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Mechanical Timers: Mechanical Timers Regulate Their Speed. Inaccurate, Cheap
Mechanical Timers: Mechanical Timers Regulate Their Speed. Inaccurate, Cheap
Chapter 1 Introduction
A timer is a specialized type of clock. A timer can be used to control the sequence of an event or process. Whereas a stopwatch counts upwards from zero for measuring elapsed time, a timer counts down from a specified time interval, like an hourglass. Timers can be mechanical, electromechanical, electronic (quartz), or even software as all modern computers include digital timers of one kind or another. When the set period expires some timers simply indicate so (e.g., by an audible signal), while others operate electrical switches, such as a time switch, which cuts electrical power. Mechanical timers: Mechanical timers regulate their speed. Inaccurate, cheap mechanisms use a flat beater that spins against air resistance. Mechanical egg-timers are sometimes of this type. More accurate mechanisms have mechanisms similar to mechanical alarm clocks; they require no power, and can be stored for long periods of time. The most widely-known application is to control explosives. Electromechanical timers: Short-period bimetallic electromechanical timers use a thermal mechanism, with a metal finger made of strips of two metals with different rates of thermal expansion sandwiched together; steel and bronze are common. An electric current flowing through this finger causes heating of the metals, one side expands less than the other, and an electrical contact on the end of the finger moves away from or towards an electrical switch contact. The most common use of this type is in the "flasher" units that flash turn signals in automobiles, and sometimes in Christmas lights. This is a non-electronic type of multivibrator. An electromechanical cam timer uses a small synchronous AC motor turning a cam against a comb of switch contacts. The AC motor is turned at an accurate rate by the alternating current, which power companies carefully regulate. Gears drive a shaft at the desired rate, and turn the cam. The most common application of this timer now is in washers, driers and dishwashers. This type of timer often has a friction clutch between the gear train and the cam, so that the cam can be turned to reset the time. Electromechanical timers survive in these applications because
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Adjustable Timer
mechanical switch contacts may still be less expensive than the semiconductor devices needed to control powerful lights, motors and heaters. In the past these electromechanical timers were often combined with electrical relays to create electro-mechanical controllers. Electromechanical timers reached a high state of development in the 1950s and 60s because of their extensive use in aerospace and weapons systems. Programmable electromechanical timers controlled launch sequence events in early rockets and ballistic missiles. As digital electronics has progressed and dropped in price, electronic timers have become more advantageous. Electronic timers: Electronic timers are essentially quartz clocks with special electronics, and can achieve higher precision than mechanical timers. Electronic timers have digital electronics, but may have an analog or digital display. Integrated circuits have made digital logic so inexpensive that an electronic timer is now less expensive than many mechanical and electromechanical timers. Individual timers are implemented as a simple single-chip computer system, similar to a watch and usually using the same, mass-produced, technology. Many timers are now implemented in software. Modern controllers use a programmable logic controller rather than a box full of electromechanical parts. The logic is usually designed as if it were relays, using a special computer language called ladder logic. In PLCs, timers are usually simulated by the software built into the controller. Each timer is just an entry in a table maintained by the software. Digital timers are used in safety device such as a gas timer.
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SWITCH ON
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Adjustable Timer
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Adjustable Timer
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Adjustable Timer
The time period (T) of the square wave is the time for one complete cycle, but it is usually better to consider frequency (f) which is the number of cycles per second.
Fig 2.1 555 astable output, a square wave (Tm and Ts may be different)
T = time period in seconds (s) f = frequency in hertz (Hz) R1 = resistance in ohms ( ) R2 = resistance in ohms ( ) C1 = capacitance in farads (F) The time period can be split into two parts: T = Tm + Ts Mark time (output high): Tm = 0.7 (R1 + R2) C1 Space time (output low): Ts = 0.7 R2 C1
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Many circuits require Tm and Ts to be almost equal; this is achieved if R 2 is much larger than R1. For a standard astable circuit Tm cannot be less than Ts, but this is not too restricting because the output can both sink and source current. For example an LED can be made to flash briefly with long gaps by connecting it (with its resistor) between +Vs and the output. This way the LED is on during Ts, so brief flashes are achieved with R 1 larger than R2, making Ts short and Tm long. If Tm must be less than Ts a diode can be added to the circuit. 555 Timer in Bistable Mode: The circuit is called a bistable because it is stable in two states: output high and output low. It is also known as a 'flip-flop'
Trigger (555 pin 2) makes the output high. Trigger is 'active low', it functions when < 1/3 Vs. Reset (555 pin 4) makes the output low. Reset is 'active low', it resets when < 0.7V
555 Timer in Monostable Mode: A monostable circuit produces a single output pulse when triggered. It is called a monostable because it is stable in just one state: 'output low'. The 'output high' state is temporary.
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The duration of the pulse is called the time period (T) and this is determined by resistor R1 and capacitor C1: time period,
T = 1.1 R1 C1
T = time period in seconds (s) R1 = resistance in ohms ( ) C1 = capacitance in farads (F)
Choose C1 first (there are relatively few values available). Choose R1 to give the time period you need. R1 should be in the range 1k , so use a fixed resistor of at least 1k in series if R1 is variable. to 1M
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Adjustable Timer
Beware that electrolytic capacitor values are not accurate, errors of at least 20% are common. Beware that electrolytic capacitors leak charge which substantially increases the time period if you are using a high value resistor.
Monostable operation: The timing period is triggered (started) when the trigger input (555 pin 2) is less than 1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge through resistor R1. Once the time period has started further trigger pulses are ignored. The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when this reaches
2/3
Vs the time period is over and the output becomes low. At the same time discharge
(555 pin 7) is connected to 0V, discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger. The reset input (555 pin 4) overrides all other inputs and the timing may be cancelled at any time by connecting reset to 0V, this instantly makes the output low and discharges the capacitor. If the reset function is not required the reset pin should be connected to +Vs. This project uses a power-on triggered 555 monostable circuit. A monostable circuit produces a single output pulse when triggered. It is called a monostable because it is stable in just one state: 'output low'. The 'output high' state is temporary.
2.2 Concepts
First, we need to know what the 555 looks like. It has eight connections (called pins) to its plastic case, arranged as four on one side and four on the other, as shown in the pinout diagram of figure 2.1. From this diagram, you can see that pin 1 is the pin on the bottom left when the IC is held horizontal with the writing the correct way up. The little notch in one side also helps to identify pin 1, as does the small white dot next to this pin.
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The Power Supply: Pin 8 is where you connect the positive power supply (Vs) to the 555. This can be any voltage between 3V and 15V DC, but is commonly 5V DC when working with digital ICs. Pin 1 is the 0V connection to the power supply. Trigger and Reset Inputs: Pin 2 is called the Trigger input as it is this input that sets the output to the high state. Pin 4 is called the Reset input as it is this input that resets the output to the low state. Both pins may be connected to push buttons to control the operation of the 555. Sometimes the Reset input is not used in a circuit, in which case it is connected directly to Vs so that unwanted resetting cannot occur. Threshold and Discharge: Pins 6 and 7 (and sometimes the Trigger input, pin 2) are used to set up the timing aspect of the 555 IC. They are normally connected to a combination of resistors and a capacitor. Offset: Pin 5 can be used to alter the timing aspect of the 555 IC in applications such as frequency modulation. Output: Pin 3 is the digital output of the 555. It can be connected directly to the inputs of other digital ICs, or it can control other devices with the help of a few extra components.
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Figure shows the schematic symbol for an R-S flip-flop of any design. The circuit latches in either two states. A high S input sets Q to high; a high R input resets Q to low. Output Q remains in a given state until it is triggered into the opposite state.
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Adjustable Timer
S.No. 1.
Component Details 33k ohms, 100k ohms, 470 ohms, 1M ohms Ic 555 9-12V 220 uF, 0.1uF Light Emitting Green, Red 9V
Quantity 04 Nos
2. 3. 4. 5.
Diode,
6.
Battery
01 Nos.
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Adjustable Timer
Chapter 4 Working
The timing period is triggered (started) when the trigger input (555 pin 2) is less than
1/3
Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge through
resistor R1. Once the time period has started further trigger pulses are ignored. The threshold input (555 pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when this reaches
2/3
Vs the time period is over and the output becomes low. At the same time discharge
(555 pin 7) is connected to 0V, discharging the capacitor ready for the next trigger. The reset input (555 pin 4) overrides all other inputs and the timing may be cancelled at any time by connecting reset to 0V, this instantly makes the output low and discharges the capacitor. If the reset function is not required the reset pin should be connected to +Vs. As soon as the circuit is switched on, the trailing edge of the supply gets applied at pin no.2 of the 555 timer. Hence the comparator 2 will consequently generate a logic 1 and the comparator 1 will generate logic 0. So the flip flop gets reset and the output produced will be 0. The green LED starts glowing. This denotes that the timing has started. Now the capacitor starts charging. As soon as the capacitor gets charged upto 2/3 Vcc the comparator 1 will now generate logic 1 whereas comparator will generate logic 0. Now the flip flop gets set and the output produced now is 1. Now the green LED tops glowing and the red LED glows. The Bleeper starts sounding at the same time. This denotes that the timing has been completed Inputs of 555/556 Trigger input: when < 1/3 Vs ('active low') this makes the output high (+Vs). It monitors the discharging of the timing capacitor in an astable circuit. It has a high input impedance > 2M . Threshold input: when > 2/3 Vs ('active high') this makes the output low (0V)*. It monitors the charging of the timing capacitor in astable and monostable circuits. It has a
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Adjustable Timer
high input impedance > 10M . Poviding the trigger input is > 1/3 Vs, otherwise the trigger input will override the threshold input and hold the output high (+Vs). Reset input: when less than about 0.7V ('active low') this makes the output low (0V), overriding other inputs. When not required it should be connected to +Vs. It has an input impedance of about 10k . Control input: this can be used to adjust the threshold voltage which is set internally to be 2/3 Vs. Usually this function is not required and the control input is connected to 0V with a 0.01F capacitor to eliminate electrical noise. It can be left unconnected if noise is not a problem. The discharge pin is not an input, but it is listed here for convenience. It is connected to 0V when the timer output is low and is used to discharge the timing capacitor in astable and monostable circuits . The circuit starts timing when the switch is closed..The capacitor at pin 2 charges up rapidly (since it has a very less time constant) up to a voltage which is less than Vcc<3 and hence it maintains a low voltage level at pin2. When the voltage at pin2 is less than Vcc/3 the output is high (pin no. 3). When the output is high the green LED lights up which shows that the time period has started and it continues glowing as per the value if resistor and capacitor chosen. The capacitor at pin 6 (timing capacitor) also charges at the same instant the switch is closed, through Vcc. The capacitor charges up to a voltage 2Vcc/3 and when the voltage across it exceeds this value the output is low, and the red led starts glowing and the bleeper sounds which indicates that the time period of the timer has elapsed.
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We have design our PCB Layout on the Dip Trace software. In the Dip Trace software we have open Schematic window which is of Black colour window. In this window we have open Library and search different-different component which are required for our circuit design. We took four register R1,R2, R3&R4 and connect as per the circuit requirement. After that we took 2 capacitors(C1 & C2) and 2 leds green and red and searched for one 555 timer in the library ,one bleeper and 9V battery & connected in circuit. Then we have converted our schematic circuit in the PCB. We went to the layer setup option ans selected plane option. Then we run the auto-placement view tab.the we did its screen printing on the PCB. in the placement option. Then we run auto-router. Then we selected the mirror option from the
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Adjustable Timer
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Adjustable Timer
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Output of 555/556 The output of a standard 555 or 556 can sink and source up to 200mA. This is more than most ICs and it is sufficient to supply many output transducers directly, including LEDs (with a resistor in series), low current lamps, piezo transducers, loudspeakers (with a capacitor in series), relay coils (with diode protection) and some motors (with diode protection). The output voltage does not quite reach 0V and +Vs, especially if a large current is flowing. To switch larger currents you can connect a transistor. The ability to both sink and source current means that two devices can be connected to the output so that one is on when the output is low and the other is on when the output is high. The top diagram shows two LEDs connected in this way. This arrangement is used in the Level Crossing project to make the red LEDs flash alternately.
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Adjustable Timer
The green LED notifies that the time period of the timer is in progress and Bleeper sounds when the time period of the timer is elapsed and red LED glows. The variable resistor can be set to any desired value as per the time period desired, that is the value of resistor varies in direct proportion with the value of time period. After the timing lapses the output of the 555 timer remains low. Its stays in the same condition until we provide another input pulse.
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S.No. 1 2 3
In the above table R1 is the variable resistor which is use for set the different-different time according to our requirement and C1 is the electrolyte capacitor
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1. The time period of the timer is only approximate: This being said it is a constraint that we could not overcome because it would require higher rated components. The timing of our project is not that accurate and may vary about 15 seconds. 2. Electrolytic capacitors leak charge: This is one of the main reasons for the constraint. Even though all circuit components are at their rated values the electrolytic capacitor has a characteristic property of losing charge at regular intervals. This makes the timing lapse before the estimated time and hence causing error in judgement. 3. Time period is limited only to 20 mins: This is the extreme limit of our project. Even if we make use of all components at their optimum values, the timing cannot exceed more than 20 minutes. This is also a result of the charge loss through the electrolytic capacitor. 4. Elapsed time and remaining time cannot be seen: Our project does not include any display panel. Hence the timing progress cannot be monitored all along. The glowing of the red and green LEDs informs about the start and end of the timer. Apart from this we do not perceive any other indication of the timing progress during the whole process.
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Adjustable Timer
The timer can be used in any electronic gadget or automatically controlled electronic circuit involving timing applications. It can be used as time notifier , event counter and in any circuit to control the timing automatically.the several applications are listed below: 1. Microwave Oven Timers: The time set for cooking and baking for various food items is with the help of the adjustable timer. It helps in giving the accurate and desired cooking time required for various food items respectively. Hence helping in attaining the perfect meal. 2. Washing Machine Timers: The time set for washing clothes or for drying purposes is with help of the adjustable timer. It saves the need of a person standing and monitoring the washing and drying from time to time. 3. Stop Watches: The most common use in the simple stop watch. It is used to calculate the time in different sports events. It is also a very useful asset in the scientific world as experiments require the utmost precision and accuracy in all aspects. 4. Traffic Light: The countdown running for the traffic light to go from green to red or vice versa also employs the same technique.
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Adjustable Timer
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Websites:
1. www.google.com 2. www.wikipedia.org 3. www.kpsec.freeuk.com
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