CO QAH + MELC LW
Course Outline & Quality Assured HANDOUT No. 3
Handouts paired with MELC- in GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
Based Learner’s Worksheet
MELC : 8. Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions: percent by mass, mole
fraction, molarity, molality, percent by volume, percent by mass, ppm
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-111)
9. Perform stoichiometry calculations for reactions in solution (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-112)
Semester: 2 Week No. 3
Day: 1-4
LESSON 1: DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION OF
SOLUTIONS
In our everyday life, knowing the concentration of solutions is also important. The
strength of a solution is directly proportional to its concentration. The amount of concentration of
solute in a given amount of solvent can be expressed in several ways. If a very small amount of
sugar is dissolved in a large amount of water, then the solution is said to be dilute. If a greater
amount of sugar is added and dissolved, the solution is concentrated. Dilute and concentrated
are only relative or qualitative terms. A more accurate way of expressing the amount of solute in
a given amount of solvent is in terms of percentage, mole fraction, molarity (or molar solutions),
molality and ppm.
1. Percent by Mass
The percent by mass (also called percent by weight or weight percent) is the ratio of the
mass of a solute to the mass of the solution, multiplied by 100 percent. This expresses the
mass of solute per 100 g of solution. Mass of solution is equal to the mass of solute plus the
mass of solvent. A solution that contains 30% by mass of sugar means that the solution 30g of
sugar and 70g of water. It also means that these are 30g of sugar per 100g of solution. The
formula for percent by mass is:
Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
The percent by mass is a unitless number because it is a ratio of two similar quantities.
Sample Problem
1. A sample of 0.892 g of potassium chloride (KCl) is dissolved in 54.6 g of water. What is
the percent by mass of KCl in the solution?
Given: mass of solute 0.892 g KCl
mass of solution 0.892 g KCl + 54.6 g water = 55.492 g
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mass of solute
Solution: % by mass of KCl= x 100
mass of solution
0.892 g
% by mass of KCl= x 100
0.892 g+54.6 g
% by mass of KCl=1.61 %
2. What mass of NaCl is needed to prepare 30.0% by mass of 500.0g solution of NaCl?
Solution: 30.0% by mass of NaCl solution means that there are 30.0g NaCl per 100g
solution or 30.0g NaCl per 70.0g water.
30.0 g NaCl
500.0 g solution x =150 g NaCl
100 g solution
2. Percent by Volume
If the solution involves a solute and solvent that are both liquids, then percent by volume
is used instead of mass. Volume/volume percentage (v/v percent) is a measure of the
concentration of a substance in a solution. It is expressed as the ratio of the volume of the
solute to the total volume of the solution multiplied by 100. For instance, wine has a typical
alcohol content (v/v percent) of 12 percent. This means that there is 12 mL of ethanol in every
100 mL of wine. The formula for percent by volume is;
Volume of solution = volume of solute + volume of solvent
Sample Problem
A solution of propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH) is prepared by dissolving 67 mL in enough water
to have a final volume of 250 mL. What is the volume percent of the ethanol?
Given: Volume of solute 67 mL
Volume of solution 250 mL
Volume of solute
Solution: % by volume solute= x 100
Volume of solution
67 mL
% by volume ethanol= x 100
250 mL
% Volume = 26.8%
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3. Parts per Million (ppm)
Refers to how many parts a certain molecule or compound makes up within the one
million parts of the whole solution. It's typically used to describe concentrations of chemicals
dissolved in a solvent (typically water) or compounds in soil. One ppm is equivalent to 1
milligram of something per liter of water (mg/Ll) or 1 milligram of something per kilogram soil.
Parts per million is mathematically expressed as:
This method is very similar to % by mass or % by volume. Instead of multiplying the ratio
of the mass of solute or volume of solute by 100, the ratio is multiplied by 1 000 000.
Sample Problem
What is the concentration in ppm of a solution that is 0.000077% by mass solute?
Solution:
0.000077 % 0.00000077 g solute
= x 1 000 000
100 % gram solution
0.00000077 g solute
Parts per million= x 1 000 000
gram solution
Parts per million ( ppm )=0.77
4. Mole Fraction
A way of describing solution composition. It is the ratio of the number of moles of one
component of a mixture to the total number of moles of all components. This is symbolized by
the Greek lowercase letter chi, χ with a subscript to indicate the component of interest. It is
computed using the formula:
Sample Problem
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1. A solution was prepared by dissolving 100 grams of NaCl in 900 grams of water. What
are the mole fractions of the components of the solution?
Given: Mass solute (NaCl) = 100 g
Mass solvent (H2O) = 900 g
Solutions: Step 1: Find the molar masses of NaCl and H2O.
Na = 23 2H = 2
Cl = 35.5 O = 16
NaCl = 58.5 g/mole H2O = 18 g/mole
Step 2: Find the number of moles in 100 grams of NaCl.
100 g
Mole of NaCl= =1.71moles
58.5 g/mole
Step 3: Find the number of moles in 900 grams H2O.
900 g
Mole of H 2O= =50 moles
18 g/mole
Step 4: Solve for mole fractions of NaCl and H2O.
1.71
Mole fractionof NaCl= =0.033
1.71+50
50 g
Mole fractionof H 2O= =0.967
50+1.71
To check: mole fraction of NaCl + mole fraction of H2O = 1.000
2. A solution was prepared by mixing 10 moles of alcohol and 10 moles of water. What is
the composition of the solution expressed in mole fraction?
Solutions:
moles of alcohol
Mole fractionof alcohol=
moles of alcohol+moles of water
10
¿ =0.5
10+10
moles of water
Mole fractionof water =
moles of water +moles of alcohol
10
¿ =0.5
10+10
5. Molarity (M)
Molarity refers to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. It is expressed in
moles/ liter. It can be used to convert between moles of solutes and volumes of their solutions.
The molarity of any solution is calculated using the following formulas:
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moles of solute
Molarity (M )=
liters of solution
n
It can also be expressed algebraically as M =
V
Where n denotes the number of moles of solute and V is the volume of the solution in litres
measured mass
Moles=
molar mass
mL
Expressed volume of solution∈litres , VL=
1000 mL
Sample Problem
1. Determine the molarity of a solution containing 4 grams of NaOH in 200 mL of solution.
Given: mass solute (NaOH) = 4.0 g
volume solution = 300 mL
Solution:
Write the formula M = moles/ litre solution
Find the molar mass of NaOH
Na = 23
O = 16
H = _1___
40 g/mole
Calculate mole of NaOH
4.0 g
¿ =0.1 mole
40 g/mole
Change V (mL to L)
200 mL
¿ =0.2 L
1000 mL
0.1 mole 1 mole
M= = =0.5 m∨0.5 mole/ L
0.2 L 2L
2. How do we prepare 300 mL of a 0.2 -M solution of NaOH?
Given: Molarity = 0.2 M or 0.2 mole/L
Volume = 300 mL or 0.3 L
Formula:
moles of solute
Molarity (M )=
liters of solution
Solution: Step 1: Find the number of moles of NaOH in the solution
Number of moles = M x V
= 0.2 mole/L x 0.3 L
= 0.06 mole NaOH
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Step 2: Find the mass of 0.06 mole of NaOH
40 g NaOH
? g NaOH =0.06 mole NaOH x =2.4 g NaOH
1 mole NaOH
6. Molality (m)
Another quantitative expression of concentration of solutions is molality. Molality
(symbolized by m) is the ratio of the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is not
the same as molarity, even if their names are very similar. In molarity, the number of moles of
solute is divided by the volume of the solution, in liters. A molal solution (m) is one that
contains one mole of solute in 1000 g (or 1 kg) of solvent.
The difference of molality from molarity is that molality does not change with the
solution’s temperature. In molarity, the volume of a solution can change with temperature due
to expansion or contraction, while the mass of solvent in molality does not change with
temperature.
Sample Problem
1. How much NaOH is needed to prepare 0.5 m solution using 500 g of water?
Given: mass of solvent (H2O) = 500 g
Molality of solution = 0.5 m
Solution:
moles of solute
Molality (m)=
molecular mass ( g
mole )
mass of solvent
1000 g/kg
Simplifying:
mass solute (g) 1000 g /kg
m= =
g mass solvent (g)
molecular mass( )
mole
Substituting:
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mass solute (g) 1000 g /kg
0.5 mole= =
g 500 g
40
mole
(
mass solute ( g ) =( 0.5 mole ) 40 )
g
mole
x
500 g
1000
g
kg
mass solute ( g ) =10 g NaOH ¿
2. What is the molality of a solution containing 0.75 moles of sodium hydroxide in 500
milliliters of water at 25oC? The density of water at 25oC is 1.0 gram per milliliter.
Given: d water = 1.0 g/mL
V water = 500 mL
MM water = 18 g/mol
n NaOH = 0.75 mol
Unknown: molality of NaOH solution
Solution: Step1: Determine the mass of water using the density formula. Also convert the
mass
in grams to kilograms.
m
d=
V
mH2O = d H2O x V = 1.0 g/mL x 500 mL = 500 grams x 1 kg/1000 g = 0.50
kg
Step 2: Substitute the given data in the formula to solve for molality.
moles of solute
Molality (m)=
mass of solvent (kg)
0.75 mole NaOH
Molality ( m )= =1.5 molal∨1.5 mol /kg
0.50 kg solvent
LESSON 2: STOICHIOMETRY CALCULATIONS
A balanced chemical equation gives the identity of the reactants and the products as well
as the accurate number of molecules or moles of each that are consumed or produced.
Stoichiometry is a collective term for the quantitative relationships between the masses, the
numbers of moles, and the numbers of particles (atoms, molecules, and ions) of the reactants
and the products in a balanced chemical equation. A stoichiometric quantity is the amount of
product or reactant specified by the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation.
Stoichiometry is solving problems using a balanced chemical equation. The number of
moles of a substance can be related to its molar mass and number of molecules. It can be related
to the volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP). Stoichiometry may also include
solutions through molarity. the relationship among mole, mass, molecule, and volume is give
below.
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Mass Mass
Reactants Balanced Reactants
Moles Moles
Equation
Volume Volume
Figure 1. The diagram shows that the given quantities, whether mass, concentration, or volume must first be converted to
reactant moles. The number of moles of reactants calculated should be related to the number of moles of the products based on the
balanced chemical equation. And depending on the unknown, this number of moles of products could then be converted to mass,
concentration, or volume.
Stoichiometry Problems
When carrying out a reaction in either an industrial setting or a laboratory, it is easier to
work with masses of substances than with the numbers of molecules or moles. The general
method for converting from the mass of any reactant or product to the mass of any other reactant
or product using a balanced chemical equation is outlined in and described in the following text.
Steps in Converting between Masses of Reactant and Product
1. Convert the mass of one substance (substance A) to the corresponding number of
moles using its molar mass.
2. From the balanced chemical equation, obtain the number of moles of another
substance (B) from the number of moles of substance A using the appropriate mole
ratio (the ratio of their coefficients).
3. Convert the number of moles of substance B to mass using its molar mass. It is
important to remember that some species are present in excess by virtue of the reaction
conditions. For example, if a substance reacts with the oxygen in air, then oxygen is in
obvious (but unstated) excess.
Converting amounts of substances to moles—and vice versa—is the key to all
stoichiometry problems, whether the amounts are given in units of mass (grams or kilograms),
weight (pounds or tons), or volume (liters or gallons).
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
MASS 1/ Molar mass AMOUNT Mole ratio* AMOUNT Molar mass MASS
gram moles moles gram
sA A B sB
x = x = x =
Mole ratio = ratio of coefficients in a balanced chemical equation
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Figure 2: A Flowchart for Stoichiometric Calculations Involving Pure Substances. The molar masses of the reactants and
the products are used as conversion factors so that you can calculate the mass of product from the mass of reactant and vice versa.
Sample Problem:
For the balanced chemical equation
3 NaOH (aq) + Al(NO3)3 (aq) 3 NaNO3(aq) + Al (OH)3(aq)
1. What volume of 0.300 M NaOH is required to react completely with 2.50 g Al(NO3
Solution:
mass Al (NO3)3 mole Al (NO3)3 mole NaOH volume NaOH
2.50 g Al (NO3)3 x 1 mole Al (NO3)3 x 3 moles NaOH x 1 x 1 L__
213 g 1 mol Al(NO 3)3 0.300 mole NaOH
2.50 x 1 x 3 x1L = 7.5 L = 0.117 L = 117 mL
213 g x 1 x 0.300 63.9
2. Using the same equation in number 1, what mass of Al (OH)3 is produced from 25 mL 1.0
M Al(NO3)3
3 NaOH (aq) + Al(NO3)3 (aq) 3 NaNO3(aq) + Al (OH)3(aq)
Solution:
Molarity Al (NO3)3 mole Al (NO3)3 moles Al (OH)3 mass Al (OH)3
25 mL Al (NO3)3 x __1 L__ x 1.0 mole_ x 1 mole Al (OH)3 x 78 g Al
(OH)3_
1000 mL 1L 1 mole Al(NO 3)3 1 mole Al
(OH)3
25 x 1 x 1.0 x 1 x 78 g Al (OH)3 = 1.95 g Al (OH)3
1000 x 1 x 1 x 1
REFERENCES
Apodaca, Dahlia. 2017. “General Chemistry 2.” DIWA Learning System Inc., Makati City, pages
43-47
Ayson, Marissa and De Borja, Rebecca. 2016. “General Chemistry 2 Textbook.” Vibal Group,
Inc., Quezon City, pages 40-46
Chang, Raymond. 2010. “Chemistry” 10th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, pages 147- 150
Teaching Guide for Senior High School “General Chemistry 2”. Commission on Higher
Education. Quezon City, 2016, pages 184-194
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Bellarmine_University/BU%3A_Chem_103_(Christianson)/
Phase_2%3A_Chemical_Problem-Solving/5%3A_Reaction_Stoichiometry/
5.3%3A_Stoichiometry
_Calculations
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CO QAH + MELC LW
LEARNING WORKSHEET No. 3
Course Outline & Quality Assured Handouts
paired with MELC- Based Learning Worksheet in _GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2_
Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section:
_________________
Teacher: _______________________________ Date Submitted:
__________________
MELC 8: Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions: percent by mass, mole
fraction, molarity, molality, percent by volume, percent by mass, ppm
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-111)
Topic: Different Ways of Expressing Concentration of Solutions
Semester: 2 Week No. 3 Day:
1-2
Worksheet No. 1 Title: Expressing Concentration of Solutions Day
1
Directions: Read the statement below. Calculate the concentration for each solution using 3
ways
shown. Show your solution. (Refer to the given examples on pages 1 – 3 of the
handout as your guide).
If you were drinking Refresh or Zest - O you might describe the solution as dilute or
concentrated as a means to express concentration. Concentration = amount solute (part)
amount solvent (whole)
Chemists can express concentrations in various ways including: % by Mass, % by
Volume, Parts per million (ppm), etc. Each one describes this ratio using slightly different
methods of measuring the amount of solute or the amount of solvent.
Important information to remember:
mass 1 mL H2O = 1 gram
1 L solution = 1000 mL
NaCl C12H22O11 (aq)
(2 g NaCl/ 100 g H2O) (2 g C12H22O11 / 100 g H2O)
% by Mass
Grams of solute
¿ x 100
Grams of solution
% by Volume
10
Volume of solute
¿ x 100
Volume of solution
Parts per million (ppm)
Grams of solute
¿ x 1000000
Gramsof solution
Worksheet No. 2 Title: Expressing Concentration of Solutions Day
2
Directions: Solve the following problems and show your computation. (Refer to the given
examples
on pages 3 – 6 of the handout as your guide).
1. Mole Fraction
Calculate the mole fraction of sulfuric acid, H2SO4 in 30% aqueous sulfuric acid solution.
2. Molarity (M)
Calculate the molar concentration of a solution containing 13.4 g potassium hydroxide
KOH in 355 mL of solution.
3. Molality (m)
Calculate the molality of a solution that contains 27.5 g of barium chloride (BaCl2) in 100
mL of water.
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MELC 9: Perform stoichiometry calculations for reactions in solution (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-112)
Topic: Stoichiometry Calculations
Worksheet No. 3 Title: Mass Relationship in Chemical Reactions Day 3 - 4
Directions: Solve the following problems and show your computation. (Refer to the given
examples on page 8 of the handout as your guide).
For numbers 1 – 3, consider the reaction
3NaOH (aq) + 3FeCl3 NaCl(aq) + 3Fe(OH)3 (s)
1. What mass of Fe(OH)3 would be produced if 250 mL of 0.250 M NaOH were added to a
solution containing excess FeCl3?
2. What volume of 2M NaOH will react with 34.0 g FeCl3?
3. What is the concentration of 20.50 mL of NaOH if this was neutralized with 20.0 mL of
0.150 M HCl in the reaction:
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H 2O
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Prepared by: MILDRED G. ARMATEO
CCNHS
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