[go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd
Upload
31 views3 pages

Database Management Notes

The document provides an overview of key concepts in database management, including the ER Model, Relational Model, SQL, integrity constraints, indexing, and data transformation techniques. It outlines essential elements such as entities, attributes, relationships, and various SQL commands for data manipulation. Additionally, it discusses normalization, sampling, and compression methods used in data preprocessing.

Uploaded by

lavanyakc999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
31 views3 pages

Database Management Notes

The document provides an overview of key concepts in database management, including the ER Model, Relational Model, SQL, integrity constraints, indexing, and data transformation techniques. It outlines essential elements such as entities, attributes, relationships, and various SQL commands for data manipulation. Additionally, it discusses normalization, sampling, and compression methods used in data preprocessing.

Uploaded by

lavanyakc999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Database Management – DRAT-S Exam

Notes
1 ER Model (Entity-Relationship Model)
1️⃣
The ER Model is a high-level data model used in the conceptual design phase of databases.

Key Concepts:
- Entity: A real-world object (e.g., Student, Course)
- Attribute: Property of an entity (e.g., Student_Name)
- Entity Set: Collection of similar entities (e.g., all Students)
- Relationship: Association between entities (e.g., Enrolls)
- Cardinality: 1:1, 1:N, M:N relationships

Example Diagram:
[STUDENT]──(ENROLLS)──[COURSE]
| |
[Student_ID] [Course_ID]

2️⃣Relational Model
Represents data using tables (relations).

Key Concepts:
- Relation = Table
- Tuple = Row
- Attribute = Column
- Primary Key: Uniquely identifies tuples
- Foreign Key: References primary key of another relation

Example:
STUDENT(Student_ID PK, Name, Dept)
COURSE(Course_ID PK, Title)
ENROLLS(Student_ID FK, Course_ID FK)

3️⃣SQL (Structured Query Language)


DDL (Data Definition Language):
CREATE TABLE Student (
Student_ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Name VARCHAR(50)
);

DML (Data Manipulation Language):


INSERT INTO Student VALUES (101, 'John');
SELECT * FROM Student;
UPDATE Student SET Name='Jane' WHERE Student_ID=101;

JOIN Types:
- INNER JOIN
- LEFT/RIGHT JOIN
- FULL OUTER JOIN

4️⃣Integrity Constraints
Rules to ensure accuracy and consistency of data.

Types:
- Primary Key Constraint
- Foreign Key Constraint
- NOT NULL
- UNIQUE
- CHECK (condition)

Example:
CREATE TABLE Orders (
Order_ID INT PRIMARY KEY,
Quantity INT CHECK (Quantity > 0)
);

5️⃣Indexing
Improves the speed of data retrieval operations.

Types:
- Primary Index: Based on primary key
- Secondary Index: On non-key fields
- Clustered Index: Sorts the table itself
- Non-clustered Index: Creates a separate structure

Example:
CREATE INDEX idx_student_name ON Student(Name);
6️⃣Data Transformation
Used in data preprocessing for machine learning and analytics.

Includes:
- Normalization
- Sampling
- Compression

📊 Normalization
Reduces redundancy and dependency by organizing fields and table relations.

Forms:
- 1NF: Atomic values
- 2NF: No partial dependency
- 3NF: No transitive dependency

Example:
Split table with repeating groups into separate related tables.

🧪 Sampling
Selects a subset of data for faster processing.

Types:
- Random Sampling
- Stratified Sampling
- Systematic Sampling

Used in big datasets where full analysis is resource-heavy.

🔽 Compression
Reduces storage space and I/O time.

Techniques:
- Run-Length Encoding (RLE)
- Dictionary Encoding
- Delta Encoding

Trade-off: Space vs computation time.

You might also like