ERODE SENGUNTHAR

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to Anna University- Chennai,
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi &
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangalore with ‘A’ Grade
PERUNDURAI -638 057, TAMILNADU, INDIA.

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Register No ……………………………………………..

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done

Name of the student:____________________________________________

Branch :____________________________________________

Name of the Lab :____________________________________________

Semester / Year :____________________________________________

Faculty In-charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the End Semester Practical Examination Held on ……………

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 Department of Civil Engineering
Vision
To emerge as a leading department for Education, Training and Research in Civil
Engineering for realizing socio-economic progress of the country in a sustainable manner.
Mission
 DM 1 (Advancement in Civil Engineering): To educate students on design,
construction, maintenance and advancements in Civil Engineering for providing
solutions to the betterment of the society.
 DM 2 (Best Practices): To enrich and enhance the knowledge on best practices in
various areas of Civil and allied engineering through collaborations with global
institutions of excellence, industries and research organizations.
 DM 3 (Industrial and societal relevance): To offer world class undergraduate,
postgraduate and research programs of industrial and societal relevance in Civil
Engineering.
 DM 4 (Global challenges with ethical standards): To produce high professional
Civil Engineers to address global challenges with ethical standards.
Programme Educational Objectives:
PEO I: Graduates will contribute in the Civil Engineering field for the development of nation
and society. (Societal Development)
PEO II: Graduates will have sufficient knowledge to perform as Professional Engineers in
the field of Civil Engineering. (Knowledge and Skills)
PEO III: Graduates will have the ability to pursue higher studies in institutions of
international repute and will undertake research for offer solution to the industrial relevance.
(Higher Education)
PEO IV: Graduates will have the attitude to engage in continuous professional development
with ethical standards and to remain current in their field work. (Professional Ethics)

Program outcomes
PO1: Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
PO2: Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3: Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
PO4: Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6: The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate the knowledge of and need
for sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
P10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
P11: Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
P12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Program specific outcomes
PSO1: Technical & Contract Know how
Graduates will be able to use modern techniques and conduct investigation in the field of
surveying and geotechnical related works.
PSO2: Software knowledge
Graduates will be able to apply software knowledge to design and implement projects in the
construction and infrastructure industries.
PSO3: Managerial skills
Graduates will be able to apply technical knowledge to plan and prepare reports and execute
projects with quality human approach.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
The following instructions should be strictly followed by students in the CAD Lab:
 Students should wear lab coat in CAD lab.

 Students are advised to enter the CAD lab WITH FORMAL SHOES ONLY.

 They are not supposed to move the systems and monitors.

 They should enter in the login name and password assigned to each student.

 Students are advised to complete their record work before the next class.

 Students are asked to logout from their area and switch off the computers before
leaving the lab.

 Students can access the printers through lab technician.

 Students have free access to use the computers and software available in the lab.

 During the laboratory hours, accessing the internet is strictly prohibited.

 Computer games are strictly prohibited in the CAD lab.

 R Semester
Department CIVIL ENGINEERING PC
2019 VII
Hours
Credit Total Maximu
Course Course Name /
Week Hours m
Code
L T P C Marks
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND
19CE703 0 0 4 2 60 100
DRAFTING LABORATORY
Course Objective (s): The purpose of learning this course is to
 To acquire hands on experience in design and preparation of structural drawings forconcrete /
steel structures normally encountered in Civil Engineering practice.
Course Outcomes: At the end of this course, learners will be able to:
 To experience in design andpreparation of structural drawings for concrete inCivil Engineering
practice.
 To experience in design andpreparation of structural drawings for steel structures normally
encountered in Civil Engineering practice.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Design and drawing of RCC cantilever and counter fort type retaining walls with reinforcement
details
2. Design of solid slab and RCC Tee beam bridges for IRC loading and reinforcement details
3. Design and drafting of circular and rectangular RCC water tanks
4. Design of plate Girder Bridge - Truss Girder bridges – Detailed Drawings including connections
5. Design of hemispherical bottomed steel tank
TEXT BOOK(S):
1. Krishnaraju, N. “Structural Design & Drawing, Universities Press, 2009
Punmia, B.C., Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain, “Comprehensive Design of Steel Structures,
2.
Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2003.
REFERENCE(S):
1 Krishnamurthy, D., “Structural Design & Drawing – Vol. II and III, CBS Publishers, 2010.
Shah V L and Veena Gore, “Limit State Design of Steel Structures” IS800-2007, Structures
2
Publications, 2009.
S.No Experiment Title Date Mark Sign

Design and drawing of RCC

1. cantilever and counter fort type
retaining walls with reinforcement
details
Design of solid slab and RCC Tee
2. beam bridges for IRC loading and
reinforcement details

3. Design and drafting of circular and

rectangular RCC water tanks

Design of plate Girder Bridge -

4. Truss Girder bridges – Detailed
Drawings including connections

5. Design of hemispherical bottomed

steel tank

Content Beyond Syllabus:

6. Design of Stair case and their
structural behavior under loads
APPLICATION OF CAD:
There are various processes which can be performed by use of computer in the
drafting process.
Autoated drafting: This involves the creation of hard copy engineering drawings directly
from CAD data base. Drafting also includes features like automatic dimensioning,
generation of cross – hatched areas, scaling of the drawing and the capability to develop
sectional views and enlarged views in detail. It has ability to perform transformations of
images and prepare 3D drawings like isometric views, perspective views etc.,
Geometric modeling: concerned with the computer compatible mathematical description of
the geometry of an object. The mathematical description allows the image of an object to be
displayed and manipulated on a graphics terminal through signals from the CPU of the CAD
system. The software that provides geometric modeling capabilities must be designed for
efficient use both by computer and the human designer.

BENEFITS OF CAD:
The implementation of the CAD system provides variety of benefits to the industries
in design and production as given below:
 Improved productivity in drafting
 Shorter preparation time for drawing
 Reduced man power requirement
 Customer modifications in drawing are easier
 More efficient operation in drafting
 Low wastage in drafting
 Minimized transcription errors in drawing
 Improved accuracy of drawing
 Assistance in preparation of documentation
 Better designs can be evolved
 Revisions are possible
 Colours can be used to customize the product
 Production of orthographic projections with dimensions and tolerances
 Hatching of all sections with different filling patterns

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  Preparation of assembly or subassembly drawings
 Preparation of part list
 Machining and tolerance symbols at the required surfaces.
 Hydraulic and pneumatic circuit diagrams with symbols
 Printing can be done to any scale

LIMITATIONS OF CAD
 32 – bit word computer is necessary because of large amount of computer
memory and time
 The size of the software package is large
 Skill and judgment are required to prepare the drawing
 Huge investment

CAD SOFTWARES
The software is an interpreter or translator which allows the user to perform specific type
of application or job related to CAD. The following software’s are available for drafting.

 AUTOCAD
 Pro–E
 CATIA
 MSOFFICE
 PAINT
 ANSYS
 MSc. NASTRAN
 IDEASSOLIDWORKS
 HYPERMESH
 FLUENT–GAMBIT

The above software is used depending upon their application.

AUTOCAD
Auto CAD package is suitable for accurate and perfect drawings of engineering designs.
The drawing of machine parts, isometric views and assembly drawings are possible in
AutoCAD. The package is suitable for 2D and 3D drawings.

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 CONVENTIONS & SYMBOLS

S.No Term Abbreviation

1. Aggregate Agg
2. Approximate Approx
3. Asbestos cement asb/cem
4. At @
5. Air Conditioner A/C
6. Brick work BWK
7. Brickon edge BOE
8. Building Bldg
9. Benchmark BM
10. Cast-iron CI
11. Cement concrete CC
12. Centreto centre cto c, c/c
13. Cement mortar CM
14. Coarse rubble masonry CR
15. Random rubble masonry RR
16. Column COL
17. Concrete CONC
18. Corrugated CORR
19. Cross-section CS
20. Cupboard CB
21. Collapsible gate CG
22. Door D
23. Damp proof course DPC
24. Diameter dia,
25. European water closet EWC
26. Figure Fig.
27. Finished floor level FFL
28. Floor trap FT
29. Flushing cistern FC
30. Fresh air inlet FAI
31. Full supply level FSL

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32. Full tank level FTL
33. First floor FF
34. Floor level FL
35. Flush out latrine FOL
36. Galvanized Galv
37. Galvanized iron GI
38. Grease trap GRT
39. Ground level GL
40. Grills G
41. Gully trap GT
42. Height Ht
43. Indian water closet IWC
44. Imperial(standard)wire SWG
gauge
45. Inspection chamber ICH, IC
46. Intercepting trap IT
47. Joist J
48. Jolly work JW
49. Kilo K
50. Kilogram KG
51. Kilometer KM
52. Litre LT.
53. Level crossing LC
54. Low water level LWL
55. Lime mortar LM
56. Lime concrete LC
57. Maximum flood level MFL
58. Maximum water level MWL
59. Manhole MH
60. Maximum Max
61. Mild steel MS
62. Millimeter mm
63. Minimum MIN
64. Not to scale NTS
65. Number No.

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66. Overhead tank OHT
67. Plain cement concrete PCC
68. Plinth level PL
69. Prestressed concrete PCONC
70. Radius Rad
71. Rainwater pipe RWP
72. Rolled section/Rolling RS
shutter
73. Rolled steel joistor I- RSJ OR I
section
74. Reinforced Cement RCC
Concrete
75. Ribbed torsteel RTS
76. Stone ware pipe SWP
77. Surki mortar SM
78. Sink S
79. Soil pipe SP
80. Standard Std
81. Septic tank ST
82. Switch Sw
83. Ventilator V
84. Ventpipe VP
85. Wash basin WB
86. Water closet WC
87. Window W
88. Window cum ventilator W/V
89. Water level WL

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SYMBOLS

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 AUTOCADCOMMANDS
ARC Creates an arc
AREA Calculates the area and perimeter of objects or of defined areas
ARRAY Creates multiple copies of objects in a pattern
BHATCH Fills an enclosed area or selected objects with a hatch pattern
BLOCK Creates a block definition from objects you select
BOUNDARY creates a region or a polyline from an enclosed area
BOX Creates a three-dimensional solid box
BREAK Erases parts of objects or splits an object in two
CAL Evaluates mathematical and geometric expressions
CHAMFER Bevels the edges of objects
CIRCLE Creates a circle
COPY Duplicates objects
DIST Measures the distance and angle between two points
DIVIDE Places evenly spaced point objects or blocks along the length or perimeter of an
object
DONUT Draws filled circles and rings
ELLIPSE Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc
ERASE Removes objects from a drawing
EXPLODE Breaks a compound object in to its component objects
EXPORT Saves objects to other file formats
EXTEND Extends an object to meet another object
EXTRUDE Createsuniquesolidprimitivesbyextrudingexistingtwo-dimensionalobjects
FILLET Rounds and fillets the edges of objects
GRID Displays a dot grid in the current view port
GROUP Creates a named selection set of objects
HATCH Fills a specified boundary with a pattern HELP
(F1) Displays online help
ID Displays the coordinate values of a location
IMPORT Imports files in various formats into AutoCAD
INSERT Places a named block or drawing in to the current drawing
LEADER Creates a line that connects annotation to a feature
LENGTHEN Lengthens an object
LIMITS Sets and controls the drawing boundaries and grid is play
LINE Creates straight line segments
LINETYPE Creates, loads, and sets line types
LIST Displays data base information for selected objects
LTSCALE Sets the line type scale factor
MLINE Creates multiple parallel lines

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MOVE Displaces objects a specified distance in a specified direction
MTEXT Creates multiline text
NEW Creates a new drawing file
OFFSET Creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel curves12
OPEN Opens an existing drawing file
OPTIONS Customizes the AutoCAD settings
ORTHO Constrains cursor movement
OSNAP Sets object snap modes
PEDIT Edits polylines and three-dimensional polygon meshes
PLAN Displays the plan view of a user coordinate system
PLINE Creates two-dimensional polylines
PLOT Plots a drawing to a plotting device or file
POINT Creates a point object
POLYGON Creates an equilateral closed polyline
QUIT Exits AutoCAD
RECTANG Draws a rectangular polyline
REDRAW Refreshes the display in the current viewport
REGEN Regenerates the drawing and refreshes the current viewport
REGION Creates are g ion object from a selection set of existing objects
ROTATE Moves objects about a base point
SAVE Saves the drawing under the current file name or a specified name
SCALE Enlarges or reduces selected object sequally in the X, Y, and Z directions
SKETCH Creates a series of freehand line segments
SNAP Restricts cursor movement to specified intervals
SPHERE Creates a three-dimensional solid sphere
SPLINE Creates a quadratic or cubic spline (NURBS)curve
SPLINEDIT Edits a spline object
STRETCH Moves or stretches objects
SUBTRACT Creates a composite region or solid by subtraction
TEXT Displays text on screen as it is entered
TIME Displays the date and time statistics of a drawing
TORUS Creates a donut-shaped solid
TRIM Trims objects at a cutting edge defined by other objects
U Reverses the most recent operation
UNDO Reverses the effect of commands
UNION Creates a composite region or solid by addition
UNITS Controls coordinate and angle display formats and determines precision
XLINE Creates an infinite line
XPLODE Breaks a compound object in to its component objects
ZOOM Increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the current view port

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 1. Design and drawing of RCC cantilever and counter
fort type retaining walls with reinforcement details
Aim: To design and draw reinforced cement concrete (RCC) cantilever and counterfort
retaining walls, including reinforcement detailing, as per IS:456-2000 and IS:3370
standards.

Definition: Retaining walls are usually built to hold back soil mass. However, retaining
walls can also be constructed for aesthetic landscaping purposes. Retaining walls are
structures that are constructed to retail soil or any such materials which are unable to stand
vertically by themselves. They are also provided to maintain the grounds at two different
levels.

Classificationofretainingwalls:
1. Gravity wall-Masonry or Plain concrete
2. Cantilever retaining wall-RCC
(Inverted T and L)
3. Counterfort retaining wall-RCC
4. Buttresswall-RCC

Design a cantilever retaining wall (T type) to retain earth for a height of 4m. the backfill
ishorizontal.Thedensityofsoilis18kN/m3.Safebearingcapacityofsoilis200kN/m2.Takethe co-
efficient of friction between concrete and soil as 0.6. The angle of repose is 30
degrees.UseM20concreteandFe415steel.
Solution

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Also provide 200 mm gravel blanket at the back of the stem for back drain.

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Result:
The cantilever and counterfort retaining wall designs were successfully completed. Structural
safety and serviceability criteria were met, and detailed reinforcement drawings were developed
as per IS codes.

Viva Questions:

1. What is the difference between cantilever and counterfort retaining walls?

2. How is earth pressure calculated on retaining walls?
3. What is the role of shear key in retaining walls?
4. Explain the stability checks for a retaining wall.
5. How is factor of safety against overturning and sliding ensured?
6. What are typical values of surcharge and backfill angle considered?
7. Why are counterforts provided in a retaining wall?
8. What are the different load combinations considered?
9. How is reinforcement distributed in stem, heel, and toe of the retaining wall?
10. What are the exposure conditions and cover requirements for retaining walls?

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 2. Design of solid slab and RCC Tee beam bridges for IRC
loading and reinforcement details
Aim : To design a solid slab bridge and an RCC T-beam bridge for IRC Class AA/70R loading,
including the computation of bending moments, shear forces, and design of reinforcement details
as per IRC:21 and IRC:112 stand

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Result:
The design of both solid slab and RCC T-beam bridges was successfully completed for IRC
loading conditions. The structural elements were designed for bending, shear, and serviceability,
and reinforcement details were provided as per IRC specifications.

Viva Questions:

1. What is the difference between solid slab and T-beam bridge?

2. What is the IRC loading standard used and why?
3. What are the main components of a T-beam bridge?
4. How are dead and live loads computed in bridge decks?
5. Explain the concept of effective width in slab bridge analysis.
6. What are the critical sections considered for reinforcement in bridges?
7. Why are cross girders used in T-beam bridges?
8. How is load dispersion considered in the design?
9. What is the importance of expansion joints in bridge decks?
10. How is corrosion prevented in bridge structures?

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 3. Design and drafting of circular and rectangular RCC
water tanks
Aim: To design and draft circular and rectangular RCC water tanks resting on the ground,
considering hydrostatic pressure, design moments, and reinforcement details as per IS:3370
(Part I & II) for given capacity and dimensions.

Design a circular water tank with flexible connection at base for a capacity of 4,00,000 liters.
The tank rests on a firm level ground. The height of tank including a free board of 200 mm
should not exceed 3.5m. The tank is open at top. Use M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Draw to a
suitable scale:
i. Plan at base
ii. Cross section through center of tank

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Design a rectangular water tank 5m x 4m with depth of storage 3m, resting on ground and whose
walls are rigidly joined at vertical and horizontal edges. Assume M20 concrete and Fe415 grade
steel. Sketch the details of reinforcement in the tank

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Result:
The design and drafting of circular and rectangular RCC water tanks were successfully
completed based on the given capacity. The structural elements were designed for hoop tension,
bending moment, shear, and crack control under liquid-retaining conditions.

Viva Questions:

1. What is the difference in behavior between circular and rectangular water tanks?
2. Which code is followed for RCC water tank design?
3. How is water pressure considered in the tank wall?
4. What are the stress conditions in a circular tank wall?
5. How are ring tension and bending moments calculated in tanks?
6. What type of joints are provided in water tanks?
7. What is the function of dome and bottom slab in circular tanks?
8. What are the permissible stresses for water-retaining structures?
9. What are the durability requirements (cover, grade) for water tanks?
10. How are walls and slabs reinforced in a rectangular tank?

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 4. Design of plate Girder Bridge - Truss Girder bridges –
Detailed Drawings including connections
Aim: To design Plate Girder and Truss Girder bridges for highway or railway loading as per
IRC/IRS codes, including the calculation of member forces, section design and detailed drafting
of all structural components, with emphasis on connection details.

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Max. allowable pitch, p = 32 t or 300 mm = 32 x 12 or 300= 384 or 300 = 300 mm.
Adopt 22 mm dia. P.D.S. rivets @ 300 mm clc
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Result:
The designs of both the Plate Girder and Truss Girder bridges were successfully completed. All
structural members, including girders, cross beams, bracings, and joints, were designed for
IRC/IRS loading. Final drawings include longitudinal sections, cross-sections, and detailed
connection layouts.

Viva Questions:
1. What is a plate girder and when is it preferred?
2. What are the main components of a plate girder?
3. How is shear and bending resisted in a plate girder?
4. What is web buckling and how is it prevented?
5. What types of connections are used in truss bridges?
6. How is the load path in a truss bridge different from a beam bridge?
7. What are the types of trusses used in bridges?
8. What is lateral bracing and its role in bridges?
9. How is riveted or bolted connection designed in steel bridges?
10. Why are gusset plates important in truss connections?

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 5. Design of hemispherical bottomed steel tank
Aim: To design a hemispherical bottomed steel tank for the storage of liquid (usually water or
oil), including the design of the tank shell, bottom dome, roof and supporting structure,
considering hoop stresses, pressure distribution, and material strength as per IS:804 and
relevant design codes.

Design a circular water tank with flexible connection at base for a capacity of 400,00 0 liters.
The tan k rests o n a fir m level ground. The total height of tan k including a free boar d of 20 0
mm should not exceed 3.5m. The tan k is open at top. Use M 2 0 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Draw to a suitable scale:

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Result:
The design of the hemispherical bottomed steel tank was successfully completed for the
specified capacity. final design ensures safety, stability, and compliance with IS code
provisions, and includes detailed construction and fabrication drawings.

Viva Questions:

1. What are the advantages of a hemispherical bottom in tanks?

2. How is hoop stress developed in a steel tank?
3. What are the load conditions considered for tank design?
4. What is the function of the curb angle?
5. How is the thickness of shell plates determined?
6. What are the types of joints used in steel tanks?
7. How is wind load considered in tank design?
8. What is the significance of anchoring in steel tanks?
9. What are the corrosion protection techniques used?
10. What are the IS codes applicable for steel tank design?

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 Content beyond Syllabus
6. Design of Stair case and their structural behavior under
loads
Aim: To design a RCC staircase (dog-legged or open-well type) considering live loads,
dead loads, and self-weight, and to study its structural behavior under vertical and
horizontal loading conditions as per IS:456-2000.

DESIGN GUIDELINES

a. Geometrical Design
 Assume Suitable Tread and Riser

 No. of Riser = (F/F Height)⁄ Rise

 No. of Risers in One Flight = 0.5*(No. of Risers)

 No. of Tread = (No. of Risers ―1)

 Going distance = (No. of tread)× (tread width)

 Width of landing ≥ width of stair

b. Structural Design
 Effective span calculation
Effective span calculation = c/c distance between supports

If not given width of support can be taken in between 200 to 300mm

 Trial depth of waist slab

According to is 456:2000 article 23.2.1 by calculating ratio of span to
effective depth and after that ratio is multiplying by the modification
factor. Modification factor can be calculated by assuming % of tension
reinforcement
 Load Calculation

Calculations should be made by considering width of slab equal to 1

meter

Self weight of slab = 25×D×√ (R²+T²)/T(KN. m) Wt of steps

= 25 × 0.5 × R (KN. m)
Wt of floor finish = 1×1(KN. m)(ASSUME)

Live load = 3KN/m² (RESIDENTIALBUILDING)

Live load = 4-5KN/m² (PUBLICBUILDING)

Net load (W) = W1+W2+W3+W4

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 Factored load = W’=1.5*W

 Calculation of design moments

Find max bending either by considering it equals to (0.125w’×L²)

 Check for effective depth

 Check for reinforcement

 Calculate main steel(Ast)
 Ast ≥ Ast minimum

 Provide suitable distribution steel=Ast(min)

 Check for shear

 Calculate max design shear force
 Vud=0.5×W‘L
 Calculate shear resisted by concrete
 Vuc =k×τc×b×d
Vud<Vuc

Values of k can be obtained by the following tables IS 456:200

 Check for deflection

 Calculate actual% of reinforcement

L/d provided <L/d max

Example Problem

Design a dog legged staircase for a residential building hall measuring 2.2mx4.7m. The width
of the landing is 1m. The distance between floors to floor is 3.3 m. The rise and tread may be
taken as150mm and 270mm respectively. The weight of floor finishes is1kN/m2.The materials
used are M20grade concrete and Fe415 grade steel. Sketch the details of steel. Here flight and
the landing slabs spans in the same direction i.e., Flight spans longitudinally.

Given Data
Grade of Concrete (fck) = 20 MPa
Grade of Steel (fy) = 415 MPa
Landing Length = 1 m

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Total Height (H) = 3.3 m
Staircase Hall Size = 2.2 m × 3.7 m
Wall Thickness = 200 mm
Riser (R) = 150 mm
Tread (T) = 270 mm
Floor Finish Load = 1 kN/m²
Imposed Load = 3 kN/m²

Proportioning of Stair
Total Height, H = 3.3 m
Height of each flight, H₁ = H / 2 = 1.65 m
Number of risers = H₁ / R = 11
Number of steps = 11 - 1 = 10
Horizontal width of flight = 10 × 270 = 2700 mm
Hall width = 4700 mm
Landing width (each) = 1 m
Width of step = 1 m
Gap between flights = 0.2 m

Depth of Waist Slab

Assuming partial fixity:
Effective span = 4700 + 200 = 4900 mm
l/d = 26 ⇒ d = 4900 / 26 = 188 mm
Effective cover = 25 mm ⇒ D = 188 + 25 = 213 mm ⇒ adopt D = 215 mm
Therefore, d = 190 mm

Calculation of Loads
tanθ = R / T = 0.56
Hypotenuse (h) = √(150² + 270²) = 309 mm
cosθ = T / h = 270 / 309 = 0.874

Dead Load of Waist Slab:

(0.215 × 1 × 25) / cosθ = 6.14 kN/m²
Weight of Floor Finish = 1 kN/m²
Weight of Steps = (150 / 2 × 1 × 24) = 1.80 kN/m²
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Imposed Load = 3.0 kN/m²
Total Load (w) = 11.94 kN/m²
Ultimate Load (wu) = 1.5 × 11.94 = 17.91 kN/m²

Design of Second Flight

BM = wu × l² / 10 = 17.91 × 4.9² / 10 = 43.0 kNm
Mu_lim = Q × b × d² = 2.76 × 1000 × 190² = 99.63 kNm ⇒ Safe
Under-Reinforced Section

Area of Steel
Using Mu = 0.87 × fy × Ast × d (1 – (fy × Ast) / (fck × b × d))
Solving gives Ast = 676 mm²
p = (100 × Ast) / (b × d) = 0.356% < pt_lim = 0.96%
Provide 10 mm bars ⇒ Area = 78.6 mm²
Spacing = (78.6 / 676) × 1000 = 116.2 mm ⇒ Use 110 mm c/c

Shear and Development Length

Shear: Safe (spacing < ksτc < τc,max)
Ld = 47 × φ = 470 mm
Ld/3 = 160 mm ⇒ Provide sufficient anchorage at landing joint

Deflection Check
(le/d) = 4700 / 190 = 24.7
Allowable (le/d) = 26 × 1 × 1.3 × 1 = 33.8 ⇒ OK

Crack Control
As diameter, spacing, and cover meet IS 456:2000 provisions, the slab is safe from cracking.
Serviceability requirements are satisfied.

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Result:
The design of the RCC staircase was successfully completed. The structural components (waist
slab, steps, and landing slabs) were designed for dead load, live load (as per IS:875) and finish
loads

Viva Questions:

1. What are the different types of staircases used in buildings?

2. What is the live load value considered for stair design as per IS 875?
3. How is waist slab thickness determined?
4. What are the structural actions in flight and landing of stairs?
5. How is effective span of a stair flight calculated?
6. What is the importance of riser and tread dimensions?
7. How is distribution steel provided in stairs?
8. What are the typical support conditions for staircases?
9. What is the effect of concentrated loads on stairs?
10. How is the load transfer mechanism in staircase slabs?

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