INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION  nobody is in charge of it;

Globalization: A Possible Definition  benefits everyone in the long run:

Globalization - complex phenomenon that occurs at multiple levels and
 furthers the spread of democracy in the world, and requires a
experienced in numerous ways by people. The final attribute of Manfred Steger's definition relates to the way we
global war on terror.
perceive space and time.
Globalization, rather informally, is the "collapsing of borders"; the
"shrinking of the world". Steger notes: "Globalization processes do not occur merely at an
CONCEPTUALIZATION
objective, material level but they also involve the subjective plane of
This, however, is not entirely positive Example: Mail-Order Brides
human consciousness." In other words, the feeling that the world is at GLOBALIZATION - Transplanetary process(es) involving increasing
Globalization, then, is not only a complex phenomenon, but an uneven our fingertips (eg. the Internet and Cable TV) liquidity and growing multi-directional flows as well as the structures
one as well. they encounter and create. (Ritzer, 2011)
Now, you can message virtually anyone and get a reply almost
Globalization is defined as that process of interaction and integration instantaneously. You are exposed to news outside your national borders,  TRANSNATIONAL - Processes that interconnect individuals and
among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a thus gifting you with a more profound sense of what is happening in far-off social groups across specific geo-political borders.
process driven by international trade and investment and aided by places.
 TRANSNATIONALITY - Rise of new communities and formation
information technology.
To Steger, his definition of Globalization should not be mistaken for an of new social identities and relations that cannot be defined as
Defining Technologies of Globalization ideology called "Globalism". nation- states.
 Computerization
Globalization - the many processes that allow for the expansion and  GLOBALITY - Omnipresence of the process of globalization.
 Satellite Communication
intensification of global connections. Signifies social condition.
 Fiber Optics and the Internet
 Digitization Globalism - a belief among powerful/privileged people that the global
 Miniaturization integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone because it
METHAPORS
spreads freedom and democracy across the world. In some ways,
Globalization: A Possible Definition Globalism is an idealized (to a fault), not to mention subjective, view of  SOLIDITY - People, things, information, and places "harden" over
Globalization. time and therefore have limited mobility.
Many view Globalization primarily as an economic process.
NOTE: When some criticize Globalization, it is possible that they are  HEAVY - Difficult to move
So when reports say that nationalists are resisting Globalization, they mean
merely criticizing manifestations of Globalism. Globalization, then, as a
"the integration of the national markets to a wider global market signified by  FLOWS - Movement of people, things, information, and places
process, refers to a phenomenon almost impossible to be reduced to
the increased free trade". due, in part, to the increasing porosity of global barriers. FROM
mere market talk.
"SOLIDS" TO "LIQUID"
When activists allude to the "anti-globalization" movement during the '90s,
Globalization have become so complex a phenomenon that scholars
they mean defying trade deals facilitated by organizations like the World  LIQUIDITY - Increasing ease of movement of people, things,
settle to not talk about it as a whole. Instead, they discuss about
Trade Organization (WTO). Globalization scholars do not necessarily information, and places in the global age.
"multiple globalizations". instead of just one.
disagree with people who criticize unfair international trade deals or various  LIGHT - Easier to move
global economic organizations (again, such as the WTO). Arjun Apparudai,(anthropologist) - different kinds of globalization occur
on multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration.
However, unlike these critics (and some journalists) who view Globalization
in strictly economic terms, academics see it in much broader terms. Ethnoscape - refers to the global movement of people ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
In the study and analysis of the process of Globalization, academics Mediascape - refers to the flow of culture Growing economic linkages at the global level.
consider an interdisciplinary approach; that is, seeing it through the lenses "The global capitalist system has produced a very uneven playing field
Technoscape - refers to the circulation of mechanical goods and
of multiple theories and perspectives. (Soros 2000)
software
Manfred Steger: "(Globalization is) the expansion and intensification of The "GREAT WALL OF CHINA" to the huge "digital divide "in the world
Financescape - denotes the global circulation of money
social relations and consciousness across world-time and across world- today.
space." Ideoscape - realm where political ideas move around
STRUCTURAL BARRIERS
Expansion - "both the creation of new social networks and the It is more practical to view Globalization through multiple lenses ("multiple  Social Class
multiplication of existing connections that cut across traditional political, globalizations")
 Race
economic, cultural, and geographic boundaries." (e.g. Social Media and  Ethnicity
various NGOs)  Gender
GLOBALIZATION: AN INTRODUCTION
Intensification - refers to the "expansion, stretching, and acceleration" of  Region of the world (North-South)
these networks. GLOBAL AGE - It is a period of time when there is a prevailing sense of
interconnectedness of all human beings, of a common fate for human
Not only are global connections multiplying, but they are also becoming BRAIN DRAIN - A global phenomenon and it most often takes the form
species and of threat to its life on this Earth. (Albrow, 2012)
more expansive and closely-knit (e.g. the trade connections between New of highly trained people leaving the South and moving to the North
York and London are intensified thanks to Globalization). GLOBALIZATION - a process of interaction and integration among the
people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process
The Case with Honda driven by international trade and investment and aided by information ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
In 2012, monsoon rains have hit Bangkok, Thailand technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on HARDWIRED
Honda plant in Bangkok produce crucial car parts that are then political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on
subsequently imported by Honda-USA. Because of the inclement weather, Globalization stems, among other things, from a basic human urge
human physical well- being in societies around the world. (Globalization
the Honda plant in Thailand failed to produce said car parts within schedule. to seek a better and more fulfilling life to a basic "urge" for a better
101, nd)
As a result, Honda-USA was unable to reach its sales. The ability of service life - trade (or missionary work (religion), adventures and conquest
centers all around the US to assist Honda owners also suffered. Ultimately, GLOBALIZATION IS: (politics and warfare)
the Japanese car company's overall global profit dipped. All because of  about the liberalization and global integration of market:
monsoon rains in Bangkok.  inevitable and irreversible:
CYCLE
 There have been other global ages in the past that what appears  Tendency towards International investment and trade  Off-shoring - The work is done overseas
now to be a new global age, or the high point of such an age, is
 Outsourcing of manufacturing across borders  Outsourcing - Someone else does the work for us
destined to contract and disappear in the future.
 Transmission of ideas, values, & meaning across the world
Globalization of Technology
 Movement toward economic, financial, communications, &trade
EPOCHS
integration refers to the global exploitation of technologies through the patents (a
SIX GREAT EPOCHS, OR "WAVES," OF GLOBALIZATION government authority or license conferring a right or title for a set
 Process in which businesses begin operating internationally
1. The 4th and 7th centuries which witnessed the globalization of period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using,
religions (e.g. Christianity, Islam).  Decline in the Importance of the nation state or selling an invention) and licenses
2. The late 15th century highlighted by European colonial When people say "We live in a GLOBAL ECONOMY," they are talking The global sourcing of research and development (R&D) through
conquests. about the interdependence of nations. alliances and joint ventures with foreign companies or universities
3. The late 18th and early 19th centuries during which various intra-
Some people use the term to refer to, for example, banking and finance, through the implication of technologies
European wars led to globalization.
4. The mid-19th century to 1918; the heyday of European which today has no national boundaries. The global production of research and development through overseas
imperialism. If a giant bank in one country collapses, banks in other countries also subsidiaries.
5. The post-World War II period. suffer. In fact, whole economies might suffer.
6. The post-Cold War period. Globalization of Corporation
When we talk about the GLOBAL ECONOMY in this context, we are
referring to Globalization. refers to a company or group of people authorized to act as a single
RECENT CHANGES entity and recognized as such law that operates globally or
internationally
The emergence of the United States as the global power in the Global Marketing in today's Global Economy
years following WW II. The emergence of multinational corporations Global corporation refers to a company or corporation that operates
(MNCs) The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold In today's GLOBAL ECONOMY, more and more businesses are selling in more than one country which has significant investments and
War. beyond their borders. facilities in multiple countries but lack dominant headquarters
The need for effective Global Marketing strategies has increased Global business (as mentioned by Michael Porter) refers to business
significantly. Global Marketing refers to planning, producing or creating, that maintains a strong headquarters in one country, but has
THE STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION placing, and promoting a company's products or services in the global investments in multiple foreign location.
Economic Globalization market.
International company is one that has headquarters likewise it does
 Economic "globalization" is a historical process, the result of human Having an effective Global Marketing strategy is crucial in today's business overseas and might have a large presence in multiple
innovation and technological progress. GLOBAL ECONOMY areas.
 It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, Multinational company corporation (Coca Cola / Pepsi / Samsung /
particularly through the movement of goods, services, and capital The Internet and today's Global Economy Apple / Nestle / Lacoste / Penguins / Guess / Nike / Gap)
across borders. Since the advent of the Internet, the GLOBAL ECONOMY has become
 The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and relevant for many more businesses than before. In the past, only large Globalization of Markets
knowledge (technology) across international borders. corporations could call themselves multinationals.
refers to the process of integrating and merging of the distinct
 There are also broader cultural, political, and environmental dimensions Today, even small online businesses can trade with other companies and markets into a single market
of globalization. Individuals from anywhere in the world. The Internet has changed many
of basic features of the GLOBAL ECONOMY. This involves the identification of some common norms, value, taste,
GLOBAL ECONOMY preference and convenience and slowly enables the cultural shift
towards the use of common product or service.
 World Economy / Worldwide Economy GLOBAL ECONOMY
 Globalization of Organizational Regimes What is Global Marketing? The global marketing mix varies
 All economies of the world (of every country) – one giant economic
 Globalization of Finance depending regions. The mix refers to how much is standardized vs.
system; global economy = one giant entity
adapted to the local tastes A customs The whole process of planning,
 Globalization of Markets
 Includes everything we all buy, sell, make, own; imports, exports; all producing, placing and promoting a company's products globally.
 Globalization of Labor
goods and services
 Globalization of Technology
 The economy of our planet. All economies added up.  Globalization of Corporation
Financial Globalization
 Globalization of Production
 The world today consists of economies that are entwined and
The liberation of trade in financial assets
interconnected.
Globalization of Production It is the flow of capital and corporate investments between various
 The economy of the world seen as a whole. A world comprising
refers to the sourcing of goods and services from location around the countries
economically interdependent nations.
globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality World allocation of money leading to exchange of services and goods
Two meanings: of factors of production like land, labor and capita
International Monetary Funds (IMF); World Bank
1. Economy of the whole planet, i.e., Global GDP (Gross Domestic Outsource
Product)
obtain (goods or a service) from an outside or foreign supplier,
2. The way the world is today, with the countries’ economies intertwined especially in place of an internal source
and interdependent that they all seem like parts of one whole. International Monetary System; Foreign Exchange Market;
Business Process Outsourcings or BPOs (Call Center Agencies)
We live in a GLOBAL ECONOMY Foreign Direct Investment
GLOBALIZATION Globalization of Labor International monetary system refers to the system and rules that
 govern the use and exchange of money around the world and between  The goal was exchange rate stability without the gold standard. currency pegged to gold.
countries. Each country has its own currency as money and the
 The result was the creation of the IMF and the World Bank.  By the late 1960s, many of these countries expressed concern
international monetary system governs the rules for valuing and
that the US did not have enough gold reserves to exchange all
exchanging these currencies.  Under the Bretton Woods system, the U.S. dollar was pegged to
of the US dollars in global circulation.
gold at $35 per ounce and other currencies were pegged to the
Evolution of the International Monetary System
U.S. dollar.  This became known as the Triffin Paradox
 Classical Gold Standard: 1816-1914
 Interwar Period: 1915-1944  The Bretton Woods system was a dollar-based gold exchange
 Bretton Woods System: 1945-1972 standard.
THE FLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATE REGIME: 1973-PRESENT
 The Flexible Exchange Rate Regime: 1973-Present
 Flexible exchange rates were declared acceptable to the IMF
members. Central banks were allowed to intervene in the exchange
THE GOLD STANDARD (1816-1914) rate markets to iron out unwarranted volatilities.
 involved buying and selling of paper currency in exchange for gold on  Gold was abandoned as an international reserve asset.
the request of any individual of firm.
 Non-oil-exporting countries and less-developed countries were
 Gold is freely transferable between countries. given greater access to IMF funds.
 Participants in this system included UK, France, Germany & USA
 created a fixed exchange rate system because each country defined CURRENT EXCHANGE RATE ARRANGEMENTS
the value of its currency in terms of gold
 Free Float - The largest number of countries, about 48, allow
 The United Kingdom officially set the price of its currency by agreeing to market forces to determine their currency's value.
buy or sell an ounce of gold for the price of 4.247 pounds sterling. At
that time, the United States agreed to buy or sell an ounce of gold for International Monetary Fund (IMF)  Managed Float - About 25 countries combine government
$20.67. This enabled the two currencies to be freely exchanged in intervention with market forces to set exchange rates.
terms of an ounce of gold.  In July 1944, 44 representing countries met in Bretton Woods,
New Hampshire to set up a system of fixed exchange rates. - All  Pegged to another currency - Such as the U.S. dollar or euro.
 In essence, £4.247 =1 ounce of gold = $20.67. currencies had fixed exchange rates against the U.S. dollar and  No national currency - Some countries do not bother printing their
 The exchange rate between the US dollar and the British pound was an unvarying dollar price of gold ($35 an ounce). own, they just use the U.S. dollar. For example, Ecuador, Panama,
then calculated by $20.67/£4.247 = $4.867 to £1.  It intended to provide lending to countries with current account and El Salvador have dollarized.
ADVANTAGES OF THE GOLD STANDARD SYSTEM deficits. It called for currency convertibility.
 Highly stable exchange rates under the classical gold standard Goals and Structure of the IMF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
provided an environment that was conducive to international trade  The IMF agreement tried to incorporate sufficient flexibility to  Foreign exchange is the mechanism by which the currency of one
and investment. allow countries to attain external balance without sacrificing country gets converted into the currency of another country.
 Misalignment of exchange rates and international imbalances of internal objectives or fixed exchange rates.
 The conversion of currency is done by the banks who deal in
payment were automatically corrected by the price-specie-flow  Two major features of the IMF Articles of Agreement helped foreign exchange. These banks maintain stocks of one currencies
mechanism promote this flexibility in external adjustment: in the form of balances with banks
DIFFICULTIES IN THE SYSTEM IMF lending facilities ( IMF conditionality is the name for
 The problem was every country needed to maintain adequate the surveillance over the policies of member counties who are
heavy borrowers of Fund resources.) FUNCTIONS OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
reserves of gold in order to back its currency.
Adjustable parities 1. Transfer Function:
 Also transacting in gold was expensive, the costs of loading the gold
into the cargo hold of a ship, guarding it against theft, transporting it, Convertibility It purchasing power between the countries involved in the
and insuring it against possible disasters, and moreover, because of transaction. This function is performed through credit instruments
the slowness of sailing ships contributed to the failure of this system.  Convertible currency - A currency that may be freely like bills of foreign exchange, bank drafts and telephonic transfers.
exchanged for foreign currencies. Example: The U.S. and
Canadian dollars became convertible in 1945. A Canadian 2. Credit Function:
INTERWAR PERIOD: 1915-1944 resident who acquired U.S. dollars could use them to make It provides credit for foreign trade. Bills of exchange, with
purchases in the U.S. or could sell them to the Bank of Canada. maturity period of three months, are generally used for
 Exchange rates fluctuated as countries widely used predatory international payments. Credit is required for this period in order
depreciations of their currencies as a means of gaining advantage  The IMF articles called for convertibility on current account
transactions only. to enable the importer to take possession of goods, sell them
in the world export market. and obtain money to pay off the bill.
 Attempts were made to restore the gold standard, but participants Collapse of Bretton Woods
3. Hedging Function:
lacked the political will to follow the rules of the game.  Despite a fixed exchange rate based on the US dollar and
more national flexibility, the Bretton Woods Agreement ran into When exporters and importers enter into an agreement to sell
 The result for international trade and investment was profoundly and buy goods on some future date at the current prices and
detrimental. challenges in the early 1970s.
exchange rate, it is called hedging.
The purpose of hedging is to avoid losses that might be caused
BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM: 1945-1972  The US trade balance had turned to a deficit as Americans due to exchange rate variations in the future.
were importing more than they were exporting.
 The purpose was to design a postwar international monetary
system.  Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, countries had substantially
increased their holdings of US dollars, which was the only MARKET INTEGRATION – THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Market Integration GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM  The UN likewise annually publishes the Human Development Index
to rank countries in terms of poverty, literacy, education, and life
 Prices among different location or related goods follow the same STATE - Body of people politically organized under a government
expectancy
patterns over a long period of time within a definite territory.
 UN General Assembly - occupies the central position as the chief
 Group of prices that often moves proportionally to each other and A nation or territory considered as an organized political
deliberative, policymaking, and representative organs of the United
relation is very clear among different markets community under one government. Organization of political positions
Nations.
and the structure of political relation in society.
 Thus, it can be concluded that market integration is an indicator that
explains how much different markets are related to each other A community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of external Challenges of Global Government in the 21st Century
 A situation in which separate markets for the same product become
control, and possessing an organized government to which the great
one single market.  Climate Change, Poverty, Violent Conflict, Intolerance, and
body of inhabitants render habitual obedience.
Extremism present direct threats to the unity and well-being of the
International or Global Community
WORLD-SYSTEM  Attacks on cultural rights and cultural heritage, particularly in Syria,
Iraq, and Mali threaten the Inter-Cultural Tolerance (Irina Bokova,
 It refers to existence of the division of labor.
Director General of UNESCO, 2016)
 It deals with inter-regional and transnational division of labor, which
divides the world into:
3 Points to Address the Challenges of Global Government in the
Core countries Semi-periphery Periphery countries
21st Century (Irina Bokova, Director General of UNESCO, 2016)
 World System Theory (World Systems Analysis/ World
 First, openness of mind and out-of-box thinking is crucial. New ideas
Systems Perspectives) - is a multidisciplinary, macro- scale
must be transformed into norms (Efforts to teach people about the
approach to the world history and social change which emphasizes
history of the Holocaust/ program promoting internet literacy/ help to
the world-system as the primary unit of social analysis
instill common values to the youth/ create environments that are
 Modern world-system has a multi-state political structure conducive to respectful dialogue)
(interstate system). Thus, the division of labor are considered
 Second, the international community must build resilient societies
international/ global division of labor
(Fighting exclusion and fostering inclusion/ Participation of women in
 GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM all sectors)
Multi-state political structure and the international or global  Third, new thinking about peacebuilding. (The world urgently needs
division of labor of the core, semi-periphery, and periphery legitimate and effective peace efforts, before, during, and after
countries conflicts. Preventive measures are key and must involve the soft
power embodied by UNESCO's educational and inter-cultural
program)
SEMI-PERIPHERY/PERIPHERY COUNTRIES
Low Skills; Labor Intensive Production; Extraction of Raw
Materials Globalization VS Internalization
CORE COUNTRIES
 Globalization refers to global economic integration of many and
Higher Skills; Capital Intensive Production
formerly national economies into one global economy - mainly by
Brief Historical Background of Global Market Integration in the 20th GLOBAL GOVERNANCE free trade and free capital mobility.
Century
 World Governance - Movement towards political cooperation  Globalization refers to the interconnectedness of people and
 1880s - steamships had largely replaced sailing vessels for among transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to business across the world that eventually lead to global, cultural,
transport within Asia as well as to Western markets (shipping fares problems that affect more than one state or region political, and economic integration
had begun to fall)
 Institution of Global Governance: United Nations; International  Global means worldwide
 1880s - mass migration of Indian (Mandras. India), and Chinese Criminal Court; World Bank (These have limited or demarcated
workers (provinces of Guandong, Fukien, and Southeast Asia) power to enforce compliance)
 Burma, Malaya, and Thailand are the chief immigrant-receiving  Internalization refers to the increasing importance of international
countries in Southeast Asia trade, international relations, treaties, alliances and others
CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 Late 19th century (early 20th century) - global migration movement/  International means between or among nation
Institution of Global Governance
European immigration.  Globalism refers to the operation or planning of economic and
Functions of United Nations
 Between 1882 and 1936 - labor market integration occurred in the foreign policy on a global basis
area of Asia extending from South India to Southeastern China and  The main function of UN is to maintain peace and security for all of
encompassing the three Southeast Asian countries of Burma, its member-states.
Malaya, and Thailand  The UN does not have its own military but it has peacekeeping
 Late 19th century-mass migration of Indians and Chinese to force which are supplied by the member states
Southeast Asia gave rise to both integrated Asian labor market and GLOBAL DIVIDES: SOUTH AND NORTH
 The UN aims to protect human rights and provide humanitarian
period of real wages convergence (divergent trends in unskilled real South
assistance when needed Functions of United Nations
wages)  Economy was based on cotton production which depended on
 The UN plays an Integral part in social and economic development slave labour.
through its UN Development Program  Southern economy was weak and vulnerable because it
 depended entirely on cotton but was still very profitable.  ENVIRONMENTAL - natural features e.g. soil defined by geography.
 The period of cotton growing was called King Cotton.  HISTORICAL - things which have happened in years before e.g.  As nations become economically developed, they may become
war part of the "North," regardless of geographical location, while any
North  SOCIO-ECONOMIC - society, culture and money e.g. religion other nations which do not qualify for "developed" status are in
 Economy was based on industries and major businesses,  Some countries are developing faster than others. Many Asian effect deemed to be part of the "South."
commerce and finance. countries are quickly developing while many African countries are  "The North" mostly covers the West and the First World, with
 North had many manufacturing factories that dealt with textiles, slowly developing. much of the Second World.
lumber, clothing, machinery, leather, and wooden goods.
 The biggest business of the north was in railroad construction. MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN NORTH AND SOUTH: Development gap:
Transportation was easier because of railroads. NORTH SOUTH  The North-South divide has more recently been named the
Less Population Large Population development gap. This places greater emphasis on closing the
North-South Divide: High Wealth Low Wealth evident gap between rich (more economically developed)
North High Standard of Living Low Standard of Living countries and poor (less economically developed countries)
 North America, Western Europe, Australia, Japan High Industrial Development Low Industrial Development countries.
 Known as the first world Industry Agriculture
 Home to 4 of the 5 permanent members of the United Nations Globalization:
Security Control Classifying Countries: Countries can be classified into three  In Terms of Economic Development. There Exists an Enormous
 Richer and developed region different types: Gap Between Northern and Southern Countries, Which Has
 95 % has enough food and shelter and functioning education  Most Developed Countries (MDCs) Been Increased By Globalization (Rich Get Richer).
system as well. the richest of the industrialized and democratic nations of the  The process by which regional. economies, societies, and
South world cultures have become integrated through a global network of
 Africa, Latin America, and Asia  Less Developed Countries (LDCs) political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade.
 Poor and less developed region countries with little industrial development, little wealth, and high
 5 % of the population has enough food and shelter population growth.  Three world model: Capitalist, Communist, Developing
 It serves as a source for raw material for the North.  Least Developed Countries (LLDCs)
very low per capital income, low literacy rates, and very little in Why is the gap between the economic north and south
North-South Gap: the way of manufacturing industries widening?
 Term used to describe the economic gap between the rich  The richest 1% of the world's population now receives as much
northern countries of the world and the south poorer countries of  This picture of the Earth at night shows the wealthy Global North, income as the poorest 57%
the world. illuminating its communities at night, and the much poorer Global  Lack of trade.
South, which can't afford to do so.  Lack of aid.
DEFINITION:  Comparison: The comparison between North and South is not of  Abundance of debt.
 During Cold War - Primary Global Division Was Between East only one aspect. It can be seen through different angels that is:  Failure of international organizations (eg. IME, World Bank,
and West, and Predicated Upon Security and Power Balance. Political, Economical, Social WTO).
 After Cold War - Many See Primary Global Division as Being  Neo-colonialism
Between North and South, and Predicated Upon Economic  Reasons: There are 3 main reasons why our world is so unequal  Adverse climatic conditions.
Inequality. today: Colonialism, Trade, Debt  The difficulty of transforming the established
Colonialism:
Issues of North-South Divide:  Today's North-South gap traces its roots to the colonization of the Closing The Gap:
 Distribution of income around the world Southern world regions by Europe over the past several  The United Nations has developed a program dedicated to
 Economic competition worldwide centuries. This colonization occurred at different times in different narrowing the divide through its Millennium Development Goals.
 Standard of living parts of the world, as did decolonization. This includes improving education and health care, promoting
 Control by one power over a dependent area or people. gender equality, and ensuring environmental sustainability.
Issue no. 1: Standard of living
Factors lead to low of standard of living Trade: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: AN INTRODUCTION AND ITS
 Lack of trade and aid  What you are spending to bring goods into your country is a THEORIES
 Single crop farming greater sum that what you are making by selling products in the What is IR?
 Abundance of debt global economy.  The branch of political science that is concerned with the foreign
 Neo-Colonialism  You are losing money. Southern countries suffered from this. affairs of and relations among countries. (American Heritage
Dictionary of Eng Language 5th ed)
Issue no.2: Distribution of income around the world Debt:  International Relations (IR), or international affairs is a field of
 Liberalization of market occurs, most South countries lost to the  Their products were losing money in the global economy, so they Political Science. International Relations is the study of
competition from the North. needed to increase production. relationships among countries, the roles of sovereign states,
 Encourage migration of people from South to North for having a  The only way they could do this was to borrow money from the inter-governmental organizations. (IGO), international non-
more good income. rich northern countries. This put them in debt. governmental organizations (INGO), non-governmental
organizations (NGO), and multinational corporations (MNC)
Issue no.3: Economic competition worldwide Division of north and south:
Factors determine the competitiveness of economy  The North-South Divide (or Rich-Poor Divide) is the socio- The rise of state system
 Appropriate infrastructure economic and political division that exists. between the wealthy Political: States, IGOs, and NGOS
 Stable macro-economic frame work developed countries, known collectively as "the North," and the  Traditional (states only): War, diplomacy, sanctions, foreign aid,
 Well-functioning public and private institutions poorer developing countries (least developed countries), or "the military alliances, intergovernmental organizations (IGO)
South." Although most nations comprising the "North" are in fact  Non-traditional (including (Non-state (NGOs), terrorism, drug
Reasons for development gap: located in the Northern Hemisphere, the divide is not primarily trade governmental organizations
  Non-proliferation US 2003 to Saddam Hussein: disarm or be $6
Economic: Multinational corporations (MNCs) attacked High-income countries: $1356
 Trade in goods, financial services, remittances, sanctions, drug  10 million children < 5 die annually from preventable causes:
trade Liberalism 30,000 a day
 state must establish and protect the rule of law and must respect  Diarrhea killed more children in 1990s than all people killed in
Social/Cultural: Ideas and individuals its citizens' rights to life, liberty, and property armed conflict since WWII
 Migration, tourism, professional organizations, human rights,  believed that constitutional states must respect each other and  42 million living with HIV/AIDS, 39 million in developing world
adoptions, religion. constitutional and mutually respectful states could at the end
establish "perpetual (lasting) peace" in the world. Marxism
Theory  "Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void  Men make their history, but the don make it just as the lease, they
 Theories are generalizable accounts of how world works that go of all 다 characters without any ideas; how comes it to be do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but
beyond the specific details of one unique case. E.g. globalization furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted
increases disparities/increases global wealth and boundless fancy of man has painted on it with an almost from the past. Capitalism produced internal tensions which would
 describe, explain and predict-positive idea of theorizing endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of reason and lead to its self-destruction revolutionary action to topple capitalism
 No single theory can always explain everything knowledge? To this I answer, in one word. from EXPERIENCE." - and bring about socio-economic change
John Locke  father of Marxist theory, together with Karl Marx
Purpose of theories in international relations  Reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation
 Positivism: Explain and predict by reducing the complexity of Adam Smith  Marxists view the international system as an integrated capitalist
reality (examples: Neorealism, Institutionalism).  Professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland system in pursuit of capital accumulation
 Normativism: Challenge reality with reference to normative  Defended the idea of a free economy and free markets in his  Capitalists (owners) exploit workers (proletariat)
standpoints/values and develop strategies of fundamental global book, The Wealth of Nations (1776):  Prophesized rise of working-class socialist societies
change (examples: Feminism and gender equality; Marxism and  Economic liberty = economic progress  The capitalists' interests lie in securing their power and expanding
class struggle; Idealism and human. rights).  Believed the government should not interfere with the economy profits. Workers, on the other hand, have interests in higher
wages, safe working conditions, shorter hours, job security
Theories of IR Liberalism/Idealism  The revolution would emerge a socialist society which would fully
 Realism, Liberalism, Marxism, Constructivism, Feminism,  focus on the creation of a peaceful world by integration utilize and develop much further the productive potential
Rtionalism, Post-modernism, post-colonialism  Based on the assumption of the innate goodness of the individual  The final goal, toward which socialist society would constantly
and the value of political institutions in promoting social progress build, is the human one of abolishing alienation. Marx called the
Realism  states, nongovernmental organizations, and intergovernmental attainment of this goal "communism".
 developed theories concerning the use of power to improve their organizations as key actors: IOS (UN, WTO, ICC); NGOS
positions (Medecins Sans Frontiers, Greenpeace, Amnesty International); The role of the state in Marxism
 each person will use others to reach his/her goals Individuals/Moral Entrepreneurs: Henri Dunant  'Instrumental Marxism: State as "Executive Committee of the
 interdependent global society with international institutions Ruling (Corporate) Class," doing the bidding of corporations
Macchiavelli facilitating cooperation  'Structural Marxism': Role of state is to ensure overall stability of
 Major works: The Prince (1513); The Art of War (1521) global capitalist economy
 First author to distinguish between morality of individuals and Liberalism: Policy Prescriptions
morality of the state  Multilateralism: IOs & International Law Constructivism
 Ended his life in exile in Tuscany  "Enlargement": Encourage democracies; Liberal Democratic  states and other major actors as well as the identities that guide
peace theory these states and actors
Realism  Cosmopolitanism: Common humanity and foreign policy  Nation-states are not all alike
 Focus states and their relations in relation with power. (military  Foreign Aid/Human Rights, Humanitarian Intervention Stability  Political culture shapes foreign policy
and political power) requires justice: Criminal Tribunals/ICC Reassurance &  Form of government shapes foreign policy
 State needs to maximize their security and chances of survival. Bargaining Incentives (vs deterrence) Iran/North Korea  History shapes foreign policy
 Quest for military and/or economic security; Balance of Power  Domestic political trends and debates shape foreign policy
 Based on self-interest (World War the vindication theory) After World War II: Liberalism may be divided into these  States have identity
categories:  State identity influences the way states interact with each other
Realism: Policy Prescriptions  1) Sociological Realism;  Examples: China sensitivity to any policies of other states that
1) Balance Power:  2) Interdependence Liberalism; threaten its unity and sovereignty; US desire to transform the
 Ignore culture, moral considerations in foreign policy; obey only  3) Institutional Liberalism; world
dictates of maximizing your power relative to others. Human  4) Republican Liberalism.
rights, etc. of other countries none of our business. GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
 "The enemy of my enemy is my friend". Problems with balance Realist Global Media
of power Dissuade another from taking an action by threat of  focus on the preservation of order in the international system  corporation or entities globally engaged in media production
punishment (E.g. China to Taiwan: don't declare independence)  emphasize on the preservation of the existing system and/or distribution.
 can be categorised as Conservatives.  MEDIA is the plural frame for medium, a method for passing on
2) Deterrence and Compellence: Threat/ Use of Military Idealists or Liberals something, especially a channel of correspondence. The plural
Force  focus on the increase of freedoms shape media-just came into general flow in the 1920s then later
 Deterrence = "DON'T!" Dissuade another from taking an action  evolution to a better condition which is beneficiary for all states ended up broad communications as individuals were conveying
by threat of punishment (don't attack) and organizations their life through books, radio, and film. Hence media have
 Compellence = "DO!" Force another to stop something they are  They therefore Idealists. become essential to globalization.
doing, or do or do something they otherwise wouldn't do, by  Harvard (2007) cited in his study that media have an important
threat or use of force Consequences of Inequalities & Poverty impact on cultural globalization in two mutually interdependent
 E.g. Truman and atomic bomb threat to Japan, 1945: surrender  Per capita public spending on health: Least developed countries: ways.
 FIRST - the media provide an extensive transnational mixtures of cultures. This combination will result to the creation of
transmission of cultural products. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES new and surprising cultural forms. This outcome is common,
 SECOND - they contribute to the formation of communicative  The experience of modernity in a worldwide culture- desirable, and occurs throughout history, and will occur more so
networks and social structures. A chief element in the analysis of the experience of modernity as in an era of globalization.
 GLOBALIZATION is characterized as an arrangement of both a general form of mentality and a mode of artistic production, Cultural hybridization is the blending of elements from different
various, uneven, and some of the time covering verifiable is the loosening of time and space from the bonds of locality and cultures. I feel that without cultural hybridization, the world we live
procedures. This procedure could include financial aspects, tradition. In the globalized reality of high modernity, the in would not be anywhere near as interesting and integrated as it
governmental issues, and cultures that advance along with media disassociation of cultural and social activity from local constraints is today. The phrase "spanglish" is a language that combines the
innovation to make the conditions under which the globe could be has drastic consequences: almost all of those institutions during language of spanish and english. Thus, bringing the two cultures
perceived as an envisioned network." the 19th and 20th century have confirmed a modern structuring of closer together. In canada, they speak english as well well as
 Worldwide media societies create a consistent social trade, in cultural and social experience. french. In one country, two languages are the main language;
which social aspects, for example, character, nationality, religion, that is an example of cultural hybridization. Some African
behavioral standards and lifestyle are constantly addressed and  Socialization and the development of cultural character- countries speak french and mix it in with their native language,
tested. These social experiences frequently include the gathering The media have continuously transformed into a free organization creating something new. Language is just one example of cultural
of societies with an alternate socio-economic base, normally a for socialization and the improvement of social character. With a hybridization. Music is another part of culture that can be mixed
transnational and business social industry on one side and a quick extending universal correspondence stream bringing media with other cultures. Sometimes, people will take U.S. pop music
national, openly managed social industry on the opposite side. portrayals of remote societies into neighborhood social situations, and create something new from it in Korea. Artists like Shakira
the premises of social utilize have changed and social reflexivity and J.LO will incorporate spanish into their American songs to
EVOLUTION OF MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION has expanded at the level of the person. bring a little bit of diversity to America.
 ORAL COMMUNICATION
Speech has been with us for at least 200,000 years. When  Mediated communities and activity-  Cultural convergence
speech developed into language, Homo sapiens had developed a Media and correspondence advances as a rule have encourage  proposes that globalization will bring about a growing sameness
medium that would set them apart from other species and allow the arrangement of aggregate groups. They have likewise made of cultures. A global culture, likely American culture, will overtake
them to cover and conquer the world. conceivable informative and social activity crosswise over time many local cultural imperialism, in which the cultures of more
and space. Accompanying to globalization, the development of developed nations invade and take over the cultures of less
 SCRIPT groups that are solely settled by methods for media societies (for developed nations. This result of this process will be a worldwide,
As the very first writing script allowed human to communicate and example music fun clubs, internet talk bunches, and so forth) homogenized western culture.
share knowledge and ideas over much larger spaces and across have been observed.
much longer times. Writing has its own evolution and developed CULTURAL IMPERIALISM THEORY
from cave paintings, petroglyphs, and hieroglyphs. Early writing GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE & MEDIA  It is possible to define Cultural Imperialism as "the extension of
system began to appear after 3000B.C.E with symbols carved  Media are the primary carriers of cultural through newspapers, influence or dominance of one nation's culture over others, (...)
into clay tablets to keep account for trade. These cuneiform magazines, movies, advertisement, radio, television, internet, and through the exportation of cultural commodities" (OED, 2008).
marks later developed into symbol that represented the syllables many other. In many case, these communications are like cultural However, to wholly understand what Cultural Imperialism is, one
of languages and eventually led to the creation of alphabets, the laboratory experiments. They sometimes result in startling and must first define "culture" and "imperialism" separately. culture is
scripted letters that represent the smallest sounds of a language. stunning hybrid creations. But in some case they result in something that is shared, learned or acquired, and constantly
The great civilizations from EGYPT and GREECE to ROME and ignitable and explosive mixtures. Pieterse (2004) cited three evolving and non-static
CHINA were made possible through script. outcomes with which to consider the influence of globalization too  Imperialism stems from the word "empire", and is the extending of
Petroglyphs, Hieroglyphs, Cave Paintings culture. a country's power and influence through colonization, use of
military force, or other means (OED, 2014).
 PRINTING PRESS  Cultural differentialism
All histories of media and globalization acknowledge the suggest that cultures are different, strong, and resilient. What is cultural imperialism?
consequential role of the printing press. With the advent of Distinctive cultures will endure despite globalization and the  The term cultural imperialism refers most broadly to the exercise
printing press, first made with movable wooden blocks in China global reach of American or Western cultural forms. Cultures are of domination in cultural relationships in which the values,
and then with movable metal type by Johannes Gutenberg in destined to clash as globalization continually brings them practices, and meanings of a powerful foreign culture are
Germany, reading material suddenly was cheaply made and together. imposed upon one or more native cultures. In 1976, Schiller
easily circulated. Literacy followed, and the literacy of common CULTURE DIVERSITY IS A FORM OF CULTURAL defined Cultural Imperialism as "the sum of the processes by
people was to revolutionize every aspect of life. DIFFERENTIALISM which a society is brought into the modern world system and how
A: Involves barriers that prevent flows that serve to make cultures its dominating stratum is attracted, pressured, forced, and
 ELECTRONIC MEDIA more align; cultures tend to remain stubbornly different from one sometimes bribed into shaping social institutions to correspond to
refer to any equipment or tool used in communication that require another. the values and structures of the dominating centre of the system"
electromagnetic energy electricity. Examples are telegraph, B: An example of cultural differentialism is the terrorist attacks on (1976, pp. 9-10).
telephone, radio, film, and television. The vast reach of these 9/11 and the subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. To many
electronic media continues to open up new avenues in the people, these events are seen as the product of a clash between Imperialism Examples
economic, political and processes of globalization. Western and Islamic culture and the eternal differences between 1. The Napoleonic Wars
them. Time Period: 1803-1815
 DIGITAL MEDIA C: This is significant because the concept of cultural Napoleon sought to expand the French empire by invading other
Digital media are most often electronic media that rely on digital diffferentialism emphasizes lasting differences among and countries. He also tried to install French allies as rulers of their
codes, the long-hidden combinations of 0s and 1s that represent between cultures largely unaffected by globalization or any trans- countries. Napoleon managed to conquer most of Europe, but his
information. Phones and television can now be considered digital. cultural flows. As seen in the example, clashing cultures can have empire collapsed after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo
The computer is the usual representation of digital media. Access a huge impact on both cultures, countries and the entire world.
to information around the globe allows people to adopt and adopt 2. Roman Empire
new practices in music, sports, education, religion, fashion,  Cultural hybridity Time Period: 753 BC-476 AD
cuisine, the arts, and other realms of culture. Notes that globalization will bring about an increasing blend or The Roman Empire was one of the largest and most powerful
 empires in history. It controlled a territory that spanned from the tool of Cultural Imperialism (Tomlinson, 2001). empire
Hardian's Wall relic boundary in Britain to North America and from  One of the main examples of medial Cultural Imperialism today  Cultural imperialism is this practice of promoting this culture or
Spain to the Middle East. The Roman Empire was eventually (20th-21st century) is that of the USA. It is considered dominance language of one nation in another.
defeated try internal strife and division as well as barbarian through media flows. country and, partially, extends
invasions. The last Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustus, was  Consequently, US media and entertainment industries, like The Effects of cultural imperialism = cultural
overthrown in 476 AD Hollywood are able to penetrate the global market and export US- misunderstandings
American cultures and values. Studios like Warner Brothers and  When Coca Cola was first marketed in China in the 1920's, the
3. British Empire Disney, use local production facilities in Europe, Latin America, name was translated phonetically ("ke- kou-ke-la) to mean
Time Period: 1583-1545 and Asia, creating country-specific programming there, whilst "female horse stuffed with wax or "bite the wax tadpole"
The British Empire was one of the largest empires in in history a keeping the US-American culture (Thussu, 2010). depending on the dialect. It was quickly revised to sound more
and the global hegemony. It controlled a territory that spanned  Hollywood films have dominated most global media markets like "happiness in the mouth."
from North America to Africa and from India to Australia. The since the 1920s and studies show that around 55%-90% of all  An American baby food jar with a smiling baby on the label
British Empire was eventually dissolved due to nationalism and films shown in cinemas in Europe are from the US (Croteau, caused African villagers to be horrified. They thought that "the jar
decolonization movements in the 20th century. Hoynes, & Milan, 2011). In contrast, European films only make up must contain food not made for babies, but made of babies."
3% of films shown the US (European Audiovisual Observatory,
Can Cultural Imperialism relate to the World Systems 2010). The same study showed that in countries like Malaysia, Cultural misunderstandings
Theory? Colombia, Venezuela, and Indonesia percentage of Hollywood  Ford's low-cost truck the Fiera meant "ugly old woman in
 It is possible to relate Cultural Imperialism to the World Systems films is above 80% (EAO, 2010). Spanish. It's Caliente in Mexico was found to be slang for
Theory, in which there is an inter-regional and transnational "streetwalker." The Pinto was introduced in Brazil under the name
division of labour with core, periphery, and semi-periphery The Axioms of Cultural Imperialism of Corcel which was discovered to be Portuguese slang for "a
countries. According to Wallerstein, the world economic system is  media play a central role in creating culture. This axiom is linked small male appendage."
divided into hierarchy of three types of countries: core, to the interchangeable use of various terms to refer to cultural  Nike made a television ad promoting its shoes, with people from
semiperipheral, and peripheral. imperialism. This practice implies that the media have such an different countries saying "Just do it" in their native language. Too
 Core-Core countries (e.g., U.S., Japan, Germany) are overwhelming role in the process referred to as "cultural late they found out that a Samburu African tribesman was really
dominant, capitalist countries characterized by high levels of imperialism" that the word "cultural" can be interchanged with saying, "I don't want these”
industrialization and urbanization. "media" from time to time. Of course, one must be careful in
 Semi- Periphery- Semi-peripheral countries (e.g., South attributing this massive central significance to the media. Larger Repercussions
Korea, Taiwan, Mexico, Brazil, India, Nigeria, South Africa) are  In conclusion, Cultural Imperialism can have both positive and  When President George Bush went to Japan, he made explicit
less developed than core nations but more developed than negative effects on global communication. It can promote and direct demands on Japanese leaders. To the Japanese it is a
peripheral nations. generally positive agendas, like equal rights, and improve the sign of ignorance or desperation to lower oneself to make direct
 Periphery- Peripheral countries (e.g., most African countries quality of life for many people where successful. However, it can demands.
and low-income countries in South America) are dependent on also prove detrimental to 'inferior' cultures and cultural values  Some analysts believe it severely damaged the negotiations and
core countries for capital and are less industrialized and when a dominant culture takes over. It has the possibility of confirmed to the Japanese that Americans are barbarians
urbanized. creating one homogenous culture throughout the world, and
distorting foreign cultures. Furthermore, it can be argued that The Dark Side of Imperialism
 Cultural Imperialism is also closely related to global Cultural Imperialism is prevalent in today's media climate, where  The dominant culture often imposes its beliefs, using force to
communication, which can be defined as the communication core countries own the majority of global media and export their back them up. One race. ethnicity, or group is often marginalized
practice occurring across national borders, social, political, and cultural values. Nonetheless, Cultural Imperialism theory has based on its Identity.
cultural divides (Thussu, 2010) received criticism for not considering the agency and free will of  Imperial Side Effects: Violence, Enslavement, War, Genocide
the target audience, and ignoring the idea of cultural resistance,
What is global communication? visible in some examples used in this essay. This also proves that Destroying Culture
 Global communication is directly affected by the process of attempting Cultural Imperialism can have very negative effects on  Cultural influence can be seen by the "receiving" culture as either
globalization, and helps to increase business opportunities, global communication as it weakens the relations between a threat to or an enrichment.
remove cultural barriers and develop a global village. Both different heads of state.  However, the dominant culture's attitude is often that as a
globalization and global communication have changed the  Cultural Imperialism implies that it is solely a one-sided cultural conquered nation, the conquered people are inferior.
environmental, cultural, political and economic elements of the imposition, where the dominant culture, defined as the Western  Edward Said has argued that in accumulating territories and
world. culture, is imposed on other inferior cultures. However, as peoples, empires classify them, verify them, but above all, they
 In global communication today, Cultural Imperialism manifests exemplified in this essay, one can see that this is not always the subordinate them.
itself mainly through media, especially mainstream and mass case and due to globalizations and technological advancements it
media. The media is one of the most prominent and visible forms is possible for other cultural perspectives and values to be Today will the Internet be another source of cultural
of global communication. Although Cultural Imperialism theory exported and spread as well. It is important to note that the imperialism?
also focuses on governmental and economic systems, it is more Western culture is still dominant in this, but the concept of  90% of traffic worldwide on 90 the Internet is in English
concerned with the assimilation of media, like literature, film, globalization takes into consideration that culture is neither static  Most information and entertainment products are produced by a
television, Internet, conc and music, today. As mentioned earlier, nor homogenous. fow. increasingly powerful American companies
this is one-sided, meaning that the affected culture's media is  American movies, television, and music are popular throughout
exported to the influencing culture. Most global media firms CULTURAL IMPERIALISM the world. Many argue that these serve to indoctrinate
owned by the same advanced core countries, which dominate 1898: “Ten Thousand Miles From Tip to Tip. This political cartoon populations with American values while at the same time
production of global media (McPhail, 2014). shows the extent of US. domination (symbolized by bald eagle destroying indigenous cultures
 One could argue that both Cultural Imperialism and global stretching from Puerto Rico to the Philippines).
communication closely linked to globalization - Globalization BUT...it can also be argued that
facilitates global communication and the spread of cultural Definitions  The Internet allows people to continue to participate in their
perspectives through new media and technological  Imperialism is the policy of extending the control or authority over "local" culture no matter where in the world they are
advancements, and some argue that globalization is therefore a foreign countries as a means of acquiring and/or maintaining an  The Internet can be a tool for the preservation and celebration of
 culture. represented through Western eyes largely because the impact of
cultural imperialism through the power of Western media. THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL CITIES
Cultural Imperialism and Post Colonialism  It can be argued, for example, that whenever Islam is  global cities conjure up images of fast placed, exciting,
 Imperialism: The policy of extending a nation's authority by represented, it is shown through a Western perspective that cosmopolitan lifestyles
territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and usually fails to understand the nature and complexity of Islamic  sites of great inequality and poverty as well as tremendous
political hegemony over other nations belief and culture but instead reduces it to a few stereotypical violence
 Colonialism: The policy and practice of a power in extending characteristics. In this way, the sense of oppression is just as  create winners and losers
control over weaker people or areas. great as if colonies still existed.  in cities w/ extensive public transportation systems, people tend
to drive less and thereby cut carbon emissions
Cultural Imperialism  consume most of the world’s energy
 Cultural imperialism is the domination of one culture over another. GLOBAL CITY (world city, alpha city, world center)  cities cover 2% world’s landmass but consume 78% world’s
Cultural imperialism can take a form of a general attitude or an  a city which is a primary node in the global economic network energy
active, formal and deliberate policy, including (or resulting from)  globalization affects rural and urban, global forces centered in  targets for terrorists
military action. Economic or technological factors may also play a cities
role  important node in the global economic system THE GLOBAL CITY AND THE POOR
 We might say: the cultural products of the first world "invade" the  an urban center must prove it enjoys a significant global  Economic globalization has paved the way for massive inequality.
third world and "conquer" local culture. advantage over cities and serves as a hub w/n the world This phenomenon is thus very pronounced in cities
economic system  as the city attracts more capital and richer residents are forced to
Cultural Imperialism and the Media  the use of “global city”, as opposed to “megacity”, was relocate to far away but cheaper areas. This phenomenon of
 Increasingly the major media players are multinational companies popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassan (1886) driving out the poor in favor of newer, wealthier residents is called
with Interests the globe.  The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo GENTRIFICATION
 This has an important implication for the way Western television  forced to move farther away from city centers that offer more
and film companies have impact on the cultures of developing CITY BRANDING jobs, more gov’t services, better transportation due to
countries  developing a shared vision of the city in years to come-create gentrification
 An important function of the media is in winning the support of distinction on the global landscape (symbolic capital)  banlieue, poor Muslim migrants clustered around ethnic enclaves
people to the interests of the dominant classes.  Cities: global, smart, educating, science, knowledge, creative,  the middle class is also thinning out
 Example: Obama receives a Native American delegation; British healthy, european cities of cultures, learning, learning regions,  globalization creates high income jobs that are concentrated in
photographers in India in the days of the Raj; and Zuma Visit: learning communities global cities
“Thanks for the show, cultural Imperialist”  these high earners, in turn, generate demand for an unskilled
 The media also constitute a potential tool for control by dominant WHY STUDY GLOBAL CITIES? labor force that will attend to their increasing needs
Western cultures over those of developing countries. The “GLOBALIZATION IS SPATIAL” (2 meanings)  many middle- income jobs in manufacturing and business
Western way of life and its economic and political systems can be 1. Globalization is partial because it occurs in the physical spaces process outsourcing are moving to other countries
imposed on other societies its lifestyles are sold through media 2. Globalization is spatial because what makes it move is the fact
products such as films and television-cultural imperialism. that it is based in places  GLOBAL CITIES, are sites and mediums of globalization. They
 GLOBALISATION is the reason for the increase in the number of are material representations of the phenomenon. We see the
Cultural Imperialism and the U.S. people living in urban areas best of globalization; places create exciting fusions of culture and
 The most dominant culture in this is the US. Hollywood is a good ideas, also places to generate tremendous wealth. They remain
example of cultural imperialism to the extent that even developed  THE GLOBAL CITY INDEX (GCI) sites of great inequality, where global servants serve global
countries like France and the UK go to great lengths to ensure  provides a comprehensive ranking of the leading global cities entrepreneurs.
their own film Industries remain strong. from around the world. It is designed to track the way cities plan
 Cultural imperialism is, in fact, a very old phenomenon. For their populations grow GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
centuries, countries imposed their cultural values on other  DEMOGRAPHY, the science of populations. Demographers seek
nations. Today, as a global economic and political power, the FIVE DIMENSIONS to understand population dynamics by investigating 3 main
United States is inevitably intruding into the cultures of other 1. BUSINESS ACTIVITY demographic processes: birth, migration, and aging (inc. death) -
countries of the world.  includes any activity a business engages in for the primary life expectancy at birth or the fertility rate
 Some believe that the American's spread of culture is beneficial purpose of making a profit  DEMOGRAPHICS is the study of population based on factors
to the entire planet, while others consider this cultural imperialism such as age, race, and sex
a threat. 2. HUMAN CAPITAL
 stock of habits, knowledge, social and personality attributes IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY
Post colonialism embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce  Helps to know far the growth rate of the economy in terms of
 Post colonialism, as the name suggests, is a theoretical economic value population
perspective that looks at media and cultural studies in terms of
the aftermath of colonialism. 3. INFORMATION EXCHANGE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
 Most European countries have a history of military imperialism  passing info from one to another. Could be done electronically or  “The aging of societies”
and indeed, at one point, Great Britain ruled half the world. thru certain systems  birth rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children per
 These countries would conquer less developed countries across woman, life expectancy rising considerably and continues to rise
the world and impose their rule on them, usually to ensure a 4. CULTURAL EXPERIENCE
supply of cheap materials from that country to help support the  getting in contact w/ a group of people that behaves different and  Global demography is the study of the worldwide population
development of their own European economies. have a different background rather than the population of a specific country, region, or city; it
 Much of the culture of these imperial countries remains today, for provides the “big picture” of the entire human population w/o
example, look how much French and English are spoken in 5. POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT influence from local economic, cultural, or geographic factors
African countries.  known as Civic Participation, any individual or group act  demography is not destiny
 The post-colonial argument is that non-Western cultures are addressing issues of public concerns
 5 DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS ARE SHAPING THE WORLD  ECONOMIC ASPECTS - loss of economically active groups of  An “Unsustainable situation” occurs when natural capital is used
RIGHT NOW the population up faster that it can be replenished.
1. The ratio of children to older citizens is declining  HEALTH AND SOCIAL ASPECTS - facilities are made available
2. There has been a sea-change in the nature of illness to non- to a limited extent for native dwellers - facilities and other needs 2. Economical Sustainability
communicable diseases become insufficient  Economic Development has traditionally required a growth in the
3. The speed of aging is rising rapidly in emerging economies CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL MIGRATION gross domestic product.
4. Old age dependency ratio is rising rapidly in Japan, European 1. Cultural differences  Sustainable Development may involve improvements in the
countries, but at a slower pace in Anglo Saxon economies 2. Emotional and physical need quality of life for many but, particularly for the affluent, may
5. It’s getting harder to exploit demographic dividend 3. Changes in climate necessitate a decrease in resource consumption.
4. Communication barrier
GLOBAL MIGRATION 3. Social Sustainability
MIGRATION TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION  is about upholding values that promote fairness and respect for
 process of people moving from one place to another place;  The movement of persons who are embedded in social fields individual rights
temporary or permanent involving ties and relationship across nation-states’ borders  Combat social exclusion and discrimination: helping with
reintegration, supporting gender equality, reducing the gender
GLOBAL MIGRATION TYPES OF TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION pay gap, promoting training, encouraging dialogue, applying
 the movement of the people from one country to another country  INTERNAL MIGRATION - moving within a state, country, or global social rights, etc.
in search for a more economic and personal opportunity continent  Promote solidarity: helping to reduce social inequalities by
 people go live in foreign countries  EXTERNAL MIGRATION - moving to a diff state, country, or collaborating with local and international associations and
 from developing countries to developed ones continent projects, prioritizing fair trade products which guarantee an
 EMIGRATION - leaving one country to move to another appropriate income for farmers.
WHY DO PEOPLE MOVE?  IMMIGRATION - moving into a new country  Contribute to the well-being of stakeholders: developing social
ECONOMIC REASONS dialogue, encouraging the exchange of information and
 lack of employment opportunities or differentials in employment OFWSs - OVERSEAS FILIPINO WORKERS transparency, adapting working hours according to employee
opportunities and wages; lure of a well-paid jobs, lack of  (filipino: Pilipino sa Ibayong-dagat) profile, making premises accessible to people with reduced
educational institutions  A person of Fil. origin who lives outside the Philippines. mobility.

POLITICAL REASONS FOOD SECURITY

 unattractiveness of agricultural activities, disasters, lack of basic THE GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY  Food Security for a household means access by all members at
amenities, industrial ventures  The World Health Organization defines food security as having all times to enough food for an active, healthy life.
three facets:  Food Security is an evolving concept, getting refined after new
SOCIAL FACTORS  Food Availability - having available sufficient quatities of food on a developments and greater awareness about its necessity.
 things that affect someone’s lifestyle; wealth, religion, buying consistent basis.
habits, education level, family size, structure and population  Food Access - having sufficient resources, both economic and 17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
density physical, to obtain appropriate foods for nutritious diet.  GOAL 1. NO POVERTY - end poverty in all its forms everywhere
 Food use - appropriate use based on knowledge of basic nutrition  GOAL 2. ZERO HUNGER - end hunger, achieve food security
CULTURAL FACTORS and care, as well as adequate water and sanitation and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
 vital to understanding the implications for translation and despite  GOAL 3. GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING - ensure healthy
the differences of opinion as to whether language is a part of STABILITY lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
culture or not (two are connected).  Exist when all people, at all times, have physical and economic  GOAL 4. QUALITY EDUCATION - ensure inclusive and equitable
 Culture range: syntax, ideologies, religion, language and dialect, access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for
to art and literacy dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. all
 GOAL 5. GENDER EQUALITY - achieve gender equality and
PUSH-PULL FACTOR SUSTAINABILITY empower all women and girls
 drive people away from place and draw people to a new location  In Dictionary definition, it is the method of harvesting or using a  GOAL 6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION - ensure availability
resource so that the resources is not depleted or permanently and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
PUSH FACTORS: REASON TO LEAVE damaged.  GOAL 7. AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY - ensure access
 help migrants decide to leave their home  Sustainability is also the ability to exist and develop without to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
 negative things that make people want to move to a new area depleting natural resources for the future.  GOAL 8. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH -
promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth,
PULL FACTORS: REASONS TO MIGRATE WHAT IS FOOD SUSTAINABILITY full and productive employment and decent work for all
 attract people and are where immigrants are going  Food sustainability is about generating food at a productivity level  GOAL 9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE -
 positive aspects that attract people to move to a place that is enough to maintain the human population. build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
 Participating in sustainable food practices ensures that your industrialization and foster innovation
REASONS WHY PEOPLE ARE MIGRATING: business or home has a low environmental impact.  GOAL 10. REDUCED INEQUALITIES - reduce inequality within
1. For their safety  Sustainable Food aims to avoid depleting, damaging or wasting and among countries
2. Natural disaster natural resources.  GOAL 11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES - make
3. Political conflict cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
4. For education 3 PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY sustainable
1. Environmental Sustainability  GOAL 12. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND
MIGRATION AFFECTS:  Environmental Sustainability demands that society designs PRODUCTION - ensure sustainable consumption and production
 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS - settlement, over-exploitation of activities to meet human needs while indefinitely preserving the patterns
resources, the pollution of different kinds will be visible life support systems of the planet.  GOAL 13. CLIMATE ACTION - take urgent action to combat
 climate change and its impacts and imported foods EXPLOITATION
 GOAL 14. LIFE BELOW WATER - conserve and sustainably use  the “Green Revolution’ promoted the use of chemical fertilisers
the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable WORLD TRADE SUBSIDIES and pesticides, mechanisation and monocropping to increase
development  the agricultural subsidies given by the US and the EU to their productivity. This has led to widespread environmental damage
 GOAL 15. LIFE ON LAND - protect, restore and promote farmers reduce the price of their exported goods. This means
(erosion, water contamination by pesticides, biodiversity loss)
sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage agricultural goods in the Global South become comparatively
 generally this model has been implemented in large farms,
forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land more expensive, damaging their competitive advantage in
encouraged by public policies and corporations. The spread of
degradation and halt biodiversity loss agricultural exports and hence impacting on livelihoods
industrial agriculture has concentrated land, increased corporate
 GOAL 16. PEACE, JUSTICE, AND STRONG INSTITUTION -
control, and undermined farmers’ access to and control over
promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable DUMPING
water and seeds
development, provide access to justice for all and build effective,  while food aid is sometimes necessary, developed countries
accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels which ‘dump’ their surplus food on developing countries as free,
LAND GRABBING
 GOAL 17. PARTNERSHIP FOR GOALS - strengthen the means subsidized, or cheap food (i.e. below market prices) undercut
 in many countries, land is extremely concentrated in the hands of
of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for local farmers who cannot compete, and are driven out of jobs
a few landlords and companies. In others, a similar land
Sustainable Development
concentration process is beginning. Poor farmers are either
FREE MARKET NEO-LIBERALISM
excluded from land or forced to marginal areas with worst
FOOD AS A RIGHT  developing countries have been forced to abolish support to small
infrastructure, soil fertility or water access
 The right to food is inscribed in the Universal Declaration on farmers and open their markets to cheap imports over the last
 gov’ts are failing to promote equitable and just land reforms. The
Human Rights (Article 25) and in the International Covenant on few decades. Structural adjustment programmes have
World Bank’s marker approach to land reform has worsened the
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Article 11) undermined food security policies as gov’t spending power has
situation - some major food importers, such as the Gulf States
been reduced. Policies related to generating jobs and rules to
and South Korea, have lost confidence in the market and are
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS protect fair wages and labour rights have been weakened by de-
negotiating the purchase of extensive farmland in developing
 ARTICLE 25. Right to Adequate Living Standard - everyone has regulation. Public policies such as rural extension, price
countries in order to secure food supplies
the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well- guarantees, rural credit, trade protection, agricultural research,
being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, strategic grain reserves and competition (anti-trust) rules are
CLIMATE CHANGE
housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the either under-resourced or disappear altogether. This means poor
 will affect different areas differently in terms of agriculture. It is
right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, countries can no longer grow enough to feed their populations,
predicted that developing countries, who are least responsible for
disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in and their farmers struggle to feed even their own families (action
greenhouse gas emissions, will have the most severely affected
circumstances beyond his control aid)
food production. On the other hand, a warmer climate is likely to
improve food production in temperate areas where the rich
FOOD SECURITY GENDER AND AGE
countries are.
 exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and  cultural practices in many societies, esp in South Asia and Africa,
 there is particular concern in sub-Saharan Africa where higher
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet mean that when food is scarce women and children are the last
temperatures will shorten the growing seasons of staple crops
their dietary needs and food preferences for ana active and to eat, and their portions are the first to be reduced
and where poverty limits people’s capacity to adapt
healthy life  in countries where women, and in particular widows, have no
rights to own land they are unable to produce food for their
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
2 TYPES OF FOOD SECURITY: families
 the ability of poor people to access and control land, seeds,
 Chronic (similar to undernourishment and related to poverty)  it has been shown that when women, as opposed to men, have
pastures, forests and water is crucial to combat hunger and food
 Transitory (resulting from temporary circumstances) control over household budgets, food and nutrition become a
security. But there is an increasing trend toward privatizing such
greater priority
resources and means in developing countries
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FOOD ACCESS
 intellectual property rights (IPR) systems that provide monopoly
 PRICE - despite the fact that the majority of food is grown in rural CONFLICT
privileges over what was once common property are being
areas, most of the rural poor are net food buyers, not sellers, in  conflict reduces the number of people available to work on land,
promoted in international and national arenas. Such rights
many countries - fluctuating prices of food have a huge effect on leads to deliberate or accidental destruction of crops, and causes
facilitate control by a few over genetic material and life forms
the poor in developing countries where up to 70% of income is migration which reduces income and ability to produce crops
such as seeds and livestock breeds. Intellectual property rights
spent on food. To cope with price rises people must reduce  prolonged conflicts have cost Africa US$120 billion worth of lost
are predominantly owned by a single company, Monsanto.
volume or nutritional quality of the food they consume agricultural production during the last 3rd of the 20th cent.
 while GM crops can boast higher yields, fewer chemical inputs,
 - when the FAO Cereal Price Index doubled in the year to April  it is no coincidence that the 2 countries of most concern to hunger
higher nutritional content and resilience to extreme weather, GM
2008, food security became a global crisis. In Vietnam the price agencies are Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of Congo
depends on capital intensive farming and is often unavailable to
of rice rose 100% in 48 hrs. The crisis temporarily pushed the
the poor as input costs are higher. Thus, GM crops are pushing
global hunger count above one billion and led to food riots in 23 LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BIOFUELS
small farmers out of the market
countries  land is being used to produce biofuels instead of food, causing
 food prices are closely related to the price of oil due to oil-based one third of the 2007/08 rise in food prices according to the IMF
fertilisers (which have contributed to increased yields over the  filling the petrol tank of an average car with biofuel uses as much
years) and transport costs. The price of oil is expected to maize as an African person consumes in a year
continue on an upward trend  both US and the European Union have ambitious long-term
targets for the use of biofuels. Both provide vast subsidies
POPULATION INCREASE  in 2009 these totalled $9.8 billion, more than the amount of
 there is an increased demand for food as the world population foreign aid available for food security in developing countries
has increased. The world population is expected to reach 9 billion  in 2010 38% of the US grain crop was earmarked for ethanol,
by 2050 enough to feed over 400 million people over the year
 higher wages also lead to changing dietary habits as people can
afford to consume more meat (which uses more land to grow) ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND OVER