BARTLEY SECONDARY SCHOOL
SECONDARY 3 SCIENCE BIOLOGY
CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION
Name: _______________________ ( ) Class: _________ Date: ____ /____/____
Learning Outcomes Achieved?
(a) identify and state the functions of the cell structures (including organelles) of typical plant and
animal cells from diagrams, light micrographs and as seen under the light microscope using
prepared slides and fresh material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique:
cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell vacuoles, chloroplasts
(b) identify and state the functions of organelles from diagrams and electron micrographs –
mitochondria, ribosomes
(c) compare the structure of typical animal and plant cells
(d) explain how structures of specialised cells are adapted to their functions (e.g. muscle cell –
many mitochondria to supply more energy, root hair cell – large surface area of cell membrane
for greater absorption, red blood cell – lack of nucleus allowing it to transport more oxygen)
1. Comparing a typical animal cell with a typical plant cell
What is a cell?
simplest structural and functional unit of life ;
Label the visible features of a typical animal cell and typical plant cell under a light microscope.
animal cell plant cell
Think: What are the similarities and differences between the two cells?
1 both contains nucleus / plasma membrane ;
2 plant cells contain cell wall / chloroplasts while animal cells does not ;
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CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION
2 Overview of Cell Structures and Their Functions
cell observable
present in present in
structure / structure to function under light
animal cells plant cells
organelle microscope
• structure: made up of lipids and proteins
cell
membrane
• function: partially permeable membrane that allows small and soluble substances to pass ✓ ✓ ✓
through
• structure: made up of cellulose and fully permeable
cell wall
• function: protects cell from injury and gives cells a fixed shape ✓ ✓
• structure: jelly-like substance that contains specialised structures called organelles
cytoplasm
• function: site of cellular activities ✓ ✓ ✓
• structure: surrounded by a nuclear membrane
• functions:
nucleus o controls cell activities e.g. growth, repair ✓ ✓ ✓
o essential for cell division
o contains chromosomes / deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) / hereditary material
• structure: fluid-filled space enclosed by a partially permeable membrane
• function: stores substances within the cell plant
vacuoles o in animals - numerous small vacuoles that store food and water temporarily ✓ ✓ cells
o in plants - usually one large central vacuole that contains a liquid known as the cell
sap that stores dissolved sugars, mineral salts and amino acids
only
• structure: oval structures surrounded by membrane
chloroplasts • function: contain a green pigment called chlorophyll which traps light energy for ✓ ✓
photosynthesis
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CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION
cell observable
present in present in
structure / structure to function under light
animal cells plant cells
organelle microscope
• structure: sausage shaped / oval / rod-like organelles only seen
mitochondria • function: carry out aerobic respiration to release energy for cell activities such as growth ✓ ✓ under
electron
and reproduction microscope
• structure: small, round structures; could be attached to certain organelles or or lying freely in only seen
ribosomes the cytoplasm ✓ ✓ under
electron
• function: synthesises proteins microscope
3 Comparison of a typical animal cell with a typical plant cell under the electron microscope.
animal cell plant cell
http://innolearn.weebly.com/bio-cell.html https://www.pinterest.com/pin/535858055636754788/
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CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION
4 Welcome to the Cell Bistro!
The way different parts of a cell work together to produce proteins can be likened to the way different parts of a restaurant work together to produce dishes.
Using the helping words in the box below, match the parts of the cell to the most appropriate part of a restaurant and provide a reason for your answer. Two of
the answers have already been provided for you.
cell membrane chromatin / DNA vacuoles mitochondria
nuclear envelope nucleus proteins ribosome
Restaurant (Analogue) Cell (Target) Reasoning
Walls and doors
Restaurant manager
Manager’s office
Recipe Chromatin / DNA Instructions found in the DNA (recipe) are used to make proteins (dishes)
Chef
Cells can produce different types of proteins just like how
Dishes Proteins
restaurants can produce different types of dishes.
Food freezer / store room
Generator
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CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION
5 Specialised cells
Differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialised for a specific function.
cell specialised structures function
red blood cell • contains haemoglobin • binds to oxygen and transports
(red pigment) it around the body
• circular, biconcave • increases surface area-to-
shape volume ratio for increased
oxygen uptake and release
• absence of nucleus • allows packing of more
haemoglobin for transport of
oxygen
• flexible • enables red blood cell to easily
squeeze through narrow blood
capillaries
muscle cell • contains many • releases energy for contraction
mitochondria of muscle cell
• has contractile protein • contract and relax to bring
fibres about movement
root hair cell • long and narrow • increases surface area-to-
protrusion volume ratio for increase in
rate of absorption of water and
mineral salts
• maintains a lower water • allows water to enter root hair
potential in vacuole/ cell via osmosis
cell sap
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CELL STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION
