Manufacturing Processes
MEG 312
Lecture 1: Introduction and Overview of Manufacturing
INTRODUCTION AND
OVERVIEW OF MANUFACTURING
1. What is Manufacturing?
2. Materials in Manufacturing
3. Manufacturing Processes
4. Production Systems
5. Recent Developments in Manufacturing
Manufacturing is Important
Making things has been an essential human activity
since before recorded history
Today, the term manufacturing is used for this
activity
Manufacturing is important to the United States and
most other developed and developing nations
Technologically
Economically
Technological Importance
Technology - the application of science to provide
society and its members with those things that are
needed or desired
Technology affects our daily lives, directly and
indirectly, in many ways
Technology provides the products that help our
society and its members live better
Technological Importance
What do these products have in common?
They are all manufactured
They would not be available to our society if they
could not be manufactured
Manufacturing is the essential factor that makes
technology possible
Economic Importance
U.S. Economy
Sector: %GDP
Agriculture and natural resources 5
Construction and public utilities 5
Manufacturing 12
Service industries* 78
100
* includes retail, transportation, banking,
communication, education, and government
What is Manufacturing?
The word manufacture is derived from two Latin
words manus (hand) and factus (make); the
combination means “made by hand”
“Made by hand” described the fabrication methods
that were used when the English word
“manufacture” was first coined around 1567 A.D.
Most modern manufacturing operations are
accomplished by mechanized and automated
equipment that is supervised by human workers
Manufacturing - Technological
Application of physical and chemical processes to
alter the geometry, properties, and/or appearance of
a starting material to make parts or products
Manufacturing - Economic
Transformation of materials into items of greater value
by one or more processing and/or assembly operations
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Manufacturing Example:
Artificial Heart Valve
Left: Heart valve Right: Starting titanium billet
Manufacturing Industries
Industry consists of enterprises and organizations that
produce or supply goods and services
Industries can be classified as:
1. Primary industries - cultivate and exploit natural
resources, e.g., agriculture, mining
2. Secondary industries - take the outputs of primary
industries and convert them into consumer and
capital goods
3. Tertiary industries - service sector
Specific Industries in Each
Category
Manufacturing Industries -
continued
Secondary industries include manufacturing,
construction, and electric power generation
Manufacturing includes several industries whose
products are not covered in this book; e.g., apparel,
beverages, chemicals, and food processing
For our purposes, manufacturing means production of
hardware
Nuts and bolts, forgings, cars, airplanes, digital
computers, plastic parts, and ceramic products
Manufactured Products
Final products divide into two major classes:
1. Consumer goods - products purchased directly by
consumers
Cars, clothes, TVs, tennis rackets
2. Capital goods - those purchased by companies to
produce goods and/or provide services
Aircraft, computers, communication
equipment, medical apparatus, trucks,
machine tools, construction equipment
Production Quantity Q
The quantity of products Q made by a factory has an
important influence on the way its people, facilities, and
procedures are organized
Annual quantities can be classified into three ranges:
Production range Annual Quantity Q
Low production 1 to 100 units
Medium production 100 to 10,000 units
High production 10,000 to millions of units
Product Variety P
Product variety P refers to different product types or
models produced in the plant
Different products have different features
They are intended for different markets
Some have more parts than others
The number of different product types made each
year in a factory can be counted
When the number of product types made in the
factory is high, this indicates high product variety
P vs Q in Factory Operations
More About Product Variety
Although P is quantitative, it is much less exact than Q
because details on how much the designs differ is not
captured simply by the number of different designs
Soft product variety - small differences between
products, e.g., between car models made on the same
production line, with many common parts
Hard product variety - products differ substantially, e.g.,
between a small car and a large truck, with few
common parts (if any)
Manufacturing Capability
A manufacturing plant consists of processes and
systems (and people) to transform a certain limited
range of materials into products of increased value
The three building blocks - materials, processes, and
systems - are the subject of modern manufacturing
Manufacturing capability includes:
1. Technological processing capability
TPP
2. Physical product limitations
3. Production capacity
1. Technological Processing
Capability
The set of available manufacturing processes in the
plant (or company)
Certain manufacturing processes are suited to certain
materials, so by specializing in certain processes, the
plant is also specializing in certain materials
Includes not only the physical processes, but also the
expertise of the plant personnel
A machine shop cannot roll steel
A steel mill cannot build cars
2. Physical Product Limitations
Given a plant with a certain set of processes, there are
size and weight limitations on the parts or products that
can be made in the plant
Product size and weight affect:
Production equipment
Material handling equipment
Production, material handling equipment, and plant
size must be planned for products that lie within a
certain size and weight range
3. Production Capacity
Defined as the maximum quantity that a plant can
produce in a given time period (e.g., month or year)
under assumed operating conditions
Operating conditions refer to number of shifts
per week, hours per shift, direct labor manning
levels in the plant, and so on
Usually measured in terms of output units, e.g.,
tons of steel or number of cars produced
Also called plant capacity
Materials in Manufacturing
Most engineering materials can be classified into one of
three basic categories:
1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers
Their chemistries are different, and their mechanical and
physical properties are different
In addition, there is a fourth category:
4. Composites
Classification of
engineering
materials
1. Metals
Usually alloys, which are composed of two or more
elements, at least one of which is metallic. Two basic
groups:
1. Ferrous metals - based on iron, comprises about
75% of metal tonnage in the world:
Steel and cast iron
2. Nonferrous metals - all other metallic elements
and their alloys:
Aluminum, copper, nickel, silver, tin, etc.
2. Ceramics
Compounds containing metallic (or semi-metallic) and
nonmetallic elements.
Typical nonmetallic elements are oxygen, nitrogen,
and carbon
For processing, ceramics divide into:
1. Crystalline ceramics – includes traditional
ceramics, such as clay, and modern ceramics,
such as alumina (Al2O3)
2. Glasses – mostly based on silica (SiO2)
3. Polymers
Compound formed of repeating structural units called
mers, whose atoms share electrons to form very large
molecules. Three categories:
1. Thermoplastic polymers - can be subjected to
multiple heating and cooling cycles without
altering molecular structure
2. Thermosetting polymers - molecules chemically
transform into a rigid structure – cannot reheat
3. Elastomers - shows significant elastic behavior
4. Composites
Material consisting of two or more phases that are
processed separately and then bonded together to
achieve properties superior to its constituents
Phase - homogeneous material, such as grains of
identical unit cell structure in a solid metal
Usual structure consists of particles or fibers of
one phase mixed in a second phase
Properties depend on components, physical
shapes of components, and the way they are
combined to form the final material
Manufacturing Processes:
Two Basic Types
1. Processing operations - transform a work material
from one state of completion to a more advanced
state
Operations that change the geometry, properties,
or appearance of the starting material
2. Assembly operations - join two or more components to
create a new entity
Classification of
Manufacturing
Processes
Processing Operations
Alters a material’s shape, physical properties, or
appearance in order to add value
Three categories of processing operations:
1. Shaping operations - alter the geometry of the
starting work material
2. Property-enhancing operations - improve
physical properties without changing shape
3. Surface processing operations - clean, treat,
coat, or deposit material on surface of work
Four Categories of
Shaping Processes
1. Solidification processes - starting material is a heated
liquid or semifluid
2. Particulate processing - starting material consists of
powders
3. Deformation processes - starting material is a ductile
solid (commonly metal)
4. Material removal processes - starting material is a
ductile or brittle solid
Solidification Processes
Starting material is heated sufficiently to transform it
into a liquid or highly plastic state
(1) Casting process and (2) casting product
Particulate Processing
(1) Starting materials are metal or ceramic powders,
which are (2) pressed and (3) sintered
Deformation Processes
Starting workpart is shaped by application of forces
that exceed the yield strength of the material
Examples: (a) forging and (b) extrusion
Material Removal Processes
Excess material removed from the starting piece so what
remains is the desired geometry
Examples: (a) turning, (b) drilling, and (c) milling
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Waste in Shaping Processes
It is desirable to minimize waste in part shaping
Material removal processes are wasteful in the unit
operations, but molding and particulate processing
operations waste little material
Terminology for minimum waste processes:
Net shape processes - little or no waste of the
starting material and no machining is required
Near net shape processes - when minimum
machining is required
Property-Enhancing Processes
Processes that improve mechanical or physical
properties of work material
Examples:
Heat treatment of metals and glasses
Sintering of powdered metals and ceramics
Part shape is not altered, except unintentionally
Example: unintentional warping of a heat treated
part
Surface Processing Operations
Cleaning - chemical and mechanical processes to
remove dirt, oil, and other surface contaminants
Surface treatments - mechanical working such as
sand blasting, and physical processes like diffusion
Coating and thin film deposition - coating exterior
surface of the workpart
Examples:
Electroplating
Painting
Assembly Operations
Two or more separate parts are joined to form a new
entity
Types of assembly operations:
1. Joining processes – create a permanent joint
Welding, brazing, soldering, adhesive bonding
2. Mechanical assembly – fastening by mechanical
methods
Threaded fasteners (screws, bolts and nuts);
press fitting, expansion fits
Production Machines and
Tooling
Manufacturing operations are accomplished using
machinery and tooling (and people)
Types of production machines:
Machine tools - power-driven machines used to
operate cutting tools previously operated manually
Other production equipment:
Presses
Forge hammers,
Plastic injection molding machines
Production Systems
People, equipment, and procedures used for the
materials and processes that constitute a firm's
manufacturing operations
A manufacturing firm must have systems and
procedures to efficiently accomplish its production
Two categories of production systems:
Production facilities
Manufacturing support systems
People make the systems work
Model of the Production System
Production Facilities
The factory, production equipment, and material
handling systems
Includes the plant layout
Equipment usually organized into logical groupings,
called manufacturing systems
Examples:
Automated production line
Machine cell consisting of three machine tools
Production facilities "touch" the product
Facilities vs Product Quantities
A company designs its manufacturing systems and
organizes its factories to serve the particular mission
of each plant
Certain types of production facilities are recognized as
most appropriate for a given type of manufacturing:
1. Low production – 1 to 100
2. Medium production – 100 to 10,000
3. High production – 10,000 to >1,000,000
Low Production
Job shop is the term used for this type of production
facility
A job shop makes low quantities of specialized and
customized products
Products are typically complex, e.g., space
capsules, prototype aircraft, special machinery
Equipment in a job shop is general purpose
Labor force is highly skilled
Designed for maximum flexibility
Fixed-Position Plant Layout
Medium Production
Two different types of facility, depending on product
variety:
Batch production
Suited to medium and hard product variety
Setups required between batches
Cellular manufacturing
Suited to soft product variety
Worker cells organized to process parts without
setups between different part styles
©2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 5/e
Process Plant Layout
Cellular Plant Layout
High Production
Often referred to as mass production
High demand for product
Manufacturing system dedicated to the
production of that product
Two categories of mass production:
1. Quantity production
2. Flow line production
Quantity Production
Mass production of single parts on single machine or
small numbers of machines
Typically involves standard machines equipped
with special tooling
Equipment is dedicated full-time to the production
of one part or product type
Typical layouts used in quantity production are
process layout and cellular layout
Flow Line Production
Multiple machines or workstations arranged in
sequence, as in a production line
Product is complex - requires multiple processing
and/or assembly operations
Work units are physically moved through the
sequence to complete the product
Workstations and equipment are designed
specifically for the product to maximize efficiency
Product Plant Layout
Manufacturing Support Systems
A company must organize itself to design the
processes and equipment, plan and control
production, and satisfy product quality requirements
Accomplished by manufacturing support systems
The people and procedures by which a
company manages its production operations
Typical departments:
Manufacturing engineering, Production
planning and control, Quality control
Typical Cost Breakdown for a
Manufactured Product
Recent Developments
in Manufacturing
Microelectronics
Computerization in manufacturing
Flexible manufacturing
Microfabrication and Nanotechnology
Lean production and Six Sigma
Globalization and outsourcing
Environmentally conscious manufacturing
Microelectronics
Electronic devices that are fabricated on a
microscopic scale: Integrated circuits (ICs)
Today’s fabrication technologies permit billions of
components to be included in a single IC
A large proportion of the products manufactured
today are based on microelectronics technology
Computerization of
Manufacturing
Direct Numerical Control (DNC) was one of the first
applications of computers in manufacturing (1960s)
Mainframe computer remotely controlling multiple
machine tools
Enabled by advances in microelectronics, the cost of
computers and data processing has been reduced,
leading to the widespread use of personal computers
To control individual production machines
To manage the entire enterprise
Flexible Manufacturing
Although mass production is widely used throughout
the world, computerization has enabled the
development of manufacturing systems that can
cope with product variety
Examples:
Cellular manufacturing
Mixed-model assembly lines
Flexible manufacturing systems
Microfabrication and
Nanotechnology
Microfabrication
Processes that make parts and products whose
feature sizes are in the micron range (10-6 m)
Examples: Ink-jet printing heads, compact disks,
microsensors used in automobiles
Nanotechnology
Materials and products whose feature sizes are in
the nanometer range (10-9 m)
Examples: Coatings for catalytic converters, flat
screen TV monitors
Lean Production and Six Sigma
Lean production
Doing more work with fewer resources, yet
achieving higher quality in the final product
Underlying objective: elimination of waste in
manufacturing
Six Sigma
Quality-focused program that utilizes worker
teams to accomplish projects aimed at improving
an organization’s organizational performance
Globalization
The recognition that we have an international economy
in which barriers once established by national
boundaries have been reduced
This has enabled the freer flow of goods and
services, capital, technology, and people among
regions and countries
Once underdeveloped countries such as China,
India, and Mexico have now developed their
manufacturing infrastructures and technologies to
become important producers in the global economy
Outsourcing
Use of outside contractors to perform work that was
traditionally accomplished in-house
Local outsourcing
Jobs remain in the U.S.
Outsourcing to foreign countries
Offshore outsourcing - production in China and
other overseas locations
Near-shore outsourcing - production in Canada,
Mexico, and Central America
Environmentally Conscious
Manufacturing
Determining the most efficient use of materials and
natural resources in production, and minimizing the
negative consequences on the environment
Associated terms: green manufacturing, cleaner
production, sustainable manufacturing
Basic approaches:
1. Design products that minimize environmental
impact
2. Design processes that are environmentally
friendly
