CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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1.1 ELECTRICAL LOAD

An electrical load is an electrical component or portion of a

circuit that consumes (active) electric power. This is opposes a power
source, such as a battery or generator, which produces power. In electric
power circuits, examples of loads are electrical appliances and lights. This
term may also refer to the power consumed by a circuit.

The term ‘electrical load’ is used more broadly in electronics for a

device connected to a signal source, whether or not it consumes power. If
an electric circuit has an output port, a pair of terminals that produces an
electrical signal, the circuit connected to this terminal (or its
input impedance) is the load. For example, if a CD player is connected to
an amplifier, the CD player is the source and the amplifier is the load.

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 Load affects the performance of circuits with respect to
output voltages or currents, such as in sensors, voltage sources,
and amplifiers. Mains power outlets provide an easy example: they supply
power at constant voltage, with electrical appliances connected to the
power circuit collectively making up the load. When a high-power
appliance switches on, it dramatically reduces the load impedance.

If the load impedance is not very much higher than the power supply
impedance, the voltages will drop. In a domestic environment, switching
on a heating appliance may cause incandescent lights to dim noticeably.

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1.2 Electrical load and its types

The device which takes electrical energy is called electrical load. In

other words, the electrical load is a device that consumes electrical
energy in the form of the current and transforms it into other forms like
heat, light, work, etc. The electrical load may be resistive, inductive,
capacitive or some combination between them. The term load is used in
the number of ways.

 To indicate a device or a collection of the equipment which uses electrical

energy.

 For showing the power requirement from a given supply circuit.

 The electrical load indicates the current or power passing through the
lines or machine.

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The classification of load is shown in the figures below:-

Resistive Load

Nature of Load Inductive Load

Capacitive Load

ELECTRICAL LOAD
Domestic Load

Commercial Load
Power System
Load
Industrial Load

Agricultural Load

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 LOAD SURVEY

In Electrical Engineering, a load profile is a graph of the variation in the

electrical load versus time. A load profile will vary according to customer type
(typical examples include residential, commercial and industrial), temperature and
holiday seasons. Power producers use this information to plan how much
electricity they will need to make available at any given time.

Load profiles can be determined by direct metering but on smaller devices

such as distribution network transformers this is not routinely done instead a load
profile can be inferred from customer billing or other data, an example of practical
calculation used by utilizes is using a transformer maximum demand reading and
taking into account the unknown number of each customer type supplied by this
transformers this process is called load survey.

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 IMPORTANCE OF LOAD SURVEY

1. The basics of survey may seem simple, but the reality is different and many
factors can lead to poor data. These include difficult monitoring /sampling points.
It is therefore essential to carry out an initial site survey to confirm the suitability
of monitoring and sampling locations, to consider other operational factors that
could impact on the survey and to survey and access health and safety issues.

2. The two greatest costs associated with a survey are staffing and sample analysis.
But in the absence of reliable flow data, the survey is of little value and may
require extending or repeating. Needless to say, flow monitoring is one of the
hardest parts of a flow and load survey and so an approach that is right first time
must be employed.

4. Determining the proper aim and ensuring the correct choices and locations of
environment are essential for a successful flow and load survey. The study gives
the opportunity to investigate the response of individual process stages to changes
in hydraulic and organic loading.

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 CONNECTED LOAD
Connected load is the sum of continuous sum of all equipments connected to the
supply system.

VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER STATION

The load on power station is not constant. It varies from time to time due to
uncertain demand of the consumer and is known as variable load.

Load curve and its types

LOAD CURVE
The variation of load on a power station can be represented by a curve. The
curve showing the variation of load with reference time is known as load curve.

Load curve may be divided into:-

a) Daily load curve

b) Monthly load curve
c) Yearly load curve

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 DAILY LOAD CURVE

Daily variation of load from time to time are recorded half hourly and hourly
and are plotted against time on the curve. The load on a power station is never
constant it varies from time to time. These load variations during the whole day
are recorded half hourly or hourly and are plotted against time on the graph. The
curve thus obtain is known as daily load curve.

Fig: Daily Load Curve

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MONTHLY LOAD CURVE

It can be obtained from daily load curve at that month for this purpose, average
use of power over a month in different times of the whole month are calculated
and then plotted on the graph. Monthly load curve is used to fix as the rate of
energy.

YEARLY LOAD CURVE

It is obtained by considering the curves of that particular year. This load curve
is used to determine the annual load factor.

LOAD DURATION CURVE

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 When the load elements of the load curve are arranged in descending
magnitude the curve thus obtained is known as a load duration curve.

The following information is conveyed by a load duration curve:

 It shows the duration during which the given load has prevailed.
 The area under daily load duration curve will give the unit generated on that
day. Like this, from monthly load duration curve we can get monthly
generation and yearly generation of unit.

Maximum Demand

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 It is the greatest demand of the load on the power system during a given
period is known as maximum demand. The load on the power station varies from
time to time. The maximum of all the demands that have occurred during a given
period is the maximum demand. Maximum demand is generally less than the
connected load because all the consumers do not switch on their connected load
to the system at a time. The knowledge maximum demand is very important as it
helps in determining the installed capacity of the station. The station must be
capable of meeting the maximum demand.

Demand factor
It is the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to its connected load
and is always less than one

Demand Factor = Maximum demand

Connected Load

The value of demand factor is usually less than 1. It is expected because

maximum demand on the power station generally less than the connected load.

AVERAGE LOAD

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 The average load occurring on a power station in a given period (day, month,
and year) is known as average load or average demand.

LOAD FACTOR:-

It is the ratio of average load or average demand to maximum and during a

given period

LOAD FACTOR = Average load

Maximum demand

If the plant is in operation for ‘T’ hours, then load factor

LOAD FACTOR = Units generated in T hours

Maximum demand X T hours

The load factor may be daily load factor monthly load factor or annul load
factor. If the time period considered is a day or month or year load factor is always
less than 1 because the average load is smaller than the maximum demand. Higher
load factor of the power station, lesser will be the cost per unit generated.

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 CHAPTER 2
LOAD CALCULATION

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 How to Calculate Electrical Load

Electrical circuits have many applications, including

household, automotive and electronics. The electrical principles apply
regardless of the application. We have a number of components
distributed on the circuit that constitute the circuit load and a number of
power sources. If want to know the characteristics of the load
components, we have to use Kirchhoff’s Law, which essentially states that
the sum of the load voltage equals the sum of the source voltage.

We don’t want to damage any of the components on the circuit,

so it is important to calculate the load.

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Calculating an Electrical Load
in a Simple Circuit

To calculate the electric load for a simple linear circuit having a

source voltage of 9 volts and two resistors in series, each of 330 ohms.
The second resistor having a lead that goes to ground.
We need to calculate using the following equations:-
Let, Power = Voltage x Current (P=VI).
Current = Voltage/Resistance (I=V/R).

Applying Kirchhoff’s Second Law, i.e. the sum of the voltages

around a circuit is zero. The load voltage around the simple circuit must
be 9 volts. The load voltage is evenly distributed across each of the
resistors, since they have equal resistance, and that the voltage over each
must be 4.5 volts (or -4.5 for purposes of Kirchhoff’s Law).

Now I=V/R (current calculation), so that I=4.5/330=13.6mA

(milliamps).

Calculate P=VI=9*.0136=.1224 Watts.

Note that all the load characteristics (Voltage, Resistance, Current, and
Power) are now known. Be safe and choose resistors rated at 0.5 Watts.

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 Calculation of Household Electrical Load

To calculate the load for a typical single family house using an

online electrical load calculator. Using an online “Single Family Dwelling
Electrical Load Calculator.”

Enter the square footage of your house. Enter the number of

“small appliance circuits” and “laundry circuits,” and refer to an electrical
diagram if necessary. Use the default values if the information is
unavailable. Enter values for “Fastened Appliances,” “Cooking
Appliances,” “Heating or Cooling” and “Largest Motor.” Press “Calculate
Load.”

Note the “Total Computed Load,” the “Computed Amperage,”

the “General Neutral Load,” the “Total Neutral Load,” and the “Total
Neutral Amperage.”

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CHAPTER 3

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 SURVEY REPORT

For convenience we have divided the rooms in the campus

according to the location they are situated in, as blocks, namely Block A,
Block B, Block C and Block D.

Block A consists of Room No. 22, Chemical Lab, Chemical Dept.,

Automobile Engg. Lab and Mathematics & Humanities Deptt.

Block B consists of Chemistry Department Faculty Room, Chemistry

Lab, Physics Deptt., Faculty Room, Physics Lab, Gallery and NDR.

Block C consists of Room No. 009, Material Testing Lab, EM/SM Lab,
Girls’ Common Room, Boys’ Common Room, Civil Lab-1, Civil Lab-2 and
Office of Workshop Superintendent.

Block D consists of Auditorium and Canteen.

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