Direction: Complete the following statements

with the best answer.

1. The difference between a sample mean and a
population mean is due to ____.
* S __ __ __ __ __ __ G
E __ __ __ R
SAMPLING ERROR
Activity 1
 Direction: Complete the following statements
with the best answer.
2. The mean of the sample means is equal to
the _________________.
* P __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ N
M __ __ N
POPULATION MEAN
Activity 1
 Direction: Complete the following statements
with the best answer.
3. The standard deviation of all possible sample
means is also called__________.
* S __ __ __ __ __ __ _D
E __ __ __ R OF THE MEAN
STANDARD ERROR OF
Activity 1 THE MEAN
 How does a biologist determine
the DNA of a person?
A biologist may get a sample such as hair strand,
saliva, urine, etc.

Activity 2
 How does a politician know his/ her
chance of winning a barangay
election?
A politician might conduct a survey from people
coming from different zones in the barangay.

Activity 2
 Since population is usually large, describing
it (determining its parameters) is very difficult or
sometimes impossible. What is a practical way to
do is to make a generalization about the
population by estimating the population parameter
or hypothesis testing based on the study of
samples.

Activity 2
Module 6-The Central Limit Theorem
Lesson 1: Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Means from an Infinite Population
Learning Competency: Illustrates the Central Limit Theorem. (M11/12SP-IIIe-2)
Quarter 3- Statistics and Probability
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
❖ Illustrate the Central Limit Theorem.
❖ Determine the applications of Central Limit Theorem in solving the
sampling distribution of the sample means from an infinite population.
❖ Recognize the value of the concept of Central Limit Theorem.
Now, let’s start!
“If we want to get a good estimate of the
population mean, we have to make n
sufficiently large.”
This fact is stated in the Central Limit Theorem.

Central Limit Theorem: If random samples of size n are

drawn from a population, then as n becomes larger, the
sampling distribution of the mean approaches the normal
distribution, regardless of the shape of the population
distribution.
In this activity, you will work in
pairs. 36 41 42 43 45 46 47 48 49 51
Direction: Construct a normal 37 41 42 44 45 46 47 48 49 51
curve/histogram given the raw data
on the length of wings of housefly (in 38 41 42 44 45 46 47 48 49 51
mm). The scores are arranged from 38 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 51
lowest to highest. Organize these
scores into frequency distribution 39 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 52
table with 10 class intervals, as 39 41 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 52
follows: 36-37, 38-39, 40-41, 42-43,
44-45, 46-47, 48-49, 50-51, 52-53, 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 53
54-55.
40 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 53
(x-axis: class intervals y-axis:
frequency) 40 42 43 44 45 46 47 49 50 54
40 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 55
 When can we say that the sample
mean 𝑥ҧ is approximately
normally distributed?
When the sample size is 30 or more, the sample mean (𝑥)ҧ is
approximately normally distributed. The larger the sample size,
the better the approximation.
In a population, the values of a variable can follow different probability
distribution. These distributions can range from normal, right- skewed
(positively skewed), left-skewed (negatively skewed), & uniform among
others.

Normal Right-Skewed Left-Skewed Uniform

(positively-skewed) (negatively-skewed)
 Direction: Figure shown below is the three histograms of distribution of
sample means with different sample size on the Ages of the Grade 7
students of Cabancalan Natonal High School. Do the task. The teacher
checks the answer after 10 minutes.

1. What can you say about the shape of the three histograms?
2. As sample size increases, what can you say about the normal curve formed?
3. Give a conclusion.
 Regardless of the distribution of the population, as the sample
size is increased, the shape of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean becomes increasingly bell-shaped, centered on the population
mean.
Normal distributions have two parameters: the mean & standard
deviation.
“As the sample size (n) increases, the standard deviation (often called the
standard error) of the sampling distribution becomes smaller, thus, the sampling
distribution clusters more tightly around the mean.”
Now, how do we find
the mean and
standard deviation
coming from very
large population?
STEPS IN FINDING THE MEAN AND STANDARD
DEVIATION FROM AN INFINITE POPULATION:
Step 1. Identify the given information.
Step 2. Find the mean of the sampling distribution.
Step 3. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
Example 1:
A population has a mean of 60 & a standard deviation of 5. A random sample of
16 measurements is drawn from this population, what would be the expected mean &
standard deviation of the resulting sampling distribution of the means? We shall
assume that the population is infinite.
SOLUTION:
Step 1. Identify the given information.
Given: µ = 60, σ = 5, n = 16
Step 2. Find the mean of the sampling distribution.
𝝁𝒙ഥ = 𝝁 so, 𝝁ഥ𝒙 = 𝟔𝟎
Step 3. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
𝝈 𝟓
𝝈𝑿ഥ = = = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓
𝒏 𝟏𝟔
Example 2:
The heights of male college students are normally distributed with mean of 68 inches
& standard deviation of 3 inches. If samples consisting of 25 students each are drawn from the
population, what would be the expected mean & standard deviation of the resulting
sampling distribution of the means? We shall assume that the population is infinite.
SOLUTION:
Step 1. Identify the given information.
Given: µ = 68 in, σ = 3 in, n = 25 students
Step 2. Find the mean of the sampling distribution.
𝝁𝒙ഥ = 𝝁 so, 𝝁ഥ𝒙 = 𝟔𝟖 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔
Step 3. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution.
𝝈 𝟑
𝝈𝑿ഥ = = = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉
𝒏 𝟐𝟓
 MODULE 6- Exercise 1
Solve the following problems. Assume that the population is infinite in
each case.
1. Let 𝑥ҧ be the mean of a random sample of size 50 drawn from a
population with a mean of 112 & a standard deviation of 40.
Find the mean & standard deviation of 𝑥ҧ .
2. The scores of individual students on a national test have a normal
distribution with mean 18.6 & standard deviation 5.9. At a private
high school, 76 students took the test. If the scores in this school
have the same distribution as national scores, what are the mean &
standard deviation of the sample mean for 76 students?
 Direction: Answer the following questions.
1. If samples of a specific size are selected from
a population and the means are computed, what
is this distribution of means called?
* S __ __ __ __ __ __ G
D____I_U___N
OF THE SAMPLE MEANS

Activity 1 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEANS

 Direction: Answer the following questions.
2. Where is the mean of the sample means
equal to?
* P __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ N
M __ __ N

Activity 1 POPULATION MEAN

 Direction: Answer the following questions.
3. What happened to the shape of the
distribution of sample means as size increases?
* It will become approximately
N __ __ __ __ L.

Activity 1 NORMAL
 Module 6-The Central Limit Theorem
Lesson 2: Solving Problems from the Population and
Samples
Learning Competency: •Defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean using the Central
Limit Theorem. (M11/12SP-IIIe-3)
Quarter 3- Statistics and Probability
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
❖ Solve problems involving population and samples using the Central
Limit Theorem.
❖Determine the standard normal variable.
❖Demonstrate appreciation of using Central Limit Theorem.
 “As the sample size (n) increases, the standard deviation (often called the
standard error) of the sampling distribution becomes _____, thus, the
sampling distribution clusters more tightly around the mean.”
The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is of fundamental
importance in statistics because it justifies the use of the
normal curve for a wide range of problems. It assures us
that no matter what the shape of the population
distribution of the mean is, the sampling distribution of
the sample means is closely normally distributed whenever
n is large.
 STEPS IN FINDING THE STANDARD NORMAL VALUE
STEP 1: Determine what type of problem is involved (population or sample).
STEP 2: Write what are given.
STEP 3: Decide which formula is to be used and solve for the standard normal value (z).
𝑿−𝝁
For Population: 𝒛 = where: X = measurement σ = population standard deviation
𝝈
µ = population mean
ഥ −𝝁
𝑿
For Sample: 𝒛 = 𝝈 where: 𝑋ത = sample mean σ = population standard deviation
ൗ 𝒏
µ = population mean n = sample size
𝝈
Formula in Finding the Standard Error/Standard Deviation: 𝝈𝑿ഥ =
𝒏
Example 1:
The average time it takes a group of college students to complete a certain exam
is 46.2 mins & the standard deviation is 8 mins. Assume that the variable is
normally distributed, what is the standard normal value if a selected college
student will complete the exam in 43 mins?
Solution:
STEP 1: Determine what type of problem is involved (population or sample).
STEP 2: Write what are given.
STEP 3: Decide which formula is to be used and solve for the standard normal value (z).
Example 1:
The average time it takes a group of college students to complete a certain exam
is 46.2 mins & the standard deviation is 8 mins. Assume that the variable is
normally distributed, what is the standard normal value if a selected college
student will complete the exam in 43 mins?
Solution:
STEP 1: Determine what type of problem is involved (population or sample). * POPULATION
STEP 2: Write what are given. * Given: 𝝁 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔. 𝝈 = 𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔. 𝒙 = 𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
STEP 3: Decide which formula is to be used and solve for the standard normal value (z).
𝑿−𝝁 𝟒𝟑−𝟒𝟔.𝟐
* For Population: 𝒛 = = = −𝟎. 𝟒
𝝈 𝟖
Example 2:
The average time it takes a group of college students to complete a certain exam
is 46.2 mins & the standard deviation is 8 mins. If 50 randomly selected college
students take the exam, determine the standard normal value that the mean
time it takes the group to complete the test is 43 mins.
Solution:
STEP 1: Determine what type of problem is involved (population or sample).
STEP 2: Write what are given.
STEP 3: Decide which formula is to be used and solve for the standard normal value (z).
Example 2:
The average time it takes a group of college students to complete a certain exam
is 46.2 mins & the standard deviation is 8 mins. If 50 randomly selected college
students take the exam, determine the standard normal value that the mean
time it takes the group to complete the test is 43 mins.
Solution:
STEP 1: Determine what type of problem is involved (population or sample). * SAMPLE
STEP 2: Write what are given. *Given: 𝛍 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟐 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔. 𝝈 = 𝟖 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔. 𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎 ഥ𝑿 = 𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔
STEP 3: Decide which formula is to be used and solve for the standard normal value (z).
ഥ −𝝁
𝑿 𝟒𝟑−𝟒𝟔.𝟐
* For Sample: 𝒛 = 𝝈 = 𝟖 = −𝟐. 𝟖𝟑
ൗ 𝒏 ൗ 𝟓𝟎
Example 1: Example 2:
The average time it takes a group of The average time it takes a group of
college students to complete a certain college students to complete a certain
exam is 46.2 mins & the standard exam is 46.2 mins & the standard
deviation is 8 mins. Assume that the deviation is 8 mins. If 50 randomly
variable is normally distributed, what is selected college students take the exam,
the standard normal value if a selected determine the standard normal value
college student will complete the exam that the mean time it takes the group
in 43 mins? to complete the test is 43 mins.
(POPULATION) (SAMPLE)
Example 3:
The population of IQ is approximately normally distributed with a mean
of 100 and standard deviation of 15.
1. If a random sample of 40 students is selected, what is the standard error of
the mean.
2. Find the standard normal value that a student selected at random got an IQ:
a. 96 b. 125
3. If a sample of 120 students is selected, find the standard normal value of a
sample with a mean score of:
a. 96 b. 125
ANSWER KEY: 1.) 2.37 2.) a. -0.27 b. 1.67 3.) a. -2.92 b. 18.26
 MODULE 6- Exercise 2
Direction: Given the situation, solve the following problems completely:
A. Five hundred Grade 10 students of Cabancalan National High School took an
Admission Test and obtained a mean score of 82 with a standard deviation of
12.5.
1. If a random sample of 150 students is selected, determine the standard
normal value of the sample having a mean score of:
a. 80 b. 85
2. Find the standard normal value that a student selected at random got a
score:
a. 80 b. 85
B. An automobile battery manufacturer claims that its midgrade battery has a
mean life of 50 months with a standard deviation of 6 months. Suppose the
distribution of battery lives of this particular brand is approximately normal,
find the standard normal value that a selected battery of this type will last in 48
months.
 Module 6-The Central Limit Theorem
Lesson 3: Problem Solving Involving Distribution of
Sample Means and Probabilities
Learning Competency: Solves problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean.
(M11/12SP-IIIe-f-1)
Quarter 3- Statistics and Probability
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
❖ Determine the probabilities, percentiles and percentages of the
samples.
❖ Solves problems involving sampling distributions of the sample
mean.
❖ Recognize the value of the concept of sampling distribution of the
sample means.
Direction: A figure shown below is a graph of the normal
approximation of the sampling distribution with a sample size of 100
and standard deviation of 15.
Convert to standard units if
this sample will have a mean
score of:
a. 81
b. 86

ANSWER KEY:
a. -0.67 b. 2.67
 STEPS IN SOLVING THE PROBABILITY OF SAMPLES
STEP 1: Determine what type of problem is involved (population or sample).
STEP 2: Write what are given.
STEP 3: Decide which formula is to be used and solve for the standard normal value (z).
𝑿−𝝁
For Population: 𝒛 = where: X = measurement σ = population standard deviation
𝝈
µ = population mean
ഥ −𝝁
𝑿
For Sample: 𝒛 = 𝝈 where: 𝑋ത = sample mean σ = population standard deviation
ൗ 𝒏
µ = population mean n = sample size
𝝈
Formula in Finding the Standard Error/Standard Deviation: 𝝈𝑿ഥ =
𝒏
ത by getting the area under the normal curve. Use the z-table.
STEP 4: Find P(X) or P(𝑋)
STEP 5: Write a conclusion.
Example 1:
The average milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand of ice cream is
660 mg & the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is normally distributed,
what is the probability that the cholesterol content of a cup of ice cream selected will
be more than 670 mg?
Solution:
STEP 1: Determine what type of problem is involved (population or sample). * POPULATION
STEP 2: Write what are given. * Given: µ = 660, σ = 35, X > 670
STEP 3: Decide which formula is to be used and solve for the standard normal value (z).
𝑿−𝝁 𝟔𝟕𝟎−𝟔𝟔𝟎
• For Population: 𝒛 = = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗
𝝈 𝟑𝟓
Example 1:
The average milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand of ice cream is
660 mg & the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is normally distributed,
what is the probability that the cholesterol content of a cup of ice cream selected will
be more than 670 mg?
Solution:
ത by getting the area under the normal curve. Use the z-table.
STEP 4: Find P(X) or P(𝑋)
P(X > 670) = P(z > 0.29) = 0.6141
(more than) = 1 - 0.6141 = 0.3859

STEP 5: Write a conclusion.

So, the probability that the cholesterol content of a cup of ice cream will be more than 670 mg is 0.3859
or 38.59%.
Example 2:
The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand of ice
cream is 660 mg & the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is normally
distributed, if a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that
the mean of the sample will be larger than 670 mg?
Solution:
STEP 1: Determine what type of problem is involved (population or sample). * SAMPLE
STEP 2: Write what are given. * Given: µ = 660, σ = 35, 𝑿 ഥ > 670, n= 10
STEP 3: Decide which formula is to be used and solve for the standard normal value (z).
ഥ −𝝁
𝑿 𝟔𝟕𝟎−𝟔𝟔𝟎
* For Sample: 𝒛 = 𝝈 = 𝟑𝟓 = 0. 𝟗𝟎
ൗ 𝒏 ൗ 𝟏𝟎
Example 2:
The average number of milligrams (mg) of cholesterol in a cup of a certain brand of ice
cream is 660 mg & the standard deviation is 35 mg. Assume the variable is normally
distributed, if a sample of 10 cups of ice cream is selected, what is the probability that
the mean of the sample will be larger than 670 mg?
Solution:
STEP 4: Find P(X) or P(𝑋)ത by getting the area under the normal curve. Use the z-table.
P(X > 670) = P(z > 0.90 ) = 0.8159
(more than) = 1 - 0.8159 = 0.1841

STEP 5: Write a conclusion.

So, the probability that the mean cholesterol content of 10 randomly selected cups of ice cream will be
more than 670 mg is 0.1841 or 18.41%.
Example 3:
A study shows that children watched television by an average of 48 hours per
week with a standard deviation of 12 hours per week.
1. If a sample of 100 children are randomly selected in Cabancalan Elementary School,
find the probability that they watch an average of:
a. 45 hours to 50 hours b. more than 52 hours c. below 46 hours
2. If a sample of 150 children are selected in Barangay Cabancalan, find the probability
that they watch an average of:
a. 45 hours to 50 hours b. more than 49 hours c. below 46 hours
Answer Key:
1.) a. 0.9463 b. 0.0004 c. 0.0475 2.) a. 0.9782 b. 0.1539 c. 0.0207
GROUP ACTIVITY
Direction: Given a situation, do the task below. The teacher goes around
in each of different groups to provide needed support.
The population of IQ is approximately normally distributed with a mean of 100
and a standard deviation of 15. 40 students are randomly selected from grade 11
of Cabancalan National High School.
1. What is the standard error of the mean?
2. What is the 90th percentile value for this distribution of mean IQ scores?
Answer Key:
1. 2.37 2. 103
 MODULE 6- Exercise 3
Direction: Given the situation, solve the following problems completely:
1. The number of driving miles before a certain kind of tire begins to
show wear is on the average 16,800 miles with a standard deviation
of 3,300 miles. A car rental agency buys 36 of these tires for
replacement purposes & puts each one on a different car. What is the
probability that the 36 tires will average more than 18,000 miles until
they begin to show wear?
2. An automobile battery manufacturer claims that its midgrade
battery has a mean life of 50 months with a standard deviation of 6
months. Suppose the distribution of battery lives of this particular
brand is approximately normal, find the probability that the mean of
a random sample of 30 such batteries will be less than 48 months.