History of Radiological sciences
systematical order by : Setiawan Soetopo.
???? Big Bang was the first radiated chain reaction in the universe.
1859 Changes in populations of organisms : Darwin.
1895 WC Röntgen discovers x-rays.
1896 First biologic effects of x-rays reported includes skin burns, epilation and eye
irritation.
First treatment of hairy nevus by Freund (external beam radiotherapy).
1897 Rutherford discovers α-rays and β-rays.
First x-ray to treat cancer : Rival, Grubbe, Despeignes, Williams, Voigt.
1902 Chromosome theory of heredity
1903 Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau. (radiosensitivity postulate): Bergonie,
Tribondeau
Implantation radium to treat cancer (first brachytherapy) : Bell
1911 Jagic reported 5 radiation workers had Leukemia.
1915 British Roentgen Society introduces proposal for radiation protection.
1920 Barium contrast studies in Radiology diagnostics.
1927 First observation of mutations by x-rays in Drosophila : Muller.
Rabbit testes experiments suggest the value of fractionation in Radiotherapy :
Regaud and Ferraux.
1928 First international recommendations on radiation protection.
1930 First survival curve for bacteria exposed to radiation : Lea.
Intravenous contrast media.
1933 Oxygen affects radiosensitivity : Crabtree, Cramer.
1935 Oxygen on radiosensitivity become roots and postulates in Radiotherapy :
Mottram.
Describes angiogenesis in the placenta of pregnant monkey : Tremain
1940 Gray measure oxygen enhanced ratio (OER), published 1952.
Angiography radiology.
1944 Relation between dose and overall time for skin reaction :Stranquist.
1945 Atomic bombs explode July 16 in New Mexico, August 6 in Hiroshima and
August 11 in Nagasaki.
1946 Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission.
1951 First clinical Cobalt-60 unit, London, Ontario, Canada.
First boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT): Sweet.
1952 Structure of DNA discovered : Crick and Watson.
First Linac (linear acceleration) to treat patients Hammersmith Hospital, United
Kingdom.
1954 Iridium-192 introduced into brachytherapy.
1961 Remote afterloading for brachyterapy : Henscke.
1962 First demonstration of the dose rate effect in cells in vitro : Hall and Bedford
1966 Genetic code solved.
1967 Concept of cell loss factor in tumors : Steel.
1971 Theory and concept angiogenesis : Folkman.
1972 First CT scan by EMI installed in hospital in London.
MVD as tumor control on angiogenesis successes : Brem.
1974 First clinical trial with neutrons : Catterrall.
1975 First cancer patient s treated with heavy ions at Berkeley.
PET Scan developed.
First angiogenesis inhibitor discovered in cartilage : Brem
1976 Fowler and Douglass derive linear-quadratic parameters from fractionation
experiments.
Suppressor genes described in cultured cells : Stanbridge.
1980 MRI installed, digital radiology.
Multileaf collimators developed.
First repair gene in human cells : Rubin.
First description of apoptosis : Kerr.
1982 The first human ontogenesis described : Bishop.
1983 Virtual colonoscopy suggested.
1985 Computer controlled remote afterloader : Nucletron.
1986 The meltdown of a nuclear reactor in Chernobyl.
1988 IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy) developed.
1989 VEGF the most important angiogenesis factor discovered : Ferrara.
1990 Teleradiology, picture archive and communication system (PACS).
1991 First correlation of survival fraction at 2 Gy and tumor control : West.
First use gene therapy in animals.
First shown tumor angiogenesis in metastases mechanism : Weidner.
1993 HIMAC (Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba) synchrotron began operation
for medical use in Chiba, Japan
1994 BRCA1 discovered.
1995 ATM gene sequenced.
BRCA2 discovered.
1996 p53 named as the molecule of the year (the guardian of the genome).
Microarray with human genes was first used.
1998 Helical CT introduced.
1999 First application of microarray to radiobiology.
Laboratory research anti angiogenesis as compounding chemotherapies : Kerbel,
Folkman.
2003 Monoclonal antibody drug developed in large scale clinical trials inhibiting
tumor blood vessel.
2004 Anti angiogenesis and radiotherapy used to increase the survival patients
of head and neck and rectal cancer.
2006 Anti angiogenesis combined with radiotherapy on nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
2008 First clinical trial of accelerated fractionation radiotherapy strategy as an anti
proliferate of angiogenesis factors in cancer therapy: Soetopo.
References
Hall EJ, Giaccia AJ, editors, Radiobiology for the Radiologist. 6th ed Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.
Understanding Angiogenesis.
http://www.angio.org/understanding/understanding.html.
