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Unit 1 : Introduction to Operating

System

Lecture 1
Dr. Hemant Petwal
School of Computer Science
UPES, Dehradun
India
 Table of Contents

1. Computer Hardware Review

2. Computer System
3. Introduction to Operating System
3.1. Definition
3.2. Operating System view
 Learning & Course Outcomes

Learning Outcomes
LO1:Understand the functions of major computer hardware
components
LO2: Define an operating system and identify its types and
functions

Course Outcomes
CO1: Demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of operating
systems
 Computer Hardware Review
Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as a Cabinet, central
processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), monitor, and mouse which processes
the input according to the set of instructions provided to it by the user and gives the desired
output.

A Computer is comprised of two major components

1. Hardware
2. Software

Fig 1. Components of Computer

 Computer Hardware Review
Computer hardware is a physical device of computers that we can see and touch.
Hardware Components

Monitor Central Processing Unit Mouse Joystick Etc

Fig 2. Hardware Components

Using these devices, we can control computer operations like input and output. These
hardware components are further divided into the following categories:
Hardware Categories

Input Devices Output Devices Storage Devices Internal Components

Fig 3. Hardware Categories

 Computer Hardware Review
Input Devices
Input devices are those devices with the help of which the user interacts with
the computer.
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Light Pen Keyboard Mouse Scanner Light Pen Bar Code Reader
5. Bar Code Reader
etc. Fig 4. Input Devices

Output Devices
These are the devices that are used to display the output of any task given to the computer in human-
readable form.
1. Monitor
2. Printer
3. Speaker
etc. Monitor Printer Speaker
Fig 5. Output Devices
 Computer Hardware Review
Internal Components
1. CPU (Central Processing Unit): Its also known as the heart
of the computer. It consists of three units, generally known as
the control unit, Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU), and the memory
unit.
Fig 6. Central Processing Unit

2. Mother Board: It contain the main circuit board inside a

computer and contains most of the electronic components
together. All the components of the computer are directly or
indirectly connected to the motherboard. It includes RAM slots,
controllers, system chipsets etc.

Fig 7. Mother Board

 Computer Hardware Review
Internal Components
3. RAM (Random Access Memory): It is also known as
temporary or volatile memory. It holds the program and data,
which are currently in process or processing.

Fig 8. Random Access Memory

4. Power Supply
All of a computer system’s parts are powered by a power
source. Typically, a power cord is used to connect a computer
tower to an electrical outlet.
Fig 9. Power Supply
 Computer Hardware Review
Internal Components

5. Cooling Fan
A computer’s system to prevent overheating uses cooling fans. To aid
customers who use their computers intensively, such as when streaming
video or playing games, many computers contain more than one cooling fan.

6. Hard Drive Fig 10. Cooling Fan

On a computer system, files, programs, and other types of information are
stored on hard drives, which are data storage devices. They utilise hard
drives, which are magnetically coated discs used to store digital versions of
information. A computer technician can suspect a corrupt hard disk when a
hard drive dies.

Fig 11. Hard Disk

 Computer System
• Computer system consists of hardware components
that have been carefully chosen so that they work
well together and software components or programs
that run in the computer.

• The main software component is itself an operating

system (OS) that manages and provides services to
other programs that can be run in the computer.

• In its most basic form, a computer system is a

programmable electronic device that can accept
input; store data; and retrieve, process and output Fig 12. A modern computer system.
information.
 Introduction to Operating System: Definition
Operating system can be defined in several ways:
• An Operating System (OS) is a system software which is a collection of software that manages computer
hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is the
most important type of system software in a computer system.

• An operating system is like a bridge between your computer’s hardware and the programs you use. It
makes sure that your computer’s memory, CPU, and storage are used effectively while running.

• Operating System is a fully integrated set of specialized programs that handle all the operations of the
computer. It controls and monitors the execution of all other programs that reside in the computer, which
also includes application programs and other system software of the computer. Examples of Operating
Systems are Windows, Linux, Mac OS, etc.
 Operating System: View
An operating system can be defined or observed in two ways
• User View
• System View

• User View
The user viewpoint focuses on how the user interacts with the operating system through the usage of
various application programs. In contrast, the system viewpoint focuses on how the hardware interacts
with the operating system to complete various tasks.

Single User Viewpoint

Multiple User Viewpoint

User Viewpoint
Handled User Viewpoint

Embedded User Viewpoint

 Operating System: User Viewpoint
Single User • These systems are designed for a single user experience and meet the needs of a single
Viewpoint user
• The performance is not given focus as the multiple user systems.

Fig 13. Single User Viewpoint

 Operating System: User Viewpoint
• These systems consists one mainframe computer and many users on their computers trying to
Multiple User
interact with their kernels over the mainframe to each other.
Viewpoint
• In such systems, memory allocation by the CPU must be done effectively to give a good user
experience.
• The client-server architecture is another good example where many clients may interact
through a remote server

Fig 14. Multiple User Viewpoint

 Operating System: User Viewpoint

Handled User • These systems are lies under touchscreen era that comes with best handheld
Viewpoint technology ever. Smartphones interact via wireless devices to perform numerous
operations,
• Such operating system is a great example of creating a device focused on the user's
point of view.

• Systems in which remote control used to turn on or off the tv is all part of an
Embedded User
embedded system in which the electronic device communicates with another
Viewpoint
program where the user viewpoint is limited and allows the user to engage with the
application.
 Operating System: View
An operating system can be defined or observed in two ways
• User View
• System View

System View
• A computer system comprises various sources, such as hardware and software, which must be managed effectively.
The operating system manages the resources, decides between competing demands, controls the program execution,
etc.
• According to this point of view, the operating system's purpose is to maximize performance. The operating system is
responsible for managing hardware resources and allocating them to programs and users to ensure maximum
performance.

Resource Allocation
System Viewpoint
Control Program
 Operating System: System Viewpoint
From a system viewpoint, the hardware interacts with the operating system than with the user. The hardware and
the operating system interact for a variety of reasons, including:

• The hardware contains several resources like registers, caches, RAM, ROM, CPUs, I/O
Resource Allocation interaction, etc. These are all resources that the operating system needs when an application
program demands them.
• Only the operating system can allocate resources with several tactics and strategies to
maximize its processing and memory space. The operating system uses a variety of strategies
to get the most out of the hardware resources, including paging, virtual memory, caching,
and so on.

• The control program controls how input and output devices (hardware) interact with the
Control Program operating system.
• The user may request an action that can only be done with I/O devices; in this case, the
operating system must also have proper communication, control, detect, and handle
such devices.
 MCQ
Q1. Which of the following is NOT an input device?
A. Keyboard B. Mouse
C. Monitor D. Scanner
Q2. What is the main function of the CPU in a computer system?
A. To display output B. To manage software resources
C. To process input according to instructions D. To store data permanently
Q3. The component that holds most of the electronic components together and connects all parts
of the computer is called:
A. Hard Drive B. Motherboard
C. Power Supply D.RAM
Q4. RAM is classified as which type of memory.
A. Permanent B. Volatile
C. Non-volatile D. External
 MCQ
Q5. The primary function of an operating system is to:
A. Manage computer hardware resources B. Provide antivirus protection
C. Design graphics D. Develop software
Q6. An operating system that allows multiple users to interact with a mainframe computer is an
example of:
A. Single User System B. Multiple User System
C. Handled User System D. Real-Time System
Q7. The user viewpoint of an operating system focuses on:
A. How hardware interacts with the OS B. How the user interacts with application programs
C. Resource allocation D. Control program functions
Q8. The operating system uses strategies like paging and virtual memory for:
A. Resource allocation B. Managing user interfaces
C. Controlling I/O devices D. Executing application programs
 MCQ: Answers
Question No- Answers Option Description
Q1- Answer C Monitor
Q2- Answer C To process input according to instructions
Q3- Answer B Motherboard
Q4- Answer B Volatile
Q5- Answer A Manage computer hardware resources
Q6- Answer B Multiple User System
Q7- Answer B How the user interacts with application programs
Q8- Answer A Resource allocation
 Summary/Key Points
• Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as a Cabinet, central
processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM) etc.
• Computer Hardware is categorized into 4 categories i.e., Input Devices, Output devices,
Storage Device, Internal Components
• Computer system consists of hardware components that have been carefully chosen so
that they work well together and software components or programs that run in the
computer.
• An Operating System (OS) is a system software which is a collection of software that
manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer
programs. The operating system is the most important type of system software in a
computer system.
• An operating system can be defined two ways: User View & System View
 Reference Material
• Operating Systems Concepts (10th Ed.) Silberschatz A, Peterson J and Galvin P, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2018.
• Computer Hardware Review, page, 1-3
• Computer System, page, 3-4
• Operating system view, 3-4
• Modern Operating Systems (4th Ed.) by Andrew S. Tanenbaum and Herbert Bos, 2007
• Operating Systems: Principles and Practice by Thomas Anderson and Michael Dahlin,
2014
 Coming Up-Next Lecture

• History of Operating System

• Types of Operating Functions of Operating System
Thank You

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