PASCAL CALCULATOR

INTRODUCTION
Computer – a fast electronic machine that
accepts data as INPUTS PROCESS it thru a
series of commands known programs in
order to produce the design output w/o is
the information.

History of Computers
Cradles of Civilizations: LEIBNIZ
1.) Egypt – Pyramid of Giza; They The Leibniz calculator, also known as the
stepped reckoner, was a mechanical
discover the physics, engineering.
calculator invented by Gottfried Wilhelm
2.) Mesopotamia (Former known as Leibniz in the late 1600s. It was the first
Iraq)- Hanging Garden. They calculator that could perform all four basic
discover the ABACUS arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction,
3.) INDIA – Known as it hub of Asia. Taj multiplication, and division.
Mahal. They discover the
mummification.
ABACUS
The abacus was a counting device used before
the invention of computers and calculators.

The name of the Chinese Abacus is Suanpan.

Discovered in 12th Century PUNCH CARDS

A card perforated according to a code, for

controlling the operation of a machine, used
in voting machines and formerly in
programming and entering data into
computers.
Herman Hollerith invented and developed a
punch-card tabulation machine system that
revolutionized statistical computation. Born in
Buffalo, New York, Hollerith enrolled in the
City College of New York at age 15 and
graduated from the Columbia School of Mines
with distinction at the age of 19.

PASCAL CALCULATOR
Pascal's calculator, also known as the
Pascaline or arithmetic machine, was a
mechanical calculator invented by Blaise
Pascal in 1642. It was the first calculator to be
mass-produced and used in business.
 ANALYTIC ENGINE BY CHARLES BABAGE
The analytical engine was a proposed digital MODERN COMPUTERS:
mechanical general-purpose computer
designed by English mathematician and Modern computers are electronic devices that
computer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was process data using algorithms. They are capable
first described in 1837 as the successor to of solving problems involving numbers and
Babbage's Difference Engine, which was a words.
design for a simpler mechanical calculator.
THE NET
The term "the Net" is a slang term for the
internet. The internet is a global network of
computers and electronic devices that allows
users to connect and communicate with each
other.

.NET is an open-source platform for building

desktop, web, and mobile applications that can
run natively on any operating system. The .NET
system includes tools, libraries, and languages
that support modern, scalable, and high-
performance software development. An active
EARLY COMPUTERS: developer community maintains and supports
the .NET platform.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer) What are .NET programming languages?
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer) was the world's first general- C#
purpose electronic computer. ENIAC is also
C# is a simple, modern, and object-oriented
considered the world's first programmable
programming language. With syntax similar to
computer, although programming the computer
the C family of languages, C# is familiar to C,
was a complex, manual process that could take
C++, Java, and JavaScript programmers.
days. Even so, ENIAC was 1,000 times faster
than anything else in existence at the time, F#
capable of performing 5,000 additions per F# has lightweight syntax and requires very little
second. code to build software. It is an open-source
language that makes it easy to write succinct,
robust, and high-performing code. It also has a
powerful programming rules system and a
convenient standard library for building
mission-critical, correct, fast, and reliable
software.
Visual Basic
Visual Bsic is an object-oriented programming
language developed by Microsoft. Using Visual
Basic makes it fast and easy to create type-safe
.NET apps. Type safety is the extent to which a
programming language discourages or prevents
logical coding errors.
 WWW – WORLD WIDE WEB Cathode Ray Tube, LCD- Liquid Crystal Display,
World Wide Web (WWW) was invented in 1989 LED – Light Emitting Diode), Projector, Speakers,
by Tim-Berners Lee along with Robert Cailliau. Sound Card, Graphics Card
The Web browser was first written when he was
doing his research at the European Organization History of Storage Devices:
for Nuclear Research (CERN) Laboratory in Betamax
Switzerland. VHS (Video Home System)
Floppy Disks
AI (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT) CD (Compact Device) / DVD (Digital Versatile
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a computer science Disc or Digital Video Disc.)
field that uses algorithms, data, and SD Card – Secure Digital
computational power to create systems that Thumb Drive - USB (Universal Serial Bus)
can perform tasks that normally require human External Hard Drive
intelligence. AI systems can learn from
experience, adjust to new inputs, and perform Bluetooth – Harald Bluetooth
tasks like reasoning, problem-solving, and the name "Bluetooth" was chosen to honor the
language understanding. Viking king Harald Bluetooth Gormsson, who is
known for uniting Denmark and Norway, as the
Data Processing Cycle technology similarly aims to unite different
electronic devices through wireless connection;
the technology itself was developed by
DATA – RAW MATERIALS
companies like Ericsson, Intel, and Nokia.
INPUT From w/o info is derived. Set
of instructions that tell the
comp what to do.

DATA – RAW MATERIALS

PROCESS
From w/o info is derived. Set
of instructions that tell the
comp what to do.

INFORMATION
Jaap Haartsen led the invention of Bluetooth®
“FINISHED PRODUCTS” wireless technology. Used worldwide, Bluetooth
OUTPUT allows a seemingly endless array of devices to
GUI (GRAPHICAL USER wirelessly connect and communicate over short
INTERFACE) – MACHINE distances.
LANGUAGE
WI-FI (WIRELESS FIDELITY)

INPUT DEVICES: Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Categories of Data

Microphone, Webcam, Touchscreen, Touch
Pad. Processing:
Manual, Mechanical, and Electronic
Output Devices: Printer (Dot Matrix, Inkjet,
Laser), Headphones, GPS, Monitor (CRT –
 Elements of an EDP Binary to Decimal:
System: 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐 =?𝟏𝟎
Hardware Software Peopleware 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
26 25 24 2 3
22
21
20
Data Hierarchy 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
64 + 0 + 0 +0+0+0 +1
=65
𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐 = 𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟎
Decimal to Octal:
𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟎 =?𝟖
Dec. Oct. Dec Oct
0 0 33 41
1 1 34 42
2 2 35 43
3 3 36 44
4 4 37 45
5 5 38 46
6 6 39 47
7 7 40 50
Numbers System used 8 10 41 51
9 11 42 52
by computers 10 12 43 53
Decimal base 10 11 13 44 54
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) 12 14 45 55
Binary base 2 13 15 46 56
(0,1)0 14 16 47 57
Octal base 8 15 17 48 60
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) 16 20 49 61
Hexadecimal base 16 17 21 50 62
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F) 18 22 51 63
19 23 52 64
Decimal to Binary:
Dec. Oct. Dec Oct
𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟎 =?𝟐 20 24 53 65
64 32 16 8 4 2 1 21 25 54 66
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 22 26 55 67
𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐 23 27 56 70
24 30 57 71
25 31 58 72
26 32 59 73
27 33 60 74
28 34 61 75
29 35 62 76
30 36 63 77
31 37 64 100
32 40 65 101
𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖
Decimal to Hex:
𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟎 =?𝟖
𝟔𝟓𝟏𝟎 = 𝑨𝟏𝟔
 ROM (READ-ONLY MEMORY):
A type of computer memory that stores
data that cannot be easily modified. ROM is
non-volatile, meaning that it retains data
even when the computer is powered off.

VOLATILE V.S. NON – VOLATILE

MEMORY:
VOLATILE MEMORY – Type of compute
memory that temporary stores data and
looses that data when power is removed.
Example: Cache Memory and RAM

NON – VOLATILE MEMORY – A type of

computer memory that can retain stored
information even after powered is
removed.
Example: Flash Memory, Dard Drive Disk
(HDD), Solid State Drive (SSD), READ-ONLY
MEMORY (ROM), NON-VOLATILE RAM
(NVRAM)
CU

ALU

From the To the outside

Machine Cycle outside world
RAM ROM
world

Fetch – decode – execute –

store CU (CONTROL UNIT) – Component of a
computer’s central processing unit (CPU)
RAM AND ROM that manages a computer operations.

ALU (ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT) – Digital

RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY): circuits inside the CPU that has the capacity
A computer's short-term memory. It's to perform billions of operations per
where the data is stored that the second.
computer's processor needs to run
programs and open files.
Uses of Computers:
Information System
 UniCode = 16 bit
Unicode is a standard that assigns a unique
Desktop Publishing –
number to each character, regardless of the
Application Software – Microsoft
language, program, or platform. It's used to
Office Tools such as WORD EXCEL represent and manipulate text in many
and POWERPOINT different writing systems, including
Communication Tool - Google alphabets, ideographs, and symbols.
Science, Research and
Engineering – examples of CE
software available Strength of a Computer:
1.) Speed – millisecond, microsecond,
CBT
nanosecond, picosecond
CAD 2.) Accuracy
Edutainment - ex. Scatter 3.) Consistency
AI Integration and its application 4.) Reliability
5.) Storage Capacity
Encoding Systems:
ANSI (American National Standards Types of Monitor:
CRT - cathode ray tub
Institute) = 7 bit
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
the American National Standards Institute
LED - Light Emitting Diode
ANSI is the American National Standards
Institute. This organization works on vital
computing standards, including the Small Types of Printer:
Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) and the Dot Matrix
American Standard Code for Information Ink Jet
Interchange (ASCII). Laser
ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange (ASCII)) = 7
bit
ASCII stands for American Standard Code
for Information Interchange. It's a character
encoding format that uses binary code to
represent text in computers and other
devices.

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded

Decimal Interchange Code) = 8 bit
A character encoding system that uses eight
bits to represent characters, punctuation,
and other symbols. It was developed by IBM
in 1963 to work with punched cards.