Module 3a

Transmission Line Parameters

Resistance

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The Lasallian Prayer

“Let us remember
that we are in the holy presence of God.”

24 September 2021 Prepared By: Electrical Engineering Committee 2

Ang Panalanging Lasalyano

“Ating alalahanin
na ang Diyos ay ating kapiling.”

24 September 2021 Prepared By: Electrical Engineering Committee 3

“I have prayed for thee,” the Savior said to Peter, “that
thy faith fail not” (Luke 22:32)

Reflection:
Think about what happens inside you when you pray for
someone—how does your prayer affect the way you feel
about that person? Following the Savior’s example, pray by
name for the people you teach who have the greatest needs.
Pray to know and understand their specific needs, and ask
Heavenly Father to “prepare their hearts”

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 Learning Outcome
At the end of the course, students can:
1. Describe the structure and parameters of transmission
line
2. Compute the resistance, inductance and capacitance of
various configuration of transmission line.
3. Solve problems in transmission line parameters.

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Resistance
Conductor DC resistance depends on the following factors:

1. Physical dimension
2. Type of material/conductor
3. Temperature

Conductor Effective AC resistance in addition to the above also

depends on the following factors:

1. Spiralling
2. Frequency (skin effect)
3. Current magnitude – magnetic conductors

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 Resistance
Physical Dimension and Type of Material/Conductor

Comparison of SI and English units for calculating conductor resistance

1 inch = 1000 mils 1 cmil = π/4 sq mil
Conductor Area in Cmil is = Acmil = (Diamil)2

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Resistance

b
e

% Conductivity, resistivity, and temperature constant of conductor metals

Ω −𝐶𝑀
𝜌 for hard drawn copper @ 20°𝐶 = 1.77 x 10−8 Ω - m = 10.66
𝑓𝑡
Ω −𝐶𝑀
𝜌 for aluminum @ 20⁰C = 2.83 x10−8 Ω - m = 17
𝑓𝑡

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 Resistance
Temperature

be
b
e 𝑅2 𝑇+ 𝑡2
=
𝑅1 𝑇+ 𝑡1
where: T = 234.5 for annealed copper at 100% cond
= 241 for hard drawn copper at 97.3% cond
= be
228 for hard drawn aluminum at 61% cond

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 Resistance
The AC resistance or effective resistance of a conductor is
𝑅𝐴𝐶 =

Where: Ploss = the conductor real power loss in watts

/ I / =the magnitude of rms conductor current.
Spiralling

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 Resistance

Skin Effect

For dc, the current distribution is uniform throughout the conduc-or cross
be
section. However, for ac, the current distribution is nonuniform. As frequency
increases, the current in a solid cylindrical conductor tends to crowd toward the
conductor surface, with smaller current density at the conductor center.

𝑅𝐴𝐶 = k 𝑅𝐷𝐶

1+ 1+ 𝐹2
k=
2

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2
F = 0.0105 𝑑 f for copper d = diameter of conductor in
= 0.0063 𝑑 2 f for aluminum f = frequency in hz.
 Resistance
With increasing frequency, conductor loss increases causes the ac resistance to
increase. At power frequencies (60 Hz), the ac resistance is at most a few percent
higher than the dc resistance. Conductor manufacturers normally provide dc, 50-Hz,
and 60-Hz conductor resistance based on test data.

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 Resistance
Current magnitude – magnetic conductors
Prob 11.

𝐿
𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 𝜌
𝐴

𝑅2 𝑇+ 𝑡2
=
𝑅1 𝑇+ 𝑡1
Prob 2
An all aluminum conductor is composed of 137 strands each
having a diameter of 0.333cm. Compute the DC resistance in
ohms per km at 75°𝐶. Assume that the increase in resistance
due to spiraling is 2%.
Solution:
𝜋
A = (0.333 𝑥 10−2 )2 𝑥 37
4

= 3.222 x 10−4 𝑚2

𝐿 1000
𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 𝜌 = 2.83 x 10−8 x
𝐴 3.222 𝑥 10−4

= 0.0878 Ω/km @ 20°𝐶

At 75°𝐶 and corrected for stranding/spiralling

228+75
𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 1.02 x x 0.0878
228+20

Ω
= 0.1094 @ 75⁰C
𝑘𝑚
Prob 3
The all aluminum conductors identified by the code word Bluebell is
composed of 37 strands each having a diameter of 0.1672 inch.
Tables of characteristics of all aluminum conductors
𝜋 list an area of
1,033,500 CM for this conductor. ( 1cmil = x 10 𝑖𝑛2 ). Are these
−6
4
values consistent with each other? Find the area in 𝑚𝑚2 .
Solution:
D = 0.1672 x 1000 = 167.2 mil/strand

Cond. Area = (167.2)2 x 37

= 1,034,366 CM compared to
1,033,500 CM
Strand Area = 0.1672 x 2.54 x 10
= 4.24 mm

𝜋
Conductor Area = (4.24)2 x 37
4

= 5,224 𝑚𝑚2
Prob 4
Determine the 60 hz AC resistance in ohm/mile of a one inch
diameter , 97.3% conductivity hard drawn copper conductor at
75°𝐶.
Solution:
The resistivity of 100% conductivity copper @ 20°𝐶.
Ω −𝐶𝑀
𝜌 = 10.37
𝑓𝑡
Hence: The resistivity of 97.3% conductivity copper @ 20°𝐶

10.37 Ω −𝐶𝑀
𝜌 = = 10.66
0.973 𝑓𝑡
Hence: The resistance @ 20°𝐶 is

𝐿 5280
𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 𝜌 = 10.66 x = 0.0563 Ω/mi.
𝐴 (1000)2

Thus: The DC resistance @ 75°𝐶 is

241.5+75
𝑅𝐷𝐶 = x 0.0563 = 0.681 Ω/mi.
241.5+20
To solve for the value of x for the value of k as skin effect

𝜇𝑟 𝑓 1 (60)
x = 0.0636 = 0.0636
𝑅𝐷𝐶@75 0.0681

= 1.8878
= 1.9

From the table of skin effect

For x = 1.9 k = 1.0694

𝑅𝐴𝐶 = k 𝑅𝐷𝐶 = 1.0694(0.0681) = 0.0725 Ω/mi.

Prob 5

A 3∅ transmission line is designed to deliver 190.5MVA @ 220kV over a

distance of 63 km. The total transmission line loss is not to exceed 2.5%
of the
−8
rated line MVA. If the resistivity of the conductor material is 2.84 x
10 ohm-m , determine the required conductor diameter and the
conductor size in CM.
Solution:
𝑃𝐿 = 2.5%(190.5) = 4.7625 MW

𝑀𝑉𝐴 190.5 𝑥 103

I= = = 500A
3(𝑉𝐿 ) 3(220)

2 4.7625 𝑥 106
𝑃𝐿 = 3𝐼 R ; R= = 6.35 Ω/∅
3(500)2
 2.84 𝑥 10−8 (63 𝑥 103 )
A= = 2.81764 x 10−4 𝑚2
6.35

Hence: d = 1.894 cm = 0.7456 inch

= 556,000 CM
Conductance
 END OF PRESENTATION

ONE HEART.
ONE COMMITMENT.
ONE LIFE.
1719 – 2019
#300LaSalle

24 September 2021 Prepared By: Engr. Joshua Hernandez 25

The Lasallian Prayer

“I will continue, O my God,

to do all my actions for the love of Thee.”

Saint John Baptist de La Salle, pray for us.

Live Jesus in our hearts, forever.

24 September 2021 Prepared By: Electrical Engineering Committee 26

Ang Panalanging Lasalyano

“Ipagpapatuloy ko, O Diyos,

ang lahat ng aking gawain
upang Ikaw ay lalong pakaibigin.”

San Juan Bautista de La Salle, ipanalangin mo kami.

Hesus, manahan ka sa aming puso, magpakailanman.

24 September 2021 Prepared By: Electrical Engineering Committee 27