STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS &
AEROELASTICITY
REVIEW OF PREVIOUS LECTURE
POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY
DAMPING- TYPES OF DAMPING, DAMPING RATIO
AND DAMPING COEFFICIENT
STIFFNESS- BENDING STIFFNESS AND TORSIONAL
STIFFNESS
REVIEW OF PREVIOUS LECTURE
WHAT IS VIBRATION?
WHAT IS
VIBRATION?
Vibration is a continuous cyclic motion of a structure or a
component.
Generally, engineers try to avoid vibrations, because vibrations
have a number of unpleasant effects:
· Cyclic motion implies cyclic forces. Cyclic forces are very
damaging to materials.
· Even modest levels of vibration can cause extreme
discomfort;
· Vibrations generally lead to a loss of precision in
controlling machinery.
FORMS OF
VIBRATION
pendulum clock
a swing
tuning fork
heartbeat
nose-wheel shimmy
propeller and engine vibration
air turbulence
WHAT ARE
TYPES OF VIBRATION?
WHAT ARE
TYPES OF VIBRATION?
1. FREE VIBRATION - when a body vibrates at its own
frequency without any external force.
2. FORCED VIBRATION- periodic force from outside feeds
the system’s own vibrations
3. DAMPED VIBRATION- when vibration of a system is
diminished by friction or other external forces.
POTENTIAL ENERGY
AND KINETIC ENERGY
POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY
Potential energy is highest at
the maximum displacement
points from the equilibrium.
Kinetic energy is greatest at
the equilibrium point.
Amplitude- is the displacement
of an oscillating object from
the equilibrium.
POTENTIAL AND KINETIC ENERGY
Total Energy= PE +KE
E= (1/2)kx² + (1/2)mv² ; v=0
E= (1/2)kA² eq.1
Total Energy= PE +KE
E= (1/2)kx² + (1/2)mv² ; A=0
E= (1/2)m*vmax² eq.2
(1/2)kA²= (1/2)m*vmax²
maximum velocity= A√(k/m)= Aω
maximum acceleration= Aω²
WHAT DOES DAMPING
MEAN?
WHAT DOES
DAMPING MEAN?
the process of energy dissipation
within a system, effectively reducing
or preventing oscillations by gradually
decreasing the amplitude of motion
over time, usually caused by friction
or resistance forces acting within the
system;
essentially, it's a mechanism that
removes energy from a vibrating
system, like a shock absorber in a car
mitigating the bouncing motion after
hitting a bump.
UNDAMPED RESPONSE
TERMS
A (amplitude)- displacement of an oscillating object from its
equilibrium position.
(phase angle)- angular position of an oscillating object at
a specific point in time.
(damping ratio)- describes how quickly oscillations
decay after disturbance; dimensionless.
=0 -undamped
<1 -underdamped
=1 - critically damped
>1 - overdamped
c (damping coefficient) - damping force per unit velocity;
Ns/m or lb-s/ft.
UNDAMPED RESPONSE
ẋ((t) = Aω cos(ωt + φ)
ẍ(t) = -Aω² sin(ωt + φ)
where:
amplitude
phase
angle
DAMPED RESPONSE
DAMPED RESPONSE
UNDERDAMPED RESPONSE
DAMPED RESPONSE
CRITICALLY DAMPED
DAMPED RESPONSE
OVERDAMPED RESPONSE
STIFFNESS
AKA:
STIFFNESS CONSTANT
STIFFNESS COEFFICIENT
SPRING CONSTANT
SPRINT COEFFICIENT
BENDING STIFFNESS OF
BEAMS
Maximum Beam Deflection of a
Simply Supported Beam
δmax = (PL³) / (48EI)
LONGITUDINAL STIFFNESS OF
BAR
deflection of bar
STIFFNESS OF
HELIAL COIL
where:
G=shear modulus
D=bar diameter
N= number of active turns
r= coil radius
TORSIONAL STIFFNESS OF
SHAFT
where:
J= polar moment of inertia
G=shear modulus of a material
L= length
BENDING STIFFNESS OF
BEAMS
LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVITY!
ACTIVITY
Find the torsional stiffness of the shaft (a) if it is 3 meters long and (b) if it is 3.6 feet long
D= 500cm
L
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