  x 
x 10
x2 1 8 4 8
 2  2  log 0 . 1 x  2  log 0. 1 x  log 0 . 1 (0 . 1)2
( x  4 ) ( x  2) x 4 x 2
1 1 1 1
1 3 3  x 2  5 1  x
1 x  (0 . 1)2  x  , x .
  x   1   1   100 100 10
4 8 4  4  8 (2)  2
1 1
2 3 Hence, x max  , x min.  .
13 3   x2  x2   x2   10 100
  x   1        .... 
4 8 4 
4  4   4     2
 2) 2
 2)
  7. (a, b) 4 ( x  9 . 2( x 8  0
2 2
( x 2  2)
5  x x
2    2( x  2) 
  9.2 8 0
 1      .....   
16  2 2 
  2 2
5
Put 2( x  2 )  y . Then y 2  9 y  8  0 , which
3 1 5 3 5 1 gives y  8 , y  1 .
Coefficient of x = .  0   
32 4 2 16 16  2  2 2
2 2
when y  8  2 x  8  2x  23  x 2  2  3
3 5 1 1
= 9  9  8  .
2 2 2 256  x 2  1  x  1, 1 .
2 2
2 2
when y  1  2 x  1  2x  2o
Critical Thinking Questions
 x 2  2  0  x 2  2 , which is not possible.
1 1
1. (c) y  log 17 25  2 log 17 5 ;   log 5 17 8. (b) Let 10  24  40  60  ( a  b  c )2
y 2
 a  b  c  2 ab  2 bc  2 ca
1 1 1 1
 log 5 3  log 5 9 . Clearly,  ;x y a, b, c  0 . Then a  b  c  10 ,
x 2 y x
1 ab  6 , bc  10 , ca  15
2. (a) log 0 .3 ( x  1)  log (0. 3 )2 ( x  1)  log 0 .3 ( x  1)
2 a 2 b 2 c 2  900  abc = 30 ( 30 ) .
1 So, a  3, b  2, c  5
 log 0 .3 ( x  1)  0
2 Therefore,
or log 0 . 3 ( x  1)  0  log 1 or ( x  1)  1 or x  2
(10  24  40  60 )  ( 3  5  2 )
As base is less than 1, therefore the inequality
is reversed, now x > 2  x lies in (2, ) . 1 x b c
9. (a)  a b ac
 b c
3. (b) log x : log y : log z  y  z : z  x : x  y 1 x x x  x c  a  x a b
 40 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions
1
=  x b c
x b c  x c a  x ab 3 2
x 2  5 x  6 x  6 x  10 x  2 x  1
14. (a)
1 x  5x 2  6x
3
= (x b  c  x c  a  x a  b )  1 .   
x b c  x c a  x ab x 2  4 x  2
1 3 4 x 2  5 x  6
10. (a)     
11  2 30 7  2 10 2 2 3
 x 4
11  2 30 3 (7  2 10 ) 2 2 3  f (x )  x  1 .
=  
1 9 1 x 4  24 x 2  28 A x  B1 A2 x  B2 A3 x  B3
15. (a)  12  2  2
( x 2  1)3 x 1 (x  1)2 (x  1)3
= 11  2 30  7  2 10  2 2  3
 x 4  24 x 2  28  ( A1 x  B1 ) ( x 2  1)2
= ( 6  5 )  ( 5  2)  8  4 3
 ( A 2 x  B 2 ) ( x 2  1)  ( A 3 x  B 3 )
= ( 6  2)  ( 6  2 )  0 . Putting x  i, 5  A 3 i  B 3  A 3  0 , B 3  5
11. (b) 134  6292  [11 2  ( 13 ) 2 ]  2 . 11 . 13  (11  13 ) 2 Equating different powers of x,
0  A 1 , B 1  1, 2 A1  A 2  0  A 2  0
 134  62 92  11  13 .
2 B 1  B 2  24  B 2  22 .
1 1 2 3  Partial fraction =
12. (a) y    2 3
x 2 3 4 3 1 22 5
  .
x2 1 ( x 2  1) 2 ( x 2  1) 3
x y x ( 2  x ) y( 2  y )
  =  1 x
2 x 2 y 2x 2y 16. (d) log e (1  x )  x  log e (1  x )  log e e x  log e
ex
y ( y  2) x ( x  2 ) y ( y  2 ) 1 x x2
 x( x  2 )     ln 2 3
 0 , as 1  x  1  x   .... 
x2 2y 3 3 x x 2!
1 x    ...
1 2! 3 !
= [ x x  y y  2 (y  x )]
3  log e (1  x )  x , for x  0 .
1 x 1
= [(2  3 ) 3 / 2  (2  3 ) 3 / 2  2 (2 3 )]  log(1  x )  1   log(1  x )
3 1x 1 x
 1 
1  1 3/2 1  = 1  log(1  x )  0 , for x  0
=  3 / 2 (4  2 3 )  3 / 2 (4  2 3 ) 3 / 2  2 6   1  x 
3 2 2 
x
1  1    log(1  x ) ,  (b) is true
=  {( 3  1] 3  ( 3  1) 3 }  2 6  1x
3  2 2  x2 x3
e x  (1  x )  1  x    .....  (1  x )
1  1  2! 3!
=  {2 . 3 3  6 . 3 }  2 6 
3 2 2  x2 x3
=   .....  0 , for x  0
1 2! 3!
= (3 6  2 6 )  2 .
3  e x  1  x , for x  0 ;  (c) is true
13. (c) Put the repeated factor x2
e x  (1  x )  1  x   ......  1  x
( x  1)  y  x  y  1 2!
x2 (1  y )2 1  2y  y 2 x2 x3
 3
 3  3 = 2x    .......  0 , for x  0
( x  1) (x  2) y (y  1) y (1  y ) 2! 3!
Dividing the numerator,  e x  1  x , for x  0
(1  2 y  y 2 ) by (1  y ) till y 3 appears as Thus, e x  (1  x ), for x  0 is not true.
factor,
1  2y  y 2 4y3
we get  (1  3 y  4 y 2 ) 
1  y 1  y
1 3 4 4
Given expression = 3  2  
y y y 1  y
1 3 4 4
=    .
( x  1)3 ( x  1) 2 (x  1) (x  2)