Name: Indrajit Jagtap
Course: Decision science
Internal Assignment
Q1) Calculate Quartile Deviation from the following
Earnings (Rs) Number of Persons
25 25
26 70
27 210
28 275
29 430
30 550
31 340
32 130
33 90
34 55
35 25
Answer:
Quartile deviation is a statistic that measures the deviation in the middle of the data.
Quartile deviation is also referred to as the semi-interquartile range and is half of the
difference between the third quartile and the first quartile value.
The formula for quartile deviation of the data is Q.D = (Q3 - Q1)/2.
Quartile deviation is a statistic that measures the deviation.
It measures the deviation of the data from the average value.
Quartile deviation gives the spread of the data, which helps to understand the
distribution of the data.
Here we have three quartiles Q1, Q2, Q3 which divide the data into three quarters.
The median of the data has been referred as the second quartile Q2.
Also, the first quartile Q1 is the median of the first half of the data, and the third
quartile Q3 is the median of the second half of the data.
Quartile deviation is the dispersion in the middle of the data.
The difference between the first quartile Q1 and the third quartile Q3 is called the
interquartile range, and half of this interquartile range is called the quartile deviation.
This quartile deviation is also referred to as a semi-interquartile range.
Earnings (Rs) Number of Persons Cumulative frequency
25 25 25
26 70 95
27 210 305
28 275 580
29 430 1010
30 550 1560
31 340 1900
32 130 2030
33 90 2120
34 55 2175
35 25 2200
N (Total number of person) = 2200
1. Median calculation (Q2):
Median (Q2) = N/2 = 2200/2 = 1100
Q2 lies between 29 and 30.
2. Q1 calculation:
Q1 = N/4 = 2200/4= 550
Q1 lies between 27 and 28.
3. Q3 calculation:
Q3 = 3N/4 = 3 (2200)/4 = 1650
Q3 lies between 30 and 31.
4. QD calculation:
QD = (Q3 – Q1)/2 = (30.5 – 27.5)/2 = 1.5
Therefore, the quartile deviation of the given data is 1.5
Q2) Calculate Median from the following
Class - Interval Number of Students
0-10 5
10-20 8
20-30 7
30-40 12
40-50 28
50-60 20
60-70 10
70-80 10
Answer:
Median is the middle value of the dataset when arranged in ascending or descending
order.
If the dataset has an odd number of values, the median is the middle value.
If the dataset has an even number of values, the median is the average of the two
middle values.
A median divides the data into two halves.
Median is among one of the three measures of central tendency and finding the median
gives us very useful insight into the given set of data.
The median is often used as a better representation of the center of a distribution than
the mean.
It is a popular summary statistic in descriptive statistics.
The median is used to identify the central position of a data set.
It is particularly useful in datasets with skewed data, as it is less affected by extreme
values.
Median for grouped data:
Grouped data is the data where the class interval frequency and cumulative frequency
of the data are given.
The median of the grouped data median is calculated using the formula,
Median = l + [(n/2 – cf) / f]×h
l is Lower Limit of Median Class
n is Number of Observations
f is Frequency of Median Class
h is Class Size
cf is Cumulative Frequency of Class Preceding Median Class
Application of median:
The median is often used to represent income distributions in economic studies. Since
income data is typically skewed with a small number of very high incomes, the mean can
be misleading.
In marketing research, the median is used to analyze consumer behavior and
preferences. It helps in understanding the central tendency of survey responses,
purchase amounts, or any other measurable attribute.
In education, the median is used to determine the median score of students, which
helps to understand the typical performance of a student group without being affected
by extremely high or low scores.
Class Interval Frequency (f) Cumulative Frequency (CF)
0 – 10 5 5
10 – 20 8 13
20 – 30 7 20
30 – 40 12 32
40 – 50 28 60
50 – 60 20 80
60 – 70 10 90
70 – 80 10 100
Median class:
N/2 = 100/2 = 50
The cumulative frequency just before 50 is 32 (class interval is 30-40)
The next cumulative frequency is 60 (class interval is 40 – 50)
Therefore, the median class is 40- 50
Median formula:
Median = l + [(n/2 – cf) / f] ×h
L = Lower boundary of the median class = 40
N = Total number of students = 100
CF = Cumulative frequency before the median class = 32
f= Frequency of the median class = 28
h = Class width = 10
Median = l + [(n/2 – cf) / f] ×h
= 40 + [ (100/2) – 32) / 28 ] x 10
= 40 + (18/28) x 10
= 46.4
Therefore, the median of the given data is 46.4
Q3.a) A bag contains 6 white and 4 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random one after
another without replacement. Find the probability that both drawn balls are white.
Answer:
Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event to occur.
Many events cannot be predicted with total certainty.
We can predict only the chance of an event to occur i.e., how likely they are going to
happen, using it.
Probability can range from 0 to 1, where 0 means the event to be an impossible one
and 1 indicates a certain event.
Probability of Drawing Two White Balls
To find the probability of drawing two white balls, we need to calculate the probability of
drawing a white ball in the first draw and then drawing a white ball in the second draw, given
that the first ball drawn was white.
Probability of First Ball Being White:
Number of white balls = 6
Total number of balls = 6 + 4 = 10
Probability of first ball being white = Number of white balls / Total number of balls
= 6/10
= 3/5
Probability of Second Ball Being White Given First Ball is White:
If the first ball drawn is white, there are now 5 white balls and 4 black balls left in the bag. The
total number of balls left is 9.
Probability of second ball being white given first ball is white = Number of white balls left / Total
number of balls left
= 5/9
Probability of Both Balls Being White:
To find the probability of both balls being white, we multiply the probability of the first ball
being white by the probability of the second ball being white given that the first ball is white.
Probability of both balls being white = Probability of first ball being white × Probability of
second ball being white given first ball is white
= (3/5) × (5/9)
= 15/45
= 1/3
The probability of drawing two white balls is 1/3.
b) In an intelligence test administered on 1000 children, the average was 42 and standard
deviation was 24. Find the number of children exceeding a score of 50.
Answer:
Finding the Number of Children Exceeding a Score of 50
To find the number of children exceeding a score of 50, we need to calculate the z-score for a
score of 50 and then use a standard normal distribution table (z-table) to find the probability of
exceeding this score.
Calculating the z-Score:
z = (X - μ) / σ
where:
X = 50 (score)
μ = 42 (mean)
σ = 24 (standard deviation)
z = (50 - 42) / 24
= 8 / 24
= 0.33
Finding the Probability:
Using a standard normal distribution table (z-table), we find the probability corresponding to a
z-score of 0.33.
P(z > 0.33) = 1 - P(z ≤ 0.33)
= 1 - 0.6293
= 0.3707
Finding the Number of Children Exceeding a Score of 50:
Number of children exceeding a score of 50 = Total number of children × Probability of
exceeding a score of 50
= 1000 × 0.3707
≈ 370.7
Rounding down to the nearest whole number, approximately 370 children exceeded a score
of 50.
