Unit 2 – Enthalpy, Energy, and Rates
Energy Change is Everywhere!
• You are surrounded by energy changes:
– Have you turned on a light today?
– Did you drive here?
– Have you eaten today?
– How bright was the Sun today?
• Because energy change is all around us, it’s
important that we understand how and why it
happens!
Chemistry has the Answer!
• Thermodynamics: the study of
energy and energy transfer
• Thermochemistry: the study of
energy transfer in chemical
reactions
Law of Conservation of Energy
• The total amount of energy in the
universe is constant.
• Energy can’t be created or
destroyed.
• ∆Euniverse= 0
Energy Transfer
• We can’t create or destroy
energy, but we can change and
transfer energy.
• Think about explosions
(awesome, right?)
• How does an explosion change
and transfer energy?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDRMKybicPM&feature=fvwrel
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBQnpH-dFqU
Where does the Energy go?
• ∆Euniverse= 0
• Universe: = System + Surroundings
• ∆Euniverse= ∆Esystem + ∆Esurroundings= 0
• ∆Esystem= - ∆Esurroundings
• If the system loses energy, the surroundings gain energy,
and vice versa!
• Think about how this relates to an explosion (boy I love
explosions)
Where does the Energy go?
∆ESystem = -∆ESurroundings
In terms of a chemical reaction:
Surroundings:
Everything outside of
System: the beaker
contents of the beaker
(reactants and
Enthalpy
• Every substance that contains bonds contains energy
within those bonds.
• The enthalpy, H of a substance is its total internal
energy at a constant pressure. Units are Joules (J)
• Less stable compounds, e.g. TNT, store a large
amount of energy in their bonds.
• Breaking these bonds releases energy
• Demo!
Enthalpy
• Chemical bonds are sources of stored energy
• Breaking an existing bond requires the input of
energy.
• Forming a new bond releases energy (bond
formation is energetically favourable)
• All chemical reactions are a combination of breaking
existing bonds and forming new bonds.
Exothermic Reactions
• When the net result of a reaction releases energy to
the surroundings (e.g. heat, light, sound).
• 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 + energy (heat)
Bonds Broken Bonds Made
Energy Absorbed < Energy Released
Endothermic Reactions
• When the net result of a reaction absorbs
energy from the surroundings (typically heat)
Acetic Acid + Na2CO3+ Heat Sodium Acetate
+ H2O + CO2
Bonds Broken Bonds Made
Energy Absorbed > Energy Released
Exothermic vs. Endothermic
Enthalpy Changes in a Chemical
Reaction
Characteristic Endothermic Exothermic
Chemical More energy More energy released
bonds? absorbed by by forming bonds
breaking bonds
Heat absorbed Absorbs heat from Releases heat to
or released? surroundings surroundings
Enthalpy ∆H > 0 (∆H is positive) ∆H < 0 (∆H is negative)
change? Hproducts > Hreactants Hreactants > Hproducts
Temperature Temp decreases; Temp increases;
System feels colder System feels hotter
Enthalpy Changes
• Chemical reactions result in changes in energy, and in
turn, enthalpy
• This change is represented by the enthalpy of
reaction, ∆Hrxn (J)
• ∆Hrxn is dependent on temperature and pressure.
• When evaluating enthalpy changes in reactions, we
use standard enthalpies of reaction, ∆Horxn
Enthalpy Changes
• In this unit, we will learn THREE WAYS to calculate
enthalpy changes in a chemical reaction
1. Heat transfer and Calorimetry
2. Hess’s Law of Heat Summation
3. Enthalpies of Formation in Hess’s Law
Standard Atmospheric Temperature and
Temperature (SATP)
• ∆Horxn is taken at SATP
• SATP is considered to be a temperature of 25o C and a
pressure of 100 kPa
• Any differentiation from SATP will require a new value
of ∆Hrxn, which will be given to you .
Representing Enthalpy Changes
• We need a simple way to represent enthalpy changes
• The first way is using a thermochemical equation:
• e.g. 2H2O2(g) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 375.6 kJ
• Energy is produced, exothermic reaction
• MgCO3(s) + 117.3 kJ MgO(s) + CO2(g)
• ?
Representing Enthalpy Changes
• We can also indicate ∆Hrxn next to the balanced
equation.
• 2H2O2(g) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) ∆Hrxn= -375.6 kJ
• REMEMBER: ∆Esystem= - ∆Esurroundings
• ∆Esystem= -375.6 kJ, ∆Esurroundings= 375.6 kJ
Representing Enthalpy Changes
• The last way we can represent enthalpy
changes is with an enthalpy diagram
2 H2O2 MgO + CO2
Reactants Products
∆Hrxn= -375.6 kJ Enthalpy, H ∆Hrxn= 117.3 kJ
thalpy, H
2H2O + O2 MgCO3
Products Reactants
Exothermic Endothermic
Energy is lost to the surroundings Energy is taken from the surroundings
Stoichiometry
• Enthalpy of a reaction is linearly dependent on the
quantity of products/reactants
1
• H2O2(g) H2O + O2(g) ∆Hrxn= -187.8 kJ
(l) 2
• 2H2O2(g) 2H2O(l) + O2(g) ∆Hrxn= -375.6 kJ
• If the amount of product/reactant doubles, so does
the enthalpy change
• ∆Hrxn= x kJ/mol
Learning Check
• Provide:
• balanced thermochemical equations
• ∆Hrxn
• enthalpy diagrams
• for each of the following reactions, and label them as
either exo- or endothermic:
Question 1:
1. Hydrogen and oxygen gas combine to make
water. The reaction releases 285.8 kJ of energy
per mole of H2.
Enthalpy, H
Question 2:
• 2. Aluminum metal reacts with chlorine gas to
form aluminum trichloride. The flask that the
reaction takes place in gets extremely hot. The
total energy change is measured to be 704 kJ/
mol of aluminum.
Enthalpy, H
Question 3:
• 3. Solid calcium carbide, CaC2, is produced
when a piece of calcium oxide combines with
pure carbon. Carbon is relatively unreactive
and so 462.3 kJ of energy are required for the
reaction to take place. Carbon monoxide is also
produced in the reaction.
Enthalpy, H
