SHELL: Its program that takes a commnads from the user and give them to OS.
SHELL
interacts between user and the kernel
SHELL SCRIPTING: A text file where you put series of linux commands that can be
called as shell script
--->It is used to automate the manual and repetitive tasks.
---> Shell script file has an extension of .sh normally
shebang:
#!/bin/bash---> we call it as shebang--->which invokes bash shell . If we dont use
this a default shell will be used.
To check the available shells -->cat /etc/shells
TO check the default shell echo $SHELL
To check the default path echo $PATH
TO check the default user echo $USER
How to write a shell script
vi sample.sh
#!/bin/bash
pwd
echo "hello"
date
ls -al
uname -a
df -h
save and exit
we need to give execute permission to the user and groups
sudo chmod ug+x scriptfilename or sudo chmod 774 scriptfilename
we can run the script following ways
./scriptfilename
sh scriptfilename
bash scriptfilename
Arguments-->some statements or strings or numbers etc which are passed along with
the script
example ./sample.sh shreeni 32 bangalore
arguments are separated by space
How to read arguments inside script
$1-->1st argument
$2-->2nd argument
$3-->3rd argument
-
-
-
-
$n
example
vi arguments.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "i am $1"
echo "i am aged $2"
echo "i am from $3"
to run this ./arguments.sh shreeni 34 bangalore
Assignments: understand the diffrence between diffrent shells , understand
diffrence between ubuntu and redhat linux
Do some hands on bash scripting , create some shell files with some
commands, arguments.
===================================================================================
======================================
2.Variables.sh
______________________________
#!/bin/bash
a=`pwd`
b=`ls -lrt`
c=`echo "I am from India"`
echo $a
echo $b
echo $c
3 manipulatevar.sh
#author shreeeni
#!/bin/bash
# Define variables
name="John"
age=25
# Print variable values
echo "Name: $name"
echo "Age: $age"
# Manipulate variables
age=$((age + 5))
greeting="Hello, $name! You will be $age years old in 5 years."
echo $greeting
_______________________________
Reading the input passed to the script
The read command in a shell script is used to read input from the user and store it
in a variable.
When the read command is executed in a shell script, the script waits for the user
to enter input from the keyboard.
Once the user has entered input and pressed the Enter key,
the input is read by the read command and stored in the variable specified in the
command.
#!/bin/bash
echo "Please enter your name: "
read name
echo "Hello, $name! Nice to meet you."
#!/bin/bash
echo "enter your name"
read name
echo hi $name
echo "enter your place"
read place
echo "You are from $place"
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Special charecters:
--------------------------
--------------------------
These have special meaning to a shell.They are
$0-->Name of the file itself.
$#-->The toltal number of arguments passed to the script.
$*-->All arguments passed to the script.
$@-->All arguments passed to the script stored in script in array format.
$$-->Process id of current running process
$!-->It gives process id of the last command went into background.
$?--> Status of last executed command. Zero(0)means success and non-zero means
failure.
exmple vi special.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "$0"
echo "$#"
echo "$*"
echo "$@"
echo "$$"
echo "$!"
echo "$?"
Numerics:
-----------------
-----------------
-eq--> equals
-gt--> greater than
-lt--> less than
-ge--> greater than or equal to
-le--> less than or equal to
-ne--> not equal to
diff.sh
#!/bin/bash
# Print all command line arguments using $*
echo "Printing command line arguments using \$*:"
for arg in "$*"; do
echo "$arg"
done
# Print all command line arguments using $@
echo "Printing command line arguments using \$@:"
for arg in "$@"; do
echo "$arg"
done
-----------------------------
===================================================================================
================
#CRONTAB:The crontab is a list of commands that you want to run on a regular
schedule,
and also the name of the command used to manage that list.
=========
* * * * *
Min hours Date month Day of the week
(0-59 min) (0-23hrs) (1-31 days) (1-12) (00-06) 00-sunday
01-Monday
-
06-saturday
Commands:
export VISUAL=vi
installing new crontab
crontab -e --> to create and edit the crontab job
crontab -l --> to view the crontab jobs
systemctl status cron
grep cron /var/log/syslog --->tocheck logs
syntax:
* * * * * /path to script
Examples:
run at 10am everyday
00 10 * * * cd /test/d3/dir/shellscript && ./simple.sh
run script at 1 pm every friday
00 13 * * 05 /script path
run script at 1 pm every monday to friday:
00 13 * * 01-05 /script path
run script at 8:30pm every tuesday and thursday
30 20 * * 02,04 /script path
run script at 10pm coming monday to saturday
00 22 22-27 11 01-06 /script path
run script every 30 min
*/30 * * * * /script path
run script every 2 min
*/2 * * * * /script path
run script for every min
* * * * * /script path
run script every hour
00 * * * * /script path
run script every day
00 00 * * * /script path
run script for every 2 hour
* */2 * * * /script path
run script for every 2 days
00 00 */2 * * /script path
run script for every year:
00 00 01 01 * /script path
Note:
1) Crontab will always schedule scripts for minutes and will not schedule for
seconds.
2) If you specify all * then script will run every minute.
* * * * *
