FE 2112
Fuzzy Modeling
Dr. H.O.W. Peiris
Lesson 02
Fuzzy sets
Normalized fuzzy set
• A fuzzy set is called normalized when at least one x ∈ A attains the maximum
membership grade 1;
• Otherwise the set is called non-normalized.
How to transform non-normalized fuzzy set in to normalized fuzzy set
Assume the set A is non-normalized; then max µ𝐴 (x) < 1.
To normalize the set A means to normalize its membership function µ𝐴 (x) , i.e. to
divide it by max µ𝐴 (x) , which gives µ𝐴 (x) / max µ𝐴 (x)
Example: A = {(1, 0.1),(2, 0.5),(3, 0.3),(4, 0.8),(5, 0.7),(6, 0.2)};
max µ𝐴 (x) = 0.8
Evaluate µ𝐴 (x) / max µ𝐴 (x) for each x ∈ A
Then we get
A = {(1, 0.125),(2, 0.625),(3, 0.375),(4, 1),(5,0.875 ),(6, 0.25)};
𝜶-level interval or 𝜶 -cut
• 𝐴𝛼 (𝛼 -level interval or 𝛼 –cut)
the crisp set of elements x which belong to A at least to the degree α:
Recall Example (7)
Basic operations on Fuzzy sets
• Consider the fuzzy sets A and B in the universe U,
• The operations with A and B are introduced via operations on their membership
functions µ𝐴 (x) and µ𝐵 (x).
• Equality
The fuzzy sets A and B are equal denoted by A = B if and only if for every x ∈ U,
Basic operations on Fuzzy sets ctd…
• Inclusion
The fuzzy set A is included in the fuzzy set B denoted by A ⊆ B if for every x ∈ U,
Then A is called a subset of B.
• Proper subset
The fuzzy set A is called a proper subset of the fuzzy set B denoted A ⊂ B
when A is a subset of B and A≠B, that is
Example (4)
• Let X = {a, b, c}, A , B are two fuzzy subsets. A denotes “smart people” and B
denotes “very smart people.“ There exist
Investigate the given two fuzzy sets.
Activity 01
Basic operations on Fuzzy sets ctd…
• Complementation (Not A)
The fuzzy sets A and 𝐴ҧ are complementary if
• Intersection (conjunction “and”)
The operation intersection of A and B denoted as A ∩ B is defined by
If 𝑎1 < 𝑎2 , min(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) = 𝑎1 . For instance min(0.5, 0.7) = 0.5.
Basic operations on Fuzzy sets ctd…
• Union (conjunction “or”)
The operation union of A and B denoted as A ∪ B is defined by
If 𝑎1 < 𝑎2 , max(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ) = 𝑎2 . For instance max(0.5, 0.7) = 0.7
Graphical representation of operations on fuzzy sets
Graphical representation of operations on fuzzy sets
Example (5)
• Consider the universe U = {𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 } and the fuzzy sets A and B
defined by the table
Activity 02
Defined fuzzy sets such as “infant”,
“young”, “adult” and “senior” in X. • Write the fuzzy set for the sets; young,
Below table shows the possibilities of adult, senior.
each element of x to be in those four • Evaluate the complement set of “adult”
fuzzy sets.
• Evaluate the union of young and adult
• Evaluate the intersection of adult and
senior
Activity 03
• 5 pieces as given in the figure below composed of the domain :
A =‘‘circle’’= {(a,1), (b,0.75), (c, 0.5), (d, 0.25)}
B =‘‘square’’={(b, 0.3), (c, 0.5), (d, 0.7), (e,1);
X = {a, b, c, d, e}
(i) Find A or B
(ii) Find A and B
(iii) Find Not A
Quantifying words
• the adverbs “extremely”, “very”, “quite”,
“more”, “a little”, and “tiny” etc can be
quantify using fuzzy concept.
• the membership functions of the
adverbs “extremely”, “very”, “quite”,
“more”, “a little”, and “tiny”
Example (6)
• The membership function value of 0.8 is for a 60-year-old person being the “old”
Set. Then the membership function value of 1 − 0.8 = 0.2 is for those who belong
to a new fuzzy set of “not old”; the membership function value of (0.8)2 = 0.64 is
for those who are “very old”; the membership function value of
(0.850.5 )= 0.8)=0.9 is for those who are “a little old”, and so on.
• Activity
• Let domain U={1, 2, 3, ...,10}. The membership functions of the original words
“big” and “small” are
A =‘‘big’’= {(5,0.4), (6,0.7), (7, 0.8), (8, 1), (9, 1), (10, 1)}
B =‘‘small’’={(1, 1), (2, 0.8), (3, 0.6), (4,0.2),(5,0.1)};
Find the sets ‘‘Very big’’, “Extremely big’’ , ‘‘Very small’’, ‘‘neither big nor small’’
Example (7)
• If the membership function of the “old” is
• Find the membership function for “very old”
• Find the membership function of the “not very old” is
Convex fuzzy set
Support of a Fuzzy set
Activity 04
Consider a universal set X which is defined on the age domain.
X = {5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85}
1. Consider A=“Youth”
Write down the fuzzy set A
2. Find the support of fuzzy set A
3. Find the α -cut set for fuzzy set A when
α=0.2 and α=0.8
Fuzzy numbers
• What is a fuzzy number?
Convex and normalized Fuzzy set
and if the membership function is
Defined on the universe R
Piecewise continuous membership function
Activity 05
Triangular Fuzzy Numbers
• It is a fuzzy number represented with three points as follows :
this representation is interpreted as Triangular membership function
Activity 06
• Fuzzy number A is given as A = (-5, 1, 1)
(i) Find its membership function
(ii) Draft the graphical representation of the membership function
(iii) In the above figure indicate the α-cut when α=0.5.
Central triangular fuzzy number
Often in applications the point 𝑎2 ∈ (𝑎1 , 𝑎3 ) is located at the middle of the
𝑎1 +𝑎3
supporting interval, i.e. 𝑎2 = .
2
Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers
• It is a fuzzy number represented with four points as follows :
• This representation is interpreted as Trapezoidal membership function
Central Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers
• If [𝑎1 , 𝑏1 ] = [𝑏2 , 𝑎2 ], the trapezoidal number is symmetrical with respect to the
𝑏1 +𝑏2
line 𝑥 =
2
Activity
• Try to complete the membership function of set Y of “young”, set from 15 to 25
years old for young people, and the age of either more than 35 or less than 10 years
old is not for young people.
S-shape Membership function
• The S-shaped membership function
depends on two parameters a and b which
locate the extremes of the sloped portion
of the function.
Z-shape Membership function
• The Z-shaped membership function is
defined by two parameters a and b and
represents an asymmetrical polynomial
curve open to the left
