SELF-LEARNING MATERIALS personal conviction and belief in God our

GRADE 12 THEOLOGY 3 Father, revealed by Jesus Christ, His own

divine Son-made-man, and their presence
to us through the Holy Spirit, in the Church
FAITH: THE HUMAN PERSON’S RESPONSE TO (cf. PCP II 64; CCC 151-52).
GOD’S REVELATION 3. Loving, Maturing and Missionary- faith is
inseparable from love of God and neighbor.
Objectives
It impels us to a mission to evangelize ( 1
 To identify the authentic meaning of faith as Cor. 9:16)
man’s response to God’s Revelation Our Christian Faith is truly life-giving and
 To appreciate the importance of faith in mature only through love, for “the man
one’s life without love has known nothing of God, for
 To live out the faith in our relationship with God is love” (1 Jn 4:8). And to be Christian,
our neighbors by rendering justice to them. this love must be inseparably love of God
and love of neighbor, like Christ’s. Such a
Definition of Faith missionary spirit is the test of authentic
Faith because it is unthinkable that a person
The Act of faith is a supernatural assent of the
should believe in Christ’s Word and
human intellect through which a truth revealed
Kingdom without bearing witness and
by God is believed on the authority of God who
proclaiming it in his turn (cf. EN 24; PCP II
reveals it.
67-71, 402). This means we are all called to
 It is a personal relationship with Jesus as share in Christ’s own three-fold mission as
Lord and Savior to commit ourselves to him priest, prophet and king (cf. PCP II 116- 21;
by following, knowing and loving him. LG 10-13)
4. Informed and Communitarian- faith
 It is confident assurance concerning what means believing in Jesus’ word and
we hope for and conviction about things we accepting his teachings, trusting that he has
do not see (Heb. 11:1) the words of eternal life.
It must be communitarian since it is the
Characteristics of Faith
Church that transmits to us Christ’s
1. Total and absolute- only faith in God calls revelation.
for a total and absolute adherence (CCC 5. Inculturated- we have to live our faith in
150). Christ is the example of this total and God in our daily relationship
absolute commitment to God. This Catholic faith in God and in Jesus
Already the Old Testament contrasted faith Christ is never separated from the typical
“in man in whom there is no salvation” with Filipino faith in family and friends. On the
faith in “the Lord who made heaven and one hand, we live out our faith in God
earth . . . who shall reign forever” (cf. Ps precisely in our daily relationships with
146:3,5-6,10; Jer 17:5-8). Only Faith in God family, friends, fellow workers, etc. On the
calls for a total and absolute adherence (cf. other hand, each of these is radically
CCC 150). Christ himself provides, affected by our Catholic Faith in God our
especially in his Passion, Death and Father, in Jesus Christ His only begotten
Resurrection, the best example of this total Son, our Savior, and in their Holy Spirit
and absolute commitment to God. dwelling within us in grace. “This is how all
2. Trinitarian- faith is adherence to the Triune will know you for my disciples: your love for
God revealed through Jesus Christ. This one another” (Jn 13:35; cf. PCP II 72-73,
faith consists in our personal conviction and 162, 202-11).
belief in the Holy Trinity.
Three Essential Dimensions of Faith
For us Christians, Faith is our adherence to
the Triune God revealed through Jesus 1. Believing- faith is knowing, a personal
Christ our Lord. It is our friendship with knowledge of Jesus Christ as “your Lord
Christ and through Christ with the Father, in and God”
their Holy Spirit. Through Christ’s witness to Faith involves our basic convictions as
his Father in his teaching, preaching, Christians. “For if you confess with your lips
miracles, and especially in his Passion, that Jesus is Lord, and believe in your heart
Death and Resurrection, we come to that God raised him from the dead; you will
believe in Christ our Savior, in the Father, be saved” (Rom 10:9). John sums up his
and in the Holy Spirit sent into our hearts. Gospel with: “These things have been
Our Faith as Catholics, then, consists in our recorded to help you believe that Jesus is
 the Messiah, the Son of God, so that Obscure because we believe in is more
through this faith you may have life in his than we can ever fully comprehend.
name” (Jn 20: 31). Faith, then, is knowing,
but not mere “head knowledge” of some 2. Free yet morally Obliging-Faith is a free
abstract truths. It is like the deep knowledge response (personal decision) yet we are
we have of our parents, or of anyone we bound, not coerced, to God.
love dearly. Christ solemnly assures each of 3. Reasonable yet Beyond Natural Reason
us: “Here I stand knocking at the door. If Faith does not conflict our reason yet it is a
anyone hears me calling and opens the grace that enlightens our mind
door, I will enter his house, and have supper 4. An Act yet a Process
with him, and he with me” (Rv 3:20). It is a personal decision. It is a way of life
within the Christian community
2. Doing- 5. A Gift yet Doing
what is it to profess faith without A gift because it is a grace of God yet it is
practicing it? (Jas. 2:14). Faith is a something we do
commitment to follow Christ (witnessing 6. Personal, yet Ecclesial
through loving service) It is a personal act yet is supported and
But besides believing, faith is also doing. As intensified by the Church
St. James writes: “My brothers, what good
is it to profess faith without practicing it?” Many Filipino Catholics probably learn more about
(Jas 2:14). Christ himself taught: “None of Faith from their devotion to the Virgin Mary than
those who cry out ‘Lord, Lord’ will enter the any other way. This is perfectly grounded in
Kingdom of God, but only the one who does Scripture which portrays Mary as the exemplar of
the will of my Father in heaven” (Mt 7:21). faith. Through her “Yes” at the Annunciation, Mary
Faith, then, is a commitment to follow (obey) “becomes the model of faith” (AMB 35; cf. CCC
God’s will for us. This we see exemplified in 148). Luke stresses the contrast between Mary’s
Mary’s “I am the servant of the Lord. Let it faith and the disbelief of Zachary by Elizabeth’s
be done to me as you say” (Lk 1:38). PCP II greeting. “Blest is she who trusted that Lord’s
brings out this “doing” dimension of faith as words to her would be fulfilled” (Lk 1:20, 45). John
“witnessing” through “loving service” of our Paul II writes that “in the expression ‘Blest are you
needy neighbors. In our concrete situation, who believed’ we can rightly find a kind of ‘key’
particularly urgent is the call for: 1) deeds of which unlocks for us the innermost reality of Mary,
justice and love; and 2) for protecting and whom the angel hailed as ‘full of grace’ ” (cf. RMa
caring for our endangered earth’s 19). 156. Mary perfectly exemplified the common
environment (cf. PCP II 78-80). definitions of faith as “full submission of intellect
and will” and the “obedience of faith” (Rom 16:26;
3. Entrusting and worshipping- 1:5; cf. DV 5). But she did it personally, Mary:
faith is trusting. It lives and grows woman of faith
through prayer and worship.
Faith, then, is from the heart - the loving, Mary is the New Eve
trusting, and hoping in the Lord that comes
Eve: woman of disobedience
from God’s own love flooding our hearts.
This trusting Faith “lives and grows through Mary: woman of obedience through her
prayer and worship” -personal heartfelt “yes” at the annunciation
conversation with God that is the opposite
of mindless, mechanical repetition of
memorized formulas. Genuine personal
The creed
prayer and group prayer find both their
inspirational source and summit of  Syntheses of faith
perfection in the Liturgy, the Catholic
community’s official public Trinitarian  professions of faith
worship of the Father, through Jesus Christ
 Creeds
our Lord, in the Holy Spirit (cf. PCP II 74-
77).  Symbols of faith
Paradoxical Characteristics of Faith Baptism: First profession of faith (Baptismal
creed); belief in the Father, the Son and The Holy
1. Certain, yet Obscure- Certain because it
Spirit
rests on God who reveals himself in the
person of Christ, present to us in Spirit. Division: Father, Son and Holy Spirit
Functions of creed truths of the Christian Religion, for we must accept
as true whatever Christ has taught. This belief in
1. Summary of beliefs Christ’s teaching we call Christian faith.
a. for communicating the Christian message Christian faith is the firm conviction, arrived at with
the grace of God that all Jesus Christ Catholic
b. for grounding its own ever deepening
Church teaches by the commission she has
insight into Christ’s truth
received from Him.
c. for uniting Catholics in their common
At the Last Supper Our Lord said, “‘this is my body’
commitment to Christ
”, “‘This is my blood’ ” although the apostles had the
d. for inter-religious dialogue evidence of their senses that what lay before them
was only bread and wine, yet they believed that the
2. Pledge of Loyalty words of Christ were true. The Holiness of the life
of Christ, the numerous miracles that He worked,
-public confessions of faith
His predictions that were fulfilled had convinced the
-offers praise and thanksgiving to God apostles that He was the son of God and that every
word that He was true. St. Pauls calls faith “the
- pledge of loyalty to the Church evidence of things that are not seen” (Heb. 11:1)

3. Proclamation of Identity Christian faith never renders reason superfluous,

for it requires both the understanding and the will.
-It identifies who we are and what we stand
Pope Pius IX declared that the use of reason
for as disciples of Christ, united in his Church
precedes faith, he first inquires whether the truth
It helps the Catholics: proposed for his assent has actually been revealed
by God.
1. to unite us to a worshipping community
Christian faith is concerned with many things which
2. to guide our affective religiosity and we cannot perceive with our senses and cannot
devotional piety grasp with our understanding.

3. to interpret our daily experiences in Remember: It is not true that the teaching of
Catholic manner religion contradict the findings of science.

4. dialogue with non- Christians The physical sciences, because of their many
hypotheses and theories, frequently are in conflict
Two principal creeds
with another. But there can be no contradiction
1. Apostles Creed- faith of the apostles. between true science and religion, because the
Originated from the apostles. same god who reveals the same mysteries and
infuses faith, created the light of reason in the
Apostles Creed is divided into three parts human soul, and He cannot deny himself nor ever
and twelve articles. contradict a single truth.

2. Nicene-Contantinopolitan Creed- profession Faith is absolutely necessary for salvation and for
of faith of the Councils of Nicaea and the performance of good works. Without faith there
Constantinople is no salvation, as Christ clearly states: “He who
does not believe shall be condemned.”( Mark
Others: 16:16)
1. Athanasian Creed or Quicumque Faith alone is not sufficient for salvation. We must
2. Councils: Toledo, Lateran, Lyons, Trent conform our lives to the dictates of faith and must
profess it publicly.
3. Popes: Fides Damasi, Credo of the People
of God

NATURE AND NECESSITY OF FAITH

To believe means to accept a thing as true because The Absence and Loss of Faith
a reliable witness attests it. Certain sciences Faith is the road to heaven. Unhappily, there are
postulate Faith as geography, history, and natural many who do not follow it; either they have not
science; the pupil takes on faith concerning the
found the road, or they have wondered from it. through words and actions in public
Those who do not possess the Christian Faith are ritual
infidels, heretics, or adherents of some false
philosophy such as liberalism, modernism, It includes
rationalism or free thought.  Inner attitude of reverence and
homage before the divine Majesty
 Infidels are those who do not have or  Outward expression in signs of
rejects the faith. words, actions, songs, dances
 Heretics are those who though baptized usually enacted in public ritual
and retaining the name of Christian adhere
to a religious sect that repudiates some Worship in the Scripture
truths which must be believed as of divine OLD TESTAMENT:
and Catholic faith.
1. Acceptable worship:
 Those who profess liberalism, modernism,
or rationalism do not have the Christian “You shall not have other gods besides
Faith. me… you shall not bow down before them
 Indifferentism is the absence of firm or worship them” (Dt. 5:6-9)
religious conviction and arises from doubts 2. True worship consists not in words on
concerning matters of faith. the lips but in deeds from the heart
 Free thinkers are those who do not wish to
know anything about god of religion. -authentic worship means doing good and
rendering justice to the poor, widow and
Everyone who fearlessly confesses his faith before orphan (cf. Is. 1:11-17; 58: 1-10; Amos 5:21-
men will be rewarded both in this life and in the 24)
next. But those who do not will suffer for their
NEW TESTAMENT
neglect.
Jesus purified worship by linking it
The Sign of the Cross directly with daily moral living (Jn. 4:23)
He denounced empty ritualism
A Catholic makes confession of his faith
most frequently by the sign of the cross. We should WORSHIP ACCORDING TO PCP II
often make the Sign of the Cross especially when Worship can be expressed on different levels
we rise in the morning and when we retire to rest,
before and after our prayer, before and after meals, 1. Personal prayer and devotion
whenever we are tempted to sin, and when we 2. Group prayer
have important duty to perform.
3. Official liturgical worship (the source
and summit of our prayer life)- it has
communal and ceremonial/ritual
CATHOLIC WORSHIP qualities
OBJECTIVES
 To understand the meaning of authentic Adoration: Expression of Worship
Catholic worship Adoration:
 To define and explain what liturgy is
1. Absolute Latria: due to God alone
 To render worship to God as Creator,
Redeemer and Sanctifier through daily 2. Relative Latria: any symbol of God
prayer and liturgical worship. Veneration:
INTRODUCTION
1. Absolute Hyperdulia: Due to the Blessed
“Lord God, heavenly King, Virgin Mary
Almighty God and Father: 2. Relative Hyperdulia: images of Mary
We worship you, we give you thanks 3. Dulia: Created supernatural- excellence
We praise for your glory.” for angels and saints

 This expresses our Christian loving RITUAL

worship of the one living God Ritual in the broadest meaning, includes both
 It is natural to us, Filipinos secular and religious ceremonies
 It flows from our inborn gratitude for
the gift of life It is basically a social, programmed
Worship is interior reverence and symbolic activity that has the power for
homage offered to Divine Majesty creating, communicating, criticizing and
 even transforming the basic meaning of 3. Doing a favor to God- promising extra
community life. prayers to gain special favors
It creates social bonding and
Remember: “Apart from me you can do nothing”
relationship
(Jn. 15:5)
Authentic religious rituals develop
personal relationship with God through CHRISTIAN PRAYER
actions characterized by four constant
traits: It is a loving, conscious, personal
relationship with God, our all loving, good
Father, who has adopted us through His
CHARACTERISTICS OF RITUAL
beloved Son, Jesus Christ, in the Holy Spirit
1. Symbolic- using natural signs to make (CFC 1475)
present the divine involving a certain It is an “intimate conversation with God, who
consecration thus it is: we know, loves us” (St. Teresa of Avila)
2. Consecratory- enables the participants to Remember: Authentic prayer is always Trinitarian
share in the divine power or love
PRAYER IN SCRIPTURE
3. Repetitive- designed to be repeated linking
with the past and the religious event that (Old Testament (Is. 58:6-9)
ritual is celebrated
This, rather, is the fasting that I wish:
4. Remembrance
Setting those bound unjustly…
Setting free the oppressed, breaking every
CHRISTIAN PRAYER yoke;

Learning Objectives: Sharing your bread with the hungry,

To know the real meaning of prayer Sheltering the oppressed and the homeless;
To live our prayer life to our social
Clothing the naked when you see them, and not
relationship
turning back on your own.
To develop the students’ prayer life
Then your light shall break forth like the
FILIPINOS AND PRAYER dawn…
Filipinos are known for being “spirit Then you shall call, and the Lord will answer,
oriented”: Noted for openness to the sacred,
transcendent dimension of life You shall cry for help, and he will say:
Result: this characteristic provides a sound “Here I am!”
cultural basis for Christian life
Authentic prayer, then, is always rooted in
From these we learned:
the heart, and related to neighbor in loving
1. God is the creator and Lord of all
compassion and service.
2. Christ is our Savior
In the Book of Psalms, we can find the
3. Mary as our spiritual mother
master work of the Spirit’s instruction in
Religious and devotional practices:
prayer
 play a key role in the faith-life of the
Filipinos In the Book of Psalm we can find:
 yet separated from the totality of life
“In the Philippines, worship has unfortunately been 1. Joy of the believer (Ps.1:1-2)
often separated from the totality of life” (PCP II 167) 2. Praise of the Creator (Ps.8:2)
 Separation of prayer life and moral life (split 3. Longing for God (Ps. 42:2)
spirituality) 4. Sorrow and contrition (Ps. 5:1-3)
 Gap between private devotions and piety 5. Trust and confidence in the Lord (Ps.
and the Church’s liturgy 23:1)
Spirituality, morality Need: renewal in worship *Christian prayer, then, is directly addressed to
(active and affective worship) God, our Creator
New Testament
MISCONCEPTIONS ON PRAYER Spirit’s action is shown first in Jesus’ own prayer
(baptism, choosing of his apostles, transfiguration,
PRAYER IS NOT:
passion and on the cross), then in the prayer of his
1. A private and individualistic thing disciples
and Lord, while involving and intrinsic relation to
2. Obligation impose to us one’s neighbor.
  Last Supper- the great priestly prayer  Explain the importance of liturgy in Christian
worship
 Jesus is both perfect model and teacher of
 Create their own Paschal Autobiography to
prayer
show their journey towards moral life
 Celebrate liturgy with full conscious and
active participation.
Spirit unites us to Christ since he leads us to
pray: COMMON CONCEPTIONDS OF LITURGY
1. Only the grace of the Holy Spirit that links Liturgy: “rubrics” or what priests do around
us interiorly to Christ making us his disciples altar in ceremonial worship
Liturgy meant everything that all Christian
2. We have to accept and cooperate with this did in taking part in God’s work, the divine
grace by FAITH plan to sum up all things in Christ which
FORMS OF PRAYER KINDS OF PRAYER includes divine worship, proclamation of the
word of God and service to neighbor
1. Adoration
1. Vocal prayer: it comes from Liturgy: As official public worship
2. Thanksgiving the mind and heart and is
spoken by lips Meaning of Liturgy
3. Petition
2. Meditation: attentive  Etymologically, liturgy came from a Greek
4. Contrition reflection on the mysteries of
word Leitourgia which means “public duty or
faith
5. Offering 3. Contemplative prayer: loving work or a public worship”.
communion with God as we Today’s Understanding
look at him and listen to him
in simple faith and adoration It is the “official public worship of the
WHY DO WE PRAY?
Church”
1. To adore God PCP II stresses on the “full, active
2. To thank God participation of the whole People of God
3. To obtain forgiveness from God and the essential inner connection of liturgy
4. To ask graces and blessing with social action”
LEVELS OF PRAYER
VATICAN II’s UNDERSTANDING
1. Private or personal prayer
Liturgy is an exercise of the priestly office of Jesus
 rosary Christ in which our human sanctification is
 novenas manifested by sign perceptible to the senses and is
 devotion to patron saints effected in a way proper to each of these signs, so
 meditations etc that full public worship is performed by the Mystical
2. Public or communal prayer Body of Christ, that is, by the head and his
members
These levels of prayers are complementary

How we should pray?

In the broadest and deepest sense:
Liturgy is the proclamation, manifestation and
We should pray with:
celebration not only of Christ and His Paschal
1. Attention
Mystery, but also of the Church’ s own mystery and
2. Conviction of our own helplessness
mission as universal sacrament of salvation, and of
and our dependence upon God
the whole world and the temporal order,
3. Great desire for the graces we beg of
him consecrated and ordered to its Creator and Final
4. Loving trust in his goodness Goal
5. Perseverance

"Why do you sleep? Rise and pray

Vatican II’s Understanding
that you may not enter into
LITURGY
temptation.“ (Lk. 22:26) The liturgy does not exhaust the entire
activity of the Church (preaching of the
Gospel, inviting all to faith, conversion,
OBJECTIVES
 observance of Christ’s commandments and a) Advent Season
works of charity, are explicitly mentioned) b) Christmas Season
The Council affirms that “liturgy is the c) Lenten Season
summit towards which the activity of the d) Easter Season
Church is directed, and the fountain from e) Ordinary Season or Season of the Year
which all her power flows” (SC 9-10)
ADVENT SEASON
Essential Qualities
Advent Season – the Church begins with
 Trinitarian and Paschal her calendar year with this season.
 The Church’s liturgical prayer is
-Four Sundays before Christmas.
directed to the Father, through His
Son, in the Holy Spirit  It is usually starts on Sunday nearest to
 The liturgy celebrates the actual November 30.
salvation worked by the Blessed Theme: a preparation for the celebration of
Trinity. Christ’s birth. The second coming of Christ.
 Ecclesial
 Liturgy is the prayer of the Church  Implications
gathered in assembly, an ecclesial 1. Spiritual preparation for the celebration of
activity celebrated by the whole the birth of Christ (Christmas)
CHRIST, Head and members
2. Preparation for the Second Coming of
 It is the action of Jesus Christ the
Jesus
Priest and at the same time an
activity of the community. The Liturgical color: purple or violet.
 Sacramental (symbolizing the sovereignty of Christ.)

Liturgy celebrates the Church’s

prayer through a pattern of symbolic, CHRISTMAS SEASON
ritual movements, gestures and
verbal formulas that create – shortest season in the Church calendar.
framework within which the Starts on Dec. 25.
corporate worship of the Church can Ends on the Feast of the Baptism of the
take place Lord.
Examples: natural symbols and Theme: celebration of the manifestation of
humanly produces symbols Jesus to the world (recalling his real birth,
 Ethically oriented epiphany, the presentation of the Lord at the
Temple, and the Baptism at the Jordan
The liturgy relates directly to moral life since River)
it empowers the people of God to full
Christian discipleship Sunday after Christmas Day is the Feast
of the Holy Family and the following
Concretely liturgical worship and Christian Sunday is the Feast of the Epiphany
morality, both personal and social, go Sunday after Epiphany is the Feast of the
together. Baptism of the Lord which is the first
 Eschatological Sunday of Ordinary Time.
The liturgical colors: White and Gold
the liturgy makes present Christ’s saving
symbolizing joy in the light of day.
Paschal Mystery whereby He inaugurated
God’s rule, the Kingdom
The liturgy commemorates Christ’s past LENTEN SEASON
saving Mystery, demonstrates the present Starts: on Ash Wednesday. -A time for
grace effects brought about by Christ, and penance.
points to the future glory yet to come, which  This corresponds to the forty day-fasting of
is operative now. Christ in the desert and his temptation, and
the forty-year journey of Israel from slavery
to a new community.
Theme: Triumph of Jesus over Suffering and
Liturgical Calendar and Seasons Death.
The Church Year is divided into different Colors used in this season are Violet, White or
seasons; Gold and Red.
On Maundy Thursday, the color White or Gold 3. Feasts or commemoration of the passion of
our Lord (Holy Week) and the Sacred Relics
Red - Palm/Passion Sunday and the next three
(Feast of the Holy Cross)
days of Holy Week.
Green – symbolizes hope and growth.
Easter Season – center of the Christian
life It is used during the Ordinary Season
except on Feasts which require different
Most important event celebrated in the Church
colors.
year.
Purple or Violet – it is a penitential color which
Starts at the first Sunday after the first full moon of
symbolizes sorrow and repentance.
springtime – that is March 22 and April 25.
It is used in the Advent and Lenten Season.
Easter is the season of Joy and the sign of Hope,
joy for Christ’s triumph over death and hope for
resurrection for all Christians.
The liturgical color: White or Gold. SACRAMENT & SACRAMENTALS
OBJECTIVES
Pentecost Sunday: Red
To differentiate sacraments from
Red color reminds the congregation of fire—the sacramentals
symbol of the Holy Spirit. To lead the students to constant reception
The Sunday after Pentecost is the Trinity Sunday of the sacraments
the color again is White or Gold. To ask God’s grace through by receiving the
sacraments
Ordinary Season: longest season in the Church
calendar Meaning of Sacrament
Consists of 34 Sundays, the last of which is the Etymologically, sacrament came from
Solemnity of Christ the King. Latin word “sacramentum” which means
a pledge of loyalty to the Roman
Then the Advent Season follows on the following
Emperor.
Sunday (First Sunday of Advent).
The words ‘sacra’ means sacred and
The liturgical color: Green which symbolizes hope ‘mentum’ meaning “thing”, or “sign”
ADVE
and growth. NT
CHRISTM
AS
White
Violet
Liturgical Colors The Church understanding of the Sacraments can
1. White or Gold ORDINAR ORDINAR
be viewed under the following aspects:
Y TIME Y TIME
2. Red Green Green
a.) The Sacraments as Acts of Christ
3. Green The Catechism defines sacrament as “an
LENTE
N outward sign instituted by Christ to give
4. Purple or Violet EASTER
SEASO
White
N grace.”
Violet
5. Pink Christ is truly alive and active in the
sacramental liturgy.
White or Gold – represents purity and joy.
He alone instituted them and
Used in the following seasons: entrusted them to the Church.
1. Christmas b.) The Sacraments as Acts of the Church
Christ acts within the Church
2. Easter through her members, the ordained
3. Feast of Jesus and Mary ministers and the lay faithful.
The Sacraments are also acts of the
4. Feasts of Angels and Confessors
Church for through her Christ is
5. Solemnities active and alive in the celebration of
Red – symbolizes fire and blood which means the sacraments..
martyrdom. Hence the sacraments are efficacious channels of
Used in the following seasons: God’s grace because in them Christ Himself is at
work:
1. Pentecost
Christ is the one baptizing, he is the one acting in
2. Feasts of the Apostles and Martyrs his sacraments in order to communicate the grace
that each sacrament signifies. Thus in the case of a
minister administering the sacrament not in the
state of grace, the effectiveness of the sacrament is
 not lost. The liturgical expression “ex opere The outward sign of the sacraments is
operato” (literally: “by the very fact of the action’s composed of two essential parts: thing and
being performed”), explains this. word

-It means that the sacrament is not wrought by the matter: things (remote) and actions
righteousness of either the celebrant or the (proximate) used in the sacraments
recipient but by the power of God.
form: words used in the sacraments
c.)The Sacraments as Signs of Faith
MEANING OF SACRAMENTALS
The sacraments are signs of faith since they
symbolize the faith of the community that Sacramentals are holy things and actions of which
celebrates them. the Church makes use to obtain for us spiritual
Without faith there is no sacrament and no and temporal favors from God.
grace. The Sacraments are special
Sacramentals are instituted by the Church for the
moments of dialogue between Jesus and
sanctification of certain ministries of the Church,
us. Without faith no such dialogue is
certain states of life and the use of things helpful to
possible.
man.
d.) The Sacraments as celebrations of life
Unlike the sacraments, sacramentals do not
The sacraments celebrate the mystery of confer the grace of the Holy Spirit in the way
daily life as graced by the presence of God. sacraments do.
Our Christian life is sanctified by Christ
But through the prayer of the Church they
everyday but most especially in the
prepare us to receive grace and dispose us
celebration of the sacraments.
to cooperate with it.
Sacrament therefore is the effective sign of
Unlike sacraments, sacramentals may be
grace instituted by Christ.
presided over by lay people though not all.
SACRAMENTS
VARIOUS FORMS OF SACRAMENTALS
Ancient Classification:
Blessings (of persons, meals, objects, and places)
A. Sacraments of the Dead Exorcism, Marian devotions, novenas

1. Baptism

2. Confession and reconciliation THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM

OBJECTIVES
B. Sacraments of the Living  Explain Baptism as a Sacrament of initiation
 Live the faith received in baptism
1. Confirmation
 Thank God for the gift of faith and
2. Eucharist forgiveness through prayers
Common Understanding
3. Anointing of the sick Social event
Registration to the Church
4. Matrimony  Nominal Catholics- Catholics only by name
5. Holy Orders not in actions and deeds. This results mostly
from being baptized because of the prevalent
SACRAMENTS: MODERN CLASSIFICATION “socialization process”[ we are by tradition
Catholics here], not by personal conviction
Initiation and commitment to Christ.
Healing
1. Baptism  Baptism is a sacrament which man, being
1. Confession
2. Confirmation 2. Anointing of the
washed with water in the name of the Three
3. Holy Eucharist sick Divine Persons is spiritually reborn
3. Service
4. Matrimony
5. Holy Orders

NAME OF THE SACRAMENT

SACRAMENTS: MATTERS AND FORM
 1. Baptism- Gk. Word baptizein meaning to 3. Charity
plunge or to immerse Moral Virtues
2. Washing of regeneration and renewal by the 1. Temperance
Holy Spirit 2. Justice
3. Enlightenment 3. Prudence
4. Fortitude
THREE KINDS OF BAPTISM
1. Baptism of Desire Fruits of the Holy Spirit
2. Baptism of Blood 7. Faithfulness
1. Love
3. Baptism of Water 8. gentleness
2. Joy
3. Peace 9. self-control
FOUNDATION 10. Humility
Biblical Foundations 4. Patience
11. Longanimity
a. Gen.1:2 – water has been the source of life and 5. Kindness
12. modesty
fruitfulness; Scripture sees it as 6. Generosity
“overshadowed” by the Spirit of God.
b. 1 Pt. 3:20 – in Noah’s ark, a few, that is, eight Incorporation into the Church
persons were saved - we become members of the Church
through water. - brings about Christian responsibilities.
c. crossing of the Red Sea
d. crossing of the Jordan River Sharing in Christ’s Mission
e. Ez. 36:25 - three-fold office of Christ:
f. Jesus’ Baptism – in order to fulfill all a. prophetic - preaching
righteousness; a manifestation of his self- b. priestly - worship
emptying. (Mt. 3:13, 15; Phil. 2:7) c. kingly – service
g. blood and water – which flowed out from the
side of Jesus are types of Baptism and Indelible Spiritual Character
Eucharist. (Jn.19:34, 1 Jn. 5:6-8), from then on - a seal that can never be erased by mortal sin
it is possible to be born of water and spirit (Jn. or even by death.
3:5) - thus renders the Sacrament of Baptism non-
Effects of Baptism repeatable.
1. New life in union with Christ
2. Removal of the original sin Ministers and Recipients
3. Incorporation into the Church a. ordinary ministers = bishops, priests,
4. Sharing in Christ’s mission deacons
5. Indelible spiritual character b. extraordinary ministers = any person may
EFFECTS OF BAPTISM baptize (in cases of necessity) using the
New Life in union with Christ prescribed formula for baptism
- described as dying and rising with Christ in Anybody who are not yet baptized
Baptism.
- symbolized by being immersed into and Symbols and Meanings
coming out of the water. 1. Anointing with Chrism – sign of the royal
Removal of the Original Sin priesthood and enrolment into the company
- symbolized by the washing with water of the People of God.
- “original sin” -the sinful state resulting from 2. White Garment – symbol of their new dignity
the first sin. and new life with Christ.
- freedom form sin means indwelling of the 3. Lighted Candle – shows their vocation to live as
Holy Spirit through gifts and fruits. befits children of light.
Gifts of the Holy Spirit
1. Wisdom Necessity of Baptism
2. Understanding Necessary for salvation, without, no one can
3. Counsel enter the Kingdom of God
4. Fortitude Types: baptism by water, by blood and by
5. Knowledge desire
6. Piety
7. Fear of the Lord
Theological Virtues
1. Faith
2. Hope
MATTER AND FORM "Now when the apostles in Jerusalem heard that
Matter Samaria had accepted the word of God, they sent
Remote matter: true and natural water them Peter and John, who went down and prayed
Proximate matter: immersion, outpouring sprinkling for them, that they might receive the Holy Spirit, for
of water it had not yet fallen upon any of them; they had only
Form: “Name…I baptize you in the name of the been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. Then
Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit they laid hands on them and they received the Holy
Spirit."
Matter, Form, Minister
Matter - Holy Chrism Oil
Form - “(Name) be sealed with the gift of
SACRAMENT OF CONFIRMATION
the Holy Spirit.
OBJECTIVES
Ministers
 To understand the nature and effects of the
sacrament of Confirmation BISHOPS – ordinary ministers
 To be faithful defenders of our Church
 To develop intimate communion with God PRIESTS - extraordinary minister ( in case of
through personal prayers and witnessing necessity)

DEFINITION

-A sacrament by which, by the imposition of hands, Recipient - Every baptized person who is not
anointing and prayer, a baptized person is filled confirmed, at the age of discretion (about 11 or 12),
with the Holy Spirit for inner strengthening of the or the danger of death.
supernatural life and for the courageous outward The candidate for Confirmation must receive the
confession of faith. sacrament in the state of grace.
 Confirmation makes us soldiers of Christ. It is Sponsor- should not stand for more than one or
the sacrament of Catholic Action. Christian two candidate. Confirmation entails the relationship
warfare, fighting under the standard of Christ, is between the confirmed person and the sponsor, in
also altruistic. It is the apostolate considered virtue of which the sponsor is obliged to take a
under the aspect of struggle and sacrifice. In special and perpetual interest in the welfare of his
apostolate, the individual is bond to encounter godchild and see to it the he or she receives a
so many obstacles and so many perils. Every Christian education and that he or she leads a
person who fights for the cause of Christ; he Christian Life.
gives testimony to Christ by his militant actions.  A sponsor must himself confirmed, not be a
In Confirmation he is commissioned officially member of a heretical or schismatic sect.
and is charged sacramentally with the duty of  The sponsor must be physically touch the
extending his activities to others. candidate during the act of Confirmation either
personally or by proxy.
A sacrament of the fullness of grace and as “that
sacrament in which strength is conferred on the Essential Rite
regenerate. St. Thomas Aquinas
Anointing the forehead of the baptized with the
-Gives us the Holy Spirit in a special way, to make sacred chrism together with the laying on of the
us strong and mature Christian, witness of Jesus minister's hand and recitation of the form.
Christ, lay apostles of the Catholic Church.
Necessary to complete the baptismal grace.
-Also known as laying on of hands or chrismation
(anointing with chrism) The Holy Spirit as a source of all good gifts helps
us see what is right and give us the courage to
EFFECTS OF CONFIRMATION avoid what is wrong.
The Holy Spirit guides us in our lives and makes us
1.Strengthening the Gifts of Baptism
trust in God, especially in times of temptation and
2.Unites us more firmly to Christ
problems. Through the Holy Spirit, we become
3.Makes our bond with the Church more perfect
more like Christ: loving and kind.
4.Special strength to become witnesses of Christ
(CFC, 1283, 1315)

Biblical Foundation
The following are the gifts of the Holy Spirit.

Acts of the Apostles 8:14-17 Gifts of the Holy Short Reflection

 Spirit in the person of Him who is head and the
shepherd of the Church.” JPII
Fear of the Lord A reverent worship of God,
who is holy, almighty and Definition and Nature
Lord of all. • Holy Order is the “sacrament of apostolic
ministry”
Piety Our Obedience and
• Through it the mission entrusted by Christ to
faithfulness to God both in
his apostles continues to be exercised in the
words and actions because
Church to the end of time
we are God’s children.
• Order – a group or governing body.
Courage or Strength of mind, heart, spirit • Ordination – incorporation into an “ordo”
Fortitude in living out our Christian (order);
faith amidst difficult. • the liturgical rite by which a person is
set apart and prepared for the
Counsel Ability to listen and ministerial priesthood.
understand God’s will in the • The sacramental act that integrates
daily events of our lives. a man into the order of bishops
(episcoporum), priests
Knowledge Capacity to have an (presbyterorum), and deacons
understanding of God’s love (diaconorum)
where discovers more about
Jesus. Biblical Foundation
1. Old Testament – God chose one of the
Understanding Ability to put ourselves into
twelve sons of Israel, Levi, and his
the situation of other
descendants, and set them apart for liturgical
persons so that we can
service where He
know better how to help and
Himself was their inheritance.
support them.
(Lev. 8:1-12).
Wisdom Capacity to judge what is - imperfect sacrifice
right from wrong and thus, 2. New Testament
do what is righteous in every Four Basic Dimensions of Christian Ministry
situation. 1. Disciple
2. Apostle
3. Presbyter
4. Presider at the Eucharist
ENT OF HOLY ORDERS
OBJECTIVES:
Christ as the Unique Priest
 Understand the meaning of ministerial • Christ is the unique high priest after the
priesthood order of Melchizedek (Heb. 5:10), holy,
 Respect the priests as the “other-Christ” blameless, unstained (Heb. 7:26), by a
 Pray for the priests of the Church single offering he has perfected for all time
those who are sanctified.
• Why unique?
Vocation • Jesus is unique mediator of the New
• The vocation of every Christian is to Covenant between God and man
response to Christ’s call • Because of his being (God-made-
• Characteristic: Trinitarian (grounded in the man)
Father’s free loving choice, who blesses us • Because of his actions
in his Son and sealed us with the Holy Spirit • Because of his whole life
• Church: the “begetter and educator of • Christ Shares His Priesthood
vocation”
• What is true to Christian vocation is also • “With the definitive sacrifice of the cross ,
true to priestly vocation Jesus communicated to all his disciples the
• “The call by the sacrament of Holy Orders dignity and mission of priests of the New
received in the Church, to place oneself at and eternal Covenant” (cf. Mk. 3:14-15)
the service of the People of God with a
particular belonging and configuration to
Jesus Christ, and with the authority of acting Kinds
Two Kinds of Priesthood
 1. Common priesthood of the faithful through
Baptism Vow of Poverty
Because we were baptized and confirmed,  Poverty- giving up their desire for riches and
we belong to the Church and share in her material possessions so that each of them
mission. When we offer worship to God, do may become witness to a life where God in
what is right, and bring others closer to God, one’s ultimate desire. This is to be shown in
we share in the priesthood of Christ. their simple lifestyle and their great concern
2. Ministerial priesthood through the Holy for the poor.
Orders
They differed yet ordered to one another Sacrament of Holy Orders
Because they are called priests, some men • Symbols and Meanings:
minister to the needs of the community as
Matter: laying on of hands – along with
servant-leaders. (CFG 1960,1963)
the anointing of chrism is the sign of
being chosen, anointed, empowered and
Degrees of Holy Orders
ordained to serve God’s people.
1. Deaconate
Form: consecratory prayer
2. Priesthood
3. Episcopate Minister: the local ordinary (bishop)

Role of Each Order Recipient: a baptized man (vir)

Role of the Bishops:
Effects
– To teach
– To govern Indelible character- An indelible mark is the
– To sanctify permanent alteration of soul. Nothing can remove
– Successors of the apostles who this indelible mark once it is received. In fact,
receive the fullness of the indelible marks remain in eternal life. The indelible
Sacrament of Holy Orders. They mark that both bishops and priests receive
serve as the head and shepherds of configures their souls to Jesus Church. Therefore,
the Church. we say that bishops and priests act in persona
Role of the Priests: Christi capitis. The indelible mark that deacons
– Co-workers of the bishops in the receives configures their souls to Jesus Christ the
building of the parish community. servant. Flowing from their indelible marks, men
They preside over the sacraments of who receive the sacrament of holy orders are able
Baptism, Holy Eucharist, to perform certain functions that are meant to build
Reconciliation, Marriage and up the Church. A bishop is a successor of the
Anointing of the Sick. Apostles.
Role of the Deacons:
– To serve the People of God in Grace of the Holy Spirit
liturgy, in preaching and in works
The Sacrament of Holy Orders impart a
of charity
special eternal grace that allows the ordained
(CFC, 1985)
man to carry on Jesus’s work and act as a mediator
between people and God.
Vow of Ordained Priest
All ordained priest take the vow of celibacy,
THE SACRAMENT OF MARRIAGE
that is, not getting married, and the vow of
OBJECTIVES
obedience. Religious priests also have the vow of
 Acquire deeper understanding of the
poverty.
important factors necessary for a mature
life-long commitment
Vow of Celibacy
 Reflect the principles drawn from the
• Celibacy – the renunciation of the right to
scriptures concerning God’s plan for human
marry for the sake of the Kingdom of God.
sexuality and share their thoughts with their
- St. Paul: enabling the person to
classmates
serve Christ with greater freedom
 Distinguish sex from human sexuality
 Integrate love and human sexuality in the
Vow of Obedience
context of marriage.
 Obedience- serving god humbly by being
faithful to their calling and mission. They
BASIC REALITIES OF MARRIAGE
gave to their superiors their filial obedience
and love. HUMAN AND SECULAR REALITY
  Innate and natural MARRIAGE IN SCRIPTURE
 Important and significant
1. For procreation
SACRED REALITY 2. Covenant
3. Fidelity and tenderness of the spouse
 Superior power connected to getting 4. Efficacious sign of Christ’s presence
marriage 5. Marriage is indissoluble
 It is connected to divine 6. Vocation
 A mysterion or sacrament: sign of a higher
and sacred reality which entered salvation CHRISTIAN DIMENSIONS OF MARRIAGE

MARRIAGE IS A HUMAN INSTITUTION (1) As a Contract, (2) As a Covenant, (3) As a

Sacrament, (4) As a Celebration and a
 Officium naturae (duty of nature) since it is Vocation
directed to procreation
 Nature demands that human beings should Family Code of the Philippines:
perpetuate or continue their species
“A special contract of permanent union between
MARRIAGE IS DIVINE INSTITUTION man and woman entered into in accordance with
law for the establishment of conjugal and family life.
 It is from God and its ends, laws, blessings It is the foundation of the family and an inviolable
(Casti Conubii) social institution whose nature, consequences and
incidents are governed by law and not subject to
MARRIAGE AS STATE
stipulations”
 Exist by giving and accepting the consent,
MARRIAGE AS CONTRACT
by which creates the situation or the state of
being married (permanent and stable)  Author: Naturally, marriage must always be
seen in reference to God as its author
MARRIAGE AS EVENT
 Requirement: As contract, marriage
 It is not stagnated, the life of the couple requires the “will”
moves on  Through the free, mutual act of consent
 Thus it is a continuous event, lifelong given, man and woman enter into the
process to fulfill God’s plan conjugal union.

MARRIAGE IS CONTRACT MARRIAGE AS COVENANT: ENDS

 “Contract” is an agreement entered into by Contract: involves pledge, rules and penalties:
two parties or person to do something for or focus is on the matter agreed on by the parties
exchange something with each other making the contract.
 Marriage is a contract because it is the
Covenant: it centers on the persons; its motivation
agreement between man and woman to
is love.
give to and to accept from the other.
 Thus it is a love-covenant, which
MARRIAGE AS COVENANT
immediately brings into highlight the biblical
“Covenant” means a pact, an alliance or dimension of marriage.
partnership that man and woman from to  Biblically: Covenant is the relationship
commit themselves to lifetime of between God and man (Gen. 17:1)
togetherness for their own good, and for the characterized by love, sacrifice forgiveness
creation and education of children and faithfulness.

This commitment is made out of their love for each ENDS OF MARRIAGE:
other.
 The good of the spouses- fidelity and
MARRIAGE AS SOCIAL INSTITUTION openness to the fertility
 Good of the children
 Marriage is a deeply personal affair
between two persons in love
 Yet it introduces the couple a community
MARRIAGE AS A COVENANT: ESSENTIAL
(marriage is a social institution)
PROPERTIES
 There is a communitarian and public
dimension
 1. Unity or exclusiveness: enriched by the Wedding ceremony- momentous event for the
spouses faithfulness couple
2. Indissolubility or permanence: enriched by Why?
the spouses’ struggles for lastingness - fulfillment of their dreams
3. Openness to fertility: enriched by - final answer for their longing to be
fruitfulness in the married life one
- a moment of triumph
MARRIAGE AS SACRAMENT - a moment of gratitude
- a moment filled with emotions (joy
Christ raised marriage to a sacrament to make it
and excitement)
essentially different from marriage as a natural
Ceremony
institution
- the Church requires the submit themselves
Biblical Foundation to the standard rite (liturgical form)
Jn. 2: 1-11, Mt. 19:31, Cor. 7:9, Eph. 5:32
Sacrament is a sensible sign instituted by Christ to Why marry in the Church?
give grace. It is an efficacious sign of invisible - it is a requirement
grace - a public declaration of their love-
Basic Elements: commitment before Christ and his Church
The sign or its symbolic element (sacrament)
The saving grace it provides (effect) Ministers: couple
The saving presence of Christ
Marriage as symbol Role of Church’s minister:
 It speaks of the basic aspects of - Expression that marriage is ecclesial reality
human existence: life and love - Witness
 Christians have always accepted the
symbolic element of marriage Celebrated within the mass- connection of
(marriage is natural institution and a matrimony in the paschal mystery of
sacrament) Christ
Sign- element of the sacrament of matrimony:
mutual gift and acceptance of each other. Vocation- “calling”
Pius XI: the valid matrimonial consent between
man and woman as willed by Christ is a sign of Marriage is a call by God to come to a closer union
grace (CC 1930) with him and with His Church
Marriage as a Sign of the Saving Presence of - call to holiness
Christ - way to holiness
The husband and wife become a reminder of the Vocation: a gift and a mission
presence of Christ
Why? Gift: a source of joy,
Because marriage would not be possible except a source of blessings
through, with and in Christ (CFC1990) a source of gratitude
Marriage as Saving Grace a source of grace for husband and wife
Vocation: a gift and a mission
Effects of marriage: (1) indissolubility and (2) the
grace of the sacrament proper to marriage Gift: a source of joy,
By the grace of the sacrament: marriage bond is a source of blessings
further strengthened and the indissolubility of a source of gratitude
marriage receives new meaning a source of grace for husband and wife
The couples were also strengthened and
consecrated for duties and dignities. REMOTE PREPARATION FOR MARRIAGE
 Validity of Marriage
Valid marriage between baptized man and woman 1. Personal Growth and Maturity
is by that fact is a sacrament 2. Christian Maturity
 It must be held in the Church 3. Sexual Maturity and Chastity
No valid marriage except the sacrament of 4. Maturing in Love
matrimony
Through the sacrament of matrimony, the couple OBJECTIVES
receives grace for it is a channel of grace  Acquire deeper understanding of the
important factors necessary for a mature
MARRIAGE AS CELEBRATION AND VOCATION life-long commitment
  Reflect the principles drawn from the SEXUAL DEVIANT BEHAVIOR: behaviour of
scriptures concerning God’s plan for human those who have been unable to form relationships
sexuality and share their thoughts with their with the opposite sex in equal terms and who
classmates cannot give and receive love on a wholly satisfying
 Distinguish sex from human sexuality way
 Integrate love and human sexuality in the SEXUAL HEALTH: is the integration of the
context of marriage somatic, emotional, intellectual an social aspects of
sexual well-being, in ways that are positively
PERSONAL GROWTH AND MATURITY enriching and that enhance personality,
 Maturity: communication and love
is that stage of growing up when a
person may be described as “grown up”, an MALE AND FEMALE DIFFERENCES
adult, mature or of age MALE
with this, a person develops powers of FEMALE
the body and mind to understand the  Logical
implications of what he/she wants Get easily upset
 Christian Maturity  Less emotional
Personal Growth and Maturity More emotional
Christian Maturity sympathetic and caring
Sexual Maturity and Chastity  Loners and keep things to themselves
Maturing in Love Want company and like to
talk
Importance of Christian Maturity  Express their thoughts clearer
the couple’s marriage becomes a Beat around the Bush
“marriage in and with Christ” and direct to the point
 Sense of fulfillment in marriage and in work
How to attain? Marriage and family life centered
1. To do what is possibly can to improve one’s  Less religious, patience and endurance
personality in terms of maturity More religious, patient and can
2. To look to Christ and His grace endure

Sexual Maturity and persevering

Person: either male or female is a sexual being  Learn love through sex
Learn sex through love
GOD’S DESIGN FOR HUMAN SEXUALITY
Bible: -no detailed meaning of sexuality
-gives the origin, purpose and final orientation of Virtue of Chastity
our sexual nature The Morality of Pre-Marital Sex
Sex: Education in Chastity
Not a shameful thing
It is a divine gift ordained to life, to love and to CHASTITY
fruitfulness (FC 1981)  It is a virtue by which we learn to control
It is good, beautiful and holy and regulate our own sex drive
At the service of and for the sake of eternal values  With purity and modesty as its
Any other use of sex is desecration of something guardians
holy (de Torre, 1988)  It is the successful integration of sexuality
within the person and thus the inner unity of
SEX AND HUMAN SEXUALITY man in his body and spiritual being.
SEX: refers to a biologically based need that is  “You shall not commit adultery”: forbids
naturally oriented towards the generation of new married persons to enter into sexual union
life although not exclusively with someone other than their spouse
AIM: genital activity; procreation and love  “You shall not covet your neighbor’s wife”:
SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP: refers to our being with forbids lust of concupiscence
other sexual beings due to the need to “relate with  This struggle requires purification of the
other human beings,” to communicate and to heart, practicing temperance and modesty
commune with them
SEXUAL MATURITY: is the emotional and
physically satisfying capacity to form stable MORALITY OF PRE-MARITAL SEX
relationship with the opposite sex
  A salient point in the education of chastity is  Able to overcome crises, difficulties,
the morality of pre-marital sex Freeing
Morality of pre-marital sex disappointments and serious problems
 Is sex worth waiting for? Honest
 Why wait till marriage?  A kind of love required for marriage to work
 A couple who exercised abstinence and Happy, sad and neutral
discipline before marriage are those who c
enjoy stable and lasting relationship
 If love is true, then, it is willing to wait LOVE OF FRIENDSHIP
 St. Paul says: love is patient Friendship
Pre-marital sex: sin of fornication, is a carnal True friendship
union between a unmarried man and woman  One of the greatest treasures in this world
 Contrary to the dignity of persons  Necessary requisite of marriage
 Contradicts the plan of God for human  It develops through an ongoing process
sexuality  (In Marriage) Must be nurtured for it to grow
 It is a grave scandal if there is a corruption and endure
of minor Different Ways of Looking at Friendship—
 Sexual activities among unmarried are Abbot J. Nimeth
considered morally evil  True friend brings joy into life, and pours
EFFECTS back into the soul of his self-respect
 The woman sins against God as an  Friend inspires, encourages, gives room to
accomplice grow and helps to think more graciously
 Fear of pregnancy  Friend gives warmth, understanding, trust
 Sense of shame and insecurity and love
 Pre-marital sex becomes hardly satisfying  Friendship is the privilege of being yourself
 Often both a physical and emotional let- and still being accepted.
down  It is a means to appreciate the person,
OTHER EFFECTS recognizing his gifts and talents and
 Great number of engaged couples break encouraging him to use his talents in every
their engagement possible way
 Likely ends in divorce or in adultery after
marriage Aristotle:
REASONS:  A friend is a single soul dwelling in two
 Many young men lose the desire to marry bodies
girls who have been easy with them  This means that the permanence and
 The man loses of respect for the girl stability in friendship are only possible and
 Unfaithfulness to one’s fiancée and fiancé sure when two people are friends by virtue
before marriage can lay the groundwork for of the good in one another
unfaithfulness of another kind after marriage St. Thomas:
MATURING IN LOVE  Love of friendship as the highest form of
Love: love and places it in opposition to the love of
 First and greatest commandment concupiscence
 It is a decision and not just a feeling
 Commitment, care and concern for the other Qualities of True Friendship
Elements of Love:  Must be morally helpful to both parties
1. Care- shown by active concern for the life (draws closer to a life of virtues and to God)
and growth of the beloved  There must be a genuine basis of
2. Responsibility- ability to respond to his or agreement between two parties
her needs, expressed or unexpressed (harmonious relationship between the
3. Respect- ability to see a person as he is. parties)
4. Knowledge- active in-depth consciousness  Self-sacrificing (tested through the amount
of another person’s real image, leading to of sacrifice one can offer for the sake of the
genuine communion friend)

Mature love: Other Qualities of Friendship

Qualities of mature love  Ability to listen (what he says or trying to
 A love that endures say)
Altruistic  Trustworthiness (loyalty)
  Reverence (subject to be cherished, be Indulgences- means to remit the temporal
loved and respected) punishment due to sins that have already been
 Receptiveness (open to others) forgiven
Friendship in the Bible Kinds:
 Exodus 33:11 a. plenary – remission of all
 Deut. 13:6 b. partial – remission of a part Minister – a
 Ps. 25:14 priest who has the faculty to absolve in accordance
 Jn. 15:14-15 with the Canon Law; except in the danger of death.
 2 Sam. 1:26 Matter – sins as confessed by the penitents
Form – “I absolve you from your sins, in the name
Friendship in Marriage of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.”
 Permanent bond continues to grow and (Prayer of Absolution).
mature in friendship “He that hides his sins, shall not prosper, but he
Why? that shall confess and forsake them, shall obtain
1. Trust (you are important) mercy.” (Prov. 28:13)
2. Evolves slowly (process) The Notion of SIN
3. Patient (developing commonality and - moral attitude, action, or refusal to act,
complementarity) that leads us into evil
4. Not competitive (no need to surpass the - separates us from our true selves, our
other) neighbors, the community and God- often
5. Open-ended (growing) becomes “compulsive” and “addictive”, and
6. Outgoing (enables us to be what we want to weakens our power of resistance.
be) Determinants of the gravity of SIN
7. Playful (to be who we are) 1. Nature of the act
2. intention
HUMAN LOVE IN ITS FULLNESS 3. circumstances
 Human love finds its fullness in conjugal Classification of Sin (according to its effect)
love which requires commitment 1. Mortal – sin unto death (grave matter,
 Giving unconditional love sufficient knowledge, full consent)
 Fidelity, understanding, kindness, 2. Venial – excusable sin, weakens our love
compassion, respect and support relationship with God
 Conjugal love, if it is to grow, requires EFFECTS
“common life” Forgiveness of sins
 Sharing bed, board and lodging Reconciliation with God and Reconciliation with the
 Demands selfless love in everything Church
It is a result of a long and difficult
process THE SACRAMENT OF ANOINTING OF THE SICK
THE SACRAMENT OF RECONCILIATION OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES  To learn the significance of Sacrament of
 To learn the significance of Sacrament of Anointing of the sick in Christian life.
Reconciliation in Christian life  To appreciate the healing mercy of God
 To appreciate the forgiving love of God  To ask God’s healing through constant
 To ask God’s forgiveness through constant reception of the sacrament of anointing.
reception of the sacrament of reconciliation
SACRAMENT OF ANOINTING OF THE SICK
“Those who approach the Sacrament of Penance
obtain pardon from God’s mercy for the offense SICKNESS
committed against him, and are at the same time,
reconciled with the Church which they have Serious illness brings out our
wounded by their sins and which by charity, by powerlessness and radical limitations
example and prayer labors for their conversion.” We become dependent on others, feel
useless and isolated from them and from
Biblical Foundations the community
1. Mt. 16:19 = Whatever you bind on Can bring us to mature faith, since it helps
earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you us to understand the mystery of suffering
loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. and to bear pain more bravely
2. 1 Cor. 5: 4-5 = reconciliation was
to be done by the power of the risen Lord and when Sickness / illness –
the community was gathered together.
 -had often been seen as a punishment for It is a sacrament in virtue of which the sick
misconduct believer, by the anointing with oil and the
also regarded as an occasion for turning to prayer of the priest, receives the grace of
transcendent powers. God for the supernatural salvation of his
soul and often also for the natural healing of
his body.
Christian Attitude to Sickness
Part of God’s plan Anointing of the Sick
Sign of the oppressive presence of evil Symbols, Meanings, Ministers and Recipients
We need special help of God’s grace
Sickness can take on creative, saving and matter – olive oil blessed by
transforming meaning and value the Bishop on Holy Thursday
(infermorum)
Cure and Healing form – (forehead): “Through this holy
Cure – usually refers to the medical pursuit anointing may the Lord in His love and
of the eradication of disease or defect. mercy help you with the grace of the Holy
Healing – refers to the holistic care that Spirit.”
touches the body, mind, and spirit of the form – (hands): “ May the Lord who frees
sick person. you from your sin save you and raise you up.”
Ministers: priests and bishops
Recipients: all Christians who have reached
Christ the Physician the age of reason and are seriously ill, or in
By forgiving sin and healing the sick and danger of death from accident or old age.
infirm, Jesus showed that “God has visited VIATICUM
his people” (Lk. 7:16) Holy Viaticum – “with-you-on-the-way”
Cleansed the lepers (Lk. 17:12-19) the holy communion given to the
Gave sight to the blind (Mk. 10:46-52) dying Christian. Pictures Christ as
Healed the deaf-mute (Mk. 7: 31-37); the leading and accompanying the
Paralytic (Mk. 2:3-12) etc. Christian into the heavenly banquet.
Christ’s healing is sign of more radical It is the seed of eternal life and the
healing over sin and death: salvation of the power of resurrection
whole person “He who eats my flesh and drinks
Thus it involves faith in Jesus, following him my blood has eternal life, and I will
in loving obedience to God the Father raise him up on the last day” (Jn.
It is grounded on his Paschal Mystery 6:54)
It prepares us to heavenly
The Healing Church homeland.
Jesus passed his healing ministry to his
apostles: “they anointed the sick with oil and
worked many cures. EFFECTS
1. Mk. 6:11-13 - the apostles healed many sick
people through anointing. 1. Particular gift of the Holy Spirit-
2. Mk. 16:18 - authority to heal strengthening, peace, courage to overcome
3. 1 Cor. 12:9-10 - different gifts of the Holy the difficulties in times of sickness
Spirit. 2. Forgiveness of sins
4. James 5:14 - the power of the Church to 3. Union with the passion of Christ
forgive and heal sickness 4. Ecclesial grace
5. Preparation for the final journey
Is any among you sick? Let him call for the elders
of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing
him with oil in the name of the Lord; and the prayer
of faith will save the sick man, and the Lord will
raise him up; and if he has committed sins, he will
be forgiven. Therefore confess your sins to one
another, and pray for one another, that you may be
healed.
INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN
PERSON
Definition
(WEEK 2)
  Being especially the difference
between the being of a person
Methods of Philosophizing (which is existence) and the
Philosophizing - It is essentially tied up with man’s being of other kind of things;
openness towards the reality which is being verbalized  The concreteness and subjectivity of life
(De Water,2013). as lived, against abstraction and false
- It is the process of determining the truth or drawing a objectifications.
conclusion from a given statement.  Existentialism is often thought to be
- It is not only deepening an understanding of anti-religious, nevertheless there has
something but also expanding awareness about how been strong current of Christian
something can be beneficial to us and to others. existentialism
- This will help us to identify opinion from facts.  Kierkegard insisted that the authentic
self was the personally chosen self,as
A. Phenomenology: On Consciousness opposed to public “herd identity”
 Authentic self means it is who you are at
 Edmund Husserl founded phenomenology a deepest core. It is about being true to
which is essentially a philosophical method. yourself through your thoughts,and
This focuses on careful inspection and actions,and having three areas match
description of phenomena or appearances, together.
defined as any object of conscious  Example is a person who speaks their
experience. That is,that we are minds and expresses their true
conscious(Johnston 2006). feelings,even if it’s not what others want
 The word “phenomenon” comes directly to hear.
from the Greek (phainomenon) meaning  Example of Herd
“appearance” Mentality/Identity:When a peaceful
 Phenomenology is the scientific study of protest devolves into a riot .Many of the
consciousness. It is a method of finding and people who participated in the violence
guaranteeing the truth. would never make such a choice on their
 Phenomenology is the study of structure of own .But once a crowd of their peers
experience, or consciousness. Literally acts that way,they join in without
phenomenology studies “phenomena”: thinking twice.
appearances of things, or things as they
appear in our experience, or the ways we
experience things, thus the meaning things C. Post modernism: On Cultures
have in our experience.
 In phenomenology, truth is based on the  Postmodernism has come into vogue as
person’s consciousness the name for a rather diffuse family of
 Thus, one can describe a content of a ideas and trends that in significant
dream in much the same terms that one respect rejects challenges,or aims to
describes the view from a television or a supersede “modernity”,the
scene from a novel. convictions,aspirations,and pretensions
of Modern Western thought.
B. Existentialism: On Freedom  Post modernism emphasizes the
diversity of human experience and
 Unlike phenomenology, existentialism is multiplicity of perspectives.Moreover
not primarily a philosophical method. post modernist value our existence in
Neither is it exactly a set of doctrines but the world and our relation to it. Post
more of an outlook or attitude modernist believe that we are in a
supported by diverse doctrines certain postmodern era because of the
on certain common themes. fundamental differences from the period
 These themes include: of modernity.
 The human condition or the D. Analytic Tradition
relation of the individual to the  Can language objectively describe
world; truth?
 The human response to that  Analytic philosophy is the
condition conviction that to some significant
 degree, philosophical puzzles,  Inductive reasoning proves only
problems and errors are rooted in probable support to the conclusion. An
language and can be solved or inductive argument that succeeds in
avoided by a sound understanding of providing such probable support is a
language and careful attention to its strong argument.
workings  While an inductive argument that fails to
 “Analysis” refers to a method, owing provide such support is weak, a strong
a great deal to the pioneers argument with true premises is said to
be cogent
Ludwig Wittgenstein an analytic philosopher said that For Example:
language is socially conditioned. We understand the Jay: Do you think Congressman Jerry
world solely in terms of our language games-that is our will be re-elected?
linguistic, socially constructs. Truth as we perceive it, is Yna: I doubt it, his district has become
itself socially constructed. more conservative in recent years.
Also,63% of the registered voters in his
E. Logic and Critical Thinking:Tools in Reasoning district are in the opposition
This argument is both a statistical argument and a
 Logic is centered in the analysis and predictive argument, which are two common patterns
constructions of arguments. of inductive reasoning. Also, the conclusion does not
 Critical thinking is distinguishing facts follow necessarily from the premises.
and opinions or personal feelings. IN
making rational choices, first we suspend
beliefs and judgement until all facts have
been gathered and considered E. Fallacies
 There are two types of reasoning.  A fallacy is a defect in an argument other
Inductive reasoning is based from than it’s having false premises. To detect
observations in order to make fallacies, it is required to examine the
generalizations. This reasoning is often arguments content.
applied in prediction.  A philosophical fallacy can be described
 Deductive reasoning draws conclusion as a faulty argument, one that is not
from usually one broad judgement or based on sound reasoning or logic. These
definition and one more specific can be made on purpose or by mistake.
assertion, often an inference. If you use a fallacy in your argument,
you’re more likely to come to an
Validity and Soundness of an Argument incorrect conclusion, mislead your
audience, and be call out for your error.
 If the two premises are constructed
logically, then the conclusion must A. Appeal to pity (Argumentum ad
follow logically, the deductive argument mesericordiam)
is valid  A specific kind of appeal to emotion in
 Example of a logical premise: If a person which someone tries to win support for
looks at a green apple and says, “This an argument or idea by exploiting his or
apple is sour, ”the premise of this her opponent’s feelings or pity of guilt.
argument could be:1)Green apples are  Example: You need to pass me in this
sour.2)This apple is green course, since I’ll lose my scholarship if
 This does not necessarily mean that the you don’t.
conclusion is true or false. Validity comes
from a logical conclusion based on
logically constructed premises (Reed
2010)
Strength of an Argument B. Appeal to Ignorance (Argumentumm ad
ignorantiam)
 Inductive arguments cannot prove if the  Whatever has not been proved false
premises are true which will also must be true ,and vice versa.It is a
determine the truth of the conclusion logical fallacy of claiming tat a
 statement must be true because there’s
no evidence against it. G. Appeal to Force(Argumentum ad baculum)
 Example:You can’t prove that you are  An argument where force,coercion,or
innocent,therefore you are guilty to me. the threat of force is given as a
“There are Gods because no one proven justification for a conclusion.
they can’t exist”.  Example of this is Bullying which
C. Equivocation involves coercing someone by using
 This is a logical chain of reasoning of a physical force to push them into
term or a word several times, but giving accepting an idea.
the particular word a different meaning
each time
 Example, human beings have hands; the H. Appeal to the people (Argumentum ad
clock have hands. He is drinking from populum)
the pitcher of a water, he is a baseball  An argument that appeals to exploits
pitcher people’s vanities, desire for esteem,and
anchoring on popularity
D. Composition  Other Examples 1. Mc.Donald’s claims
 This infers that something is true of the that they have sold billions of
whole from the fact that it is true of hamburgers to people,yet billions of
some part of the whole.The reverse of hamburgers sold does not mean
this fallacy is division. It arises when an McDonald’s makes the best hamburgers
individual assumes something is true of 2. “It must be really a good car because
the whole just because it is true of so many people have bought one.
some part of the whole.
 For example,if you stand up at a I. False cause (post hoc)
concert,you can see usually better.You  Since that event followed this one, that
may then directly infer that if everyone event must have been caused by this
stands up,everyone can see better. one. This fallacy is also reffered to as
coincidental correlation, or correlation
E. Division not causation.
 One reason logically true of a thing  Other Examples:
must also be true of all or some of its  1. Yesterday,I ate blackberries and
parts. It is an informal fallacy that today I have a stomache. The
occurs when one assumes that blackberries must have cause this
something true of a whole must also stomache.
necessarily be true of its parts  2.The rooster’s call is what causes the
(Hansen,2020). sun to rise
 For example: Australian people are  3.Believing that wearing your lucky
good at surfing. Math is Australian. jersey will help your team winate
Therefore Matt is good at surfing.
J. Hasty Generalization
F. Against the Person(Argumentum ad hominem)  One commits errors if one reaches an
 This fallacy attempts to link the validity inductive generalization based on
of a premise to a characteristic or belief insufficient evidence. The fallacy is
of the person advocating the premise. commonly based on a broad conclusion
 It is an attempt to discredit someone’s upon the statistics of a survey of a small
argument by personally attacking them. group that fails to sufficiently represent
Instead of discussing the argument the whole population.
itself, criticism is directed toward the
opponent’s character, which is K. Begging the question (petitio principii)
irrelevant to the discussion.  This is a type of fallacy in which the
 Person 1:I think it is important to proposition to be proven is assumed
enforce minimum-wage legislation so implicitly or explicitly in the premise.In
that workers are not exploited other words,you assume without proof
 Person 2: Nonsense.You only say that the stand/position,or a significant part
because you just can’t get a good job. of the stand,that is in question.
  Examples: and band of zealots. And “either you are with us
 1.I am the Boss because what I say or against us”
Goes!  Similarly “good, bad”, pretty” and fag” are
 2.The book is best seller because it sold emotively charged as well. Some positive or
the most copies emotive overtones are “democracy”, strong
 3.Water bottles are bad for the republic” good governance. Ignorance can be
environment because they’re bad for cloaked in a false aura of authority. This fact
nature. casts serious doubt of the general competence
 4.We’re Innocent because the report of news magazine writers who talks so
says we did no wrong. flippantly on technical matters.

Applying Logic and Fallacies in Determning Truth from

Opinion REALIZE THE METHODS OF PHILOSOPHY THAT LEADS TO
WISDOM AND TRUTH
 Tractatus - identifies the relationship between
language and reality and to define the limits of For Double (1999),although philosophy is an organized
science. It is recognized as a significant body of knowledge the subject matter of philosophy is
philosophical work of the 20th century It is in questions, which have three major characteristics:
the possibility of agreeing or disagreeing with 1.Philosophical questions have answers, but the
reality, thus being true or false, that the answers remain in dispute.
meaning of picture lies. 2.Philosophical questions cannot be settled by
 Wittgenstein describe spoken and written science, common sense or faith
language, that is propositions, as one of these 3.Philosophical questions are of perennial
pictures and defined its meaning on terms of its intellectual interest to human beings.
capacity for being true or false.
 The limits of what can be said, therefore are Critical thinking is the careful, reflective, rational and
defined by logical rules. Over the years, in the systematic approach to questions of very general
author’s view, the purpose of news reporting. If interest. It means understanding of philosophy and
the purpose of a sentence is to inform or state a refraining from merely giving claims but through careful
fact, some of its word may refer to things, thought, one reasons through argumentations
events or properties. In other words some of its
words have cognitive meaning and other have  One tries to become a “philosopher” because
emotive meaning-that is-they also may have one possess and cherishes above the rest of the
emotive meaning my language mean the limit humanity the “love of wisdom” which is a part
of my world. emotive meaning in philosophy of all human nature and because one more
happens when terms have a job of ex- pressing reflectively and critically brings to light and
the speakers emotion or attitudes, or exciting examines the largest and widest implications of
emotions or attitudes in others the life of all human beings

The logic of language shows how element fit states of For Maboloc and Pascua (2008), critical thinking is a
affairs and how state affairs in wider constellations can lifelong process of self-assessment that futher consists
be linked together; we can decide on the basis of this of:
logic.  defining , analyzing, and devising solutions;
 arriving at reasonable and informed
Logic of language means a way of distinguishing conclusions;
between sense snd nonsense, that is between language  applying, understanding and knowledge to new
with meaning and language without meaning, when and different problems;
discussing a philosophical problems. Logic in language is  willingness to change one point of view;
a particular way of thinking, especially one that is continually examining and re-examining ideas;
reasonable and based on good judgement.  willingness to say “I don’t know”.
Examples:
The attributes of a critical thinker include:
 For the author,t he United States “war on terror  Looks for evidence to support assumption and
had produced many emotively charged beliefs
expressions such as “terrorists” , axis of evils  Adjust opinions
 Looks for proof
  Examines the problem
 rejects irrelevant and incorrect information

If one accepts one’s limits or has the courage to say “I

don’t know”, then it becomes an honest appraisal of
say, solving problem. Only if one is able to be willing to
change one’s point of view based on arising evidence
and continually re- examining ideas, can a more holistic
perspective of truth be arrived at.
EVALUATES OPINIONS

An opinion can be a belief or judgement that rests on

grounds insufficient to produce complete certainty.It is
a personal view , attitude, or appraisal or personal
feelings.
 Asking relevant questions, assessing arguments
and statements,
 looking for evidence to support assumption and
beliefs, and deciding rationally what to believe
or not are important to evaluate opinions.

1.Determine the premise and conclusion of the

following quotes.

a. Many people believe that a dark tan is attractive and

a sign of good health, but mounting evidence indicates
that too much sun can lead to health problems. One of
the most noticeable effects is premature aging of the
skin.-Joseph Morgan and Michael Morgan
b. Every art and every inquiry and similarly every action
and pursuit, thought to aim at some tood; and for this
reason, the good has rightly been declared to be that at
which all things aim-Aristotle-
c. The stakes in whistleblowing are high. Take the nurse
who alleges that physicians enrich themselves through
unnecessary surgery.-Sissela Bok-

2.The class can choose their own topic for debate. In

preparation for debate, divide up into teams. Develop
thesis. Construct arguments. Consider rebuttals and
response. Teams not competing will be judges.
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY SURFACE TENSION OF SOME LIQUIDS

PRORTIES OF LIQUIDS

Based on the properties of Kinetic Molecular Theory,

liquids have the following general physical properties:

a. Particles slide and roll on top of one another

b. Particles have limited movement and, hence they

flow

c. Moderately high density and diffusibility VAPOR PRESSURE

d. Have fixed volume but no fixd shape - Vaporization is the transfer of a substance from liquid
to a gas.

- it is an endothermic process as it requires absorption

PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
of energy to break the intermolecular forces of
Viscosity attraction in liquid

Surface Tension - defined as the pressure of the vapor present at the

equilibrium.
Vapor Pressure
- Liquid with high vapor pressure have week
Bioling Point intermolecular forces of attraction while liquid having
relatively lower vapor pressure has strong
intermolecular forces of attraction.
VISCOSITY
- vapor pressure, generally increases with increasing
- this property refers to the measure of liquid’s temperature due to high temperature increasing the
resistance to flow. kinetic energy of liquid particles to undergo
vaporization
- the viscosity of a liquid is strongly dependent on the
strength of the intermolecular forces in play.

- the higher the temperature, the lower the viscosity. DISTILATION

- The honey has more strong intermolecular attractive - it is an effective method in seperating the components
forces than water. Therefore the particles are strongly of a mixture or the removal of impurities in solvents.
bonded in honey than water. Hence honey is more
- it is performed by heating the mixture at a known
viscous than water.
temperature.
SURFACE TENSION

- this refers to the amount of resistance needed to

BOILING POINT
increase the surface area of liquids.
- it refers to the temperature at which water changes
- a property of liquids in which molecules of one
into a vapor.
substance are more attracted to each other than to
molecules of another substance. - normal boiling point of water is the temperature at
which its pressure is equal to the standard pressure of
- the higher the surface tension is, the stronger the
101, 325 Pa.
intermolecular force but it is found to decrease with
increasing temperature. - the normal boiling point of water is directly influenced
by the existing intermolecular force of attraction.
- it is an important consideration in the preparation of
aerosols for drug delivery applications such as - Liquid that have high vapor pressure have low boiling
nebulizers for asthmatic people. points.
 CONTEMPORARY ARTS C. To donate to the National Museum a sample or
copy of his/her work
GAMABA AWARDEES:
GAWAD SA MALIKHAING BAYAN April 1992,
The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National Living Eduardo Mutuc -is an artist who has dedicated his life
Treasures Award was institutionalized through Republic in creating religious and secular art in silver, bronze and
Act No. 7355. Tasked with the administration and wood. His intricately detailed retablos, mirrors, altars,
implementation of the Award is the National and carosas are in churches and private collections. A
Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). To become number of these works are quite large, some exceeding
a “Manlilikha ng Bayan.” the candidate must possess the forty feet, while some are very small and feature very
following qualifications: fine and delicate craftsmanship.

Lang Dulay-Using abaca fibers as fine as hair, Lang Dulay

1. He/she is an inhabitant of an indigenous/traditional speaks more eloquently than words can. Images from
cultural community anywhere in the Philippines that the distant past of her people, the Tbolis, are recreated
has preserved indigenous customs, beliefs, rituals and by her nimble hands – the crocodiles, butterflies and
traditions and/or has syncretized whatever external flowers, along with mountains and streams, of Lake
elements that have influenced it. Sebu, South Cotabato. Darhata Sawabi –is a Tausug
2. He/she must have engaged in a folk art tradition weaver of pis syabit – the traditional cloth tapestry worn
that has been in existence and documented for at least as a head cover.
fifty (50) years
3. He/she must have consistently performed or HAJA AMINA APPI -is recognized as the master mat
produced over a significant period, works of superior weaver among the Sama indigenous community of
and distinctive quality. Ungos Matata.
4. He/she must possess a mastery of tools and
materials needed by the art, and must have an SALINTA MONON –is a Tagabanwa-Bagobo traditional
established reputation in the art as master and maker weaver of distinct abaca fabrics called inabal.
of works of extraordinary technical quality.
5. He/she must have passed on and/or will pass on to Alonzo Saclag -He learned how to play traditional
other member of the community their skills in the folk Kalinga musical instruments and Kalinga ritual dance
art for which the community is traditionally known. A movements without formal or informal instruction.
traditional artist who possesses all the qualities of a
Manlilikha ng Bayan candidate, but due to age or Federico Caballero -Caballero is of the Panay-Bukidnon
infirmity has left him/her capable of teaching people from the Central Panay mountains. He is known
further/his/her craft may still be recognized if: for his work on the documentation of the oral
literature, particularly the ten epics.
1. He/she had created a significant body of
works and/or has consistently displayed excellence in Masino Intaray –is a prolific and pre-eminent epic
the practice of his/her art, thus achieving important chanter and story teller recognized for his outstanding
contributions for its development. mastery of various traditional musical instruments of
2. He/she has been instrumental to the the Palaw’an people such as basal, kulial and baglit.
revitalization of his/her community’s artistic tradition.
3. He/she has passed on to the other members Samon Sulaiman –is an acclaimed kutyapi master and
of the community skills in the folk art for which the teacher of this instrument and is also proficient in
community is traditionally known kulintang, agong, gandingan, palendag, and tambul.
4. His/her community has recognized him/her
as a master and teacher of his/her craft. Magdalena Gamayo –a Filipino master weaver who
makes “inabel” an Ilokano handwoven cloth.
Duties and Responsibilities of Awardees
A. To transfer the skills of his/her traditional folk Ginaw Bilog –is a Hanunoo Mangyan poet who is
art to the younger generation through apprenticeship considered as a master of the ambahan poetry.
and such other training methods as are found to be Uwang Ahadas– a hands-on-teahcer to interested
effective; individuals who wants to learn playing Yakan
B. To cooperate with the implementing agency instruments including the kwintangan, kayu, and
as provided for in Section 7 of this Act, in the promotion tuntungan. Ahadas is a Yakan, a people to whom
and propagation of his/her traditional folk arts; instrumental music is of much significance.
 Folk architecture – these are simple structures usually
Categories of Malikhain ng Bayan Folk intented to provide only basic shelter for the surrounding
Architecture – These are simple structures usually terrain without concern for following any architectural
intended to provide only basic shelter for the style.
surrounding terrain without concern for
following any architectural style; built of local Examples. The Bahay Kubo – is a type of stilt house
materials and available tools by people who would indigenous to most of the lowland cultures of the
inhabit them. Philippines. Ifugao Houses – were usually similar in
Maritime Transports – These are simple marine vessels architectural designs but they differ in decorative details
made for the transport of goods (cargo) and people by depending on the tribes. The room house of the Ifugao
sea and other waterways in the surrounding regions. commonly known to them asbale.

Batanes House – is a unique vernacular architecture

Weaving – This traditional art form as practiced developed in the provice of Batanes. Its compact
around the region involves many threads being structure is divided into four areas: the main house, the
measured, cut, and mounted on a wooden cooking house, toilet, and bathhouse.
platform. The threads are dyed and weaved on a
loom. Ivatan House – are built with limestone walls, reed and
cogon roofs, strong enough to withstand the numerous
Carving – is the act of using tools to shape something typhoons and earthquakes that visit the island on an
from a material by scraping away portions of that average of eight times a year.
material
The Houses on Stilts – are built primarily as a protection
against flooding, but also serve to keep out vermin or
Performing Art – These may be folk dances and music
pest.
which are developed by an individual or groups of
people that reflect the traditional life of the poeple of Maritime Transports – These are simple marine vessels
a certain province or region in the country. made for the transport of goods (cargo) and people by
sea and other waterways in the surrounding region.
Literature – Philippine folk literature refers to the
Wooden Banca – It is used for transport in daily activities
traditional oral literature of the Filipino people. Thus,
such as going to the market to transport goods to other
the scope of the field covers the ancient folk
places and in going to school.
literatue of the Philippines’ various ethnic groups,
as well as various pieces of folklore that have
evolved since the Philippines became a single enthno-
political unit. LESSON 3: THE CONTEXT OF ART

Graphic and Plastic Arts – Graphic arts are mainly 2D, What is Context?
like sketching,painting, photography and
Context - refers to settings, conditions, circumstances,
calligraphy.
and occurrences affecting production and reception or
Plastic Arts artistic activities or producing audience response to an artwork.
w o r k s o r e f f e c t s t h a t a r e t h r e e - dimensional, as
- It is a set of background information that
sculptures or ceramics.
enables us to formulate meaning about works
Ornament – It is something used for decoration to of art and note how context affects form.
embellish parts of a building or object. Example:
Textile or Fiber Art – Filipino who are awarded BUL-UL:
under this category are those who promoted
traditional textile art weaving and fiber art in their place  An indigenous, precolonial object and motif in
of locality. the everyday life of the people of the Cordillera
region.
Pottery – Traditional pot-making in certain areas of the  A human-like figure made of hardwood, believed
Philippines would use clay found near the Sibalom to be a granary god that assures the community
River. Molding the clay required the use of wooden of a bountiful harvest.
paddles, and the clay had to be kept away from  During the dry season, the ritual specialist or
sunlight. mumbaki would perform a ritual where the
figure is drenched in pig’s blood as a form of
offering to the spirits. Although the Bul-ul
 contains elements of sculpture, it is not exactly and black dyes naturally extracted from roots
regarded as such by its makers and by the and leaves of plants. T’nalak designs includes
people who continue to find value in its rich stylized forms inspired by nature: kleng (crab),
symbolic functions. gmayaw (bird in flight), gmayaw (bird in flight),
 A remarkable Bul-ul collection can be viewed in tofi (frog), sawa (snake skin)
storage in Hiwang Village, Banaue, Ifugao  The ceramist Nelfa Querobin-Tompkins has
 The Ben Cab Museum in Baguio City also has a experimented with iron-rich San Dionisio clay
big collection of Bul-uls. Thus, we can see bul-ul sourced from her native Iloilo. The course clay is
through ancient in origin, continuous to be prepared by mixing it with river sand and lead
contemporary; it continues to be valued and glaze to create elegant black pottery.
made of the people of the present.  Traditional Ivatan houses in Batanes are built
using stones and fango for its walls.
Gaston Damag
 Junyee’s ephemeral installation at the grounds
 On the other hand, Gaston Damag’s context is of the CCP titled Angud, a forest once, 2007
the exhibition system, either in the Paris-based was posed as a commentary on the abuse of
artist the gallery or museum context, under the nature.
domain of contemporary art in the fine art.  Roy Legarde’s black and white photographs
 His artworks employ the bul-ul and other documenting the effects of typhoon Yolanda,
mundane objects from his native Ifugao one year after it struck the Visayan region in
homeland as his subject matter. 2013.
 He would often utilize industrialized materials  Fernando Amorsolo, the first to be named
and process with traditional bul-ul imagery to national artist (1972), has painted landscapes as
form installations in museums and galleries in romantic pictures, capturing the warm glow of
various parts of the world. the sun on verdant land or clear waters.
 Ricarte Purugganan depicted nature as an
What are the different context of art? uncontrollable force in Toilers of the Sea, 1980,
the thick turquoise brushwork suggests the
DIFFERENT CONTEXT OF ART
rough rolling of the waves threatening to engulf
A. ARTIST’S BACKGROUND anything that comes its way.
 The artist’s age, gender, culture, economic
conditions, social environment, and disposition
affect art production. The mode production C. EVERYDAY LIFE
which encompasses the kind of materials  Philippine traditional art has always been an
accessible to the artists as well as the conditions integral part of daily life. Its significance lies
surrounding labor, also hope the work only in its aesthetic appearance but also in its
produced by the artist. functionality and its value to the community
that produced it.
Julie Lluch, an artist who hails from iligan city, would
 Example: delicate pastillas wrapper from
often emphasize her female identity and personal Bulacan with elaborate cutout designs,
experiences in many of her terracotta works. In Cutting enveloping an equally delicate milk-based
Onions Always Makes Me Cry, 1988, Lluch self-portrait dessert.
presents cooking- a role associated with women in the  Another example, include the crisp Ilokano
home- as oppressed and unpleasant. bed cover with a dainty ubas designs are the
pabalat
 Travels, trainings, and professional  The works of Cavite-based artist Lirio
development broaden the artist horizons. The Salvador fuses easily accessible objects as
exposure of the painter and National artist sound assemblages. The unique forms that
Victorio Edades to the 1913 International looks like figures drawn from Science fiction
Exhibition of Modern Art during his study in the are actually as common as the everyday
U.S. Migration provides an artists with a items that compose these assemblages.
different set of material conditions and These can be displayed in galleries and we
relations of production affecting his/her artistic can also find these being used in
disposition. performances.
 Assemblage
B. NATURE
 Nature can be seen as a source of inspiration
and a wellspring of materials for art production.
 T’nalak-uses abaca fibers stripped from the
trunk of the banana tree, and colored with red
D. Society, Politics and Economy, and History be unfamiliar or have startling or
 The artist’s creative process is affected if shocking images.
not compromised by patronage, such as of  Mideo Cruz rose work Poleteismo at an
the State or the Church. exhibit titled Kulo or boil at CCP.
 ART was employed to advance a political  His installation which featured a
agenda, as in the case of edifices built sculptured of Christ with a phallus on
during the Marcos regime. his nose, among other provocative
 The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP) elements, shocked a vocal segment of
was the Marcos administration’s solution to the Filipino public.
the oil crisis of 1973. The nuclear plant was
estimated to save about 6 million barrels of
crude oil a year and address the country’s LESSON 4
numerous power shortages. As the National
Power Corporation reports, the 623 MW Art is one of the platforms of Filipino to describe and
electrical capacity of the BNPP could have portray the practices, behavior, ideology, culture, and
met 10% of the power requirements of the tradition in their region or in their community. Hence, it
Luzon grid. However, despite the plant’s is important to promote and appreciate traditional and
promise of alternative energy, the contemporary arts from the regions. However, prior to
construction of the BNPP was rife with
that, we need to understand the contexts where these
controversy.
artworks come from. Moreover, in order to gain a
 Technological innovations engender shifts
deeper understanding on how we will promote the
in artistic production. It was only the 20th
traditional and contemporary arts, we need to learn
century when photography became
accessible to local photographers as KODAK how the changing environment affect the production
set up shop in the Philippines in 1928. process of the artworks of indigenous peoples or artists.
 Photography fulfilled documentary and
NCCA Chairman Arsenio “Nick “Lizaso said that people
artistic functions, serving as an alternative
should be proud of and nourish Filipino Arts and
to painting as a reproducible and
culture. Indeed, Philippines is very rich in culture. We
inexpensive form of portraiture.
 We can also look at the technology- often heard or see the phrase “Only in the Philippines”.
dependent cinematic arts as an example. It is an expression of pride in what we feel in the
The first film ever to be directed by a activities that are uniquely Filipino. Arts provides a
Filipino was based on the play Dalagang shared experience for the community. Values and
Bukid by Hermogenes Ilagan and Leon beliefs systems are often deep-seated in art forms and
Ignacio. Directed by Jose Nepomuceno in passed down through generations. People participate in
1919, at the time when the technology country’s nationhood by means of singing the National
integrating sounds in the movies was not Anthem or by merely looking the monument of Rizal in
yet developed, live music was synced with Luneta
moving image.
 The painting of the National Artist It is when an individual became aware and proud of
Benedicto Cabrera titled Brown Brother’s their cultural heritage, they became an active
Burden approximates the look of an old instrument in nation building. The Executive Order
photograph which presents an aspect of No.118 created the Presidential Commission on Culture
colonial history. and the Arts in 1987. By means of history, it makes the
an individual appreciative of the country’s struggles and
triumphs.
E. MODE OF RECEPTION
 Aside from considering our personal The traditional and contemporary artists’ mode of
identity as a perceiver of art as well as production continues to be affected with the dynamics
the context discussed, it is also of change in the environment. Nonetheless,
important to note when, where and environment is considered of its utmost importance –
how art is encountered. Most often, art this is where resources are gathered and shared, and
is encountered via the museum. where culture is performed.
Example is bul-ul of GASTON DAMAG
makes us rethink how cultural
representations and methods of display
shape our consciousness.
 Reception is very much affected by our
level of exposure to art forms that may
THE PRODUCTION PROCESS AND THE CHANGING cultural and artistic interest, financially
ENVIRONMENT supported visual artists, recognizing
outstanding art making, and teach and nurture
1) Tourism artistic skills and knowledge of Filipino about
culture and art.
 Land areas are converted into sites for tourist
consumption. In this situation, ecological Hence, below are some authorities, institutions,
domains may become more vulnerable to markets, galleries, and award-giving bodies in the
damage with the combined forces of natural promotion of Philippine arts:
disasters and tourist mobility. Moreover, tourist
mobility might influence the community’s 1) National Commission for Culture and the Arts
observance of tradition and tend to diminish
- The National Commission for Culture and the
the quality of native art forms. Removed from
Arts is the overall policy making body,
their original context, the works are
coordinating, and grants giving agency for the
transformed into mass produced souvenirs in
preservation, development and promotion of
order to meet the demands of the tourist trade.
Philippine arts and culture; and an executing
Neon colors and designs woven from synthetic
agency for the policies it formulates
fibers have been made available in recent years
(Dumandan, 2019)
to create appropriations of traditional textile
designs for commercial purposes. 2) Cultural Center of the Philippines
2) Militarization - The mission of the Cultural Center of the
Philippines is the leading institution for the
 The insecurity and tensions brought about by
arts and culture in the Philippines by
militarized zones apprehend the people’s ability
promoting artistic excellence and nurturing
to create art. It prevents people from having
the broadest publics to participate in art
communal gatherings, where exchanges and
making and appreciation (Dumandan, 2019).
passing of knowledge can take place.
3) National Museum
3) Christianization
- The National Museum is an educational,
 The influence of Christianity and the conversion
scientific, and cultural institution that
of the natives to a foreign religion have affect
acquires, documents, preserves, exhibits, and
the preservation of their indigenous rituals and
fosters scholarly study and public
traditions. However, in some cases, the
appreciation of works of art, specimens, and
community finds a way to harmonize their
cultural and historical artifacts representative
indigenous ways with traditions of Christianity.
of the unique cultural heritage of the Filipino
For example, the Manobo community of Mt.
people and the natural history of the
Apo initiated a “culture regeneration
Philippines (Dumandan, 2019).
movement.” As Christian converts, they sought
the revival of their traditions by holding clan 4) Metropolitan Museum of the Philippines
reunions, employing native wedding rites, and
recalling narratives of their culture through - The Metropolitan Museum of Manila is one
painting. of the major museums in the Philippines. The
museum was among the first to develop and
extend its audience by embracing the
philosophy of art for all, adopt a bilingual
SUPPORT SYSTEMS OF PHILIPPINE ART
approach in exhibition texts, and implement a
 There are several established authorities, vigorous education and community outreach
institutions, markets, galleries, and award- program. The museum seeks to amplify
giving bodies that supervise the protection, - the Filipinos' sense of artistic and cultural
promotion and nurturing of culture and art and heritage from the past and in contemporary
that establish the support systems of arts in the global contexts and experiences (Dumandan,
Philippines. 2019).

 These authorities, institutions, markets, 5) Ben Cab Museum

galleries, and award-giving bodies make sure
- The BenCab Museum houses the permanent
that traditions involving art and culture are kept
collection of Philippine National Artist
alive despite of modernization and
Benedicto Cabrera (BenCab) in several galleries,
technological advancements, set the standards
as well as venues for art shows and exhibitions.
for the different forms of arts, exhibit objects of
The Bencab Museum is committed to the
 promotion of arts, and the preservation, 10) Thirteen Artists Awards
conservation and protection of the environment
and culture and traditions of the Cordilleras. - The Thirteen Artists Awards mark the turnings
This commitment of the museum is an in and of Philippine contemporary art, to
expression of the artist’s gratitude to the update its modernizing potential and to assess
country that nurtured and inspired an artistic how artists today engage with other forces in
career that continues to grow, mature, and the art world (Dumandan, 2019)
fascinate (Dumandan, 2019). These authorities, institutions, markets, galleries, and
6) Art Fair Philippines award-giving bodies are not the only ones who may
promote arts of the Philippines. As a Filipino and a
- Art Fair Philippines is the premier platform for student, we can also promote Philippine arts in our own
exhibiting and selling the best in modern and little ways. We may visit art exhibits and seminars about
contemporary Philippine visual art. The fair the artistic treasures of the Philippines. We may share
aims to mirror the vibrant local art scene and
the artworks of Philippine artists through our social
continue to generate support for Filipino art
media. Also, appreciating Philippines arts in its original
practitioners (Dumandan, 2019).
context and using it in defining and describing Filipino
7) ManilART identity are also ways to promote arts existed in our
country. There are different ways to promote or
- ManilART is the Philippines' premier
support Philippine traditional and cultural arts and
international art fair. It showcases the best in
these ways root in our nationalistic and patriotic
contemporary visual arts for the development
ideology. Hence, as a student in this contemporary
and promotion of Filipino art and culture locally
time, it is a great act to contribute in holding a
and internationally. ManilART elevates the
standards and celebrates the dynamic responsibility of promoting Philippine arts.
Philippine art scene through various art
exhibitions connecting world class artists,
institutions, and the community. It reinforces
the awareness of and the appreciation for
Philippine visual arts by merging it with other
disciplines through lectures, workshops,
demonstrations, and other activities with the
support from both local and foreign exhibitors
(Dumandan, 2019).

8) Finale Art File

- Finale Art File is considered as a premier gallery

institution in the Philippines. It showcased
hundreds of exhibits by some of the most
talented names in contemporary visual arts. It
has successfully balanced the demands of a
commercial establishment and an artistic
venue. This gallery occasionally features
experimental works that push artistic
boundaries and challenge audience expectation
(Dumandan, 2019).

9) Kublai Art Gallery and Davao Contemporary Art

Gallery

- The Kublai Art Gallery and Davao Contemporary

Art Gallery is a unique cultural expression of
Davao’s visual artists. The gallery showcases
various works by Mindanao’s famed artist
Kublai Ponce-Millan, as well as different artists
from the city (Dumandan, 2019).