LESSON PLAN

CLASS: X

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

TOPIC:ELECTRICITY

AIM:

*To enrich the Concept of basic Electricity

*To impart in-depth knowledge of Resistance.
*To develop the ideas of applications Ohms law and Joules law.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES: Given the content (chapter) the students will be able to understand rules to
draw circuit diagram. They will be able to learn its applications in our day-to-day life Resistors and circuit
connections.

TEACHING AIDS:

*Text Book: NCERT text book for Physics.

*Reference Book CBSE Exemplar
*PPT, Video, White board, charts, pictures.

WARM UP ACTIVITY:

Students will be asked to remember circuits usage in our everyday life.

DESCRIPTIVE EXPLANATION/PRESENTATION:

Definition :The quantity of electric charge flowing through cross section of a given conductor in one
second is called current.
Thus, if Q is the charge which flows through a conductor in time t, then the current (I) is given by
Charg e (Q )
Current (I) = Time (t )
The electric current (or current) is a scalar quantity.

Unit of current
The SI unit of charge (Q) is coulomb (C), and that of time (t) is second (s). So,
SI unit of current
1
 I coulomb
= 1 second = 1 C s–1 = 1 ampere
The unit coulomb per second (Cs–1) is called ampere (A)

Direction of Electric Current :

The direction of flow of the positive charge taken as conventional direction of the electric current.
When we consider the flow of electric current in an ordinary conductor, such as a copper wire, the
direction of current is taken as opposite to the direction of the flow of electrons.

Metals show a very different kind of bonding called

metallic bonding. According to this bonding, the outermost electrons are not bound to any particular
atom, and move freely inside the metal randomly as shown in fig. So, these electrons are free electrons.
These free electrons move freely in all the directions. Different electrons move in different directions
and with different speeds. So there is no net movement of the electrons in any particular direction. As a
result, there is no net flow of current in any particular direction.

Fig. Flow of electrons inside a metal wire

when no potential is applied across its ends

Fig. Flow of electrons inside a metal wire when the two ends of a wire are connected to the two
terminals of a battery

Many different kinds of equipments or components are

used in setting up electrical circuits. To draw the diagrams of electrical circuits on paper these
equipments/components are shown by their symbols. Here are some symbols used in the electric circuit
diagrams.
S. Components Symbols
N
1. Electric cell
2. Battery
3. Plug key

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 (switch open)
4. Plug key
(switch closed)
5. A wire joint
6. Wires crossing without
joining
7.
Electric bulb
8.
9. A resistor of resistance
R

10. Variable resistance or

11. rheostat
12.
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Fuse

Definition : According to the Ohm’s law at constant temperature, the current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the conductor.
Thus, if I is the current flowing through a conductor and V is the potential difference (or voltage)
across the conductor, then according to Ohm’s law.

V
or, I = R ...(i)
where R is a constant called the resistance of the conductor.
Equation (i) may be written as,
V=I×R ...(ii)

Unit of resistance :
The SI unit of resistance (R) is ohm. Ohm is denoted by the Greek letter omega ().
V
From Ohm’s law, R = I
Now, if, V = 1 volt and I = 1 ampere
1 volt
Then, R = 1 ampere
Thus, 1 ohm is defined as the resistance of a conductor which allows a current of 1 ampere to flow
through it when a potential difference of 1 volt is maintained across it.
Results of Ohm’s law

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 Current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the
conductor.

When the potential difference in a circuit is kept constant, the current in inversely proportional to the
resistance of the conductor.
I  1/R
The ratio of potential difference to the current is constant. The value of the constant is equal to the
resistance of the conductor (or resistor).
V/I = R

The movement of electron gives rise to the flow of current

through metals. The moving electrons collide with each other as well as with the positive ions
present in the metallic conductor. These collisions tend to slow down the speed of the electrons and
hence oppose the flow of electric current.
The property of a conductor by virtue of which it opposes the flow of electric current through it is
called its resistance.

Resistance is denoted by the letter R.

The SI unit of resistance is ohm. The ohm is denoted by the Greek letter () called omega.
Resistance is a scalar quantity.

Factors on which resistance of conductor depends

Effect of the length on the resistance of a conductor
The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to the length. That is
Resistance of a conductor. Length of the cond.
Effect of the area of cross-section on the resistance of a conductor
The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to its area of cross-section.
That is,
1
¿
Resistance of a conductor ; R Area of cross−sec tion (a ) of the conductor
If the area of cross-section of the conductor is doubled, its resistance gets halved.
Effect of temperature on the resistance of a conductor

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 The resistance of all pure metals increases with a rise in temperature. The resistance of alloys
increases very slightly with a rise in temperature. For metal when temperature increases resistance
increases and for semiconductors when temperature increases resistance decreases.
Effect of the nature of material on the resistance of a conductor
Some materials have low resistance, whereas some others have much higher resistance. In general,
an alloy has higher resistance than pure metals which from the alloy.
Copper, silver, aluminium etc., have very low resistance.
Nichrome, constantan etc., have higher resistance. Nichrome is used for making heating elements of
heaters, toasters, electric iron etc.

ℓ
or R=ρ× a ...(i)
where ρ= (rho) is called resistivity of the material of conductor.
If, l = 1 m and a = 1 m2

Thus, if we take 1 metre long piece of a substance having a cross-sectional area of 1 meter 2, then the
resistance of that piece of the substance is called its resistivity.
Resistivity of a substance can also be defined as follows :
The resistance offered by a cube of a substance having side of 1 metre, when current flows
perpendicular to the opposite faces, is called its resistivity.
Units of resistivity
From equation (i), we can write
R×a
ρ= ℓ
ohm × m2
So, SI unit of resistivity (ρ) = m = ohm.m

Classification of Material on Basis of Resistivity

Substances showing very low resistivities : The substances which show very low resistivities allow
the flow of electric current through them. these type of substances are called conductors.

For example, copper, gold, silver, aluminium and electrolytic solutions are conductors.

Substances having moderate resistivity: The substances which have moderate resistivity offer
appreciable resistance to the flow of electric current through them. Therefore, such substances are
called resistors. For example, alloys such as nichrome, manganin, constantan and carbon are typical
resistors.

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 Substances having very high resistivity: The substances which have very high resistivities do not
allow electricity to flow through them. The substances which do not allow electricity to pass through
them are called insulators. For example, rubber, plastics, dry wood, etc. are insulators.

Series Combination
When two or more resistances are joined end-to-end so that the same current flows through each of
them, they are said to be connected in series.

When a series combination of resistances is connected to a battery, the same current (I) flows through
each of them.
Law of combination of resistances in series : The law of combination of resistances in series states
that when a number of resistances are connected in series, their equivalent resistance is equal to the
sum of the individual resistances. Thus, if R1, R2, R3 ..., etc. are combined in series, then the
equivalent resistance (R) is given by,
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... ....(i)
Derivation of mathematical expression of resistances in series combination : Let, R1, R2 and R3
be the resistances connected in series, I be the current flowing through the circuit, i.e., passing
through each resistance, and V1, V2 and V3 be the potential difference across R1, R2 and R3,
respectively. Then, from Ohm’s law,
V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2 and V3 = IR3 ...(ii)
If, V is the potential difference across the combination of resistances then,
V = V1 + V 2 + V 3 ...(iii)
If, R is the equivalent resistance of the circuit, then V = IR ...
(iv)
Using Eqs. (i) to (iv) we can write,
IR = V = V1 + V2 + V3
= IR1 + IR2 + IR3
or, IR = I (R1 + R2 + R3)
or, R = R 1 + R2 + R3
Therefore, when resistances are combined in series, the equivalent resistance is higher than each
individual resistance.

Some results about series combination :

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(i) When two or more resistors are connected in series, the total resistance of the combination is equal
to the sum of all the individual resistances.
(ii) When two or more resistors are connected in series, the same current flows through each resistor.
(iii)When a number of resistors are connected in series, the voltage across the combination
(i.e. voltage of the battery in the circuit), is equal to the sum of the voltage drop
(or potential difference) across each individual resistor.
Parallel Combination
When two or more resistances are connected between two common points so that the same potential
difference is applied across each of them, they are said to be connected is parallel.

When such a combination of resistance is connected to a battery, all the resistances have the same
potential difference across their ends.
Derivation of mathematical expression of parallel combination :
Let, V be the potential difference across the two common points A and B. Then, from Ohm’s law

Current passing through R1,I1= V/R1 ...(i)

Current passing through R2,I2= V/R2 ...(ii)

Current passing through R3,I3= V/R3 ...(iii)

If R is the equivalent resistance, then from Ohm’s law, the total current flowing through the circuit is
given by,

I = V/R ...(iv)

and I = I1 + I2 + I3 ...(v)

Substituting the values of I,I1,I2and I3 in Eq. (v),

V V V V
R = R1 + R2 + R3 ...(vi)

Cancelling common V term, one gets

1 1 1 1
R R R
R = 1+ 2+ 3

The equivalent resistance of a parallel combination of resistance is less than each of all the individual
resistances.

Important results about parallel combination :

(i) Total current through the circuit is equal to the sum of the currents flowing through it.

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(ii) In a parallel combination of resistors the voltage (or potential difference) across each resistor is
the same and is equal to the applied voltage i.e. v1 = v2 = v3 = v :

(iii) Current flowing through each resistor is inversely proportional to its resistances, thus higher the
resistance of a resistors, lower will be the current flowing through it.

When a potential difference is applied across a wire, current starts flowing in it. The free electrons
collide with the positive ions of the metal and lose energy. Thus energy taken from the battery is
dissipated. The battery constantly provide energy to continue the motion of electron and hence
electric current in the circuit. This energy is given to ions of the metal during collision and thus
temperature of wire rises. Thus, energy taken from the battery gets transferred in to heat. This energy
is called electrical energy. This effect is also called 'Heating Effect of Current'.

If

R = Resistance of wire

I = Current in wire

V = Potential difference across wire.

Flow of charge in 't' time = It.

Energy dissipated W = Vq = VIt,

V = IR,

V2
W = VIt = I2Rt = R t = Vq

This energy is equal to work done by battery or heat produced in the wire.

The rate of loss of energy in an electrical circuit is called electrical power. It is denoted by'P'

W 2 V2
P= =I R=IV =
t R

units of power = joule/sec, watt, horse power

1 watt = 1 joule/sec, 1 HP = 746 watt

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 unit of electrical energy = watt second, kilowatt hour

1 kilowatt hour (kwh) = 3.6 × 106 Joule

CLASSWORK:

Notes will be given.

ASSIGNMENT/HOMEWORK

Students will be asked to solve Book back exercise questions.

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