Title

Rahul Jadhav1, Vaibhav Sutar2, Swapnil Pawar3, Prof. R.G. Ghodake4

1,2,3
UG Students, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, SKN
Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, SKN
Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pandharpur
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) transformed the electronics industry by enabling ubiquitous
connectivity between billions of devices. This has created an unprecedented amount of data,
challenging traditional cloud-based architectures with latency, bandwidth, and security issues.
Edge computing came as an additive architecture by distributing computation and bringing
intelligence to IoT edges to provide real-time responsiveness and reduce dependence on
centralized infrastructure. The intersection of IoT and edge computing has fuelled innovation
in low-power embedded systems, hardware accelerators, and secure communication. This
paper provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in IoT–edge convergence,
ranging from architecture designs, energy-efficient hardware, and AI-based edge nodes.
Recent research directions such as federated learning, TinyML, and edge AI are examined
along with the primary limitations such as interoperability issues, energy limitations, and
cybersecurity attacks. Moreover, a comparative analysis of cloud, edge, and hybrid
computing models is provided followed by primary challenges and open research directions
such as energy harvesting, quantum IoT, and 6G-enabled edge systems. The review concludes
with the central role of electronics in facilitating scalable, secure, and sustainable IoT-edge
ecosystems.
Keywords — Internet of Things (IoT), Edge Computing, Embedded Electronics, Energy
Efficiency, AI at Edge, 5G Integration.
1. Introduction:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most groundbreaking technology paradigms of
recent electronics, enabling ubiquitous communication among billions of networked devices.
The large span of connectivity enables various applications such as smart homes, smart
transport, industrial automation, healthcare monitoring, and agriculture systems to collect and
process data in real time. Recent market research estimates the global IoT ecosystem to have
more than 30 billion networked devices by the year 2030, generating trillions of gigabytes of
data annually. Such massive growth requires computing architectures to be efficient and
scalable.
Historically, IoT systems have used cloud-based architectures for processing, memory, and
data consolidation.
In order to avoid these limitations, edge computing evolved as a different model. Edge
computing decentralizes the processing load from cloud-based central servers to nearby
computing nodes, in most scenarios near IoT endpoints. Edge computing decouples
computation from central servers, lowers latency, optimizes bandwidth utilization, and allows
real-time decision-making, essential for applications such as autonomous vehicles, factory
robots, and smart grids.
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of emerging trends in IoT and edge computing, with
a specific focus on their impact on electronics. The paper begins with an extensive review of
literature on architectural models, edge intelligence, energy efficiency, and security models.
The paper proceeds with a review of research directions, emphasizes the contribution of
electronics to IoT-edge systems, and presents a comparative analysis of cloud, edge, and
hybrid models. The paper ends with an analysis of major challenges and future directions,
including 6G-based IoT, federated learning, and quantum edge computing.
2. Literature Survey:
IoT systems initially relied heavily on cloud computing for centralized processing and
storage. However, the increasing data volume from billions of connected devices has
rendered cloud-centric solutions inadequate for real-time applications.
Rahmani et al. [1] introduced a fog-based healthcare IoT architecture that significantly
minimized latency and bandwidth usage. Their work demonstrated the potential of
intermediate computing layers for critical health monitoring applications.
Mahmud et al. [2] presented a comprehensive taxonomy of fog and edge computing
frameworks, comparing architectural approaches for latency reduction, scalability, and
interoperability. The study emphasized the role of electronics hardware in supporting edge
gateways and sensor nodes with minimal energy footprints. However, interoperability across
heterogeneous platforms remains a challenge. The migration of computation toward the
network edge enables time-sensitive analytics and control operations.
Xu et al. [3] proposed an edge intelligence framework for smart manufacturing, integrating
AI-driven decision-making at local nodes. This design reduced data transmission delays by
40% compared to traditional cloud models. Similarly,
Warden and Situnayake [4] introduced TinyML, a framework for running lightweight
machine learning models on microcontrollers, allowing predictive analytics without cloud
dependency.
Tang et al. [5] demonstrated deep learning-based intelligent channel allocation for wireless
IoT, achieving improved throughput and reduced interference. However, the integration of AI
at the edge increases computational complexity and power demands, making it necessary to
design specialized chips like Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and Field
Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) for hardware acceleration.
Energy management is critical for edge computing in IoT because most devices operate on
constrained power sources.
Lin et al. [6] proposed energy-aware scheduling algorithms combined with low-power
electronics for sustainable IoT deployments. Their results showed a 25% improvement in
battery life when energy-aware policies were applied. Recent trends Favor hardware
innovations such as ARM Cortex-M series microcontrollers and RISC-V architectures to
minimize energy overhead.
The decentralized nature of edge computing introduces new attack surfaces. Raza et al. [7]
designed SVELTE, a lightweight intrusion detection system for IoT, operating in real-time
with minimal computational overhead. Ghosh and Paul [9] proposed a hardware-assisted
encryption framework for edge nodes, ensuring secure communication even in resource-
constrained environments. Despite these efforts, the challenge remains to develop scalable,
energy-efficient security solutions that do not compromise device performance.
Zhou et al. [8] highlighted the energy trade-offs in edge-enabled industrial IoT (IIoT),
suggesting that low-power SoCs and optimized communication protocols are essential for
sustainable operations.
Despite these advancements, existing studies show that deploying advanced edge intelligence
is constrained by hardware limitations in microcontrollers. Future designs must focus on
integrating hardware accelerators to support complex models without compromising energy
efficiency.
Moreover, energy harvesting technologies (e.g., solar, vibration, and RF energy) are gaining
traction for battery-less IoT nodes, which will play a crucial role in future green IoT
ecosystems.
3. Proposed Methodology
(Block Diagram and Explanation)

4. Conclusion
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