QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

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INTRODUCTION METHODS OF SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
When a polynomial f(x) is equated to zero, we get an equation a. Solution by factorization method b. Solution by Completion of Squares Method
which is known as a polynomial equation. Solve the following quadratic equation by factorization method In the method of completing the squares, the quadratic equation is
x2 – 2ax + a2 – b2 = 0 expressed in the form (x±k)2=p2.
Factors of the constant term a2 – b2 are(a – b)&(a + b) also Consider the quadratic equation 2x2−8x=10
2 coefficient of the middle term = – 2a = –[(a – b)+(a + b)] (i) Express the quadratic equation in standard form.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 2x2−8x−10=0
 x2 – 2ax +a2 – b2 = 0
A polynomial equations of degree two is called a quadratic equation.  x2 – {(a – b) + (a + b)} x + (a + b) (a – b) = 0 (ii) Divide the equation by the coefficient of x2 to make the coefficient
2x2 – 3x + 1 = 0, 4x – 3x2 = 0 and 1 – x2 = 0  x2 – (a – b) x – (a + b) x + (a – b) (a + b) = 0 of x2 equal to 1.
General form of quadratic equations : ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a,b,c, are  x [x – (a – b)] – (a + b) [x – (a – b)] = 0 x2−4x−5=0
real numbers and a  0.  [x – (a – b)] [x – (a + b)] = 0 (iii) Add the square of half of the coefficient of x to both sides of the
Roots of quadratic equation: x =is said to be root of the quadratic x – (a – b) = 0 or x – (a + b) = 0 equation to get an expression of the form
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0 iff x = satisfies the quadratic x = a – b, x = a + b x2±2kx+k2.
equation i.e. in other words the value of a2 + b+ c is zero. (x2−4x+4)−5=0+4
c. Solution by Quadratic Formula (iv) Isolate the above expression, (x±k)2 on the LHS to obtain an
Quadratic Formula is used to directly obtain the roots of a quadratic equation of the form (x±k)2=p2
4 equation from the standard form of the equation. (x−2)2=9
NATURE OF THE ROOTS OF THE QUADRATIC EQUATION For the quadratic equation ax2+bx+c=0, (v) Take the positive and negative square roots.
Based on the value of the discriminant, D=b2−4ac, the roots of a
x–2=±3
quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0, can be of three types. -b ± √b2 - 4ac
x= x = −1 or x = 5
Case 1: If D>0, the equation has two distinct real roots. 2a
Case 2: If D=0, the equation has two equal real roots. By substituting the values of a,b and c, we can directly get the roots
Case 3: If D<0, the equation has no real roots. of the equation.

5 GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION

For quadratic expression, y = ax2 + bx + c, a  0 & a,b,c R then : 6 7
(i) The graph between x,y is always a parabola. If a > 0, then the shape of ROOTS UNDER PARTICUALR CASES SUM & PRODUCT OF THE ROOTS
the parabola is concave upwards & if a < 0 then the shape of the (A) Let the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real roots and Let  and  be the roots of the quadratic equation
parabola is concave downwards. (i) If b = 0  roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite sign. ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0.
(ii) The graph of y = ax2 + bx + c can be divided into 6 categories which -b + √+b2 - 4ac -b - √+b2 - 4ac
b Then a = and b =
are as follows : (ii) If c = 0  one roots is zero and the other is − a 2a 2a
Y Y
b Ceoff. of x
Y \ The sum of roots a +b =- =-
a> 0 a> 0
(iii) If a = c  roots are of opposite sign. a Ceoff of x2
D> 0 D=0 a> 0 (iv) If 𝑎 > 0𝑐 < 0 c costantterm
D< 0 𝑎 < 0𝑐 > 0
} ⇔ roots are of opposite sign. and product of roots = a.b = =-
a coefficientof x2
(v) If a > 0, b > 0, c < 0
0 X X a < 0, b < 0, c < 0 } ⇔ both roots are negative (𝛼 + 𝛽 < 0&𝛼𝛽 > 0)
a b 0 a=b 0
X (vi) If a > 0, b < 0, c > 0 8
Roots are real Roots are real a < 0, b > 0, c < 0 } ⇔ both roots are positive (𝛼 + 𝛽 < 0&𝛼𝛽 > 0) FORMATION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
and distinct and equal No real roots c Let a and b be the roots of the quadratic equation
(vii) If a + b + c = 0  One of the roots is 1 and the other roots is
a
Y (viii) If a = 1 b, c Î Z and the roots are rational numbers, then these roots
Y Y b c
0 must be integers. \ a +b =- and a.b=
X a a
a b 0 a=b 0 a=b (ix) If a, b, c Î Q and D is a perfect square  roots are rational.
X X
(x) (A) If a, b, c Î Q and D is positive but not a perfect square  roots Hence the quadratic equation whose roots are
a> 0
are irrational. a and b is given by
D> 0 a< 0
D= 0 a>0 (B) If ax2 + bx + c = 0 is satisfied by more then two values, it is an identity x2 − ( +)x += 0
D<0
and a = b = c = 0 and vice versa
(C) The quadratic equation whose roots are reciprocal of the roots of i.e. x2 – (sum of the roots) x + product of the roots = 0
Roots are real
ax2 + bx + c = 0 is cx2 + bx + a = 0.
and distinct Roots are equal No real roots
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CONDITION FOR TWO QUADRATIC EQUATION TO HAVE A COMMON ROOT
Suppose that the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a’x2 + b’x + c’ = 0
11. APPLICATIONS OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
(where a, a’  0 and ab’ – a’b  0)
have a common root. Let this common root be a Than aa2ba+c=0 and a’a2b’a +c’=0
Solving the above equations, we get,
Type-I : Problems Based On Numbers.
a 2
a 1 Type-II :Problems Based On Ages.
= =
bc’-b’c a’c-ac’ ab’-a’b Type-III : Problems Based On Geometrical Concepts.
bc’-b’c a’c-ac’ Type-IV : Problems Based On Perimeter/Age.
2and
ab’-a’b ab’-a’b Type-V : Problems Based On Time and Distance.
(a’c-ac’)2 bc’- b’c Type-VI : Problems Based On Time and Work.
Eliminating , we get: =
(ab-a’b)2 ab’-a’b Type-VII : Miscellaneous Problems.

(a'c-ac')2 =(bc’-b’c)(ab’-a’b)

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CONDITION FOR TWO QUADRATIC EQUATION TO HAVE THE SAME ROOT
Two quadratic equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a’x2 + b’x + c’ = 0 have the same
roots if and only if

a b c
= =
a’ b’ c’

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