MONOTONOCITY Page # 9

EXERCISE – III HINTS & SOLUTIONS

x 2 x0 2  x  2 1 x
Sol.1 f(x) =  =
ax x0 2(1  x )3 / 2

If a < 0 ( 1  x  1)2
If a > 0 = > 0 for x > –1
2(1  x )3 / 2
ax
x
2 2
x f(x) is increasing function for > –1

Sol.3 f(x) = x3 + (a – 1) x2 + 2x + 1
f(x) = 3x2 + 2(a – 1) x + 2 > 0
D0
Non-Monotonic Strictly monotonically 4(a – 1)2 – 4(2) (3)  0
Increasing at x= 0 (a – 1)2 – 6  0
a  R – 6 a–1 6

1– 6  a  1 + 6
Sol.2 (i) f(x) = tan–1 (sin x + cos x)

cos x  sin x
f(x) = x4 x3
1  (sin x  cos x )2 Sol.4 (i) f(x) = + – 3x2 + 5
4 3
For f(x) is a decreasing function f’(x) = x3 + x2 – 6x
f (x) < 0 = x(x2 + x – 6)
cos x – sin x < 0 = x (x + 3) (x – 2)
1 1    
cos x – sin x < 0 0 2
2 2 –3
MI x  (–3, 0 )  (2, )
  MD x  (–, –3)  (0, 2)
cos  x   < 0
 4  
(ii) f(x) = sin
x
  3
<x+ < 
2 4 2 
f(x) = – cos
x2 x
  3 
– <x< –  3
2 4 4 4
2 2
 5 

<x< 2
4 4

Function will be decreasing for cos 0
5 x
(ii) f(x) = – ln (1 + x) Df x  1
4
  
– < <
x 2 x 2
1 x 
f(x) = 2 1 x – 1
1 x   
(1  x ) 2n – < < 2n +
2 x 2

2(1  x )  x 1 4n  1 1 4n  1
= 3/2
– < <
2(1  x ) 1 x 2 x 2

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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 Page # 10 MONOTONOCITY

a  (–, –3) check for end value

2 2
x nI a = – 3 f(x) = – 3x2 + 18x – 27= – (x – 3)2 = 0
4n  1 4x  1
at x = 3
 a  (–, –3)
function will be increasing if cos <0
x x
Sol.6 f(x) = sin–1 – nx Df : x > 0
2
  3 x 1
< <
2 x 2 f(x) = tan–1 x – nx
  3 1
2n + < < 2n + 1
2 x 2 f(x) = –
1  x2 x
4n  1 1 4n  3
< < nI  x2  x  1
2 x 2 x  1 x2  
= = –  x(1  x 2 ) 
x(1  x 2 )  
2 2
x Ans.
4n  3 4n  1 

O
So f(x) is decreasing in its domain
(iii) f(x) = log32 x + log3x Df : x0
 1  1 1
2
nx Greatest value f   = tan–1 – n
 nx   3 3 3
f(x) =   +
 n3  n3
= tan–1 3 – n 3
 ln x  1 1
2 .  0
 1
 ln 3  x x.ln 3 = – n3 Ans.
3 2
1
ln x = ln 3
2 Sol.7 let h(x) = gof(x)
h’(x) = g’(f(x)). f’(x) < 0
1
x= >0 <0
3
h is decreasing function.
 1 
M.D. x   0, 
 3 x
Sol.8 (i) P.T. x < – n (1 – x) < For 0 < x < 1
1 x
 1  f(x) = x + n (1 – x)
M.I. x   ,  
 3 
1 x
f(x) = 1 – = <0
1 x 1 x
Sol.5 f(x) = (a + 2) x3 – 3ax2 + 9ax –1 For 0 < x < 1
C – 1 When a = –2
f(x) < f(0)
f(x) = 6x2 – 18x – 1
x + n (1 – x) < 0
When can’t be monotonic for
x < – n (1 – x) H.P.
C–2 a  –2
f(x) < 0 x
3(a + 2) x2 – 6ax + 9a < 0  x  R g(x) = + n (1 – x)
1 x
a  2 & D < 0 b2 – 4 ac g(x) 
g(x) > g(0)
36a2 – 36.3a (a + 2) < 0
g(x) > 0
a2 – 3a2 – 6a < 0
2a (a + 3) > 0 x
> – n (1 – x)
a > 0 or a < – 3 1 x

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 MONOTONOCITY Page # 11

tan x 2 x2  7
 
Sol.9 tan x1 > x1 for 0 < x1 < x2 <  x=
2 2 1 7/2 6

tan x
Let f(x) =
x
10
x sec2 x  tan x
f(x) = 5
x2
O 7 6
sin 2x 2
x  sinx cos x x
= = 2 f(1) = 5
(x cos x)2 ( x cos x )2
f(6) = 5
sin 2x
Let g(x) = x –
2 7
f  = 10
g(x) = 1 – cos 2x 2
= 2 sin2 > 0
Range is [ 5 , 10 ]
g(x) 
g(x) > g(0)
 g(x) > 0 2 2
f(a) > 0 e x  e x
Sol.12 f(x) = 2 2

tan x 2 tan x1 ex  ex

f(x2) > f(x1)  x > x P.T. Injectives  One-One  Monotonic
2 1

t 1 2
tanx2 x2 f(t) = y = t = e2x
> H.P. t 1
tanx1 x1
2 2
f(t) = >0 g(x) = e2x
Sol.10 Let f(x) = 2 sin x + tan x – 3x ( t  1)
f(x) = 2cos x + sec2 x – 3 2
2x
t  f(t)  g(x) = 4 x e
(2 cos x  1)(cos x  1)2 But For [0, )
=
cos2  It is 
f(x) > 0 as x  t 
f(x) > f(0) f(x) is one-one
2 sin x + tan x > 3x H.P.

3x Sol.13 P.T. ex + 1 e2x  (1 + x) + 2  2x  x 2

<1
2 sin x  tan x xR

lim  3x 
x 0 2 sin x  sin x  = 0
  ex + 1 e2x  (1 + x) + 1  (1  x )2

Sol.11 f(x) =
Let f(t) = t + 1 t 2 We wish to prove that
x 1 + 6  x ; x – 1  0; 6 – x  0
f(ex)  f(x + 1)
x1 x6
of x t [1, 6]
2t t  t2  1
f(t) = 1 + =
1 1
f(x) = – =0 2 t2  1 t2  1
2 x 1 2 6x

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 Page # 12 MONOTONOCITY

If t > 0 , f(t) > 0

b
Sol.15 If ax2 +  c  x > 0, a > 0, b > 0
x
a2  1  a
If t < 0 Let t = – a f(t) = >0 P.T. 27ab2  4c3
a2  1
ax3 + b – cx  0
f(t) > 0 always
f(t) is incrasing function f(x) = ax3 – cx + b
We wish to Prove that
c c
f(ex)  f(x + 1) f'(x) = 3ax2 – c = 0  x2 = x=±
3a 3a
To Prove that
ex  (1 + x) ....(1) Case–I c < 0
Always for all x  R ax3 – cx + b wil always be positive
Case II
c>0

c
(0, 1) x=±
3a

  

c c
–
3a 3a

so f(ex)  f(1 + x)  c 
 
f  3a   0
   
Sol.14 Given f'(sin x) < 0 and f"(sin x) > 0, & x   0, 
 2
3/2 1/ 2
g(x) = f( sin x) + f(cos x)  c   c 
a   +b–c   0
g'(x) = cos x f'(sin x) – sin x f'(cos x)  3a   3a 

 3/2 1/ 2
g'   = 0 (By observation)  c   c 
4 a   –c   –b
 3a   3a 
g"(x) = – sin x f' (sin x) + cos2 x f"(sin x) – cos x
f' (cos x) + sin2x + f’’ (cos x) Squaring both side

= cos2x f"(sin x) + sin2x f"(cos x) – sin xf ' (sin x ) 3 2

 c   c   c 
 a2   + c2   – 2ac    b2
      3a   3a   3a 


– cos xf ' (cos x ) 4c 3  27ab2 H.P..

 


Sol.16 f(x) = sin 2x – 8 (a + 1) sin x + (4a2 + 8a – 14) x
g"(x) > 0 f'(x) = 2 cos 2x – 8 (a + 1)cos x + (4a2 + 8a – 14)
g'(x)  g'(x) > g'(0) = 2 (2 cos2 x – 1) – 8 (a + 1) cos x + (4a2 + 8a –
g'(x) > 0  g'(x) increasing 14)
 = 4 [cos2 x – 2 (a + 1) cos x + (a2 + 2a – 4)]

For monotonic  and no critical points
0   f'(x) > 0  x  R
4 2 D = 4 (a + 1)2 – 4 (a2 + 2a – 4)
= 4a2 + 8a + 4 – 4a2 – 8a + 16 = 20
  Which is always positive.
decreasing in  0, 
 4 Let cos x = y; y  [–1, 1]

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 MONOTONOCITY Page # 13

g(y) = y2 – 2 (a + 1) y + (a2 + 2a – 4) 2ax + 2 (a + 2) = 0

We have to find out those values of a for which Negative point of inflection
g(y) > ) for all y  (– 1, 1)
a2
–   <0
–b  a 
(i) g(– 1) > 0 & <–1
2a
  
1 + 2 (a + 1) + a2 + 2a – 4 > 0
–2 0
a2 + 4a – 1 > 0
a2
>0
a>–2+ 5 or a < – 2 5 a
a  (–, –2)  (0, )
–b
<–1
2a Sol.18 If we assume

b tan –1 x
>1 n (1 + x) >
2a 1 x

–2(a  1) (1 + x) n (1 + x) > tan–1 x

>1 Now f(x) = (1 + x) n (1 + x) – tan–1 x
2a
a+1 <–1 1 x 1
f'(x) = + n (1 + x) –
1 x 1 x2

1
–2– 5 –2 –2 5 1  n(1  x ) 2
=  – 1 x  0  x  R
1
1
a  (–, –2– 5 )
f(x) is increasing
f(x) > f(0)
b f(x)  0 H.P.
(ii) 1 – 2 (a + 1) + a2 + 2a – 4 > 0 <–1
2a

2(a  1) tan x x  
a2 – 5 > 0 – <–1 Sol.19 P.T. > for x   0, 
2 x sin x  2
TPT tan x sin x – x2 > 0
a> 5
Let f(x) = tan x sinx – x2
a+1> 1 f'(x) = tan x cos x + sec2x + sin x – 2x
a>0 f"(x) = cos x+cos x sec2x+2 sinx sec2x tanx–2

 1 
 cos x  – 2
2 sin x sec 2 x tanx
0 cos x
=  + 

– 5 5 Positive
Positive

f"(x) > 0
Final answer a  (–, –2– 5 )  ( 5 , ) f'(x) ing
f’’(x) > f”’(0)
ax 3 f’(x) > 0  f(x) increasing
Sol.17 f(x) = + (a + 2) x2 + (a – 1) x + 2
3 H.P.
f'(x) = ax2 + 2 (a + 2) x + (a – 1) f(x) > f(0)
f"(x) = 2ax + 2 (a + 2) f(x) > 0
For point of inflection tan x sinx > x2 H.P.

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 Page # 14 MONOTONOCITY

Sol.20 f"(x) = ex (x + 1) – 1 > 0

f'(x) 
f'(x) > f'(0)
f(x) ing
f(x) > f(0)
x=–1 f ( x )  0 H.P..
0 x=1

sin2 x
Sol.23 Let f(x) = x sinx –
2

2 sin x cos x
non monotonic at x = – 1 f'(x) = sinx + x cosx –
2
 at x = 0, 1
f'(x) = sin x + x cos x – sin x cos x
= cos x (x – sin x) + sinx
1 Let g(x) = x – sin x
Sol.21 f(x) = sinx – a sin 2x – sin3x + 2ax
3
 
g'(x) = 1 – cos x > 0 for x   0, 
 2
f'(x) = cosx – 2a cos 2x – cos 3x + 2a  0
g(x) ing
2
= 4a sin x + 2 sin 2x sin x
g(x) > g(0)  g( x )  0
= 4a sin2x +4 sin2x
cos x So f'(x) > 0
= 4 (a + cos x) sin x2
f(x) is increasing
a  [1, ) It won't become negative Least value = f(0) = 0
So f'(x)  0
  1 1
Greatest value = f   = – = ( – 1)
Sol.22 (i) Let f(x) = 1 + x2 – x sin x – cos x 2 2 2 2
f'(x) = 2x – sin x – x cos x + sin x
f'(x) = x (2 – cos x)  0 for  x  0 1
0 < f (x) < ( – 1)
f(x) is increasing 2
f(x)  f(0)
1 + x2 – x sinx – cos x  0 H.P.
(ii) f(x) = sin x – sin 2x – 2x  21  4b  b2  2
Sol.24 f(x) = f’(x) = 3 1  x +5>0
f'(x) = cos x – 2 cos 2x – 2  b 1 
 
= cos x – 2 (2 cos2 x – 1) – 2

cos  
x(
1 – 4 cos x )  21  4b  b2 
 0

0
3 1   > 0
=    <0  b 1
0  

f(x)  21 – 4b – b2  0
f(x)  f(0) b  [–7, 3]
But
f ( x )  0 H.P..
for b  [–7, –1]  [2, 3]
co-efficient of quadrate > 0
x2 so f(x) is increasing at every
(iii) Let f(x) = + 2x + 3 – (3 – x) ex
2 point of It’s domain
f'(x) = x + 2 – (3 – x) ex + ex b  [–7, –1)  [2, 3]

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 MONOTONOCITY Page # 15

Sol.25 (a) Let f(x) = x2 – (1 + x) [n (1 + x)]2 f(x) < 1 – 5x

f'(x) = 2x – [n (1 + x)]2 – 2n (2x – 4) = 0 1 – x – x3 < 1 – 5x
 x2 x3 – 4x > 0  x ( x + 2) (x – 2) > 0

Increasing in (2, ) – + – +
(–2, 0) U (2,)
Decreasing is (–, 2) –2 0 2
Sol.28 (a) f(x) = sin x – cos x is [0, 2]
ex
(b) f(x) = f'(x) = cos x + sinx = 0
x
3 7
xe x – e x x=
f'(x) = =0x=1 4 4
x2
 is (1, )   
 is (–, 1) – {0}
0 3 7 2
(c) f(x) = x2 e–x
4 4
f'(x) = 2x e–x – x2 e–x
= – e–x (x (x –2)) f"(x) = – sinx + cos x
  
 3  1 1
f"   =– – <0
0 2  4  2 2

 is (0, 2)
 is (–, 0)  (2, )  3   
 is 0,    ,2
Sol.26  4   4 
2
 4x
(a) f’(x) = 2 ex (2x – 4) = 0  x = 2  3  7 
increasing in (2, )  is  , 
 4 4 
decreasing in (– , 2)
(b) g(x) = 2 sinx + cos 2x [0, 2]
x x
xe  e
(b) f’(x) = 0 x=1
x2 g'(x) = 2 cos x – 2 sin 2x
increasing in (1, ) = 2 cos x – 4 sin x cos x
decreasing in (– 1)– {o} = 2 cos x (1 – 2 sin x)
(c) f’(x) = 2x e–x – x|2 e–x = e–x x (2 – x) 1
increasing is (0, 2) cos x = 0; sin x =
2
decreasing in (– , 0 ) u (2,)
 3  5
1 4x2  1 (2x  1)(2x H) x= x= ,
(d) f’(x) = 4x – = = 2 2 6 6
x x x

    
 1  1 
increasing is  ,0  U  ,  
0 3
 2  2    5 2
 2 6 2
  1  1
decreasing   ,  U  0, 
 2   2     5   3 
ing is 0,    ,    ,2
Sol.27  6   6 6   2 
f’(x) = – 1 – 3x2 < 0  f is an decreasing fn.
1 – f(x) – f3 (x) > f (1– 5x)    5  3 
f(f(x)) > f(1 – 5x) ing is  ,    , 
6 2  6 2 

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 Page # 16 MONOTONOCITY

Sol.29 f(x) = x3 – x2 + x + 1 f(1) = 2

f'(x) = 3x2 – 2x + 1 f(2) = – 6
D = 4 – 12 < 0 Maximum at (x = 1) = 2
f'(x) > 0 Maximum (at x = – 1) = – 10
f(x) willbe increasing
g(x) = f(x) 0x1  a2 – 1 
 
3–x 1<x2 Sol.31 f(x) =  3  x3 + (a – 1) x2 + 2x + 1
 
continous at x = 1, but not differentiable
case–I
a=1
g(x) f(x) = 2x + 1
which is always increasing
2 f(x) 3–x
case–II
1 a=–1
f(x) = – 2x2 + 2x + 1
x which is no-monotonic
–1 0 1 2 Case–III
a–1
f'(x) = (a2 – 1) x2 + 2 (a – 1) x + 2
D<0
4 (a – 1)2 – 42 (a2 – 1) < 0
(a – 1) (a + 3) > 0
Sol.30 (a) f(x) = 12 x4/3 – 6 x1'3 x  [–1, 1] a > 1, a < – 3
check for a = – 3
4 1/3 6 –2/3
f'(x) = 12 × x – x f'(x) = 8x2 – 8x + 2 = 2 (4x2 – 4x + 1)
3 3
= 2 (2x – 1)2 > 0
= 16 x1/3 –2 x–2/3
So final answer a  (–, –3]  [1, )
 8 x – 1 1
= 2  2/3  = 0  x 
 x  8 Sol.32 f(x) = x3 + (2a + 3) x2 + 3 (2a + 1) x + 5
f'(x) = 3x2 + 2 (2a + 3) x + 3 (2a + 1)
f(–1) = 12 + 6 = 18  Greatest value
f(1) = 12 – 6 = 6 D<0
4(2a + 3)2 – 4.9 (2a + 1) < 0
1/ 3
4/3   1 3  4a2 – 6a < 0
 1  13   
f   = 12   – 6  2   a (2a – 3) < 0
8  2 
    
3
0a
12 6 3 9 2
= – = –3=–  least value.
16 2 4 4
Check for a = 0
(b) f(x) = x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 + 1
f'(x) = 3x2 + 6x + 3 = 3 (x2 + 2x + 1)
f'(x) = 5x4 – 2ax3 + 15 x2 [– 1, 2]
= 3 (x + 1)2 > 0
f'(x) = 5x2 (x2 – 4x + 3)
= 5x2 (x – 1) (x – 3) 3
Critical points x = 0, 1, 3 Check for a =
2
= – 10
f'(x) = 3x2 + 12 x + 12 3 (x2 + 4x + 4)
f (0) = 1

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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 MONOTONOCITY Page # 17

= 3 (x + 2)2 > 0

 3
So final answer a  0,  1 0
 2 –
2
a0
x2
1  t – 1 check for a = 0
Sol.33 f(x) =  t n 32 dt Df x  1
x g(t) = 2t2 + t

  2 2  D0
n  x – 1   32  
1
f'(x) = 2   32  ( x – 1)   = 0
x      Final answer a  0


( x – 1)( x  1)2
=1 x2 – 9 2
32 Sol.35 f(x) = – x  3 – x  x – 1
(x – 1) (x + 1)2 = 32 x = 3
 
f(x) f(x)
1 3
 is (3, )
 is (1, 3)
Sol.34 f(x) = 2ex – ae–x + (2a + 1) x – 3
f'(x) = 2ex + ae–x + (2a + 1) x=–3 (5/3, 0)
x
0 x=1
= e (2e (2a + 1) e + a)
– 2x x

7
–
2

D<0 ex = t  t  (0, )
(2a + 1)2 – 8a < 0 g(t) = 2t2 + (2a + 1) t + a (a) Range y  (–, 0]
(2a – 1)2 < 0 g(0) > 0  a > 0
a D > 0  (2a – 1)2 > 0  5 5 
(b)  is  1,  and  is (–, 1)   ,   – {– 3}
 a R  3 3 

–b  2a  1 
No Solution <0–   <0 5
2a  4  (c) x =
3
1
a+ >0 (d) Removable discont. at x = – 3
2

 5
x– 
 3
(e) y = –  x – 1 
 
 

 5 
 – 1 
 3  –2
1 y' = – 3  ( x – 1)2  = =–2
a>–   ( x – 1)2 x 0
2  

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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 Page # 18 MONOTONOCITY

Sol.36 Let f(x) = x2 – 1 – 2x nx

x
f'(x) = 2x – 2 n x – 2 Sol.38 Let f(x) = n (1 + x) – D : x  (–1, )
1 x f
2  x – 1
f" (x) = 2 – =2   > 0 for x > 1
(1  x ) – x x
x  x  1
f'(x)= 2 =
(1  x )2
–
1 x (1  x )
f'(x) 
f'(x) > f'(1)  
f'(x) > 0  f(x) is ing
f(x) > f(1) –1 0
f(x) > 0 H.P. f(x)  f(0)  x  (–1, )
Let g(x) = 2x nx – 4x (x – 1) + 2 nx f(x)  0  x  (–1, )
f(x) > 0  x  (–1, 0)  (0, )
2
g'(x) = 2nx – 2 – 4 (2x – 1) +
x
Sol.39 (a – x)3 + (b – x)3 x<a
3
(x – a) + (x – b) 3 xb
2 2
g’'(x) = –8– 2 (x – a)3 – (x – b)3 a  x < b
x x
f’(x) = 3 (x – a)2 – 3 (x – b)2 = 0
(x – a)2 = (x + b)2
– 8 x   2x – 2
= always +ve x – a = x – b non sense
x2
ab
g"(x) > 0 x–a=b–x x=
2
g'(x) ing g'(x) > g'(1)
3 3
g'(x) > 0  g(x) is increasing ab ab  ab 
f  =   a –   b
g(x) > g(1)  g(x) > 0  2   2   2 
H.P.

=
b  a3 –
( a – b)3
Sol.37 f(x) = tan2x + 6 ln sec x + 2 cos x + 4 – 6 sec x 8 8
do upto f’(x)
2b  a3 b  a3
= =
8 4

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