Power Transformers Tutorial Questions (EE440/421)

1. From first principles, derive the per-phase equivalent circuit of a three-phase transformer
clearly explaining the meaning of all symbols used. Use the equivalent circuit to draw a
phasor diagram of the transformer under the following load conditions:
(a) No load
(b) Full load with lagging power factor.
(c) Half of full load with leading power factor.

2. A three-phase 50Hz transformer is connected in delta on the high voltage side and in star on
the low-voltage side. The line voltages for the two sides are 11,000 V and 400 V respectively.
The transformer supplies a balanced three-phase load on the low voltage side at a power
factor of 0.85 lagging. If the current on the high voltage side is 10 A, calculate the current on
the low voltage side and the power output of the transformer.

3. A three-phase 500 kVA, 33/11 kV, 50 Hz transformer has full-load copper losses of 5 kW
and iron losses of 3.5 kW. The transformer is connected in star on the high voltage side and
in delta on the low-voltage side.
(a) Calculate the equivalent winding resistance referred to the high voltage side.
(b) Calculate the efficiency of the transformer on full load and power factor of 0.9
lagging.
(c) Calculate the efficiency of the transformer on half of full-load and power factor of 0.8
lagging.
(d) Plot the efficiency against the loading of the transformer and determine at which
load the efficiency of the transformer is maximum.

4. The load cycle of a three-phase 100 kVA, 11/0.4 kV, 50Hz transformer for one day is given in
the table below. The transformer has full-load copper losses of 2.5 kW and core losses at
rated voltage and frequency of 1.8 kW.

Time interval 6-8 8-12 12-14 14-17 17-19 19-22 22-6

(hour of the day)
Load (%) 60 90 75 95 80 0 15
Power factor 0.95 0.8 0.9 0.85 0.88 0 0.6

(a) Sketch the load cycle of the transformer for the given period.
(b) Calculate the energy efficiency of the transformer for the given period.

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5. A three-phase 200 MVA, 220/66 kV transformer is connected in star on the high voltage side
and in delta on the low voltage side. The transformer winding resistances are 2.5 Ω and 0.2
Ω, and the leakage reactances are 10 Ω and 1.2 Ω for the high voltage side and low voltage
side respectively.
Calculate the per-unit impedance of the transformer refereed to the
(a) High voltage side.
(b) Low voltage side.

6. The figure below shows a single-line-diagram of part of a power system. For each
transformer in the diagram state a suitable connection method, giving reasons for your
suggested connection method.

G1 G1
800MW 200MW
15kV 10kV
T1-T4 T5-T6
250MVA each 125MVA each
330/15kV 88/10kV
Line 1
Line 2
T7-T8
100MVA each
330/88kV
T9 T10-T11
50MVA 50MVA each
88/66kV 88/11kV
T12
2MVA
11/0.4kV

Singe-phase
loads

7. A three-phase, 1000 kVA, 11,000/400 V, 50 Hz transformer has a percentage resistance of 2

% and a percentage leakage reactance of 5 %. Calculate the voltage regulation of the
transformer when it supplies
(a) Full load at a power factor of 0.9 lagging.
(b) Half of full load at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.

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8. A three-phase 50 Hz, 200 MVA, 220/66 kV transformer has a clock number of Yd11. The
transformer winding resistances are 2.0 Ω and 0.12 Ω, and the leakage reactances are 10 Ω
and 0.6 Ω for the high voltage side and low voltage side respectively.

(a) Sketch the phase voltage phasor diagrams for the high-voltage side and low-voltage
side of the transformer and from the phasor diagrams obtain its connection diagram.
(b) Calculate the per-unit impedance of the transformer referred to the high-voltage
side.
(c) Calculate the full-load copper losses of this transformer.
(d) Calculate the efficiency of the transformer when it supplies 90% of full-load at a
power factor of 0.85 lagging, if the core losses are equal to 3 MW.

9. A three-phase 50 Hz, 200 MVA, 220/66 kV transformer has a clock number of Yd1. The
transformer winding resistances are 2.0 Ω and 0.15 Ω, and the leakage reactances are 10 Ω
and 0.65 Ω for the high voltage side and low voltage side respectively.

(a) What is the meaning of the letters and number combination Yd1?
(b) Sketch the phasor diagrams and the connection diagram for the high voltage side
and the low voltage side of the transformer.
(c) Calculate the per-unit impedance of the transformer referred to the high-voltage
side.
(d) Derive the equation for the approximate voltage regulation of the transformer, and
use the derived equation to calculate the full-load voltage regulation of the
transformer if the load power factor is 0.80 lagging.
(e) If the load power factor is improved to 0.98 lagging, what will be the full-load
voltage regulation?

10. A three-phase transformer consists of a bank of single-phase transformers connected to

form a Dd0 connection. A fault on one of the transformers causes it to be removed from the
circuit, and the remaining two transformers are connected in an open-delta (V-V)
connection. Show that the capacity of the open-delta connected transformers is 58% of the
delta-connected transformers.
11. A three-phase delta-delta connected transformer consists of three single-phase units each
rated at 50 kVA, 3300/550 V. The bank supplies a load of 100 kVA.
(a) Calculate the load on each transformer.

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 (b) A fault on one of the transformer causes it to be removed from the circuit and the
remaining two transformers are connected in V-V connection and continues
supplying the load of 100 kVA. Calculate the load on each transformer in the V-V
connection.
(c) Compare the load on each transformer in part (a) and part (b) and comment on the
result.

12. Two transformers, A and B are connected in parallel on both the HV side and the LV side.
Show that the load supplied by each transformer is given by

ZB ZA
SA  S and S B  S
ZA  ZB ZA  ZB

where S A and Z A are the load and the impedance of transformers A, S B and Z B are the
load and impedance of transformer B, and S is the total load.

13. A power transformer at a receiving substation has the following information on its name
plate.

120MVA; 330/66 kV; 50 Hz; Yd1; ONAF; Z = (2.5+j10) %;

(a) Sketch the phasor diagrams showing the orientation of the voltages on the high-
voltage side and the low-voltage side of the transformer with reference to the clock
face; and from the phasor diagrams sketch the connection diagrams for the high-
voltage side and low-voltage side, respectively.
(b) If the core losses of the transformer are equal to 0.725 MW, what will be the
efficiency of the transformer on full-load at a power factor of 0.80 lagging?
(c) Calculate the voltage regulation of the transformer on full-load at a power factor of
0.8 lagging.
(d) Under what conditions will the transformer’s efficiency be maximum? Calculate the
maximum efficiency this transformer can operate at.
(e) At what power factor will the voltage regulation be at its lowest? Calculate the
voltage regulation at this power factor.

14. To accommodate a higher load, a new transformer rated 150 MVA 330/66 kV, 50 Hz, is to be
installed in parallel with the transformer in Question 13.

(a) Determine the winding resistance and leakage reactance of the second transformer
in ohms, referred to the high-voltage side, which will result in the two transformers
sharing the load proportionally to their apparent power ratings.
(b) Determine the load on each transformer if they supply a total load of 250 MVA at a
power factor of 0.85 lagging.

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