Allama Iqbal Open University
Islamabad
Course Code (9373)
Assignment No 1
Spring 2025
Name:
Student I.D
Program:
Semester: Spring 2025
Q.1: Analyze the Socio-Economic and Political Reasons for
Disintegration of Pakistan in 1971
The disintegration of Pakistan in 1971, which led to the creation of
Bangladesh, was a result of a complex combination of socio-economic
disparities, political injustices, cultural alienation, and military
mishandling. The roots of this tragic event can be traced back to the
early years of Pakistan’s creation and worsened over time.
1. Socio-Economic Disparities
Unequal Development: East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
contributed a major share to Pakistan’s export economy through
jute and agriculture but received disproportionately low
government funding and development projects.
Neglect of East Pakistan: Infrastructure, industrial growth, and
education systems remained underdeveloped in East Pakistan,
while West Pakistan saw more progress.
Lack of Employment Opportunities: Government and military
jobs were dominated by West Pakistanis. East Pakistanis had fewer
chances to participate in state institutions.
2. Political Injustices
Language Controversy (1948): The decision to impose Urdu as
the sole national language deeply offended Bengalis who spoke
Bengali. This led to protests and a strong linguistic identity
movement in East Pakistan.
One Unit Policy (1955): The merging of West Pakistan provinces
into one unit was seen as an attempt to suppress East Pakistan’s
majority in population and National Assembly.
Denial of Democratic Rights: The refusal to transfer power to
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s Awami League after it won a majority
in the 1970 general elections destroyed trust in democracy and
unity.
3. Cultural and Geographic Separation
Geographical Divide: East and West Pakistan were separated by
over 1000 miles of Indian territory, making administration and
integration challenging.
Cultural Differences: East Pakistanis had a distinct language,
traditions, and political outlook, which were often dismissed or
ignored by the central leadership.
4. Military Action and Repression
Operation Searchlight (1971): The military crackdown on
political activists, students, and the general population in East
Pakistan led to a massive humanitarian crisis, killing thousands and
displacing millions.
Indian Intervention: After the refugee crisis spilled into India and
due to strategic reasons, India intervened militarily, supporting the
Mukti Bahini (Bangladeshi freedom fighters), eventually leading to
Pakistan’s surrender in December 1971.
Conclusion
The disintegration of Pakistan in 1971 was not a sudden event but the
culmination of years of political exclusion, economic exploitation,
cultural alienation, and authoritarian governance. It underscores the need
for inclusive federalism and equitable development in a multi-ethnic
state.
Q.2: Evaluate the Process of Consensus Building Among the
Political Elite for the Adoption of the 1973 Constitution
The adoption of the 1973 Constitution was a major political
achievement in Pakistan’s history. After years of constitutional
instability, military rule, and political tensions, the political leadership
came together to establish a democratic framework.
1. Post-1971 Political Environment
The 1971 tragedy created a sense of urgency among political
leaders to rebuild national unity.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, then Prime Minister, played a central role in
initiating dialogue with political stakeholders across Pakistan.
2. Inclusive Committee Formation
A Constitution Committee was formed in 1972, comprising
members from all political parties represented in the National
Assembly.
The committee was chaired by Abdul Hafeez Pirzada, and parties
like PPP, JUI, NAP, and others contributed to the draft.
3. Key Areas of Consensus
Parliamentary System: All parties agreed on a federal
parliamentary democracy.
Islamic Provisions: Inclusion of Islamic clauses satisfied religious
parties.
Fundamental Rights: A comprehensive list of rights was added to
ensure citizen protections.
Federalism: Powers were divided between the federation and
provinces.
4. Compromises Made
Despite ideological differences, compromises were made to ensure
the constitution’s adoption.
For example, PPP compromised on the role of Islam, while
religious parties accepted the parliamentary model.
5. Unanimous Passage
On April 10, 1973, the draft constitution was unanimously passed
by the National Assembly.
It was enforced on August 14, 1973.
Conclusion
The 1973 Constitution’s adoption was a rare moment of national
consensus. It reflected maturity among political elites who prioritized
national interest over party divisions, laying the foundation for
constitutional democracy.
Q.3: Highlight the Salient Features of the 1973 Constitution of
Pakistan
The 1973 Constitution is the supreme law of Pakistan and provides a
comprehensive framework for governance. It replaced earlier
constitutions and has been amended several times to adapt to changing
political needs.
1. Federal Parliamentary System
Pakistan was declared a Federal Republic with a parliamentary
system, where the Prime Minister is the head of government.
2. Bicameral Legislature
Parliament consists of two houses:
o National Assembly (lower house)
o Senate (upper house)
3. Islamic Provisions
Islam is the state religion.
Laws inconsistent with Islam are to be repealed.
A Council of Islamic Ideology advises on Islamic laws.
Only a Muslim can be President or Prime Minister.
4. Fundamental Rights
The Constitution guarantees:
o Freedom of speech, religion, assembly
o Right to life and liberty
o Equality before law
o Protection against discrimination
5. Independence of Judiciary
A Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate courts are
established.
Judiciary is independent and safeguards fundamental rights.
6. Provincial Autonomy
Powers are shared between the federal and provincial
governments.
Provinces have their own legislatures and chief ministers.
7. Emergency Provisions
The President can declare an emergency in case of war, internal
disturbance, or financial crisis.
8. Amendment Procedure
Amendments require a two-thirds majority in the National
Assembly and Senate.
9. Language and National Identity
Urdu declared as national language.
Protection of local languages and cultures is assured.
Conclusion
The 1973 Constitution combines Islamic values with democratic
governance. It emphasizes federalism, rule of law, and human rights,
and remains the cornerstone of Pakistan's legal and political structure.
Q.4: Explain the Structure of the Federation in the Light of the 1973
Constitution
The federal structure of Pakistan, as outlined in the 1973 Constitution,
is designed to manage the relationship between the center and the
provinces while maintaining national unity and accommodating
diversity.
1. Federal Character of the State
Pakistan is a federation composed of four provinces: Punjab,
Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan.
Each province has its own legislative assembly and chief
minister.
2. Division of Powers
Powers are distributed through:
o Federal Legislative List (Part I & II)
o Provincial Legislative List
18th Amendment (2010) abolished the Concurrent List, giving
more autonomy to provinces.
3. Role of the Senate
The Senate ensures equal representation of provinces regardless of
population.
It balances the representation of smaller provinces in the federal
structure.
4. National Finance Commission (NFC)
NFC Award is a financial mechanism to distribute resources
among provinces and the federal government.
Based on population, poverty, and revenue generation.
5. Inter-Provincial Coordination
The Council of Common Interests (CCI) is established to resolve
disputes between the federation and provinces.
6. President and Governor
The President is the ceremonial head of the state.
Governors represent the President in provinces but act on advice
of provincial governments.
7. Judicial Structure
Each province has its own High Court.
The Supreme Court of Pakistan is the final court of appeal and
guardian of the Constitution.
Conclusion
The 1973 Constitution promotes a balanced federal system, with
decentralization of powers and strong institutions to ensure cooperation
among the federation and the provinces. The post-18th Amendment
structure is more provincial-friendly, ensuring greater autonomy and
participation.
Q.5: Describe the Fundamental Rights of Citizens as Guaranteed in
the 1973 Constitution
The fundamental rights enshrined in the 1973 Constitution safeguard
the dignity, freedom, and equality of Pakistani citizens. They serve as
the cornerstone of democracy and rule of law.
1. Right to Life and Liberty (Article 9)
No person shall be deprived of life or liberty except in accordance
with the law.
2. Right to Equality (Articles 25 & 27)
All citizens are equal before the law and entitled to equal
protection.
Discrimination on the basis of sex, religion, or race is prohibited.
3. Right to Fair Trial (Article 10A)
Every individual has the right to a fair trial by an independent
court.
4. Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19)
Citizens have the right to express their views freely, subject to
reasonable restrictions for national interest.
5. Freedom of Religion (Article 20)
Every citizen has the right to profess, practice, and propagate their
religion.
Religious institutions can be managed independently.
6. Freedom of Assembly (Article 16)
Citizens can peacefully assemble and hold meetings or protests.
7. Freedom of Association (Article 17)
Citizens have the right to form associations or political parties.
8. Right to Education (Article 25-A)
Free and compulsory education is a right for all children aged 5–
16.
9. Right to Property (Article 23 & 24)
Citizens can acquire, hold, and dispose of property.
No property can be taken away except by law and with
compensation.
10. Protection Against Arbitrary Arrest (Article 10)
Citizens must be informed of the reasons for arrest and have the
right to consult a lawyer.
11. Protection of Women and Children
Special provisions exist to protect women, children, and minorities
from exploitation or abuse.
Enforcement of Rights
Citizens can approach High Courts and the Supreme Court to
seek enforcement of these rights.
Conclusion
Fundamental rights in the 1973 Constitution ensure that Pakistanis enjoy
freedom, dignity, and protection under the law. They are central to
building a democratic, just, and inclusive society.
