PRECALCULUS

CIRCULAR
FUNCTIONS
Second Quarter – Week 04
Prepared by: JEROME R. PASCUAL
Lesson Objectives:
Define Circular Function
Illustrate the different circular functions.
Use the reference angle to find the exact value of circular
functions.
Illustrate the domain and range of the different circular
functions.
graph the six circular functions (a) amplitude, (b) period, and (c)
phase shift
Review

o What is a reference angle?

o What is a unit circle and what is its circumference?
o What is a wrapping function?
o What are the coordinates of the endpoint of the terminal
side of quadrantal and special angles and its multiples?
Introduction
In a wrapping function, the point 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) is unique with respect to 𝜃. The
set of ordered pairs 𝜃, 𝑃(𝜃) constitute or define this function.

Unfortunately, it is somewhat inconvenient to deal with functions which

associates a real number with ordered pairs.

Since 𝑃 𝜃 = 𝑥, 𝑦 , then we could let 𝑃 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝜃, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝜃 ,

and define two functions, one which takes 𝜃 into 𝑥, and the other which
takes 𝜃 into 𝑦.
The Circular Functions
Definition: Let 𝑠 be the arc length from (1,0) to terminal point of an angle and let 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦)
be the coordinates of the terminal point on the unit circle . Then,
Basic Circular Functions Reciprocal Circular Functions

sec 𝑠 = 1Τ𝑥
cos 𝑠 = 𝑥
𝑥≠0
csc 𝑠 = 1Τ𝑦
sin 𝑠 = 𝑦
𝑦≠0
tan 𝑠 = 𝑦Τ𝑥 cot 𝑠 = 𝑥Τ𝑦
𝑥≠0 𝑦≠0
The Circular Functions
Signs of Circular
Functions in Quadrants
The Circular Functions
What is the difference between circular functions and trigonometric
functions?

Both circular functions and trigonometric functions are composed of

sine, cosine, tangent and their reciprocals. The circular function is
dealing with the coordinates of the terminal points on a unit circle in
a given arc length. Trigonometric functions, on the other hand, is a
ratio of the sides of a triangle with respect to an angle of a triangle.
The Circular Functions
Example: Use the unit circle to find the values of six circular functions of each arch length:

1. 0°

2. 𝜋Τ6

Practice: Use the unit circle to find the values of six circular functions of each arch length:
1. 𝜋Τ4
2. 𝜋Τ3
3. 7𝜋Τ6
The Circular Functions
Example: Find the value of each circular function.

1. cos 7𝜋Τ3

2. tan 3𝜋Τ4

Practice: Find the value of each circular function.

1. cot 𝜋Τ2
2. sin 17𝜋Τ6
3. sec 7𝜋Τ4
The Circular Functions
Example: Find the exact value of the following
𝜋 𝜋
1. sin 4 − cos 4 .

2. 2 sec 𝜋Τ4 + 4 cot 𝜋Τ3

Practice: Find the exact value of the following

𝜋 𝜋
1. 2 sin ∙ cos
3 6

2𝜋 𝜋
2. 3 tan + 2 sec
3 6
The Circular Functions
Example:
1. Find the exact value of cos 𝑠 if sin 𝑠 = − 3Τ2 and 𝑠 is in the third quadrant.
3
2. Suppose 𝑠 is a real number such that sin 𝑠 = − and cos 𝑠 > 0. Find cos 𝑠.
4

Practice: Answer the following

1. Given cos 𝑠 = −1/3 and sin 𝑠 > 0, find tan 𝑠.
2. If sin 𝑠 = 5/13 and cos 𝑠 < 0, what is the value cot 𝑠?
The Circular Functions
Domain and Range of Circular Functions
Circular Functions Domain Range
sine sin 𝑠 = 𝑦 All Real Numbers ℜ −1 , 1
cosine cos 𝑠 = 𝑥 All Real Numbers ℜ −1 , 1
𝜋
tangent tan 𝑠 = 𝑦/𝑥 𝑠 ∶ 𝑠 ≠ + 𝑛𝜋 All Real Numbers ℜ
2
𝜋
secant sec 𝑠 = 1/𝑥 𝑠 ∶ 𝑠 ≠ + 𝑛𝜋 −∞ , −1 ∪ [1 , ∞)
2
cosecant csc 𝑠 = 1/𝑦 𝑠 ∶ 𝑠 ≠ 𝑛𝜋 −∞ , −1 ∪ [1 , ∞)
cotangent cot 𝑠 = 𝑥/𝑦 𝑠 ∶ 𝑠 ≠ 𝑛𝜋 All Real Numbers ℜ
The Circular Functions
Example: Determine which statements are possible for some real number 𝑚.

. 1. cos 𝑚 = 2

2. c𝑠𝑐 𝜋 = 𝑚

3. tan 𝑚 = 1000

4. sin 𝑚 = 1/2

5. tan 3𝜋Τ2 = 𝑚
Graph Circular Functions
For any function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the smallest positive number 𝑝 for which 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑝 = 𝑓(𝑥)
for all 𝑥 is called the period of 𝑓(𝑥). It is also the length of one complete cycle. The period
of a graph of a circular function refers to the distance along the x-axis required for the
function to complete one full cycle of its pattern.
Graph Circular Functions
If the greatest value of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑀 and the least value of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑚, then the amplitude of
the graph is defined to be 𝑎 = 1Τ2 𝑀 − 𝑛 . The amplitude also indicates the height of
the graph.
Graph Circular Functions
The Phase Shift is how far the function is shifted horizontally from the usual position. The
Vertical Shift is how far the function is shifted vertically from the usual position.
Graph Circular Functions
Example: If 𝑦 = sin 𝑥, determine the period, amplitude, phase shift, and vertical shift of
𝑦 = 𝐴 sin 𝐵𝑥 ± 𝐶 ± 𝐷
Answer:

o Amplitude is A

o Period is 2π/B

o Phase shift is C

o Vertical shift is D
Graph Circular Functions
Graph of Sine Function
The basic sine function is 𝑦 = sin 𝑥. To graph this, prepare a table of values.
𝑥 0 𝜋 Τ4 𝜋 Τ2 3𝜋Τ4 𝜋 5𝜋Τ4 3𝜋Τ2 7𝜋Τ4 2𝜋
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 0 2Τ2 1 2Τ2 0 − 2 Τ2 −1 − 2Τ2 0
Graph Circular Functions
Properties of the Graph of Sine Function

o Domain: All real numbers.

o Range: −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
o Period: 2𝜋
o Amplitude: 1
o Zeros: 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, … , 𝑘𝜋 (𝑘 ∈ 𝑍)
Graph Circular Functions
Shifting of the Graph of Sine Function
Compare the graphs of the sine functions below from the basic sine function 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 .
o 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥
o 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 − 2)
o 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥
o 𝑦 = 2 + sin 𝑥
o 𝑦 = 2 + 2 sin 2(𝑥 − 2)
Graph Circular Functions
Graph of Cosine Function
The basic cosine function is 𝑦 = cos 𝑥. To graph this, prepare a table of values.
𝑥 0 𝜋 Τ4 𝜋 Τ2 3𝜋Τ4 𝜋 5𝜋Τ4 3𝜋Τ2 7𝜋Τ4 2𝜋
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 1 2Τ2 0 − 2Τ2 -1 − 2 Τ2 0 2Τ2 1
Graph Circular Functions
Properties of the Graph of Cosine Function

o Domain: All real numbers.

o Range: −1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
o Period: 2𝜋
o Amplitude: 1
𝜋
o Zeros: 2 + 𝑘𝜋 ∶ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
Graph Circular Functions
Shifting of the Graph of Cosine Function
Compare the graphs of the cosine functions below from the basic cosine function 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 .
o 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥
o 𝑦 = cos(𝑥 − 2)
o 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥
o 𝑦 = 2 + cos 𝑥
o 𝑦 = 2 + 2 cos 2(𝑥 − 2)
Graph Circular Functions
Graph of Tangent Function
The basic tangent function is 𝑦 = tan 𝑥. To graph this, prepare a table of values.
𝑥 0 𝜋 Τ4 𝜋 Τ3 𝜋 Τ2 2𝜋Τ3 3𝜋Τ4 𝜋
𝑦 = tan 𝑥 0 1 3 und. − 3 −1 0
Graph Circular Functions
Properties of the Graph of Tangent Function
𝜋
o Domain: 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≠ + 𝑘𝜋
2

o Range: All Real Numbers

o Period: 𝜋
o Amplitude: Not Defined
o Zeros: x = 𝑘𝜋 ∶ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
𝜋
o Asymptotes: 𝑥 = + 𝑘𝜋 ∶ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
2
Graph Circular Functions
Shifting of the Graph of Tangent Function
Compare the graphs of the tangent functions below from the basic tangent function 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 .
o 𝑦 = tan 2𝑥
o 𝑦 = tan(𝑥 − 2)
o 𝑦 = 2 tan 𝑥
o 𝑦 = 2 + tan 𝑥
o 𝑦 = 2 + 2 tan 2(𝑥 − 2)
Graph Circular Functions
Graph of Cosecant Function
The basic cosecant function is 𝑦 = csc 𝑥. To graph this, prepare a table of values.
𝑥 0 𝜋 Τ4 𝜋 Τ2 3𝜋Τ4 𝜋 5𝜋Τ4 3𝜋Τ2 7𝜋Τ4 2𝜋
𝑦 = csc 𝑥 und. 2 1 2 und. − 2 −1 − 2 und.
Graph Circular Functions
Properties of the Graph of Cosecant Function
o Domain: 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≠ 𝑘𝜋
o Range: −∞, −1 ∪ [1, ∞)
o Period: 2𝜋
o Amplitude: Not Defined
o Zeros: None
o Asymptotes: 𝑥 = 𝑘𝜋 ∶ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
Graph Circular Functions
Shifting of the Graph of Cosecant Function
Compare the graphs of the cosecant functions below from the basic cosecant function 𝑦 = csc 𝑥 .
o 𝑦 = csc 2𝑥
o 𝑦 = csc(𝑥 − 2)
o 𝑦 = 2 csc 𝑥
o 𝑦 = 2 + csc 𝑥
o 𝑦 = 2 + 2 csc 2(𝑥 − 2)
Graph Circular Functions
Graph of Secant Function
The basic secant function is 𝑦 = sec 𝑥. To graph this, prepare a table of values.
𝑥 0 𝜋 Τ4 𝜋 Τ2 3𝜋Τ4 𝜋 5𝜋Τ4 3𝜋Τ2 7𝜋Τ4 2𝜋
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 1 2 und − 2 −1 − 2 und 2 1
Graph Circular Functions
Properties of the Graph of Secant Function
𝜋
o Domain: 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≠ + 𝑘𝜋
2

o Range: −∞, −1 ∪ [1, ∞)

o Period: 2𝜋
o Amplitude: Not Defined
o Zeros: None
𝜋
o Asymptotes: 𝑥 = + 𝑘𝜋 ∶ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
2
Graph Circular Functions
Shifting of the Graph of Secant Function
Compare the graphs of the secant functions below from the basic secant function 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 .
o 𝑦 = sec 2𝑥
o 𝑦 = sec(𝑥 − 2)
o 𝑦 = 2 sec 𝑥
o 𝑦 = 2 + sec 𝑥
o 𝑦 = 2 + 2 sec 2(𝑥 − 2)
Graph Circular Functions
Graph of Cotangent Function
The basic cotangent function is 𝑦 = cot 𝑥. To graph this, prepare a table of values.
𝑥 0 𝜋 Τ4 𝜋 Τ2 3𝜋Τ4 𝜋 5𝜋Τ4 3𝜋Τ2 7𝜋Τ4 2𝜋
𝑦 = cot 𝑥 und 1 0 −1 und 1 0 −1 und
Graph Circular Functions
Properties of the Graph of Cotangent Function
o Domain: 𝑥|𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≠ 𝑘𝜋
o Range: All real numbers
o Period: 𝜋
o Amplitude: Not Defined
𝜋
o Zeros: 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑘𝜋

o Asymptotes: 𝑥 = 𝑘𝜋 ∶ 𝑘 ∈ 𝑍
Graph Circular Functions
Shifting of the Graph of Cotangent Function
Compare the graphs of the cotangent functions below from the basic cotangent function 𝑦 = cot 𝑥 .
o 𝑦 = cot 2𝑥
o 𝑦 = cot(𝑥 − 2)
o 𝑦 = 2 cot 𝑥
o 𝑦 = 2 + cot 𝑥
o 𝑦 = 2 + 2 cot 2(𝑥 − 2)
 Practice Exercise!
Sketch the graph of the following circular functions. Determine the amplitude, period, phase shift and
vertical shift.
1. 𝑦 = 5 + 4sin(2𝑥 − 𝜋)
𝜋
2. 𝑦 = −4 − 2cos 𝑥 −
4

𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 6 − 4 sec 2
− 2𝜋

3𝑥
4. 𝑦 = 3 + 2tan +𝜋
2
THANK YOU!