Chemistry

ˆRe †hŠM (Organic compounds)

†h mKj †hŠM Kve©b I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Ges †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi mv‡_ Aw·‡Rb, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, mvjdvi
I n¨v‡jv‡Rb †gŠ‡ji mgš^‡q MwVZ Zv‡`i‡K ˆRe †hŠM e‡j|
myZivs ˆRe †hŠM n‡jv, nvB‡WªvKve©b Ges nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi RvZK †hŠM|
D`vniY : CH4 , CH2 , C2 H2, C2 H6 , C6 H6 , C6 H5 −CH3 BZ¨vw` nvB‡WªvKve©b C2 H5 OH, CH3 NH2 , C6 H5 OH, CH3 −
O − CH3 , C6 H12 O6 BZ¨vw` nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi RveK †hŠM| G¸‡jv meB ‰Re †hŠM| Z‡e CO, CO2 , KCN, CaC2 , Fe(CO)5,
Ni(CO)4 , BZ¨vw` Kve©‡bi †hŠM nIqv m‡Ë¡I G¸‡jv ˆRe †hŠM bq| KviY G¸‡jv nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠ‡Mi RvZK †hŠM bq|

‰Re imvq‡bi msÁv

imvqb kv‡¯¿i †h kvLvq nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠMmg~n Ges RvZK †hŠMmg~‡ni Drm, mshyw³, MVb cÖK…wZ , ms‡kølY c×wZ
Ges †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK ag©vejx, ch©v‡jvPbv, we‡kølY I e¨vL¨v Kiv nq Zv‡K ˆRe imvqb e‡j| ˆRe imvq‡Yi welq
e¯‘ n‡jv Kve©b nvB‡Wªv‡Rb NwUZ †hŠM|

‰Re †hŠ‡Mi Drm : ‡h‡nZz Rxe †_‡K ˆRe k‡ãi DrcwË| myZivs Rxe RMrB n‡jv ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi cÖavb Drm| Z‡e ˆRe †hŠMmg~n
cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿfv‡e Kqjv, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, †c‡Uªvwiqvg †_‡K cvIqv hvq| wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi cÖZ¨ÿ Dr‡mi D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jv:
Dr‡mi bvg ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi D`vniY
Dw™¢` Dw™¢R †Zj, ÷vP©, wPwb BZ¨vw`|
Kvô cvZb wg_vbj, A¨vwmUb, A¨vwmwUK GwmW BZ¨vw`|
Rxe-Rš‘ BDwiqv, BDwiK GwmW (g~‡Î), A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW (gvs‡m), G÷vi (Pwe©‡Z) BZ¨vw`|
KvV Kqjvi weaŸskx A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM †hgb- †ebwRb, UjyBb, RvBwjb (nvB‡WªvKve©b), †dbj (†ebwRb RvZK)
cvZb BZ¨vw`|
‡c‡Uªvwjqvg wW‡Rj, †K‡ivwmb, †c‡Uªvj, b¨vd_v, f¨vmwjb BZ¨vw`|

1808 wLª÷v‡ã myBwWk weÁvbx ev‡R©wjqvm Dw™¢` I cÖvYx (mRxe c`v_©) †_‡K cÖvß †hŠMmg~n‡K ‰Re †hŠM Ges LwbR (wbR©xe) c`v_©
†_‡K cÖvß †hŠMmg~n‡K A‰Re †hŠM bvgKiY K‡ib|
1815 wLª÷v‡ã weÁvbx ev‡R©wjqvm e‡jb †h, ˆRe †hŠMmg~n †Kej mRxe Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡`‡n GK cÖvYkw³i cÖfv‡e Drcbœ n‡q _v‡K|
ZvB cixÿvMv‡i ˆRe †hŠMmg~n cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e bq| G gZev`‡K cÖvYkw³ gZev` (vital force theory) e‡j| 1828 wLª÷v‡ã
†d«WwiK Dnjvi cixÿvMv‡i A‰Re A¨v‡gvwbqvg †K¬vivBW I †jW mvqv‡bU `ªe‡Yi wewµqvq Drcbœ A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvqv‡bU `ªeY‡K DËv‡c
ev®úxf~Z K‡i KwVb A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvqv‡bU ˆZwi Ki‡Z wM‡q AvKw¯§Kfv‡e BDwiqv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| G wewµqvwU wb¤œiæc:
2NH4 Cl(aq) + Pb(CNO)2 (aq) → 2NH4 CNO(aq) + Pb(Cl)2 (s)

NH4 CNO cybwe©b¨m H2 N-CO-NH2 [∵ A¨v‡gvwbqvm mvqv‡bU (NH4 CNO) I BDwiqv ci¯ú‡ii mgvby]
A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvqv‡bU (𝑁𝐻4 CNO) jeY‡K DËß K‡i BDwiqv cÖ¯‘Z K‡i cÖgvY K‡ib †h, cÖvYkw³i mvnvh¨ QvovB ˆRe †hŠM ˆZwi
Kiv m¤¢e| GLv‡b Drcbœ BDwiqv GKwU ˆRe †hŠM| GwU cÖvYxi cÖ¯vª e (urine) †_‡K B‡Zvc~‡e© Avwe®‹…Z nq|cÖvYkw³ gZev` †h mwVK
bq, Zv cixÿvMv‡i BDwiqv cÖ¯‘wZi gva¨‡g cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|

 G Rb¨ weÁvbx †d«WwiK Dnjvi‡K ˆRe imvq‡bi RbK ejv nq|

‰Re †hŠM

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 1

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A¨vwj‡dwUK ev gy³ wkKj PvwµK ev e×wkKj

m¤ú„³ CH3 − CH3 (B‡_b) Am¤ú„³ Bw_b (CH2 = CH2 )

Kv‡e©vmvBwK¬K/‡nv‡gvmvBwK¬K †nUv‡ivmvBwK¬K

A¨vwjmvBwK¬K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK
CH2 − CH2
 
CH2 − CH2
mvB‡K¬v-weD‡Ub †ebwRb

‡nUv‡iv A¨vwjmvBwK¬K †nUv‡iv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK

CH2 − CH2

O N
Bw_wjb A·vBW wcwiwWb
✓ g‡b‡iL:
wØeÜb ev wÎeÜb hw` GKwU Kve©b cigvYy Ges Ab¨ †gŠ‡ji g‡a¨ _v‡K, ZLb mvaviYfv‡e Giv Am¤ú„³ ˆRe †hŠM nq bv| †hgb-
O
∥
(i) CH3 − C − CH3 (†cÖvcv‡bvb)
(ii) CH3 C ≡ N (B‡_b bvBUªvBj), Am¤ú„³ ˆRe †hŠM bq|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz Z_¨
 Aóv`k kZvãx‡Z weÁvbx kxj (Scheele) AvOzi †_‡K UviUvwiK GwmW, Av‡cj †_‡K g¨vwjK GwmW Ges cÖvwYR Pwe© †_‡K
wMømvwib cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z mg_© nb| ivDwj (Rouelle) 1773 mv‡j gvby‡li g~Î †_‡K BDwiqv bvgK GK SuvSv‡jv c`v_© AvniY
K‡ib|
 1675 wLª÷v‡ã weÁvbx wb‡Kvjvm †j‡gix Lv`¨, cwi‡aq, e¨envh© I Ae¨envh© AmsL¨ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw`‡K Zv‡`i Drm Abymv‡i
cÖavbZ wZb †kÖYx‡Z wef³ K‡ib| h_v- (K) LvwbR c`v_© (L) Dw™¢` c`v_© (M) cÖvwYR c`v_©|
 ˆRe †hŠMmg~n Dw™¢` I cÖvwY‡`‡n Dcw¯’Z †Kvb inm¨gq cÖvYkw³i cÖfv‡e m„wó n‡q _v‡K| GB gZev` ev‡R©wjqv‡mi cÖvYkw³
gZev` bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 ev‡R©wjqvm‡K cÖvYkw³i gZev‡`i cÖwZôvZv ejv nq|
 c„w_ex‡Z A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v mxwgZ Ges cÖvq GK j‡ÿi gZ|
 ˆRe †hŠMmg~n cÖavbZ mg‡hvRx|
 1845 mv‡j weÁvbx GBP.‡Kve †gŠwjK Dcv`vb C, H I O †_‡K Av¨vwmwUK GwmW ms‡kølY K‡ib|
 dzjvwib K¨vwU‡bkb a‡g©i GKwU DrK…ó D`vniY hvi AvK…wZ dzUe‡ji gZ| G‡Z Kve©b Abyi ms‡KZ C60 AvYweK fi 720|
 ˆRe †hŠ‡M Aek¨B Kve©b _vK‡e|
 nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wenxb ‰Re †hŠM n‡”Q: CCl4 , CCl2 , Ag−C ≡ C−Ag, Cu−C ≡ C− Cu, C6 Cl6 BZ¨vw`|
 1865 mv‡j ev‡_©‡jv wg‡_b bvgK ˆRe †hŠM cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib|
mg‡MvÎxq †kÖwY

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msÁv: GKB cÖKvi †gŠj mgš^‡q MwVZ mgag©xq ˆRe †hŠMmg~n‡K G‡`I AvYweK f‡ii µgea©gvb msL¨vgv‡b Aa©vr Kve©b cigvYyi
e„w×µ‡g mvwie× K‡i Ges cÖ‡Z¨K cvkvcvwk `ywU †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ wg‡_b (−CH2 −) g~j‡Ki cv_©K¨ ‡i‡L †h †hŠM †kªYx cvIqv hvq,
Zv‡K mg‡MvÎxq †kªYx ev †nv‡gvjMvm wmwiR e‡j| †hgb,
(i) CH3 − OH (ii) CH3 − CH2 − OH (iii) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − OH
GKB mg‡MvÎxq †kÖYxi cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ †hŠM‡K GK GKwU mg‡MÖvÎK ev †nv‡gvjM (homologue) e‡j| cÖ‡Z¨K mg‡MvÎxq †kªYxi
†hŠMmg~‡ni g‡a¨ wb‡¤œv³ ˆewkó¨ _v‡K:
1| G`i‡K GKwU mvaviY ms‡KZ Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq| †hgb, Cn H2n+1 OH nj A¨vjKvn‡ji mvaviY ms‡KZ| GLv‡b n = 1 n‡j
wg_vbj CH3 OH, n = 2 n‡j B_vbj C2 H5 OH nq|
2| cvkvcvwk `yB mg‡Mv·Ki g‡a¨ wgw_wjb g~jK (−CH2 −) Gi cv_©K¨ _v‡K| †hgb, wg_vbj (CH3 OH) I B_vbj
(CH3 CH2 OH) G‡`i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ nj −CH2 − g~jK|
3| cÖ‡Z¨K mg‡MvÎxq †kªYxi GKwU wbw`©ó Kvh©Kixg~jK _v‡K †hgb,−OH nj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Kvh©Kixg~jK|
4| G‡`i mvaviY cÖ¯‘Z c×wZ _v‡K|
5| G‡`i g‡a¨ ivmvqwbK a‡g© mv`„k¨ _v‡K| wKš‘ G‡`i AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ Mjbv¼, ùzUbv¼, NbZ¡ cÖf…wZi µg cwieZ©b N‡U|
†hgb, wg_vbj (CH3 OH) Gi ùzUbv¼ 650 C, B_vbj (C2 H5 OH) Gi ùzUbv¼|

✓ g‡b‡iL
 `ywU cvkvcvwk mg‡Mv·Ki g‡a¨ AvYweK f‡ii cv_©K¨ Aek¨B 14 n‡e|
 Kvh©Kixg~jKB †Kv‡bv mg‡MvÎxq †kÖYxi ivmvqwbK wewµqv Kvh©Kifv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i| ZvB wewfbœ mg‡Mv·Ki Kve©b wkK‡ji ˆ`N©¨ I
kvLv wfbœ nIqv m‡Ë¡I H me †hŠ‡Mi ivmvqwbK a‡g© Kve©b wkKj †Zgb cÖfve m„wó K‡i bv|
 Kvh©Kix g~j‡K GKK eÜb, wØeÜb _vK‡j ZLb ˆRe †hŠ‡M wb¤œiæc †kªYxMZ wewµqv N‡UÑ
Ñ GKK eÜbhy³ Kvh©Kix g~j‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb I AcmviY wewµqv N‡U|
Ñ wØeÜb I wÎeÜbhy³ Kvh©Kix g~j‡K ms‡hvRb wewÎqv N‡U| †hgb, C = C eÜb I C ≡ C eÜb|
O
∥
Ñ GKK I wØeÜb DfqB Kvh©Kix g~j‡K _vK‡j G‡Z cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv N‡U| †hgb, − C − O − H g~jK|

Kvh©Kix ev wµqv`kx© g~jK

Kvh©Kix g~jK: ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYycw¯’Z wewfbœ Dcv`vb †gŠ‡ji †h cigvYy ev g~jK D³ †hŠ‡Mi ag© I wewµqv wba©viY K‡i _v‡K, H
cigvYy ev g~jK‡K H †hŠ‡Mi Z_v H †hŠ‡M ‡kªYxi Kvh©Kix g~jK e‡j| †hgb, wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (CH3 OH)| B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj,
CH3 CH2 OH GB Dfq A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji ag© cÖavbZ Zv‡`i Abycw¯’Z −OH g~j‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvBÑ
1| A¨vj‡Kvnjmg~‡ni Kvh©Kix g~jK nj nvBWªw·j g~jK −OH|
2| A¨vjwWnvBW mg~‡ni Kvh©Kix g~jK nj A¨vjwWnvBW g~jK −CHO|
3| wK‡Uvbmg~‡ni Kvh©Kix g~jK nj wK‡UvwbK g~jK >C = O
GKB Kvh©Kix g~jK hy³ I mgagx© ˆRe †hŠMmg~n‡K mg‡MvÎxq †kªYx bv‡g K‡qKwU †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Giæc K‡qKwU mg‡MvÎxq
†kÖYxi bvg, Zv‡`i mvaviYZ, Zv‡`i Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki ms‡KZ, MvVwbK ms‡KZ I g~j‡Ki bvg wb‡Pi mviwb‡Z †`qv njÑ
mg‡MvÎxq †hŠM †kÖYxi ‡hŠM ‡kÖYxi Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki Kvh©Kixq g~j‡Ki bvg
bvg mvaviY ms‡KZ ms‡KZ MvVwbK ms‡KZ
A¨vjKvBj R−X −X −F,−Cl, −Br, n¨vjvBWg~jK|
−I (‡d¬vivBW,‡K¬vivBW,‡eªvgvBW,
Av‡qvWvBW)
A¨vj‡Kvnj R−OH −OH −O−H nvBWªw·j g~jK ev
A¨vj‡KvnwjK g~jK
A¨vjwWnvBW R−CHO −CHO O A¨vjwWnvBW g~jK/dg©vBj
∥

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 3

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−C−H
wK‡Uvb R−CO− −CO− O Kve©bvBj g~jK ev wK‡UvwbK g~jK
∥
−C−
Kve©w·wjK GwmW R−COOH −COOH O Kve©w·j g~jK
∥
−C−O−H
B_vi     B_vi g~jK
RCH2 OCH2 R −C−O−C− −C−O−C−
   
A¨vjKvBj A¨vwgb R−NH2 −NH2 H A¨vwg‡bv g~jK

−N−H
GwmW A¨vgvBW R−CONH2 −CONH2 O H A¨vgvB‡Wv g~jK
∥ 
−C−N−H
GwmW †K¬vivBW R−COCl −COCl O GwmW †K¬vivBW g~jK
∥
− C−Cl
G÷vi R−CO−OR −CO−OR O G÷vi g~jK
∥
− C−O−R
GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW (RCO)2 O (CO)2 O O O A¨vbnvBWªvBW g~jK
∥ ∥
− C−O− C−
A¨vjKvBj mvqvbvBW ev R−CN −CN −C≡N MvqvbvBW g~jK ev, bvBUªvBj g~jK
A¨vj‡Kb
bvBUªvBj
bvB‡Uªv †hŠM R−NO2 −NO2 O bvB‡Uªv g~jK
∥
− N→ O
mvj‡dvwbK GwmW R−SO3H −SO3H O mvj‡dvwbK GwmW g~jK
//
−S−OH
\\
O

✓ †R‡b‡iL
‰Re †hŠ‡Mi †kÖYx/g~j‡Ki bvg Kvh©Kix g~jK D`vniY/mvaviY ms‡KZ
H

→ cÖvBgvix−C− OH CH2 OH(Cn H2n+1 − OH)
→ cÖvBgvix 
H
A¨vj‡KvnjÑ → †m‡KÛvix H CH3
 \
→ †m‡KÛvix −C− OH /𝐶𝐻 −OH
→ Uviwmqvix  CH3


→ Uviwmqvix −C− OH (CH3 )3C−OH


Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 4

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→ cÖvBgvix → cÖvBgvix −NH2 CH3 NH2 (Cn H2n+1 − NH2 )

A¨vwgbÑ → †m‡KÛvix → †m‡KÛvix /NH

\ (CH3 )3NH

→ Uviwmqvix \ (CH3 )3 N
→ Uviwmqvix − /NH

 ‡R‡b‡iL:
‰Re †hŠ‡M Dcw¯’Z Kve©b cigvYy‡K cÖvBgvix, †m‡KÛvix, Uviwmqvix I †KvqvUvibvwi ev 10 , 20 , 30 Kve©b cigvYy ejv nq| †h Kve©b
cigvYy `ywU Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K †m‡KÛvix Kve©b (20 ) cigvYy ejv nq| GKBfv‡e wZbwU I PviwU Kve©b cigvYyi
mv‡_ hy³ cigvYy¸‡jv‡K Uviwmqvwi (30 ) I †KvqvUvibvwi Kve©b cigvYy ejv nq| cÖvBgvwi Kve©b cigvbyi mv‡_ hy³ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K
cÖvBgvix nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, †m‡KÛvix I Uviwmqvwi Kve©‡bi mv‡_ hy³ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K h_vµ‡g (20 ) I Uviwmqvwi (30 ) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ejv nq|

gy³ g~jK: †hvR¨Zv K‡ÿ GK ev GKvwaK we‡Rvo ev AhyM¥ B‡jKUªb gy³ ˆRe MÖæc‡K ˆRe gy³ g~jK ejv nq| †hgb, 𝐶𝐻3 ,
(𝐶𝐻3 )2CH, (𝐶𝐻3 )3C BZ¨vw`| gy³ g~jK¸‡jvi †hvR¨Zv K‡ÿ AhyM¥ B‡jKUªb eZ©gvb _vKvq ivmvqwbKfv‡e Giv LyeB mwµq|

mvaviY ˆRe †hŠM‡K wZbwU c×wZ‡Z bvgKiY Kiv hvq| h_vt

(K) mvaviY c×wZ (L) D™¢~Z c×wZ (M) AvšÍRv© wZK ev IUPAC c×wZ|
mvaviY c×wZt
 A¨vj‡Kb t Kve©b msL¨v Abymv‡i bv‡gi cÖ_g As‡ki m‡½ Gb (alkane Gi ane) †hvM K‡i bvgKiY Kiv nq| Gici Kve©b
†PB‡bi MVb mij (normal) n‡j bv‡gi Av‡M ÔnÕÑ,kvLvwqZ (isomeric) n‡j ÔisoÕ ev Ggb kvLv hv‡Z GKwU Kve©‡b †Kvb
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb bv _vK‡j (neomar) bv‡gi Av‡M ÔneoÕ kãwU †hvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
CH3 CH3
 
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 −CH2 −CH3 CH3 −CH−CH2 −CH3 CH3 −C−CH3
n- ‡c‡›Ub iso- ‡c‡›Ub 
CH3
neo- ‡c‡›Ub
 B_vi t G‡ÿ‡Î B_vi Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki Dfq cv‡k¦©i A¨vjKvBj g~jK ¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøL K‡i (Bs‡iRx eY©gvjvi µg Abymv‡i) †k‡l
B_vi D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 −O−CH2 −CH3 CH3 − CH2 −O−CH2 −CH3
B_vBj †cÖvcvBj B_vi WvB B_vBj B_vi
 wK‡Uvb t G‡ÿ‡Î wK‡Uvb Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki Dfq cv‡k¦i© A¨vjKvBj g~jK ¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøL K‡i (Bs‡iRx eY©gvjvi µg Abymv‡i)
†k‡l wK‡Uvb D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 −CO−CH2 −CH3 CH3 − CH2 −CO−CH2 −CH3
B_vBj †cÖvcvBj wK‡Uvb WvB B_vBj wK‡Uvb

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D™¢~Z c×wZt G c×wZ Lye Kg †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e GLvb †_‡K bvgKiY Av‡m| m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b I A¨vj‡Kvnj e¨ZxZ
Ab¨vb¨ mg‡MvÎxq †kÖYxi †hŠMmg~‡ni bvgKi‡Y GwU cÖvq e¨eüZ nq bv|
 A¨vj‡Kb t G c×wZ‡Z mKj A¨vj‡Kb‡K A¨vj‡Kb †Mvôxi cÖ_g m`m¨ wg‡_‡bi RvZK wn‡m‡e bvgKib Kiv nq|‡hgbÑ
CH3

CH3 −CH3 CH3 − CH2 −CH3 CH3 −CH−CH3
wg_vBj wg‡_b WvB wg_vBj wg‡_b UªvB wg_vBj wg‡_b
 A¨j‡Kvnj t G c×wZ‡Z mKj D”PZj mKj A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji RvZK we‡ePbv Kiv nq| G Abymv‡i nvB‡Wªvw·j
g~jK msjMœ Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡_ †h A¨vjKvBj ev wdbvBj g~jK hy³ _v‡K Zvi bv‡gi †k‡l ÔKvwe©bjÕ kã emv‡j mswkøó A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji
bvg cvIqv hvq| ‡hgbÑ
CH3
 
CH3 − CH2 −OH CH3 −CH−OH −C−OH Kvwe©bj
wg_vBj Kvwe©bj WvB wg_vBj Kvwe©bj 
IUPAC c×wZ t (IUPAC = International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)
cÖavb wkK‡ji Kve©‡bi msL¨v Abyhvqx g~j †hŠ‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ
A¨vj‡K‡bi MVb ms‡KZ Kve©b cigvYyi g~j kã bvg
msL¨v A¨vjK& + Gb = A¨vj‡Kb
(alk + ane = alkane)
CH4 1 wg_& wg_& + Gb = wg‡_b
CH3 CH3 2 B_& B_& + Gb = B‡_b
CH3 CH2 CH3 3 ‡cÖvc& ‡cÖvc& + Gb = †cÖv‡cb
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 4 weDU& weDU& + Gb = weD‡Ub
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 5 ‡c›U& ‡c›U& + Gb = †c‡›Ub
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 6 ‡n· ‡n· + Gb = †n‡·b
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 7 ‡nÞ& ‡nÞ& + Gb = †n‡Þb
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 8 A±& A±& + Gb = A‡±b
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 9 bb& bb& + Gb = b‡bb
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 10 ‡WK& ‡WK& + Gb = †W‡Kb

A¨vj‡K‡bi bvgKiY
Rule-1 : Pvi Gi AwaK Kve©b hy³ wkK‡ji bvgKiY Kivi mgq `xN©Zg Kve©b wkKj we‡ePbv K‡i †h cvk †_‡K MYbv ïiæ Ki‡j
kvLv Kve©b Av‡M cvIqv hv‡e †m cvk †_‡K MYbv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hgbÑ

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‡R‡b †i‡Lv t
1| AkvLvwqZ A¨vj‡Kb : cÖ_‡g AYy‡Z †ewk msL¨K Kve©b wewkó j¤^v Kve©b wkKj wbe©vPb Kiv nq| kvLvwqZ A¨vj‡K‡bi bvgKiY Kiv
nq GB j¤^v wkKjhy³ Kve©‡bi wfwˇZ| Avevi wkK‡ji bvgKiY Kiv nq Kve©b msL¨vbyhvqx|

2| kvLv wPwýZKiY : kvLv‡K wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ j¤^v g~j wkKj‡K msL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| †hw`K †_‡K MYbv Kiv n‡j kvLv wkKj‡K
ÿz`ªZg msL¨v Øviv cÖKvk Kiv hvq †mw`K †_‡K MYbv Kiv nq A_©vr kvLvi msL¨v I cÖ_g Kve©‡bi g‡a¨ hvi cv_©K¨ Kg †mw`K †_‡K
MYbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

3| kvLvi bvg: bvgKi‡Yi mgq kvLvi bvg g~j wkK‡ji Av‡M wjKv nq| kvLv¸‡jv mvaviYZ A¨vjKvBj g~jK n‡q _v‡K| kvLv GK ev
GKvwaK n‡Z cv‡i| GKB kvLv wewfbœ Kve©b hy³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| GKB kvLv GKvwaK n‡j kvLvi bv‡gi c~‡e© `y‡Uvi Rb¨ MÖxK kã WvB,
wZbwUi Rb¨ UªvB, PviwUi Rb¨ †UUªv BZ¨vw` D‡jøL Kiv nq|

CH3

7
CH3 − 6CH2 −5CH2 −4CH2 −3C− CH3 ⟵ kvLv

2
CH2 ⟵ g~j wkKj †hLv‡b mvZwU Kve©b Av‡Q|

1
CH3
3,3-WvBwg_vBj‡n‡Þb
✓ cÖavb wkK‡ji mv‡_ kvLv wkKj wn‡m‡e wfbœ wfbœ MÖæc hy³ _vK‡j MÖæc¸‡jv‡K Bs‡iwR eY©gvjvi µgvbymv‡i ch©vqµ‡g †jLv nq|
G‡ÿ‡Î GKB RvZxq MÖæ‡ci †k‡l I `ywU wfbœ wfbœ MÖæ‡ci gv‡S nvB‡db (-) wPý e¨envi Kiv nq| †hgbÑ

CH3

2
CH2 −CH3 CH3 CH−CH3
  
(K) 5CH3 −4CH2 −3CH 2
CH−CH3 (L) CH3 − CH2 − 3CH−4CH2 − 4CH2 − 5CH−CH2 −CH3

3-B_vBj-2-wg_vBj‡c‡›Ub 6
CH−CH3

7
CH3
3,5-WvBB_vBj-2,6-WvBwg_vBj‡n‡Þb

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CH3 CH2 −CH3
 
(M) 7CH3 −6CH −5C−4CH2 −3CH−CH2 −CH3
 
CH3 CH3 −2C−CH3

1
CH3
3,5-WvB B_vBj-2,2,5,6-‡UUªvwg_vBj‡n‡Þb

Dc‡ii †hŠMwU‡Z GKB kvLv wg_vBj g~jK `yB ev hy³ Av‡Q 3 bs Kve©‡b| G‡ÿ‡Î ÔWvBÕ D‡jøL Kiv nq| GKB g~jK wfbœ Kve©‡b hy³
_vK‡jI kvLvi bv‡gi c~‡e© cvB, UªvB D‡jøL Kiv nq| †m‡ÿ‡Î msL¨vØq `yÕevi wjL‡Z nq| †hgbÑ 2,2 WvB wg_vBj BZ¨vw`|
Xclusive
5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH − CH3
1 2 3 4 5
CH3
2- wg_vBj‡c‡›Ub (wKš‘ 4- wg_vBj‡c‡›Ub n‡e bv)
Rule-2 : hw` `y Bev Z‡ZvwaK wfbœ cÖK…wZi cvk¦© kvLv¯’ g~jK GKB iKg Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K Z‡e Zv‡`i bvgKi‡Y eY©vbyµwgKfv‡e †h
cÖwZ¯’vwcZ g~jKwU Av‡M Av‡m, Zv‡K †QvU msL¨v Øviv wPwýZ Ki‡Z nq| †hgbÑ

1 2 3 4 5 6
CH3 − CH2 − CH − CH − CH2 − CH3
4 3
CH3 CH2

CH3
3-B_vBj-4-wg_vBj‡n‡·b (4-B_vBj-3-wg_vBj †n‡·b n‡e bv)
Rule-3 : hw` `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Abyiæcg~jK †hŠMwU‡Z (†Kvb A¨vj‡Kb) we`¨gvb _v‡K, Z‡e G‡`i Ae¯’vbmg~n h‡_vchy³ msL¨v Øviv
m~wPZ Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
1 2 3 4 5 6
CH3 − CH − CH − CH2 − CH − CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 C2 H5 CH3
G †hŠMwU †n‡·‡bi DØyZZK| Gi bvg 3-B_vBj-2,5-WvBwg_vBj‡n‡·b wKš‘ 4-B_vBj-2,5-WvBwg_vBj‡n‡·b bq|
KviY, GLv‡b cÖ_g †ÿ‡Î ¯’vb wb‡`©kK msL¨v¸‡jvi †hvMdj 3+2+5=10; wKš‘ wØZxq †ÿ‡Î †hvMdj 4+2+5=11.
IUPAC c×wZ‡Z cÖwZ¯’vcK‡`i ¯’vb wb‡`©kK msL¨vi ÿz`ªZi †hvMdj msL¨vB MÖnY‡hvM¨|

Rule-4 : kvLvhy³ A¨vj‡Kbmg~‡ni `xN©Zg Kve©b wkK‡ji m‡½ hy³ cvk¦©wkK‡j Pv‡ii AwaK Kve©b cigvYyi RwUj cÖwZ¯’vcK _vK‡j,
GUv‡K c„_Kfv‡e msL¨vwqZ K‡i eÜbxi g‡a¨ Gi bvg c~‡e©v³ wbq‡g wj‡L g~j †hŠ‡Mi bv‡gi c~‡e© †jLv nq| †hgb,
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − CH − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − CH3

1
CH−CH3

2
CH−CH3

3
CH3
5-(1,2-WvBwg_vBj‡cÖvcvBj) b‡bb

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✓ fvOv‡bvi wbqg
1| −C2 H5 ev, CH3 − CH2 − A_ev, −CH2 − CH3 (−CH3 g~jK memgq cÖv‡šÍ Ae¯’vb Ki‡e)
2| −C3 H7 ev, CH3 − CH2 − CH2 A_ev, −CH2 − CH2 − CH3

CH3 CH3
 
3| −C(CH3 )3 ev, CH3 −C− A_ev, −C−CH3
 
CH3 CH3
4| −CH(CH2 )3 − ev, −CH2 − CH2 − CH2 −
CH3 CH3
 
5| −CH(CH3 )2 A_ev, −C(CH3 )2 H ev, CH3 −CH − A_ev, −CH − CH3

CH3

6| −C(CH3 )H− ev, −CH −

CH2 − CH3

7| −C(C2 H5 )H− ev, −CH −

8| −C2 − ev, −C ≡ C−
D`vniY¯^iæc:
1. C(CH3 )2H−C(C2 H5 )H−CH2 −C(CH3 )H−CH(CH3 )2
CH3 CH2 − CH3 CH3 CH3
   
ev, 1CH3 −2CH−3CH−4CH2 −5CH−6CH−7CH3
3-B_vBj-2,5,6-UªvBwg_vBj‡n‡·b
2. CH(CH3 )2 −C(C2 H5 )H−(CH2 )2 − C(CH3 )H−CH(CH3 )2
CH3 CH2 − CH3 CH3 CH3
   
ev, CH3 − CH− CH− CH2 − CH2 − CH− CH−8CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3-B_vBj-2,6,7-UªvBwg_vBjA‡±b

CH(CH3 )2

3. C2 H5 −CH−(CH2 )3 −CH(C2 H5 ) −C(CH3 )3
9
CH3

CH − CH3 CH2 − CH3 CH3
  
ev, CH3 − CH2 −7CH−6CH2 −5CH2 −4CH2 −CH 2
C−CH3

CH3
3,7-WvB B_vBj-2,2,8-UªvBwg_vBj b‡bb

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Am¤ú„³ ev wØeÜb I wÎeÜb hy³ nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi bvgKiY

A¨vjwK‡bi bvgKiY
Rule-1 : A¨vjwKb ev wØeÜb hy³ nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi bvgKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î A¨vj‡K‡bi bvgKi‡Yi wbqg AbymiY Kiv nq| †Kej gvÎ ÔaneÕ
ev`w`‡q ÔeneÕ hy³ Ki‡Z nq| Alkane − ane + ene = Alkene
wkKj wbe©vPb : †h wkK‡j wØeÜb Av‡Q Ges Kve©b msL¨v †ewk †mB wkKj‡K g~j wkKj wn‡m‡e MYbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e g~j wkK‡j
Kve©b msL¨v KgI n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ

−C−C−C−C−C−C−C−C− g~j wkKj bq (GLv‡b > C = C < wØeÜb bvB)


C
∥
2bs C g~j wkKj

C


Rule-2 : bvgKi‡Yi mgq `xN©Zg Kve©b wkKj we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †h cvk †_‡K MYbv ïiæ Ki‡j Av‡M cvIqv hvq †m cvk †_‡K
MYbv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e| wkK‡j hw` kvLv Kve©b _v‡K Z‡e Zvi D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e Ges g~j A¨vjwK‡bi wØe܇bi Ae¯’vb msL¨vq cvk
Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ
(i) 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − CH2 −CH = CH−CH3 (2‡cw›Ub ev †cw›Ub-2)

(ii) 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − CH2 −CH = CH−CH−CH3

CH3 (2-wg_vBj-‡nw·b-3)
wØ-eÜbxhy³ Kve©bwkKj‡K Ggbfv‡e msL¨vwqZ Kiv nq, hv‡Z wØ-e܇b Ave× cÖ_g Kve©bwU ÿz`ªZg msL¨v Øviv cÖKvk cvq| †hgbÑ
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
CH2 = CH−CH2 − CH2 CH3 CH3 − CH2 −CH = CH −CH2 − CH2 − CH3
7 6 5 4 5 6 7
1-‡cw›Ub ev, †cw›Ub-1 ev, †c›U-1-Bb 3-‡nwÞb (wKšÍ,4-‡nwÞb n‡e bv)

Rule-3 :A¨vjwK‡b GKvwaK †hgb `ywU ev wZbwU wØeÜb _vK‡j Zv‡`i h_vµ‡g A¨vjKv WvB-Bb/A¨vjKv UªvB Bb ej‡Z nq| †hgb,
(i) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CH3 − CH=CH− CH=CH−CH2 − CH3 (2,4-‡nÞv WvBBb)

(ii) CH3
2 3 4 5 6 7
CH3 −C−C=CH−C=CH−CH3
∥ 
CH2 CH3
(2,3,5 UªvBwg_vBj-1,3,5-‡nÞv UªvB Bb)

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✓ CH3 CH3
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
(K) CH3 − CH− CH= CH−CH3 (L) CH3 − CH= CH−C−CH3

CH2
4-wg_vBj‡c›U-2-Bb 4,4-WvBwg_vBj‡c›U-2-Bb

CH3 CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6
(M) CH3 − CH = C − C − CH2 − CH3

CH3
3,4,4-UªvBwg_vBj‡n·-2-Bb
✓ cÖavb wkK‡ji mv‡_ hy³ kvLv wkKj¸‡jv‡K A¨vj‡Kb Gi bxwZ Abyhvqx D‡jøL Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
CH3 CH2 − CH3 CH3 CH2 − CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
(K) CH3 − C − CH − CH = CH−CH3 (L) CH3 − CH − C = CH−CH3

CH3
4-B_vBj-5,5-WvBwg_vBj‡n·-2-Bb 3-B_vBj-4-wg_vBj‡c›U-2-Bb
CH3

CH3 1CH2 CH3 CH2 − CH3 CH3 −2C − CH3
 ∥   
(M) 4CH3 − 3CH − 2C − CH2 − CH3 (N) 8CH3 − 7CH−6C − 5CH = 4CH − 3CH−CH2 − CH3

CH3
2-B_vBj-3-wg_vBjweDU-1-Bb 3,6-WvBB_vBj-2,2,6,7-‡UUªvwg_vBjA±-4-Bb

✓ CH3
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6
1. CH2 = CH − CH = CH2 2. CH2 = C − CH2 − CH = CH −CH3
(weDU-1,3-WvBBb) (2-wg_vBj‡n·-1,4-WvBBb)

CH3 CH3 CH2 − CH3 CH3

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3. CH2 = C − CH = CH2 4. CH3 − C = CH − CH − CH = C −CH3
(2-wg_vBj weDU-1,3-WvBBb) (4-B_vBj-2,6-WvBwg_vBj‡nÞ-2,5-WvBBb)

CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5. CH3 − C = CH − CH − CH = CH2 6. CH3 − C = CH − C = CH − CH2 −CH3
(3,5WvBwg_vBj‡n·-1,4-WvBBb) (2,4-WvBwg_vBj †nÞ-2,4-WvBBb)

CH3 CH3 CH3

  
7. 6CH3 −5C ≡ 4C − 3CH −2C ≡ 1CH 8. 8CH3 −7CH−6C ≡5C −4C ≡ 3C−2C−1CH3

CH3
(3-wg_vBj‡n‡·-1,4-WvBAvBb) (2,2,7-UªvB wg_vBjA±-3,5-WvBAvBb)
CH3 CH3 − CH2 CH3

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  
7
9. CH3 − C = CH − CH2 − C = 2C − 1CH3
6 5 4 3

(3-B_vBj-2,6-WvBwg_vBj‡nÞ-2,5-WvBBb)

A¨vjKvB‡bi bvgKiY
Rule : A¨vjKvB‡bi bvgKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î A¨vjwK‡bi mKj wbqgB AbymiY Kiv nq| ïaygvÎ A¨vj‡K‡bi ÔaneÕ ev` w`‡q ÔyneÕ ‡hvM
Kiv nq| A_©vr, Alkane-ane + yne = alkyne
†hgb, (i) 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − CH2 − C ≡ C − CH3 [†c›UvBb-2 ev †c›U-2 AvBb; Z‡e,‡c›UvBb-2 Kg MÖnY‡hvM¨]

(ii) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CH3 − C ≡ C − C ≡ C − CH − CH3 [6-wg_vBj-2,4-‡nÞv WvB AvBb]

CH3
D`vniY¯^iæc:
CH3 CH3
 
(K) 4CH3 − 3CH − 2C ≡ 1CH (L) 5CH3 − 4C − 3C ≡ 2C − 1CH3

CH3
3-wg_vBj weDU-1-AvBj 4,4-WvBwg_vBj †c›U-2-AvBj
(3-wg_vBj-1-weDUvBb ev, 3-wg_vBjweDUvBb-1 bv ejvB fv‡jv)
CH3 CH2 − CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
    
(M) 7CH3 −6CH −5CH −4C ≡ 3C −2CH − 1CH3 (N) 1CH3 − 2CH − 3C ≡ 4C − 5CH − 6CH3
5-B_vBj-2,6-WvBwg_vBj †nÞ-3-AvBj (2,5-WvBwg_vBj †n·-3-AvBj)

CH3 CH3 CH2 − CH3 CH2 − CH3 CH3

    
(O) 1CH3 − 2C ≡ 3C − 4CH − 5CH3 (P) 1CH3 − 2C − 3CH − 4C ≡ 5C − 6C 7
CH − 8CH3
 
CH3 CH3
(4-wg_vBj †c›U-2-AvBj) 3,6-WvBB_vBj-2,2,6,7-‡UUªvwg_vBj A±-4-AvBj

Xclusive
hw` Kve©b Kve©b wØ-eÜb I wÎ-eÜb Kve©b wkK‡ji `yB cÖv‡šÍ Ae¯’vb K‡i, †m‡ÿ‡Î wØ-eÜbxi w`K †_‡K msL¨vwqZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb-
5 4 3 2 1
HC ≡ C − CH2 − CH = CH2
1 2 3 4 5
1-‡cw›Ub-4-AvBb (wKš‘ 4-‡cw›Ub-1-AvBb n‡e bv)
✓ g‡b ivL‡e
1. †hŠ‡Mi wØeÜb, wÎeÜb A_ev Ab¨‡Kvb Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki Ae¯’vb m~PK msL¨v‡K Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki c~‡e© emv‡bv nq|
†hgb, 4CH3 −3CH2 −2CH = 1CH2 ‡hŠ‡Mi mwVK bvg weDU-1-Bb, wKš‘ 1-weDU ev weDwUb-1 bq|
GKBfv‡e 1CH3 −2C≡3C − 4CH3 ‡hŠ‡Mi mwVK bvg weDU-2-AvBb,
wKš‘ 2-weDUvBb ev weDUvBb-2 bq| eZ©gv‡b Kg MÖnY‡hvM¨
2. wØZxq †Kvb m¤¢vebv bv _vK‡j ˆRe †hŠ‡M Dcw¯’Z wØeÜb, wÎeÜb ev Ab¨‡Kv‡bv Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki Ae¯’vb m~PK msL¨v D‡jøL Kivi
cÖ‡qvRb †bB| †hgb-
(i) CH3 − CH = CH2 (‡cÖvwcb) (ii) CH3 − C ≡ CH (‡cÖvcvBb)

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 12

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(iii) CH3 − CH2 − CHO (‡cÖvcvb¨vj) (iv) CH3 − CO − CH3 (†cÖvcv‡bvb)
(v) CH3 − CH2 − CO − CH3 (weDUv‡bvb) |
✓ GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb (\/𝐂 = 𝐂\/) I Kve©b-Kve©b wÎeÜb (−𝐂 ≡ 𝐂 −) Dfq Kvh©Kix g~jK Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j:Ñ
GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb I Kve©b-Kve©b wÎeÜb Dfq Kvh©Kix g~jK Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j †hŠ‡Mi bv‡gi mv‡_ ÔBbÕ I ÔAvBbÕ
Df‡qB cÖZ¨qiæ‡c e¨eüZ nq| mvaviY wbqg Abyhvqx Bs‡iwR eY©gvjvi µg Abyhvqx ÔBbÕ cÖ_‡g Ges ÔAvBbÕ c‡i em‡e|A_©vr
†hŠMwU‡K A¨vjwKbvBb wn‡m‡e bvgKiY Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wkK‡ji Am¤ú„³ Kve©b‡K m¤¢ve¨ me©wb¤œ msL¨v w`‡q wPwýZ Kiv nq| A_©vr
cÖavb wkK‡ji Kve©b cigvYy‡K †mBw`K †_‡K msL¨vwqZ nq †h w`K †_‡K ïiæ Ki‡j Kve©b -Kve©b wØeÜb ev Kve©b-Kve©b wÎeÜb Gi
g‡a¨ †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU‡K Av‡M cvIqv hvq| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K wØe܇bi Dci †h msL¨v Av‡ivwcZ nq Aci cÖvšÍ †_‡K
wÎe܇bi Dci hw` GKB msL¨v Av‡ivwcZ nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î wKš‘ wØeÜb cÖvavb¨ cvq| A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î wØe܇bi w`K †_‡K cÖavb wkKj‡K
msL¨vwqZ Kiv nq; wKš‘ g~j bvg ÔAvBbÕ w`‡qB †kl nq| D`vniY¯^iæc :
6 5 4 3 2 1
(i) CH ≡ C − CH2 − CH2 − CH = CH2
(‡n·-1-Bb-5-AvBb)
G‡ÿ‡Î cÖavb wkK‡ji Kve©b‡K †h cÖvšÍ †_‡KB msL¨vwqZ Kiv †nvK bv †Kb wØeÜb I wÎe܇bi Ae¯’vb Awfbœ _v‡K| wKš‘ cÖavb
wkK‡ji Wvb w`K †_‡K msL¨vwqZ Kivi d‡j wØe܇bi Ae¯’vb †_‡K Kg gv‡bi msL¨v w`K w`‡q Av‡M wPwýZ nq| ZvB cÖavb wkK‡ji
Kve©‡bi msL¨v‡K Wvbw`K †_‡K ïiæ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
(ii) CH3 − CH = CH − CH2 − CH − C ≡ CH
(‡nÞ-5-Bb-1-AvBb)
G‡ÿ‡Î Wvbw`K †_‡K cÖavb cÖavb wkK‡ji MVb‡K msL¨vwqZ Kivi d‡j Am¤ú„³ Kve©‡bi msL¨v 1 bs Kve©b n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ evgw`K
†_‡K ïiæ Ki‡j Am¤ú„³ Kve©‡bi msL¨v 2 bs Kve©b n‡Zv| ZvB Wvbw`K †_‡K cÖavb wkK‡ji Kve©b‡K msL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e
G‡ÿ‡Î 1993 mv‡ji IUPAC mycvwik‡K AbymiY KivB †kÖq| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi cÖwZwU †`‡kB 1993 mv‡ji IUPAC mycvwik
Abyhvqx ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv nq| Gi c~Y©v½ ixwZ wb¤œiæc :
GKB nvB‡WªvKve©b AYy‡Z Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb I wÎeÜb eZ©gvb _vK‡j cÖ_‡g A¨vjwKbiæ‡c we‡ePbv I msL¨vwqZ K‡i Gici Alkene
Gi e ¯’‡j yne ewm‡q wØeÜb I wÎe܇bi Ae¯’vb D‡jøL K‡i †hŠ‡Mi bvgKiY Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr (Alkene-e + yne) = Alkenyne
Gfv‡e †jLv nq| Z‡e hw` Ggb nq †h MYbvi d‡j wØeÜb Ges wÎe܇bi msL¨v GKB nq Z‡e me©e„nr Kve©b wkKj MYbvq wØeÜb
cÖvavb¨ cvq wKš‘ g~j bvg AvBb ØvivB †kl nq|
1. 1CH2 = 2CH −3C ≡ 4CH 2. 5CH3 − 4CH = 3CH − 2C ≡ 1CH
(weDU-1-Bb-3-AvBb) (†c›U-3-Bb-1-AvBb)
CH3

5 4 3 2 1
3. CH ≡ C − CH2 − CH = CH2 4. CH3 − C ≡ C −4CH − 3CH = 2CH − 1CH3
7 6 5

(‡c›U-1-Bb-4-AvBb) 4-wg_vBj †nÞ-2- Bb-5-AvBb

CH2 − CH3 CH3

 
5. 1CH3 − 2C ≡ 3C − 4CH − 5CH = 6C − 7CH2 − 8CH3 (4-B_vBj-6-wg_vBj A±-5-Bb-2-AvBb)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6. CH3 − C = CH − CH − C ≡ C −CH3 (4-B_vBj-2-wg_vBj ‡nÞ-2-Bb-5-AvBb)
 
CH3 CH2 − CH3
7. CH2 = CH − CH (CH3 ) −CH2 − C ≡ CH (3-wg_vBj †n·-1-Bb-5-AvBb)

CH3 CH2 − CH3

 

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8. 1CH2 = 2CH − 3CH − 4CH2 − 5C − 6C ≡ 7CH (5-B_vBj-3,5 WvBwg_vBj †nÞ-1-Bb-6-AvBb)

CH3

Kvh©Kixg~jK hy³ †hŠ‡Mi bvgKiY

A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji bvgKiY Ô−OH g~jK hy³Õ
Rule- 1: G c×wZ‡Z A¨vj‡K‡bi bvgvbymv‡i bvgKiY Kiv nq| †KejgvÎ A¨vj‡K‡bi (Alkane) ÔeÕ ev` w`‡q Gi mv‡_ A¨vj‡Kvnj
(Alkhol) Gi ol hy³ Kiv nq| A_©vr Alkane-e + ol = Alkanol
G‡ÿ‡Î †mw`K †_‡K MYbv ïiæ Ki‡j −OH g~jK Av‡M cvIqv hv‡e †mw`K †_‡K MYbv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY : (i) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − OH [weDUvbj-1]
(ii) CH3 − CH2 − CH − CH − CH3 [3-wg_vBj, †c›Uvbj-2]
 
CH3 OH
Rule- 2: wØeÜb _vK‡j (A¨vjwKb) Alkene Gi ÔeÕ ev` w`‡q Alknol Gi ÔolÕ hy³ K‡i bvgKiY Kiv nq Ges wÎe܇bi †ÿ‡Î
Alkyne Gi ÔeÕ ev` w`‡q ÔolÕ hy³ K‡i bvgKiY Kiv nq|
wØe܇bi Gi †ÿ‡Î, Alkene-e + ol = Alkenol
wÎe܇bi Gi ‡ÿ‡Î, Alkyne-e + ol = Alkynol
†hgb, (i) 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − CH = C − CH2 − CH − CH3 [4-wg_vBj-4-Bb †n·vbj-2]
 
CH3 OH

(ii) 1 2 3 4 5 6
CH3 − CH − C ≡ C − CH − CH3 [5-wg_vBj-3-‡n·vBbj-2]
 
OH CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
  
1. 4CH3 − 3CH− 2CH − CH2 − OH 2. CH3 − C − OH

CH3
2,3-WvBwg_vBj weDUv-1-Aj 2-wg_vBj †cÖvcv-2-Aj

CH3 CH3 OH CH3 CH2 − CH3 OH

     
3. CH3 − CH − CH − 2CH − 1CH3
5 4 3
4. CH3 − C − CH CH − CH3

CH3
[3,4-WvBwg_vBj‡c›U-2-Aj ] [3-B_vBj-4,4-WvBwg_vBj‡c›U-2-Aj]

5. 5CH3 − 4CH = 3CH −2CH2 − 1CH2 − OH [‡c›U-3-Bb-1-Aj]

CH3 CH2 − CH3 OH

  
6 5 4 3 2
6. CH3 − CH − CH = C CH− 1CH3 [3-B_vBj-5-wg_vBj‡n·-3-Bb-2-Aj]

wK‡Uv‡bi bvgKiY >C= O g~jK hy³

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 14
 Chemistry
Rule- 1: wK‡Uv‡bi bvgKi‡bi †ÿ‡Î Alkane (A¨vjwKb) Gi ÔeÕ ev`w`‡q ÔoneÕ hy³ Ki‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †hw`K †_‡K MYbv ïiæ
Ki‡j Ô>C=OÕ g~jK Av‡M cvIqv hv‡e †mw`K †_‡K MYbv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Alkene-e + one = Alkenone (A¨vjwK‡bvb) Alkyne-e + one = Alkynone (A¨vjKvB‡bvb)
D`vniY : (i) 5 4 3 2 1 O
CH3 − CH − CH2 − C − CH3 ∥
 ∥ Z‡e−C−g~jK kvLv wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j ÔÔA‡·vÕÕ
CH3 O e¨envi K‡i bvgKiY Kiv n‡e|

[4-wg_vBj †c›Uv‡bvb-2]

(ii) 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − C ≡ C − C − CH2 − CH3 [4- †n·vB‡bvb-3 ev 4-‡n·vBb-3 Ib]
∥
O
(iii) 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − CH = CH − C − C ≡ CH [1-‡n·vBb-4-Bb-3-Ib ev, †n·-1-AvBb-4-Bb-3-Ib]
∥
O
CH3 O CH3 CH2 − CH3 O
 ∥   ∥
4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2
1. CH3 − CH − C − CH3 2. CH3 − CH − CH C − 1CH3
3-wg_vBjweDU-2-Ib 3-B_vBj-4-wg_vBj‡c›U-2-Ib
O CH3 O
∥  ∥
3. 1CH ≡ 2C − 3C −4CH2 − 5CH3 4. 7CH3 − 6CH − 5CH = 4CH − 3CH2 − 2C − 1CH3
†c›U-1-AvBb-3-Ib 6-wg_vBj †nÞ-4-Bb-2-Ib
CH3 CH2 − CH3 O CH2 − CH3
  ∥ 
1 2 3 4
5. CH3 − CH − CH C − 5C − 6CH2 − 7CH3 [3,5WvBB_vBj-2,5-WvBwg_vBj‡nÞ-4-Ig]

CH3 CH2 − CH3 O CH3

  ∥ 
6 5 4 3
6. CH3 − CH − CH C − 2CH − 1CH3 [4-B_vBj-2,5-WvBwg_vBj †n·-3-Ib]

O O CH2 − CH3 CH3

∥ ∥  
7. 1CH3 − 2C − 3C − 4CH 5
CH − 6CH2 − 7CH3 [4-B_vBj-5-wg_vBj‡nÞ-2,3-WvBIb]

CH3 O CH2 − CH3 O CH3

 ∥  ∥ 
8. 7CH3 − 6CH − 5C − 4CH 3
C − 2C − 1CH3 [4-B_vBj-2,2,6-UªvB wg_vBj‡nÞ-3,5-WvBIb]

A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi bvgKiY −CHO g~jK hy³

Rule- 1: A¨vj‡K‡bi (Alkane) Gi †kl Aÿi ÔeÕ ev` w`‡q A¨vjwWnvBW (Aldihyde) Gi ÔalÕ hy³ K‡i bvgKiY Kiv nq|
G‡ÿ‡Î A¨vjwWnvBW Gi (CHOGi) g~j‡Ki Kve©b‡K 1 bs Kve©b ai‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY: (i) 4 3 2 1
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CHO (Alkane-e + al = Alkanal)
weDUvb¨vj

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 15

 Chemistry
wØeÜb ev A¨vjwK‡bi †ÿ‡Î, Alkene-e + al = Alkanal (A¨vjwKb¨vj)
wÎe܇bi †ÿ‡Î (A¨vjKvBb), Alkyne-e +al = Alkynal (A¨vjKvBb¨vj)
D`vniY : (i) 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − CH = CH − CH − CHO [A¨vjwK‡bi †ÿ‡Î]

CH3
[2-wg_vBj †cw›Ub¨vj-3]
(ii) 5 4 3 2
CH3 −C ≡ C − CH − CH3 [A¨vjKvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î]

1
CHO
[2-wg_vBj †cw›Ub¨vj-3]
CH3 CH3 CHO
  
4
1. CH3 − 3CH − 2CH2 − 1CHO 2. 5CH3 − 4CH − 3CH2 − 2CH − CH2 − CH3
3-wg_vBj weDUvb¨vj 2-B_vBj-4-wg_vBj‡c›Uvb¨vj

1
CH3 CH2 − CH3 CH3 CHO
   
3. CH3 − 4C − 3CH − 2CH2 − 1CHO 4. 5CH3 − 4C − 3CH2 − 2CH − CH2 − CH3
 
CH3 CH3
3-B_vBj-4,4-WvBwg_vBj‡c›Uvb¨vj 2-B_vBj-4,4-WvBwg_vBj‡c›Uvb¨vj

Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi bvgKiY : Ô−COOH g~jK hy³Õ

Rule-1 : G‡ÿ‡Î bvgKi‡Yi mgq −COOH g~j‡Ki Kve©b‡K 1bs Kve©b wn‡m‡e MYbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Ges c~‡e©i wbqg¸‡jv AbymiY
Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Alkane Gi e ev` w`‡q oic acid †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
A_©vr, Alkane-e + oic = Alkanoic (A¨vjKv‡bvwqK GwmW)
H − COOH ⟶ wg_v‡bvwqK GwmW
CH3 − COOH ⟶ B_v‡bvwqK GwmW BZ¨vw`
D`vniY : 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − CH2 − CH − CH2 − CH2 − COOH [4-wg_vBj †n·v‡bvwqK GwmW]

CH3
hw` GKB †hŠ‡M GKvwaK Kvh©Kix g~jK Dcw¯’Z _v‡K Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i mwµqZvi µgvbymv‡i cÖavb¨ cv‡e|
‡hgb, 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − CH2 − CH − CH − CH2 − COOH [4-wg_vBj-3-nvB‡Wªvw·-‡n·v‡bvwqK GwmW]
 
CH3 OH
CH3 CH3 CH2 − CH3
  
4 3 2 1
1. CH3 − CH − CH2 − COOH 2. CH3 − CH − 3CH − 2CH2 − 1COOH
5 4

3-wg_vBjweDUv‡bvwqK GwmW 3-B_vBj-4-wg_vBj‡c›Uv‡bvwqK GwmW

CH3
3 2 1 
5
3. CH2 = CH − COOH 4. CH ≡ 4C− 3CH − 2CH2 −1COOH
2-‡cÖvwc‡bvwqK GwmW 3-wg_vBj-‡c›U-4-AvBb-IwqK GwmW

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 16

 Chemistry
/‡cÖvc-2-Bb-1-AwqK GwmW
Cl CH2 −CH3 NH2
  
5. CH3 − CH = CH − COOH 6. 6CH3 − 5CH − 4CH − 3CH2 − 2CH − 1COOH
2-weDwUb-AwqK GwmW 2-A¨vwg‡bv-5-‡K¬v‡iv-4-B_vBj‡n·v‡bvwqK GwmW

7. HOOC − COOH 8. C6 H5 − COOH

(B‡_b WvBAwqK GwmW) (wdbvBj wg_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev †eb‡RvwqK GwmW)

9. −CH2 − COOH (wdbvBj B_v‡bvwqK GwmW)

`ywU Kv‡e©vw·wjK GwmW g~j‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ _vK‡j WvBIwqK GwmW D”PviY Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
1. HOOC − COOH (B‡_b WvBAwqK GwmW)
2. H2 N − 2CH2 − 1COOH (2-A¨vwg‡bvB_v‡bvwqK GwmW)

OH

3. 4CH3 − 3CH2 − 2CH − 1COOH (2-nvB‡Wªvw· weDUv‡bvwqK GwmW)

O
∥
4. H − C − COOH (A‡·vB_v‡bvwqK GwmW)

O
∥
5. 3CH3 − 2C − 1COOH (2-A‡·v‡cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW/‡cÖvc-2-Ib-1-IwqK GwmW)

3
CHO

6. CH3 − 2CH − 1COOH (3-dg©vBj-2-wg_vBj †cÖv‡cv‡bvwqK GwmW)

OH

7. HOO1C− 2CH − 3CH2 − 4COOH (2-nvB‡Wªvw·weD‡Ub WvBIwqK GwmW)

8. 4CH3 −3CH = 2CH − 1COOH (weDU-2-Bb-1-AwqK GwmW)

9. 6CH3 −5CH =4CH −3CH = 2CH − 1COOH

(‡n·-2,4-WvB-B‡bvwqK GwmW/‡n·v-2,4-WvB Bb-1-IwqK GwmW)
O
∥
10. 5CH3 − 4C − 3CH2 − 2CH2 − 1COOH (‡c›U-4-Ib-1-IwqK GwmW/4-A‡·v‡c›Uv‡bvwqK GwmW)
O
∥
11. CH3 − C−O−OH (cviB_vbwqK GwmW)
CH3


Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 17

 Chemistry
4
12. CH3 − 3C = 2CH − 1COOH (3-wg_vBj weDU-2-Bb-1-IwqK GwmW)

B_v‡ii bvgKiY
G c×wZ‡Z B_vi‡K A¨vj‡K‡bi A¨vj‡Kvw· RvZK iæ‡c we‡ePbv Kiv nq| mij B_v‡ii †ÿ‡Î `ywU A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki †h †Kvb
GKwU‡K A¨vj‡Kb Ges Aci Ask‡K A¨vjKw· g~jK aiv nq| †hgbÑ

𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝐻3

wg‡_vw· wg‡_b B‡_vw· B‡_b

kZ© : wgkÖ B_v‡ii †ÿ‡Î, `ywU A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki g‡a¨ †hwU e„nr Zv‡K A¨vj‡Kb Ges †QvUwU‡K A¨vjKw· g~jK MY¨ Kiv nq| †hgb-
1 2 3 1 2 3
CH2 − CH2 − CH3 [1-wg‡_vw· †cÖv‡cb] CH2 − CH − CH3 [2-wg‡_vw· †cÖv‡cb]

OCH3
(wUªwfqvj bvg: wg_vBj-n-‡cÖvcvBj B_vi) (wUªwfqvj bvg: wg_vBj AvB‡mv †cÖvcvBj B_vi)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CH3 − CH2 − CH − CH− CH2 − CH2 − CH3 [4-B‡_vw·-3-wg_vBj‡n‡Þb]
 
CH3 OC2 H5
3 2 1
1. CH3 − CH2 − CH2 −S− CH2 − CH3 (1-_v‡qvB‡_vw·‡cÖv‡cb)
4 3 2 1
2. CH3 − CH2 − CH2 −CH2 −O− CH3 (1-wg‡_vw·weD‡Ub)
CH3

3
3. CH3 −2CH − 1CH2 −O− CH3 (1-wg‡_vw·-2-wg_vBj †cÖv‡cb)

O− CH2 − CH3

3
4. CH3 −2CH−1CH3 (2-B‡_vw· †cÖv‡cb)

CH3 O− CH2 − CH3

 
5
6. CH3 −4CH− 3CH2 −2CH− 1CH3 (2-B‡_vw·-4-wg_vBj †c‡›Ub)

✓ A¨vwgb (Amines)
A¨vwgb n‡jv A¨vjKvBb ev A¨vivBj cÖwZ¯’vwcZ A¨v‡gvwbqv| A¨v‡gvwbqv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy hw` A¨vjKvBj g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq,
Z‡e A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgb| G RvZxq A¨vwg‡bi †ÿ‡Î A¨vjKvBj g~jK mv‡_ A¨vwgb A_ev A¨vwg‡bv A¨vj‡Kb wn‡m‡e †jLv nq| †hgb,
1. 1CH3 −NH2 (wg_vBj A¨vwgb ev A¨vwg‡bv wg‡_b)
2. 2CH3 −1CH2 − NH2 (B_vBj A¨vwgb ev 1-A¨vwg‡bv B‡_b)
CH3

3. 1CH3 −N− CH3 (UªvBwg_vBj A¨vwgb) ev 1-(n,n-WvB wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bv) wg‡_b

2
4. CH3 −1CH2 − NH − CH3 (B_vBj wg_vBj A¨vwgb) ev, 1-(n-wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bv) B‡_b

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 18

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3
5. CH3 −2CH2 − 1CH2 − NH − CH3 (‡cÖvcvBj wg_vBj A¨vwgb) ev, 1-(n-wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bv) †cÖv‡cb

CH3 1CH3
 
6. CH3 − N− 2CH − 3CH2 −4CH2 − 5CH3 (n,n-WvBwg_vBj-2-A¨vwg‡bv †c‡›Ub)

A¨v‡gvwbqvi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy A¨vivBj g~jK (C6 H5 −) Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j A¨vivBj A¨vwgb nq| G RvZxq A¨vwg‡bi †ÿ‡Î
A¨vivBj g~jK mv‡_ A¨vwgb D”PvwiZ nq| †hgbÑ
1. −NH2 (A¨vivBj A¨vwgb ev wdbvBj A¨vwgb)

2. −NH− (WvBwdbvBj A¨vwgb)

3. −N− (UªvB wdbvBj A¨vwgb)

A¨v‡gvwbqvi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy A¨vjKvBj I A¨vivBj Dfq g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j, N-A¨vjKvBj g~jK ev g~j‡Ki msL¨v mv‡_
wdbvBj A¨vwgb †hvM K‡i D”PviY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-

1. −NH−CH3 (N-wg_vBj wdbvBj A¨vwgb)

CH3
2. −N (N,N-WvBwg_vBj wdbvBj A¨vwgb)
CH3

3. −NH − CH2 − CH3 (N-B_vBj wdbvBj A¨vwgb)

CH2 − CH3
4. −N (N,N-WvBB_vBj wdbvBj A¨vwgb)
CH2 − CH3

A¨vgvB‡Wi bvgKiY
O O O
∥ ∥ ∥
−OH
− C−OH → −C + (NH2 ) → −C−NH2 ev −CONH2 Kve©w·j + A¨vwgb ⟶ A¨vgvBW
g~j Gwm‡Wi IUPAC bv‡gi Ôoic acidÕGes wfwUªqvj bv‡gi Ôic acidÕGi ¯’‡j ÔA¨vgvBWÕ kã ewm‡q mswkøó A¨vgvB‡Wi bvgKiY
Kiv nq| †hgb-
O
∥
CH3 − C− NH2 CH3 − CH2 − CONH2
IUPAC bvg: B_vb¨vgvBW IUPAC bvg: †cÖvcvb¨vgvBW
Trivial bvg: A¨vwmU¨vgvBW Trivial bvg: †cÖvwcIb¨vgvBW
cÖwZ¯’vwcZ A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vgvB‡Wi bvg Ki‡Yi †ÿ‡Î gvZ… A¨vgvB‡Wi c~‡e© N-A¨vjKvBj ev N,N-WvB A¨vjKvBj kãmg~n emv‡Z
nq| †hgbÑ

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 19

 Chemistry
O N
∥
CH3 − C−N

CH3
IUPAC bvg: N-wg_vBj B_vb¨vgvBW [Trivial bvg: N-wg_vBj A¨vwmU¨vgvBW]

O CH3
∥
CH3 − C−N N,N-WvBwg_vBj B_vb¨vgvBW

CH3

O CH3 O
∥  ∥
1. CH3 −CH2 −C−NH−CH3 2. 4CH3 − 3CH2 −2CH −1C − NH2
2-wg_vBj weDUvb¨vgvBW
O CH3 O
∥ ∥
3. CH3 − C−N 4. CH3 − C−NH−

CH3
(N,N-WvBwg_vBj B_vb¨vgvBW) (N-wdbvBj B_vb¨vgvBW)

O CH3
∥ 
5. CH3 − C−N− (N-wg_vBj- N-wdbvBj B_vb¨vgvBW)

G÷v‡ii bvgKiY
G÷v‡ii Kvh©Kix g~jK n‡jvÑ (−COOR) A_©vr Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi −OH g~jK −OR g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j G÷vi Drcbœ
nq|
O O O
∥ ∥ ∥
−OH −OR
− C−OH → −C− → − C − OR ev −COOR
Ges G‡`i g~j †hŠ‡Mi bv‡gi †ÿ‡Î Ôic acidÕ Gi ¯’v‡j ate (GU) ewm‡q mswkøó G÷v‡ii bvgKiY Kiv nq| †hgbÑ

CH3 −COO C2 H5 H−COOCH3

(B_v‡bv‡qU + B_vBj) wg_vBj wg_v‡bv‡qU ev wg_vBj di‡gU

GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvB‡Wi bvgKiY

‡h Kve©w·wjK GwmW †_‡K A¨vbnvBWªvBWwU Drcbœ nq Zvi bv‡gi ÔacidÕ Gi ¯’‡j Ôanhydride (A¨vbnvBWªvBW)Õ kã ewm‡q mswkøó
GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvB‡Wi bvgKiY Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
O O O O
∥ ∥ ∥ ∥
1. H−C−O−C−H 2. CH3 −CH2 −C−O−C−CH2 − CH3

(wg_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW) (†cÖvcv‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW)

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 20

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O O
∥ ∥ CH−CO
3. CH3 − C−O−C−CH3 4. O
CH−CO
(B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW) (g¨vwjwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW)

mvqvbvB‡Wi bvgKiY
G‡ÿ‡Î −CN MÖæ‡ci Kve©b‡K 1bs Kve©b a‡i e„nËi wkKjwU‡K wba©viY Kiv nq| Kve©‡bi msL¨vbyhvqx g~j nvB‡WªvKve©bwU bvg wVK
Kiv nq| Gevi g~j nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi m¤ú~Y© bv‡gi †k‡l ÔÔbvBUªvBjÕÕ kã †hvM K‡i bvgKiY †kl Kiv nq|
1. 2CH3 −1CH 2. 3CH3 −2CH2 −1CN
(B_vbvbvBUªvBj) (‡cÖv‡cbbvBUªvBj)

CH3 CH3
 
3. 3CH3 −2CH −1CH 4. 4CH3 − 3CH − 2CH2 − CN
(2-wg_vBj †cÖv‡cbbvBUªvBj) (3-wg_vBj weD‡UbbvBUªvBj)
CH3 CH2 − CH3 O
  ∥
5. CH3 − CH− CH−2CH2 − 1CN
5 4 3
6. CH3 − C −2CH2 − 1CN
4 3

(3-B_vBj-4-wg_vBj †c‡›UbbvBUªvBj) (3-A‡·vweD‡Ub bvBUªvBj)

_vqj Gi bvgKiY
− SH MÖæc hy³ †hŠM¸‡jv‡K _vqj e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖavb wkK‡ji g~j nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi †k‡l _vqj kãwU †hvM K‡i bvgKiY Kiv nq|
†hgbÑ
(i) CH3 − SH (wg‡_b _vqj)
(ii) CH3 − CH2 −SH (B‡_b _vqj)
(iii) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 −SH (†cÖv‡cb _vqj)
CH3

(iv) CH3 − CH2 − CH − CH2 −SH (2-wg_vBj weD‡Ub _vqj)

Kvh©Kix g~jK mg~‡ni mwµqZvi µg

− COOH > −CONH2 > −CHO > −CO − > −OH > −NH2 > −C= C−>C≡ C− > −x> − NO2 > − R
g‡b‡iL: GwmW A¨vgvBW ‡L‡q K‡c©v‡iU Awdmvi In Avn Ki‡Z Ki‡Z nuPwK bvg‡j iv‡Z

✓ `ywU wfbœ Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki bvgKi‡Yi mwµqZvi µg

\ / \ /
(i) ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z /C = C\ I −OH G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z hy³ _vK‡j, −OH MÖæc cÖavb Ges /C = C\ AcÖavb MÖæc
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − CH = CH − CH2 − OH
(‡c›U-3-Bb-1-Aj)
(ii) ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z −C= C− I −OH G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z hy³ _vK‡j, −OH cÖavb MÖæc Ges −C≡ C− AcÖavb
MÖæc wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − C ≡ C − CH2 − CH2 − OH

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 21

 Chemistry
(‡n·v-4-AvBb-1-Aj)
\ /
(iii) ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z /C = C\ I −CHO G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z hy³ _vK‡j, −CHO cÖavb MÖæc Ges
\ /
/C = C\ AcÖavb MÖæc wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
6 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 − CH = CH − CH2 − CH2 − CHO
(‡n·v -4-Bb-1-A¨vj)
\ / \ \
(iv) ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z /C = C\ I /C = O G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z hy³ _vK‡j, /C = O G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z
hy³ _vK‡j, C = O cÖavb MÖæc Ges C = C AcÖavb MÖæc wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
O
∥
6
CH3 − 5CH = 4CH − 3CH2 − 2C − 1CH3
(‡n·-4-Bb-2-Ib)
\ /
(v) ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z /C = C\ I −COOH G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z hy³ _vK‡j, − COOH cÖavb MÖæc Ges
\ /
/C = C\ AcÖavb MÖæc wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
6
CH3 − 5CH = 4CH − 3CH2 −2CH2 − 1COOH
(‡n·-4-Bb-1-IwqK GwmW)
\ / \
(vi) ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z /C = C\ I −OH G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z hy³ _vK‡j, /C = O cÖavb MÖæc Ges −OH AcÖavb MÖæc
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
O
∥
1
CH3 − C − 3CH2 − 4CH2 − OH
2

(4-nvBWªw·weDU-2-Ib)
\ \
(vii) ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z −CHO I /C = O G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z hy³ _vK‡j, −CHO cÖavb MÖæc Ges /C = O AcÖavb
MÖæc wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
O
∥
5
CH3 − C − 3CH2 − 2CH2 − 1CHO
4

(4-A‡·v‡c›Uvb¨vj)
(viii) ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z − COOH I −OH G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z hy³ _vK‡j, − COOH cÖavb MÖæc Ges −OH AcÖavb
MÖæc wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
OH

5
CH3 − 4CH − 3CH2 − 2CH2 − 1COOH
(4-nvBWªw·‡c›Uv‡bvwqK GwmW)
(ix) ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z − COOH I −NH2 G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z hy³ _vK‡j, − COOH cÖavb MÖæc Ges −NH2
AcÖavb MÖæc wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
NH2

5
CH3 − 4CH2 − 3CH − 2CH2 − 1COOH
(3-A¨vwg‡bv‡c›Uv‡bvwqK GwmW)
\
(x) ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z − COOH I /C = O G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z hy³ _vK‡j, − COOH cÖavb MÖæc Ges
\
/C = O AcÖavb MÖæc wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
O
∥
5
CH3 − 4C − 3CH2 − 2CH2 − 1COOH
(4-A‡·v‡c›Uv‡bvwqK GwmW)
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 22
 Chemistry
(xi) ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z − COOH I −Cl G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z hy³ _vK‡j, − COOH cÖavb MÖæc Ges −Cl AcÖavb
MÖæc wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
Cl

4
CH3 − 3CH − 2CH2 − 1COOH
(3-‡K¬v‡ivweDUv‡bvwqK GwmW)
(x) ‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z C = O I −NH2 G `ywU MÖæc GKB †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z hy³ _vK‡j, C = O cÖavb MÖæc Ges −NH2 AcÖavb MÖæc
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
NH2 O
 ∥
CH3 − CH− CH − CH2 − C − CH3
(4-A¨vwg‡bv‡n·-2-Ib)

wZbwU Kvh©Kix g~jKhy³ †hŠ‡Mi bvgKiY

OH O
 ∥
1. 6CH3 − 5CH2 − 4CH− 3CH2 − 2C − 1CHO (4-nvBWªw·-2-A‡·v‡n·vb¨vj)
OH

2. 7CH3 − 6CH = 5C − 4CH2 − 3CH2 − 2CH2 − 1CHO (5-nvBWªw·-‡nÞ-5-Bb-1-A¨vj)

O
∥
3. CH3 − 5C − 4CH2 − 3CH = 2CH − 1COOH (5-A‡·v‡n·-2-Bb-AwqK GwmW)
6

Cl OH
 
6
4. CH3 − 5CH − 4CH − 3CH2 − 2CH2 − 1COOH (5-‡K¬v‡iv-4-nvB‡Wªvw· †n·v‡bvwqK GwmW)

Cl

5. 6CH2 − 5C− 4CH2 − 3CH2 − 2CH2 − 1CHO (5-‡K¬v‡iv‡n·-5-Bb-1-A¨vj)
Cl O
 ∥
6. 4CH = 3CH − 2C − 1CH3 (4-‡K¬v‡ivweDwU-3-Bb-2-Ib)

CH3 OH OH
  
5
7. CH3 − 4CH − 3CH − 2CH − 1CHO (2,3-WvBnvBWªw·-4-wg_vBj‡c›Uvb¨vj)

NH2 OH O
  ∥
5
8. CH3 − CH − CH − 2C − 1CH3
4 3
(4-A¨vwg‡bv-3-nvBWªw·‡c›Uv‡bvb-2)

O
∥
6
9. CH3 − 5C − 4CH2 −3CH = 2CH − 1COOH (5-A‡·v‡n·-2-B‡bvwqK GwmW)

CH3 NH2 CH3 O

   ∥

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 23

 Chemistry
7
10. CH3 − 6CH − 5CH2 − 4CH − 3CH − 2C − 1CH3 (4-A¨vwg‡bv-3,6-WvBwg_vBj‡nÞ-2-Ib)

5 4 3 2 1
11. CH2 = CH − CH = CH − COOH (‡c›U-2,4-WvB Bb-1-AwqK GwmW)

‰Re avZe †hŠ‡Mi bvgKiY

‡hme †hŠ‡M Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡_ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv avZe cigvYy mivmwi ivmvqwbKfv‡e hy³ _v‡K Zv‡`i ˆRe avZe †hŠM e‡j| G RvZxq
†hŠ‡Mi bvgKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î A¨vjwKb ev A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki bv‡gi mv‡_ avZzi bvg hy³ Kiv nq| Avi hw` †Kv‡bv AavZe MÖæc hy³ _v‡K
Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î g~j k‡ãi †ÿ‡Î Zv †hvM Kiv nq| hw` A¨vjwKb ev A¨vjKvBb g~j‡Ki msL¨v GK‡Ki AwaK nq Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î MÖæ‡ci
msL¨vbyhvqx WvB, UªvB, cÖf…wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
D`vniY¯^iæc: 1. CH3 − Li 2. CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − Li
(wg_vBj wjw_qvg) (†cÖvcvBj wjw_qvg)

CH3 − CH2 CH3 − CH2

3. Zn 4. Cd
CH3 − CH2 CH3 − CH2
(WvB B_vBj wRsK) (WvB B_vBj K¨vWwgqvg)

CH3 − CH2 CH2 − CH3 C6 H9

5. Pb 6. Zn
CH3 − CH2 CH2 − CH3 C6 H9
(†UUªv B_Bj †jW,TEL) (WvB wdbvBj wRsK)

7. CH3 − Mgl 8. CH3 − CH2 − MgCl

(wg_vBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg Av‡qvWvBW) (B_vBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg †K¬vivBW)

9. C6 H5 − HgCl 10. C6 H5 − MgBr

(wdbvBj gviKvix (ii) †K¬vivBW) (wdbvBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg †eªvgvBW

ivRkvnx †evW©Ñ 2000

IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg †jL t
(i) CH3 − CH2 − CH − C ≡ CH (DB- 07) 3-wg_vBj †c›UvBb-1

CH3
(ii) CH3 − CH − CH − COOH (RB- 07) 2- A¨vwg‡bv-3-wg_vBj weDUv‡bvwqK GwmW
 
CH3 NH2
O
∥
(iii) CH3 − C − O − CH2 − CH3 (ChB-05;CB-02) B_vBj B_v‡bv‡qU
CH3 Cl
 
(iv) CH3 − CH − CH − CHO 2-†K¬v‡iv-3-wg_vBj weDUvb¨vj

O CH3
∥ 

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 24

 Chemistry
(v) CH3 − CH2 − C − C − CH3 2,2-WvB wg_vBj †c›Uv‡bvb-3

CH3

wb¤œwjwLZ ¸‡jvi ms‡KZ wjL t

(i) 2,2,4-UªvB wg_vBj †c‡›Ub (DB-03,05;CB-02,07;JB-00,08;ChB-01)
CH3 CH3
 
CH3 − C− CH2 −CH − CH3

CH3
(ii) 2-‡eªv‡gv-3-‡K¬v‡iv †nw·b (DB-05;CB-02)
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH − C = CH2
 
Cl Br
(iii) 2,3-WvB wg_vBj weDUvbj
CH3 − CH −CH − CH2 − OH
 
CH3 CH3
(iv) wcKwiK GwmW (RB-04,08;ChB-04;CB-02,06,07;DB-07)
OH
O2 N NO2

NO2

ivRkvnx †evW©Ñ 2001

wb‡¤œi ms‡KZ ¸‡jvi bvg wjL t

(i) − CH2 − NH2 (RB-05,12;SB-07) ‡ebRvBj A¨vwgb

OH
Br Br

(ii) 2,4,6-UªvB †eªv‡gv †dbj

Br
O−

(iii) wd‡bU Avqb ev wd‡bv·vBW Avqb

(iv) CH3 − CH − C ≡ C − CH3 4-‡eªv‡gv †c›UvBb-2

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 25
 Chemistry

Br

wb‡¤œi †hŠM ¸‡jvi MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL t

(i) A¨v‡m‡Uv‡d‡bvb (RB-02,03,08; DB-02,08; JB-07) (ii) m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW
CO−CH3 OH
COOH

(iii) mvjdvwbwjK GwmW (RB-05,11; SB-08) (iv) BDwiqv

NH2

H2 N − CO − NH2

SO3 H

(v) β+ Møy‡KvR HO−C−H

H−C−OH
HO−C−H
H−C−OH
H−C−HO
CH2 OH

ivRkvnx †evW©Ñ 2002

IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg †jL t
(i) O2 N − CCl3 (RB-04,07; DiB-09; CB-04) UªvB †K¬v‡iv bvB‡Uªv wg‡_b

(ii) CH3 − CH − CH2 − CH3 (RB-09) 2-wg_vBj weDUvb¨vj


CHO
wb‡¤œi †hŠM ¸‡jvi MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL t
(i) 2,4-WvB wg_vBj weDwUb-1 (GiKg bvg nq bv| GUvi cÖK…Z bvg 2-wg_vBj †cw›Ub-1)
CH2 − CH2 − C = CH2
 
CH3 CH3
(ii) A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb (RB-01,03,08; DB-02,08; JB-07 G †`L)
(iii) c¨viv bvB‡Uªv‡dbj (RB-05; JB-05 G †`L)

ivRkvnx †evW©Ñ 2003

IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg †jL t
O
∥
(i) CH3 − C − O2 − CH2 − CH3 B_v‡bvwqj B_vBj cvi A·vBW
(ii) (CH3 )3C − OH (RB-09; DB-02,07; CB-06,11; JB-07,10) 2-wg_vBj-2-‡cÖvcvbj
(iii) Br − CH = CH2 (RB-11, JB-05; CB-08) ‡eªv‡gv Bw_b

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 26

 Chemistry
(iv) CH3 − CH = CH − CHO (RB-06; DB-04) 2-weDwUb¨vj
O
∥ CH3
(v) CH3 − C − N (RB-09; DB-03; ChB-01; CB-05; JB-05; SB-06; ChB-10)
CH3 N,N-WvB wg_vBj B_vb¨vgvBW

wb‡¤œi †hŠM ¸‡jvi MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL t

(i) B_vb WvB AwqK GwmW (RB-09; CB-00,02,04; JB-01,05,07) HOOC − COOH
CH3 − N − CH3

(ii) N,N-WvB wg_vBj A¨vwbwjb (RB-06; JB; CB-04; BB-02,04)

(iii) weDU-3-Bb-1-Aj (RB-07; DiB-11) CH2 = CH − CH2 − CH2 − OH

CH− CH2
(iv) wdbvBj Bw_b (RB-07; JB-06)

(v) A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb (RB-01,02,08; DB-02,08; JB-07 G †`L)

ivRkvnx †evW©Ñ 2004

IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg †jL t
(i) O2 N − CCl3 (RB-07; CB-04; SB-08; CB12) UªvB †K¬v‡iv bvB‡Uªv wg‡_b
(ii) CH3 − CH (CH3 ) − CH (Cl) − COOH 2- †K¬v‡iv-3-wg_vBj weDUv‡bvwqK GwmW
(iii) CH3 − CH − CH2 − CHO (RB-05,07; DiB-09; JB-05,09; ChB07; CB-04,06,07; DB-03)
 3-nvB‡Wªvw· weDUvb¨vj
OH
(iv) CH3 − CH2 − CH − CO − CH3 3-wg_vBj †c›Uv‡bvb-2

CH3
(v) CH3 − CH − C ≡ C − CH3 4-wg_vBj-2-‡c›UvBb

CH3

wb‡¤œi †hŠM ¸‡jvi MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL t

(i) 2,4-WvB bvB‡Uªv wdbvBj nvBWªvwRb (DB-11;BB-04;CB-06;ChB-08;JB-10
NH− NH2

NO2

NO2
H CH3
(ii) UªvÝ-2-weDwUb (ChB-08) C=C
H3 C H
CH3
O2 N NO2
(iii) wU. Gb. wU (JB-00; CB-06; DB-07)

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 27

 Chemistry

NO2
(iv) wcKwiK GwmW (RB-00,08; ChB-04; CB-06, DB-07 G †`L)

ivRkvnx †evW©- 2005

IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg †jL t
CH3

(i) CH3 − CHBr − CH = C − CH3 (DB-07) 4-‡eªv‡gv-2-wg_vBj †cw›Ub-2

(ii) −CH2 − NH2 (RB-01; SB-07) †ebRvBj A¨vwgb

(iii) CH3 − CH−CH2 − CHO (RB-04,07; JB-05; ChB-07; CB-07) 3-nvBWªw· weDUvb¨vj

OH

wb‡¤œi †hŠM ¸‡jvi MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL t

(i) mvjdvwbwjK GwmW (RB-01 G †`L) (ii) weDU-3-Bb-1-Aj (RB-03; DiB-11 G †`L)
OH

(iii) c¨iv bvB‡Uªv †dbj (RB-02; DiB-11; JB-05)

NO2

ivRkvnx †evW©- 2006

IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg †jLt
(i) CH3 − C− CH (CH3 )3 3-wg_vBj weDUv‡bvb
∥
O
(ii) CH3 − C ≡ C − COOH (RB-07) 2-weDUvB‡bvwqK GwmW
H3 C − N − CH3

(iii) (RB-11;DiB-09;CB-04,08;JB-05,07;ChB-04;DB-07,10;JB-07,09;BB-02,04,07)

N,N-WvB wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bv †ebwRb

wb‡¤œi †hŠM ¸‡jvi ms‡KZ wjL t

(i) ‡µv‡UvbvjwWnvBW (RB-03;DB-04;BB-07) CH3 − CH = CH − CHO
(ii) MøvBwmb (RB-10;CB-00,03) H2 N − CH2 − COOH
(iii) ‡n·v A¨vKzqv †Kvevë †K¬vivBW [Co(H2 O)6 ]Cl3

ivRkvnx †evW©- 2007

IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg †jLt

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 28

 Chemistry
(i) CH3 − CH (OH) −CH2 − CHO (RB-04,05;JB-05;ChB-07;CB-07) 3-nvBWªw· weDUvb¨vj
(ii) CH3 − CH = CH − COOH (RB-09;DB-05;JB-08;ChB-08;BB-08) 2- weDwU‡bvwqK GwmW
(iii) CH3 − CH − CH − COOH (RB-00) 2-A¨vwg‡bv-3-wg_vBj weDUv‡bvwqK GwmW
 
CH3 NH2

wb‡¤œi †hŠM ¸‡jvi ms‡KZ wjL t

(i) GwWwcK GwmW t HOOC − (CH2 )4 − COOH
(ii) Kuv`y‡b M¨vm t (RB-04;CB-04;SB-08) O2 N −CCl3

CH3 = CH2

(iii) wdbvBj Bw_b t (RB-03;JB-06)

ivRkvnx †evW©- 2008

IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg †jLt
(i) CH3 − C ≡ C − C(CH3 )3 4,4-WvB wg_vBj †c›UvBb-2
(ii) CH ≡ C − CO − CH3 1- †c›UvBb-3-Ib
(iii) CH2 (OH) − CH(OH) − CH2 (OH) (CB-03) 1,2,3-‡cÖv‡cb UªvBAj

wb‡¤œi †hŠM ¸‡jvi ms‡KZ wjL t

CO− CH3

(i) A¨vwm‡Uv‡dbb t (RB-01,02,03,12;DB-02,08;JB-07)

OH
O2 N NO2
(ii) wcKwiK GwmW (RB-00,04;ChB-04,11;CB-02,06,07;DB-07,10

NO2
(iii) Møy‡KvwbK GwmW HOOC − (CHOH)4 − CH2 OH

ivRkvnx †evW©- 2009

IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg †jLt
(i) (CH3 )3C −OH (RB-03,12;DB-02,07;CB-06,11;JB-07,10) 2-wg_vBj-2-‡cÖvcvbj
(ii) CH3 − CH − CH2 − CH3 (RB-02) 2-wg_vBj weDUvb¨vj

CHO
(iii) CH3 − CH = CH − COOH (RB-07;DB-05;JB-08;ChB-08;BB-08;ChB-11) 2-weDwU‡bvwqK GwmW

wb‡¤œi †hŠM ¸‡jvi ms‡KZ wjL t

(i) wW. wW. wU t eB †_‡K †`‡L wb‡e|

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 29

 Chemistry
(ii) B_vb WvB AwqK GwmW (RB-03;CB-00,02,04; JB-01,05,07) HOOC− COOH

O
∥ 𝐶𝐻3
(iii) N,N-WvB wg_vBj B_vb¨vgvBW (RB-03;DiB-11;DB-03;ChB-01;CB-05; 𝐶𝐻3 −C−N
JB-05;SB-06;BB-09) 𝐶𝐻3

ivRkvnx †evW©- 2010

IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg †jLt
(i) (CH3 )4 C (DB-10) 2,2-WvB wg_vBj †cÖv‡cb
(ii) HOOC − COOH (RB-03,09;CB-00,02,04;JB-01,05,07) B‡_b WvB AwqK GwmW
(iii) CH3 − CH2 − CH (OH) − COOH (CB-10) 2-nvB‡Wªvw· weDUv‡bvwqK GwmW

MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL t

(i) MøvBwmb (RB-03,09; CB-00,02,04;JB-01,05,07) H2 N CH2 − COOH
H3 C CH3
(ii) wmm&-2-weDwUb (DB-11;CB-10) C=C
H H

ivRkvnx †evW©- 2011

wb‡Pi †hŠM¸‡jvi MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjLt
(i) ‡eªv‡gv Bw_b (RB-03;JB-05;CB-08) Br−CH = CH2
(ii) N,N-WvB wg_vBj A¨vwbwjb (RB-06;DB-09;CB-04,08;JB-05,07;ChB-04,11; H3 C− N − CH3
DB-07,10;JB-07,09;BB-02,04,07)
NH2
(iii) mvjdvwbwjK GwmW (RB-01,05;SB-08;CB-11)

SO3 H

ivRkvnx †evW©- 2012

IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg †jLt
(i) (CH3 )3C − OH (RB-03,09;DB-02,07;CB-06,11;JB-07,10,12) 2-wg_vBj-2-‡cÖvcvbj
(ii) CH2 = CH − CH = CH2 1,3-weDUv WvB Bb

(iii) − CH2 − NH2 (RB-01,05;CB-12) ‡ebRvBj A¨vwgb

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 30

 Chemistry

IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi bvg †jLt

Cl
• CH3 − CH (CB-08;SB-10) 1,1-WvB †K¬v‡iv B‡_b
Cl
• CH3 − CH2 −CH2 −CO − CH3 (CB-08) 2-‡c›Uv‡bvb

CH2
∥
• CH3 − CH2 − C − CH −CH2 − CH3 (JB-08;BB-01) 2,3-WvB B_vBj †cw›Ub-1

CH2 − CH3
• C(CH3 )3 − C(CH3 )3 (DB-11;ChB-08;SB-03) 2,2,3-‡UUªv wg_vBj weD‡Ub
• CH3 − CH − CH −CH2 − CH3 (ChB-08) 2-B_vBj-3-wg_vBj weDUvb¨vj
 
CH3 CHO
O
∥
• C − CH3 RB-01,02,03,08;DB-02) wdbvBj B_v‡bvb

• HO− CH2 − CH(OH) − CHO (DB-05) 2,3-WvBnvBWªw· †cÖvcvb¨vj

• CH3 − CH (CH3 ) − CH (Cl) − COOH (CB-06;JB-07) 2‡K¬v‡iv-3-wg_vBj weDUv‡bvwqK GwmW
• Cl2 CH − CH2 − CH2 − OH (CB-05) 3,3-WvB †K¬v‡iv †cÖvcvbj-1
•
O
∥
• CH3 − CH = CH − C− CH3 (CB-03) 3-‡cw›Ub-2-Ib
• O2 N − CH2 − CH2 − COOH (CB-03) 3- bvB‡Uªv †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW
• CH3 − CH2 − CH − CH3 (CB-02) 3-wg_vBj †n‡·b

C3 H7
Cl
• (ChB-06) 4-‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW

OSO2 H
O OH
∥ 
• CH3 − C − N − CH3 (ChB-05) N-nvB‡Wªvw·- N-wg_vBj B_vb¨vgvBW
• CH3 − CH − CH2 − CH2 − OH (ChB-05) 3-(N,N-WvB wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bv) weDUvbj-1

N(CH3 )2
• (CH3 )3C − (CH2 )4 − CH (Cl) −CHO (ChB-03) 2-‡K¬v‡iv-7,7-WvB wg_vBj A±vb¨vj
• −CON(CH3 )2 (ChB-03) N,N-WvB wg_vBj †ebR¨vgvBW

• (CH3 )2CH − CH = CH − CH2 CO CH3 (ChB-03;JB-10) 6-wg_vBj-4-‡nwÞb-2-Ib

• CH3 (CH2 )2 − CHCl − CH2 − CH(NH2 ) − COOH (ChB-03) 2-A¨vwg‡bv-4-‡K¬v‡iv †nÞv‡bvwqK GwmW

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 31

 Chemistry
• CH3 − CH2 − C ≡ C − CH2 − CH2 − OH (ChB-03) 3-‡n·vBb-1-Aj
• CH3 − C = CH − CH = CH2 (ChB-02) 4-wg_vBj-1,3-‡c›U WvB Bb

CH3
• CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − N(CH3 )2 (ChB-02) N,N-WvB wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bv weD‡Ub
• CH3 − CH(OH) −CH(CH3 )−CH2 − COOH (ChB-02) 4-nvBWªw·-3-wg_vBj †c›Uv‡bvwqK GwmW

• CH3 − CH− CH2 − C(CH3 )2 −CH2 − CH3 (JB-01) 3,3,5-UªvB wg_vBj †n‡Þb

C2 H5
• CH3 − CH2 − CH − CH2 − CH − CH3 (JB-01) 2-B_vBj-4-wg_vBj †c›Uvb¨vj
 
CHO CH3
• CH3 − (CH 2 3 − O − C3 H7
) (JB-01) †cÖvcw· weD‡Ub
• CH3 − (CH2 )3 − N −CH2 − CH3 (BB-06;ChB-07) N-B_vBj- N-wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bv B‡_b

CH3
• CH ≡ C − CH2 − CHO (BB-05) 3-weDUvBb¨vj
• CH3 − CH2 − CH − CH2 − COOH (BB-05) 3-wdbvBj †c›Uv‡bvwqK GwmW

• CH2 OH − CH2 OH (BB-07) 1,2-B‡_b WvB Aj

• CH ≡ C − CH = CH2 (BB-07) 1-weDwUb-3-AvBb
• CH3 − C = CH2 (DB-10) 2-wg_vBj weDwUb

C2 H5
• CH2 = CH − CH = CH2 (DB-11;CB-10;JB-10) 1,3 -weDUv WvB-Bb
• CH3 − CH − CH − NH − CH3 (BB-10) 2-( N-wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bv) 3-wg_vBj weD‡Ub
 
CH3 CH3
• CH3 − CH − CH − COOH (DB-11) 3-A¨vwg‡bv-2-nvBWªw· weDUv‡bvwqK GwmW
 
NH2 OH

wb‡¤œi †hŠM ¸‡jvi ms‡KZ wjL t

 3- †cw›Ub (DB-05) CH3 − CH2 − CH = CH − CH3 (bvgwU fzj Av‡Q, 3-
†cw›Ub nq bv;GwU 2- †cw›Ub n‡e|)
HOOC COOH
 wm&m weDwUb WvB AwqK GwmW (DB-04) C=C
H H
COOH

 Lactic acid (DB-04) H− C − OH

CH3
C2 H5

 B_vBj wg_vBj Kvwe©bj (DB-04) CH3 − CH − OH
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 32
 Chemistry
NH2
 mvjdvwbjvgvBW (DB-04;JB-10)

SO2 NH2
 wfbvBj †K¬vivBW (DB-04) CH2 = CHCl
 UªvB †K¬v‡iv A¨vwmwUK GwmW (CB-04) Cl3 C−COOH
 dmwRb (CB-03;JB-01;ChB-04) COCl2
CH3

 WvB wg_vBj Kvwe©bj (CB-03,11;JB-01;SB-05;ChB-04) CH3 − CH − OH
H O
 ∥
 A¨vwmU¨vwbjvBW (CB-03;JB-10) −N− C−CH3

 ‡Kvivj CaCO3
 g‡bv †eªv‡gv B_v‡bvwqK GwmW (CB-01) Br− CH2 − COOH
COOC2 H5
 B_vBj †eb‡Rv‡qU (JB-03;SB-07)

 Møy‡KvwiK GwmW HOOC − (CHOH)4 − COOH


O2 N NO2
 T.N.B (SB-02)

NO2
 wg_vBj Kvwe©bj (ChB-11) CH3 − CH2 − OH
 A¨v‡µvwjb (JB-11) CH2 = CH − CHO
 wfbvBj †K¬vivBW (HSC-13) CH2 = CH − Cl

weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z †gwW‡Kj, BwÄwbqvwis Ges wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿvq

Avmv IUPAC,D™¢~Z I mvaviY c×wZi bvgKi‡Yi GKvs‡ki mgvavb t
 CH3 − CH − CH − CH2 − CH3 (‡W›U.94-95) 2,3-WvB wg_vBj †c‡›Ub
 
CH3 CH3
 H3 C − CH − CH2 − CH− CH2 − CH3 (DU 05-06) 4-Ethyl-2-methyl hepatane
 
CH3 CH2 − CH2 − CH3
 CH3 − C = HC − CH3 (DU 00-01) 3-methyl-2-pentene

CH2 − CH3
 CH ≡ C − CH2 − CH − CH3 (DU 96-97) 4-wg_vBj †nÞvBb-1

CH2 CH3
 (CH3 )2CH − CH2 −CH2 Br (DU 07-08) 1- bromo – 3 – methyl butane
 CH3 − COOH (RU ACCT 08-09) B_v‡bvwqK GwmW

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 33

 Chemistry
 (CH3 )2CH − CH2 OH (RU 07-08) 2-wg_vBj †cÖvcvbj
 CH3 − CO − CH2 − CH2 − CH3 (RU 07-08) ‡c›Uv‡bvb-2
 CH3 CH = CHCH2 CH3 (RU 06-07) 2-‡cw›Ub
 CH2 = CH − COOH (RU ACCT 09-10) 2-cÖwc‡bvwqK GwmW
 CHCl3 (RU ACCT 09-10) UªvB‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b
 CH3 (CH 2 2 CHClCH2 CH(NH2
) )COOH (RU Fr 09-10) 2-Gwg‡bv-4-‡K¬v‡iv †nÞv‡bvwqK GwmW
OH

 CH3 − CH − CH2 − CHO (BUET 99-00) 3-nvBWªw· weDUvb¨vj
 HOOC − COOH (BUET 99-00) B‡_b WvB AwqK GwmW
 (CH3 )2CH − CH2 −CHO (RUET 04-05) 3-wg_vBj weDUvb¨vj
CH2
∥
 CH3 − CH2 − C − CH − CH2 − CH3 (BUET 09-10) 2,3- diethylpentene - 1

CH2 − CH3
 C6 H5 CONH2 (‡gwW.+ †W›Uv. 03-04) †ebRvgvBW
 CH3 − CH2 − CHO (‡W›U. 09-10) †cÖvcvb¨vjwWnvBW
 (CH3 )3CCH2 CH(CH3 )2 (DU 07-08) 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

 CH3 − C = HC − CH2 − CH3 (Tex 00-01) 2-wg_vBj-2-‡cw›Ub


CH3
 CH2 = CH − CO − CH3 (Tex 00-01) 3-Bb-2-weDUv‡bvb
 CH3 − CH − COOH (Tex 00-01) 2-A¨vwg‡bv †cÖvcv‡bvwqK

NH2
 CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH − C ≡ CH (Agri U 06-07) 3-B_vBj †n·vBb-1

CH2 − CH3
 CH2 = CH − CHO (‡gwW. 07-08) 2-‡cÖvwcb¨vj (A¨v‡µvwjb)
 (ChU 11-12) ‡c›U-1-Bb-1-Aj
OH
‰Re I A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi cv_©K¨
cv_©K¨ ‰Re †hŠM A‰Re †hŠM
‰Re †hŠ‡Mi Kve©b Aek¨B _vK‡e Kve©‡bi mv‡_ ‡h †Kvb `y Bev Z‡ZvwaK †gŠ‡ji A‰Re †hŠM
mshyw³ H, O, N, S BZ¨vw` †gŠj hy³ _v‡K| MwVZ nq|‡hgb, HCl, H2 O
†hgb,wg_vbj (CH3 OH)
cÖavbZ mg‡hŠRx eÜb MVb K‡i| †hgb,
H
eÜb cÖK…wZ  AwaKvsk A‰Re †hŠM AvqwbK eÜb Øviv MwVZ
H−C−H (mg‡hvRx eÜb) nq| †hgb, Na+ Cl−

H
Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ wb¤œ Mjbv¼ I ùyUbv¼ wewkó †hgb, wg_vb‡ji Giv D”P Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ wewkó| †hgb, NaCl
ùzUbv¼ 64.50 C Gi Mjbv¼ 8150 C
`ªve¨Zv ˆRe `ªve‡K `ªeYxq wKš‘ †cvjvi `ªve‡K A`ªeYxq †cvjvi `ªve‡K `ªeYxq wKš‘ ˆRe `ªve‡K A`ªeYxq
`nb `n‡b †Kvb Ae‡kl _v‡K bv| `n‡b Ae‡kl _v‡K|

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 34

 Chemistry
msL¨v K¨v‡U‡bkvb I mgvbyZv a‡g©i Kvi‡Y G‡`i msL¨v A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v cÖvq 90 nvRvi|
cÖvq 60 j‡ÿ¨i Dc‡i
wewµqvi †KŠkj I MwZ ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi wewµqvi †KŠkj RwUj I axi MwZi| A‰Re wewµqvi †KŠkj AvqwbK cÖK…wZi I
`ªæZMwZm¤úbœ|
Zwor cwievnxZv AvqwbZ nq bv ZvB Zwor cwienb K‡i bv| A‰Re †hŠM MwjZ ev AvqwbZ Ae¯’vq Zwor
cwienb K‡i|
mg‡MvÎxq †kÖYx ‰Re †hŠM ¸wj‡K mg †MvÎxq †kÖYx‡Z web¨¯Í Kiv A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi Giæc †Kvb my‡hvM †bB|
hvq|

dzjvwib
K¨v‡U‡bk‡bi GKwU we‡kl D`vniY nj dzjvwib (Fullerines) bvgK Kve©‡bi GKwU we‡kl †kÖYxi iæc‡f`| MÖvdvBU I WvqgÛ ev
nxiK QvovI weÁvbxiv 1985 wLª÷v‡ã Kve©‡bi we‡kl †kÖYxi iæc‡f` Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| G iæc‡f`mg~‡ni AYy‡Z 30-70 wU Kve©b
cigvYy mg‡hvRx e܇b Ave× _v‡K| Gme iæc‡f‡`i †hgb, C32 , C50 , C60 , C70 Gi bvgKiY nq dzjvwibm| iæc‡f` C60 Gi
AvYweK MVb nj weL¨vZ ¯’cwZ eyK&wgÝ&Uvi dzjvi wbwg©Z Ôfz‡MvjK AvK…wZi M¤^yRÕ Gi gZ| ZvB iæc‡f` C60 †K eyK&wgb&÷vi dzjvwib
ev ÔevwK ejÕ ejv nq| G we‡kl dzjvwib AYy‡Z lvUwU Kve©b cigvYy (AvYweK fi 720) sp2 msKwiZ Ae¯’vq ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ GKK
eÜb Øviv Ave× hvi MVb AvK…wZ dzUe‡ji gZ|

mgvYyZv
‡h mKj †hŠ‡Mi AvYweK ms‡KZ GK Ges Awfbœ nIqv m‡Ë¡I MvVwbK ms‡K‡Zi wewfbœ Kvi‡b wewfbœ †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK a‡g© Kg ev
†ewk cv_©K¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i Zv‡`i‡K mgvYy e‡j Ges G NUbv‡K mgvYyZv e‡j|
D`vniY: weD‡Ub (C4 H10 ) Øviv MwVZ `yBwU mgvYyZvi †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK a‡g© h‡Zó cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| †hgbÑ G‡`i ùyUbv¼
wfbœ| CH3

CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH3 CH3 − CH − CH3
0
n weD‡Ub (ùzUbv¼,−5 C) iso -weD‡Ub (ùzUbv¼,−10.20C)
cÖKvi‡f`:
mgvYyZv cÖavbZ `yB ai‡bi| h_vÑ 1. MvVwbK ev KvVv‡gvMZ mgvYyZv
2. wÎgvwÎK ev †÷wiI mgvYyZv
MvVwbK mgvbyZv: †hŠ‡Mi AYycw¯’wZ wewfbœ cigvYyi mv¤¢ve¨ GKvwaK Ae¯’vb web¨v‡mi cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨ †h mgvYyZv D™¢e N‡U Zv‡K
MvVwbK mgvYyZv e‡j|
‡kÖYxwefvM :
MvVwbK mgvbyZv †gvUvgywU cuvP iK‡gi| h_vÑ 1. †PBb ev wkKj mgvYyZv
2. Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv
3. Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv
4. iæcvšÍi mgvYyZv ev †gUvgvwiRg
5. U‡UvgvwiRg
1. †PBb ev wkKj mgvYyZv : ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYyw¯’Z Kve©b wkK‡ji MV‡bi cv_©‡K¨i R‡b¨ m„ó mgvYyZv‡K wkKj mgvYyZv ev †PBb
mgvYyZv e‡j|
D`vniY: n -weD‡Ub Ges iso -weD‡Ub Df‡qi AvYweK ms‡KZ C4 H10 Giv ci®ú‡ii wkKj mgvbyZv|
CH3

CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH3 CH3 − CH − CH3
0
n weD‡Ub (ùzUbv¼,−5 C) iso -weD‡Ub (ùzUbv¼,−10.20 C)

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 35

 Chemistry
2. Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv : ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi Kve©b wkK‡j wØ-eÜb I wÎ-e܇bi Ae¯’vb A_ev cÖwZ¯’vwcZ cigvYy ev Kvh©Kixg~j‡Ki Ae¯’v‡bi
cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡b D™¢yZ mgvYyZv‡K Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv e‡j| ïaygvÎ G‡`i AYy‡Z wØ-eÜb ev wÎ-e܇bi Ae¯’vb wKsev Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki
Ae¯’vb wfbœ nq|
D`vniY: weDwUb-1 I weDwUb-2 (Df‡qi AvYweK ms‡KZ C4 H8 ) ci®ú‡ii Ae¯’vb mgvYy| KviY G‡`i AYy‡Z wØ-e܇bi Ae¯’vb
wfbœ|
CH2 = CH − CH2 − CH3 CH3 − CH = CH − CH3
0
weDwUb-1 (ùzUbv¼,−6.5 C) weDwUb-2 (ùzUbv¼,1.40 C)
3. Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv : GKB AvYweK ms‡KZ wewkó †hŠMmg~‡ni AYycw¯’Z Kvh©Kixg~j‡Ki wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y D™¢zZ mgvYyZv‡K
Kvh©Kixg~jK mgvYyZv e‡j|
D`vniY : C2 H6O ms‡KZ Øviv MwVZ `yBwU mgvYyi GKwU A¨vj‡Kvnj I Ab¨wU B_vi| h_vÑ
CH3 − CH2 −OH CH3 −O− CH3
0
B_vbj (ùzUbv¼,78.3 C) WvBwg_vBj B_vi (ùzUbv¼,−250 C)

4. iæcvšÍi mgvYyZv ev †gUvgvwiRg : GKB mg‡MvÎxq †kÖYxi AšÍf©y³ mgvYy¸‡jv‡Z Kvh©Kixg~j‡Ki Dfq cv‡k Kve©b cigvbyi
Amgweb¨v‡mi d‡j m„ó mgvYyZv‡K †gUvgwiRg e‡j Ges Giæc mgvYyMy‡jv‡K ci¯ú‡ii †gUvgvi e‡j|

mvaviYZ w؇hvRx Kvh©Kix g~jK hy³ †hŠM †hgbÑ B_vi, wK‡Uvb Ges †m‡KÛvix A¨vwg‡bi †ÿ‡Î †gUvgvwiRg N‡U|
D`vniY : C4 H10 O ms‡KZ wewkó `yBwU B_vi †gUvgvi m¤¢e| h_vÑ
CH3 −O− CH2 − CH2 − CH3 CH3 − CH2 − O− CH2 − CH3
0
wg_vBj †cÖvcvBj B_vi (ùzUbv¼,39 C) WvB B_vBj B_vi (ùzUbv¼,34.50 C)
O O
∥ ∥
CH3 − CH2 − C − CH2 − CH3 CH3 − C − CH2 − CH2 − CH3
(‡c›Uv‡bvb-3) (‡c›Uv‡bvb-2)

5. U‡UvgvwiRg : hLb `ywU mgvYyi wgkÖ‡Yi mgvYyMy‡jvi g‡a¨ MwZkxj mvg¨ve¯’v weivR K‡i ZLb Zv‡K U‡UvgvwiRg e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : U‡UvgvwiRg GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv| G cÖwµqvq mgvYy¸‡jv mvaviY Ae¯’vq GK cÖKvi Kvh©Kixg~jK
m¤^wjZ KvVv‡gv †_‡K ¯^Z:ùzZ©fv‡e wewfbœ cÖKvi Kvh©Kixg~jK m„wói gva¨‡g Ab¨ KvVv‡gv‡Z iæcvšÍwiZ nq Ges Dfq KvVv‡gv
mvg¨ve¯’vq weivR K‡i| GRb¨ U‡UvgvwiRg‡K MwZkxj Kvh©Kixg~jK mgvYyZvI e‡j|
D`vniY : O OH
∥ 
CH3 − C − CH3 ⇌ CH3 − C = CH2
(wK‡Uv iæ‡c) (B‡bvj iæ‡c)

Ae¯’vwbK mgvYyZv ev †÷wiI mgvYyZv

‡hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z cigvYy ev g~j‡Ki wÎgvwÎK ¯’vwbK web¨v‡mi cv_©K¨ †nZz Zv‡`i †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK a‡g© cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| †mme
†hŠM‡K †÷wiI mgvYy e‡j Ges Giæc ag© cÖ`k©b‡K †÷wiI mgvYyZv ejv nq|
‡÷wiI mgvYy¸‡jv wÎgvwÎK MVb‡K KbwdMv‡ikb e‡j| Ae¯’vwbK ev †÷wiImgvYyZv Avevi `yÕcÖKvi| h_vÑ
(1) R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv Ges
(2) Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYyZv
R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv
GKB AvYweK ms‡KZ I MvVwbK ms‡KZ wewkó †hŠ‡Mi Kve©b-Kve©b e܇bi gy³ AveZ©b m¤¢e bv n‡j `yÕcÖKv‡ii KbwdMv‡ikb ev
wÎgvwÎK web¨v‡mi m„wó nq| Zv‡`i ci®úi‡K R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv e‡j|
A¨vjwKb †hŠ‡M R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZvi KviY : Kve©b-Kve©b wØe܇b Kve©b-cigvYymg~n sp2 msKwiZ| sp2 Awe©Uv‡ji Awaµg‡Y σ-
e܇bi m„wó nq Ges p-Awe©Uv‡ji cvkcvwk Awaµg‡Y cvB (π) e܇bi D™¢e nq| cvB-e܇bi Dcw¯’wZ AYy‡K GKwU mywbw`©ó Ae¯’v‡b

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mxgve× K‡i iv‡L| C = C e܇bi Kve©b cigvYyØq Ges Kve©‡bi mv‡_ hy³ cigvYymg~n GKB mgZ‡j Aew¯’Z Ges Zv‡`i ¯’vwbK
web¨vm mywbw`©ó| C = C eÜb‡K wN‡i AveZ©b m¤¢e bq| †Kbbv, AveZ©b n‡j π-e܇bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wejyß n‡e| ZvB, A¨vjwKb †hŠ‡M
Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb‡K wN‡i AveZ©‡bi cÖwZeÜKZvB R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZvi cÖavb KviY|
D`vniY : (i) 2-weDwUb Gi `ywU ¯’vwbK web¨vm:
H3 C CH3 H3 C H
C=C C=C
H H H CH3
wmm-weDwUb-2 UªvÝ-2-weDwUb
✓ R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©bKvix
• mvaviYZ cÖwZ¯’vwcZ A¨vjwKbmg~n;
• PvwµK †hŠMmg~n R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©Y K‡i| weDwUb-2 Gi `ywU R¨vwgwZK mgvYy m¤¢e| Zv‡`i GKwU n‡jv wmm-weDwUb-2
I AciwU n‡jv UªvÝ-weDwUb-2 |
H3 C CH3 H3 C H
C=C C=C
H H H CH3
0
cis-weDwUb-2 (b.p 4 C) trans-weDwUb-2(b.p 0.90C) [b.p = boiling point]
`ywU KbwdMv‡ik‡bi g‡a¨ m`„k cigvYy ev g~jKØq hLb wØeÜbhy³ Kve©b؇qi GKB w`‡K _v‡K, ZLb D³ mgvYy‡K wmm-mgvYy e‡j
(Lt. cis = same side)| Aciw`‡K `ywU GKB g~jK ev cigvYy wØeÜbhy³ Kve©b؇qi `ywU‡K ev wecixZ w`‡K _vK‡j, ZLb D³
mgvYy‡K UªvÝ-mgvYy e‡j (Lt. tans = across)| GRb¨ R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv‡K wmm-UªvÝ mgvYyZvI ejv nq|
R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZvi kZ©
Awjwdb RvZxq †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq I h_v_© kZ©¸‡jv wb¤œiæc:
1. mvaviYZ wØ-eÜbwewkó ˆRe †hŠM R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i| A_©vr wØ-eÜb _vKvi Kvi‡Y †mB e܇bi AveZ©b evavMÖ¯Í nq|
d‡j mswkøó †hŠMwU R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
A_©vr Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb ev wÎeÜb ev PvwµK Kve©b-Kve©b e܇bi gy³ N~Y©b m¤¢e bv n‡j R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZvi D™¢e N‡U|
2. Awjwdb RvZxq Z_v wØ-eÜbhy³ mKj ˆRe †hŠMB †h R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i Ggb †Kvb K_v †bB| Z‡e †h mKj †hŠ‡M
wØe܇bi KbwdMv‡ikb wb¤œiæc ïaygvÎ ZvivB R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
✓ abc = Cab (a ≠ b); h_vÑ
H3 C CH3 H3 C H
C=C C=C
H H H CH3
cis-2-weDwUb trans -2-weDwUb
✓ abc = Cbd (a ≠ b & b ≠ d); h_vÑ
H3 C Cl H3 C H
C=C C=C
H H H Cl
cis-2-‡K¬v‡iv‡cÖvwcb-1 trans -2--‡K¬v‡iv‡cÖvwcb-1
✓ abc = Cde (a ≠ b & b ≠ e); h_vÑ
Kve©b-Kve©b wØe܇b Ave× Kve©b cigvYy؇qi mv‡_ hy³ PviwU MÖæc hw` ci®úi †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ nq A_©vr Cad = Cde nq Z‡e
G‡`i AvYweK ms‡KZ Øviv m„ó mgvYyK‡K wmm&-UªvÝ mgvYyK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq bv| G‡`i mgvYyK‡K cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î IUPAC
bZzb GKwU c×wZi ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q| G c×wZi bvg E - Z c×wZ| Rvg©vb kã ÔÔ EntgegenÕÕ †_‡K E- cÖZxK Ges Rvg©vb kã
ÔÔZusammenÕÕ †_‡K Z cÖZxK wPýwU MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Entgegen A_©vr wecixZ Ges Zusammen A_© GK mv‡_| hw` Cad

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= Cde ‡hŠMwUi †ÿ‡Î µgwba©viY wbqgvbymv‡i a > b Ges d > e nq,Z‡e R¨vwgwZK mgvYyK `ywU‡K Z Ges E mgvYyK wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ Kiv nq|
a d a c
C=C C=C
b c b d
Z-mgvYyK E-mgvYyK
AMÖvwaKvi g~jK a I d AMÖvwaKvi g~jK a I d
wØe܇bi GKB w`‡K wØe܇bi wecixZ w`‡K
D`vniY¯^iæc: 3 2 1
CH3 − CBr = CHCl
2-‡eªv‡gv-1-‡K¬v‡iv‡cÖvc-1-Bb Gi †ÿ‡Î:

H3 C H H3 C Cl
C=C C=C
Br Cl Br H
Z-mgvYyK E-mgvYyK

Excluisve
mvaviYZ Cab = Cab , Cab = Cad ev Cab = Cde ai‡bi AYy R¨vwgwZK mgvYy cÖ`k©b K‡i| Caa = Cab ai‡bi AYy R¨vwgwZK
mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i bv| PvwµK AYyi KvVv‡gv‡Z Awfbœ cigvYy ev g~jK¸‡jv GKcv‡k¦© _vK‡j wmm Ges wecixZ cv‡k¦© _vK‡j UªvÝ
mgvYy m„wó nq|
R¨vwgwZK mgvYy؇qi mvaviY ag©
(1) UªvÝ-mgvYyi †P‡q wmm-mgvYyi Mjbv¼ Kg nq;
(2) wmm-mgvYyi myw¯’wZ Kg (Af¨šÍixY kw³ †ewk),‡m‡nZz wmm-mgvYyi `nb Zvc †ewk nq|
(3) UªvÝ-mgvYyi †P‡q wmm-mgvYyi `ªve¨Zv, cÖwZmiv¼ †ewk nq| wmm-UªvÝ mgvYyi GKwU my›`i D`vniY n‡jv g¨v‡jwqK GwmW (wmm-
weDwUb WvBIwqK GwmW) I wdDgvwiK GwmW (UªvÝ-weDwUb WvBIwqK GwmW)
HOOC COOH HOOC H
C=C C=C
H H H COOH
wmm-weDwUb WvBIwqK GwmW UªvÝ-weDwUb WvBIwqK GwmW
(g¨v‡jwqK GwmW) (wdDgvwiK GwmW)
Zv‡`i Mjbv¼ wfbœ nq (wmm mgvYy 1350 C Ges UªvÝ mgvYy 2870 C)|wmm mgvYy A_©vr g¨v‡jwqK GwmW‡K DËß Ki‡j A¨vbnvBWªvBW
MVb K‡i; wKš‘ UªvÝ mgvYy A_©vr wdDgvwiK GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW MVb K‡i bv|

O O
H C H C
C OH C
1600 𝐶
→ O + H2 O
C C
OH

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H C H C
O O
wmm-weDwUb WvBIwqK GwmW wmm&-weDwUb WvBIwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW
(g¨v‡jwqK GwmW) (g¨v‡jwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW)

Av‡jvK mwµq (AcwUK¨vj) mgvYyZv

Av‡jvK mgvYyZv : ˆRe imvq‡b GKB AvbweK ms‡K‡Zi AwaKvix Ggb A‡bK †hŠM m„wó nq hvi GKB wÎgvwÎK MVb wewkó Ges me
†fŠZ I ivmvqwbK a‡g© GK I Awfbœ wKš‘ GK mgZjxq Av‡jvi †ÿ‡Î wfbœiæc AvPiY K‡i e‡j Zv‡`i‡K Av‡jvK mwµq mgvYy ev
Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM ejv nq Ges Zv‡`i G ag©‡K Av‡jvK mgvYyZv ejv nq|
e¨vL¨v : CH3 − CH(OH) − COOH ms‡KZ wewkó †hŠMwU nj j¨vKwUK GwmW| j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi `ywU wÎgvwÎK MVb KvVv‡gv
ci®ú‡ii `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ (wPÎ l Ges ll)| myZivs Giv j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi `ywU mgvYy| Giv GKwU GK mgZjxq Av‡jvi mgZj‡K Nwoi
KuvUvi N~Y©‡bi w`‡K I AciwU Nwoi KuvUvi N~Y©‡bi wecixZ w`‡K Nyivq| cÖ_‡gv³ mgvYy‡K d-j¨vKwUK GwmW Ges †k‡lv³wU‡K/
j¨vKwUK GwmW e‡j|

wPÎ : j¨vKwUK GwmW AYy PZ¯ÍjKxq MV‡b cÖ`wk©Z|

D`vniY : j¨vKwUK GwmW [CH3 − CH(OH) − COOH], 2-wg_vBj-1 weDUvbj [C2 H5 − CH(CH3 ) − CH2 OH], sec-
weDUvBj †K¬vivBW [C2 H5 − CH(Cl) − CH3 ] BZ¨vw` †hŠMmg~n AcwUK¨vj mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|

‡Kvb AYyi wbw`©ó ¯’vwbK web¨vm ev m¾v‡K KbwdMv‡ikb ejv nq|

Av‡jvK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©‡bi kZ©mg~n
Av‡jvK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ GKwU †hŠ‡Mi AYyi wÎgvwÎK MV‡b wb‡Pi kZ©mg~n †g‡b Pj‡Z nqÑ
1. Av‡jvK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ c`v_©‡K Av‡jvK mwµq n‡Z nq|
2. †hŠ‡Mi AYyi wÎgvwÎK MV‡b AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYy ev KvBivj †K›`ª _v‡K|
3. Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM Zj mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡Z wfbœ wfbœ w`‡K AveZ©b K‡i|
4. `ywU KbwdMv‡ikb _v‡K hviv G‡K Ac‡ii Dci A-Dcwi¯’vcbxq Ges `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^|
5. †hŠ‡Mi AYyi wÎgvwÎK MV‡b GKvšÍi A‡ÿi cÖwZmvg¨ Abycw¯’Z _v‡K|
KvBivj Kve©b
GKwU ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z †Kvb Kve©b cigvYy mv‡_ PviwU ci¯úi wfbœ GK‡hvRx cigvYy ev g~jK hy³ _vK‡j H Kve©b‡K AcÖwZmg
Kve©b ev KvBivj Kve©b e‡j|
cÖKvk : KvBivj Kve©b‡K †hŠ‡Mi MvVwbK ms‡K‡Z ZviKv (*) wPý Øviv †`Lv‡bv nq|
‰ewkó¨ : KvBivj Kve©b cigvYywewkó †Kvb ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi GKvwaK wÎgvwÎK MVb KvVv‡gv ci¯úi `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ n‡j, ZLb H wfbœ
MV‡bi mgvYy¸‡jv Av‡jvK mwµq n‡q _v‡K|
e¨vL¨v : Av‡jvK mwµq c`v_©mg~n Av‡jvK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i| Av‡jvK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ cÖavb kZ© nj †hŠ‡M AcÖwZmg Kve©b
ev KvBivj Kve©‡bi Dcw¯’Z|

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wPÎ : Cabde AYyi MVb Ges Gi `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^

Kve©b cigvbyi mv‡_ hy³ cigvby ev g~jK PviwU a, b, d, e nq Z‡e †hŠMwUi AYy n‡e Cabde Gi `ywU wfbœ MVb cvIqv hvq GB
MVb؇qi GKwUi MVb KvVv‡gv AciwUi `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ nq|
D`vniY : 2-nvBWªw· †cÖvcvbwqK GwmW (j¨vKwUK GwmW) Ges 2-nvBWªw· †cÖvc¨vb¨vj AYy‡Z (*) wPwýZ Kve©b cigvYywU AcÖwZmg|
CHO CHO
 
H−C−OH HO−C−H
 
CH3 CH3
2-nvBWªw· †cÖvcvb¨vj j¨vKwUK GwmW (2-nvB‡Wªvw· †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW)

Gw›Ugvi ev GbvbwmIgvi
AcÖwZmg Kve©b msewjZ †Kvb †hŠM AYy I Gi `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ ci®úi mgvcwZZ bv n‡j Giæc `yB wfbœ MV‡bi AYy Av‡jvK mwµq nq|
ZLb Giæc `yB Av‡jvK mwµq mgvby‡K Gw›Ugvi ev GbvbwmIgvi ev A¨vw›UcW e‡j| G cÖKvi Av‡jvK mwµqZv‡K GbvbwmIgvwiR
ejv nq|
ag© : `ywU GbvbwmIgvi mgvYyi †fŠZ ag© I ivmvqwbK GKB; GgbwK Av‡jvK mwµqZv gvÎvqI mgvb AveZ©b cÖ`k©b K‡i wKš‘ †KejgvÎ
AveZ©‡bi w`K wfbœ nq|
D`vniY : d-j¨vKwUK GwmW I l j¨vKwUK GwmW ci®ú‡ii `ywU GbvbwmIgvi| G‡`i `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ wb¤œiæc:

d-j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi Av‡cwÿK AveZ©b +2.240 Ges l j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi Av‡cwÿK AveZ©b −2.240 | A_©vr Dfq †ÿ‡Î AveZ©b
gvÎv mgvb| wKš‘ w`K wecixZ|
Admission Concept
✓ A¨vj‡K‡bi mgvYy: Kve©b msL¨v 4 Gi Kg n‡j mgvYyK nq bv|
Kve©b msL¨v ms‡KZ mgvYy msL¨v
4 C4 H10 2
5 C5 H12 3
6 C6 H14 5
7 C7 H16 9
8 C8 H18 18

✓ Cn H2n mshyw³ †hŠ‡Mi mgvYyi msL¨v I MvVwbK ms‡KZ wbY©q

A¨vjwKb (wØeÜb hy³ gy³ wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©b) †hŠ‡Mi mvaviY ms‡KZ Ges PvwµK A¨vj‡Kb (mvB‡µv A¨vj‡Kb) †hŠ‡Mi mvaviY
ms‡KZ GKB Cn H2n | Z‡e wZb Kve©b Qvov Pµ m¤¢e bq| myZivs GKB mshyw³i wZb ev wZ‡bi AwaK Kve©b wewkó †hŠ‡Mi me©wb¤œ
(C3 -Gi †ÿ‡Î) `ywU webœ KvVv‡gvi †hŠM _vK‡Z cv‡i| h_v : gy³ wkKj †hŠM Ges PvwµK †hŠM|
CH2

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 40

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D`vniY : CH2 = CH − CH3 I
‡cÖvwcb H2 C CH2
mvB‡K¬v †cÖv‡cb

myZivs G‡ÿ‡Î mgvYyi msL¨v 2| Z‡e Cn H2n mshyw³i †hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi msL¨v e„w× †c‡j G ai‡bi mgvYyi msL¨v e„w× cvq| †hgbÑ
gy³ wkKj: (1) CH2 = CH −CH2 − CH3 Ges (2) CH3 − CH = CH− CH3
weDU-1-Bb weDU-2-Bb
(K) C4 H8 (n=4) Gi †ÿ‡Î :
weDwUb CH2 −CH2 CH2
PvwµK : (3)   Ges (4)
CH2 −CH2 H2 C CH− CH3
mvB‡K¬v weD‡Ub wg_vBj mvB‡K¬v †cÖv‡cb
(L) C5 H10 (n = 5) Gi †ÿ‡Î
†cw›Ub CH3
gy³ wkKj †hŠMÑ 
(1) CH2 = CH−CH2 − CH2 − CH3 (2) CH3 − CH=CH −CH2 − CH3 (3) 4CH3 −3CH −2CH =1CH2
(‡c›U-1-Bb) (‡c›U-2-Bb) (3-wg_vBj weDU-1-Bb)
CH3 CH3
 
(4) CH3 − C = CH − CH3 (5) CH2 = C − CH2 − CH3
(2-wg_vBj weDU-2-Bb) (2-wg_vBj weDU-1-Bb)

PvwµK †hŠMÑ
CH2 −CH2
CH2 −CH2 CH2 CH − CH3
(6) CH2 CH2 (7) (8)
CH2 − CH − CH3 HC− CH3
CH2
(mvB‡K¬v †c‡›Ub) (2-wg_vBj mvB‡K¬vweD‡Ub) (1,2-WvBwg_vBj mvB‡K¬v †cÖv‡cb)
CH2 CH − C2 H5
(9)
CH2
(B_vBj mvB‡K¬v †cÖv‡cb)
myZivs C5 H10 mshyw³i †hŠ‡Mi mgvYyi msL¨v 9|

✓ A¨vjKvBb †hŠ‡Mi mgvYyi I ms‡KZ wbY©q

A¨vjKvBb †hŠ‡Mi mvaviY ms‡KZ Cn H2n−2 | GKB mvaviY ms‡K‡Zi Av‡iv `yB ai‡bi nvB‡W&ªvKve©b †hŠM Av‡Q| h_vÑ (1) `ywU
wØ-eÜbhy³ A¨vjwKb (WvB-Bb) †hŠM Ges (2) mvB‡K¬v A¨vjwKb †hŠM|
`yB Kve©b wewkó Cn H2n−2(C2 H2 ) mshyw³i †hŠ‡Mi msL¨v GKwU Gi mgvYy nq bv| Z‡e wZb ev wZ‡bi AwaK Kve©b wewkó Cn H2n−2
mshyw³i †hŠ‡Mi GKvwaK mgvYy Av‡Q| G‡`i ms‡KZ I msL¨v wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

3-Kve©b wewkó Cn H2n−2 mvaviY ms‡K‡Zi nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠ‡Mi mgvYyi msL¨v I ms‡KZ
Cn H2n−2 mvaviY ms‡K‡Z wZb ai‡bi mgvYy n‡Z cv‡i| h_vÑ
(1) 1wU wÎeÜb hy³ gy³ wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©b|
(2) 2wU wØeÜb hy³ gy³ wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©b|
(3) 1wU wØeÜb hy³ PvwµK nvB‡WªvKve©b|
AZGe, 3 Kve©bwewkó Cn H2n−2 A_©vr C3 H4 AvYweK ms‡K‡Zi mgvYy msL¨v n‡e wZbwU Ges G‡`i MvVwbK ms‡KZ n‡jv:
(i) CH3 − C ≡ CH (ii) CH2 = C = CH2 (iii) HC CH
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 41
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(†cÖvcvBb) (†cÖvcvWvB Bb)

CH2
(mvB‡K¬v‡cÖvwcb)
4-Kve©b wewkó Cn H2n−2 A_©vr C4 H6 AvYweK ms‡K‡Zi mgvYymg~n
(K) 1wU wÎeÜbhy³ gy³ wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©b (msL¨v 2wU)
(i) CH3 − CH2 − C ≡ CH (ii) CH3 − C ≡ C − CH3
(weDwU-1-AvBb) (weDwU-2-AvBb)
(L) 2wU wØ-eÜbhy³ gy³ wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©b (msL¨v 2wU)
(i) CH2 = CH − CH = CH2 (ii) CH3 − CH2 = C = CH2
(weDU-1,3-WvBBb) (weDU-1,2-WvBBb)
(M) 1wU wØ-eÜbhy³ PvwµK nvB‡WªvKve©b (msL¨v 2wU)
HC CH HC
(i) (ii) CH − CH3
H2 C CH2 HC
(mvB‡K¬v weDwUb) (wg_vBj mvB‡K¬v‡cÖvwcb)
myZivs C4 H6 AvYweK ms‡K‡Zi †gvU mgvYyi msL¨v 6 wU|

5-Kve©b wewkó Cn H2n−2 A_©vr C5 H8 AvYweK ms‡K‡Zi mgvYymg~n

(K) 1wU wÎ-eÜb hy³ gy³ wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©b (msL¨v 3wU)
CH3

(i) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − C ≡ CH (ii) CH3 − CH2 − C ≡ C − CH3 (iii) CH3 − CHC ≡ CH
(‡c›U-1-AvBb) (†c›U-2-AvBb) (3-wg_vBj weDU-1-AvBb)
(L) 2wU wØ-eÜbhy³ gy³ wkKj nvB‡WªvKve©b (msL¨v 5wU)
(i) CH2 = CH − CH = CH − CH3 (ii) CH2 = CH − CH2 − CH = CH2
(‡c›U-1,3-WvBBb) (†c›U-1,4-WvBBb)
CH3 CH3
 
(iii) CH2 = C = CH − CH2 − CH3 (iv) CH2 = C = C − CH3 (v) CH2 = C − CH = CH2
(‡c›U-1,2-WvBBb) (3-wg_vBj weDU-1,2-WvBBb) (2-wg_vBj weDU-1,3-WvBBb)
(M) 1wU wØ-eÜbhy³ PvwµK nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠM (msL¨v 5wU)
HC CH HC CH HC CH
 
(i) H2 C CH2 (ii) (iii)
CH2 H2 C CH− CH3 CH − C2 H5
(mvB‡K¬v‡cw›Ub) (wg_vBj mvB‡K¬v weDwUb) (B_vBj mvB‡K¬v †cÖvwcb)

HC C− CH3 H3 C − C C− CH3
(iv) (v)
CH− CH3 CH
(2,3-WvB wg_vBj mvB‡K¬v †cÖvwcb) (1,2-WvBwg_vBj mvB‡K¬v †cÖvc-1-Bb)
AZGe C5 H8AvYweK ms‡KZ †hŠ‡Mi †gvU mgvYy msL¨v 13wU|
• wb‡¤œv³ †hŠM¸wj †Kvb ai‡bi mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e ?
(i) CH2 = CH − CH = CH2

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 42

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‡hŠMwU GKwU KbyR‡M‡UW WvBBb wm‡÷g hv 2 Ges 3 bs Kve©‡bi gy³ NY©b evavMÖ¯’ ZvB G‡Z GKK e܇bi mv‡c‡ÿ R¨vwgwZK
mgvYyZv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e hv wb¤œiæc:
H H CH2 H
C-C C-C
H2 C CH2 H CH2
wmm&- 1,3-weDUvWvBb UªvÝ-1,3-weDUvWvBb
(ii) C6 H5 − CH = CH − COOH
‡hŠMwUi wØ-eÜb hy³ cÖwZwU Kve©‡bi `yB †hvRbx‡Z 2wU wfbœ MÖæc _vKvq R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i| G‡Z GKwU †÷wiI‡m›Ui
_vKvq Gi R¨vwgwZK mgvYy n‡e 2wU hv wb¤œiæc:
C6 H5 COOH C6 H5 H

C=C C=C
H H H COOH
wmm wmbvwgK GwmW UªvÝ wmbvwgK GwmW

• A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW Gjvwb‡bi mgvYyZv wK cÖK…wZi Ges †Kb ?

Gbvwb‡bi ms‡KZ CH3 −CH − COOH ev H2 N −CH (CH3 ) − COOH

NH2
†h †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Kve©‡bi PviwU †hvRbx ci¯úi wfbœ GK‡hvRx cigvYy ev g~jK Øviv c~Y© _v‡K Zviv Av‡jvK mwµq nq| Gbvwb‡bi C
PviwU wfbœg~jK ev cigvYy Øviv hy³ _vKvq GwU mgZjvewZ©Z Av‡jvK Zj‡K Wv‡b I ev‡g AveZ©b K‡i| wcÖR‡gi g‡a¨ w`‡q Pvjbv
Ki‡j `ywU KvVv‡gv m„wó nq| KvVv‡gv `ywU ci¯úi `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ Ges Giv ci¯úi Dcwi¯’vcbxq bq| ZvB Giv ci¯ú‡ii GbvbwkIgvi|
COOH HOOC
 
∗
H2 N − C − H H − *C− NH2
 
CH3 H3 C

✓ wb‡¤œv³ †hŠM¸wji mgvYyi KvVv‡gv wjL :

(i) C3 H8 Gi mgvYy wK wK ?
Ans: C3 H8 ‡hŠMwU A¨vj‡Kb| A¨vj‡K‡bi †ÿ‡Î C msL¨v 3 wewkó †hŠ‡Mi †Kvb cÖKvi mgvYy nq bv|
(ii) C4 H10 Gi mgvYyÑ
(a) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH3 (b) CH3 − CH − CH3
weD‡Ub 
CH3
2-wg_vBj †cÖv‡cb (iso-weD‡Ub)
GwU wkKj mgvYyZv| G‡`i AvYweK ms‡KZ GKB n‡jI wkK‡ji wfbœZvi Rb¨ ci¯ú‡ii mgvYy|

✓ GwU Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î wØe܇bi Ae¯’v‡bi cv_©K¨ N‡U‡Q|
(iii) CH3 − CH(OH) − COOH (j¨vKwUK GwmW) Gi mgvYyÑ

j¨vKwUK GwmW GKwU Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM| G‡Z GKwU KvBivj Kve©b we`¨gvb| KvBivj Ke©‡bi mgvYyZvi
m~Î 2𝑛 . GLv‡b, n = KvBivj Kve©b msL¨v|

ZvB, j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi mgvYy = 2n = 21 = 2wU

COOH HOOC Note: g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ Wvb w`‡K
OH _vK‡j d-j¨vKwUK GwmW Ges
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) evg w`‡K _vK‡j l-j¨vKwUK GwmW| 43
 Chemistry
 
H − C − OH HO − C*− H
 
CH3 H3 C
d-mgvYy l-mgvYy
(v) C6 H5 − CH (NH2 ) − CHO Gi mgvYyZvÑ
D³ †hŠ‡M KvBivj Kve©b 1wU ZvB mgvYy n‡e 2wU| d‡j †hŠMwU Av‡jvK mwµq nIqvq `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ Avjv`v n‡e|
CHN OHC
 
H − C − NH2 H2 N − C*− H
 
C6 H5 C6 H5
d-mgvYy l-mgvYy

✓ CxHyO cÖK…wZi †hŠM¸wj A¨vj‡Kvnj, B_vi, A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uvb aviY K‡i| Z‡e CxHyO Gi Type 2wU| h_vÑ
(i) Cx Hy ⟶ A¨vj‡Kb type; ‡hgbÑ C3 H8 O
(ii) Cx Hy ⟶ A¨vj‡Kb type; ‡hgbÑ C4 H8 O
✓ CxHyO Gi A¨vj‡Kb type †hŠ‡Mi mgvYy (−OH Ges −O−) †kÖYxi nq
(i) C2 H6 Gi mgvYy 2wU| h_vÑ
CH3 − O − CH3 CH3 − CH2 − OH
WvB wg_vBj B_vi B_vbj
ev, wg‡_vw· wg‡_b
(ii) C3 H8O Gi mgvYy 3wU| h_vÑ
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − OH CH3 − CH − CH3 CH3 − O− CH2 − CH3

‡cÖvcvbj OH B_vBj wg_vBj B_vi
‡cÖvcvbj-2 ev, wg‡_vw· B‡_b
(iii) C4 H10O Gi mgvYy 6wU| h_vÑ
OH

(a) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 OH (b) CH3 − CH −CH2 − CH3 (c) CH3 −C− CH3
weDUvbj  
OH CH3
weDUvbj-2 2-wg_vBj †cÖvcvbj-2
(d) CH3 −O−CH2 − CH2 −CH3 (e) CH3 − CH2 −O−CH2 − CH3 (f) CH3 − CH −CH3
wg‡_vw· †cÖv‡cb B‡_vw· B‡_b 
ev, †cÖvcvBj wg_vBj B_vi ev, WvB-B_vBj B_vi O− CH3
2-wg‡_vw· †cÖv‡cb

✓ CxHyO Gi A¨vjwKb type †hŠ‡Mi mgvYy (−CHO Ges −CO−†kÖYxi)

(i) C3 H6O Gi mgvYy 2wU| h_vÑ
(a) CH3 − CH2 − CHO (b) CH3 −CO−CH3
‡cÖvcvb¨vj †cÖvcv‡bvb/A¨vwm‡Uvb
(ii) C4 H8O Gi mgvYy 3wU| h_vÑ
O
∥
(a) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 −CHO (b) CH3 −CH−CHO (c) CH3 −C− CH2 − CH3

weDUvb¨vj CH3 weDUv‡bvb-2
2-wg_vBj †cÖvcvb¨vj

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(iii) C4 H11 N Gi mgvYy nq 3 ai‡bi, †hgbÑ
(a) ‡PBb mgvYyZv: GKB AvYweK ms‡KZ hy³ wKš‘ A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki Kve©b wkK‡ji wfbœZv †nZz A¨vwgb¸‡jv †PBb mgvYyZv
cÖ`k©b K‡i| ‡hgb, C4 H11 N-AvYweK ms‡K‡Zi wb‡¤œv³ †PBb mgvYy m¤¢e|

CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − NH2 CH3

1-A¨vwg‡bv weDwUb 
CH3 −CH− CH2 − NH2
2-wg_vBj-1-A¨vwg‡bv †cÖv‡cb
(b) Ae¯’vb mgvbyZv: GKB AvYweK ms‡KZ hy³ wKš‘ Kve©b wkK‡j A¨vwg‡bv g~j‡Ki wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ A¨vwg‡b Ae¯’vb
mgvYyZvi D™¢e N‡U| †hgb, C4 H11 N-AvYweK ms‡K‡Zi wb‡¤œv³ Ae¯’vb mgvYy m¤¢e|
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − NH2 NH2
1-A¨vwg‡bv weDwUb 
CH3 −CH− CH2 − CH3
2-A¨vwg‡bv weD‡Ub
(c) ‡gUvgvwiRg: GKB AvYweK ms‡KZ A¨vwg‡bi N cigvYyi m‡½ hy³ A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki wewfbœZvi Kvi‡Y †gUvgvwiRg
†`Lv hvq| †hgb, C4 H11N-AvYweK ms‡K‡Zi wb‡¤œv³ †gUvgvi mgvYy m¤¢e|
C2 H5 −NH− C2 H5 CH3 − NH − C3 H7
WvB wg_vBj A¨vwgb wg_vBj-‡cÖvcvBj A¨vwgb
(iv) C3 H9N ‡hŠ‡Mi mgvYy 3wUÑ
GKB AvYweK ms‡KZ hy³ A¨vwg‡bi Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki wfbœZvi Rb¨ 10 ,20 ,30 A¨vwgbiæ‡c mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i| †hgb,
C3 H9 N ms‡K‡Zi wb‡¤œv³ wZb †kÖYxi A¨vwgb mgvYy Av‡Q|
CH3
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − NH2 CH3 − NH − C2 H6 CH3 − N
CH3
0 0
n-‡cÖvcvBj A¨vwgb (1 ) B_vBj wg_vBj A¨vwgb (2 ) UªvBwg_vBj A¨vwgb (30 )
(v) C7 H9 N (A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb) Gi mgvYyÑ
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwg‡b Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv I Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv G `yÕcÖKvi mgvYyZv †`Lv hvq| †hgb, C7 H9N AvYweK
ms‡K‡Zi 4wU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK mgvYy I 1wU †ebRvBj A¨vwgb bvgK A¨vwj‡dwUK ag©wewkó A¨vwgb m¤¢e| †hgb,
CH3 CH3 CH3 NH−CH3 CH2 − NH2
NH2

NH2

2-A¨vwg‡bv UjyBb (10 ) 3-A¨vwg‡bv UjyBb(10 ) NH2 N-wg_vBj A¨vwbwjb (20 ) †ebRvBj A¨vwgb(10 )
4-A¨vwg‡bv UjyBb

✓ mgvYyZv Extra
g‡bv Kv‡e©vw·wjK GwmW-Gi mvaviY ms‡KZ : Cn H2n+1COOH
AvYweK ms‡KZ hw` A¨vjwKb I AwZwi³ `ywU Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi nq Z‡e m¤¢ve¨ mgvYyK †hŠM n‡e g‡bvKv‡e©vw·wjK GwmW I G÷vi|
†hgb, C2 H4 O2 , C3 H6 O2 , C4 H8 O2 , C5 H10 O2 BZ¨vw`|
n = 2, C2 H4 O2
(i) CH3 − COOH (ii) H −COO − CH3
B_v‡bvwqK GwmW wg_vBj wg_vb‡qU
n = 3, C3 H6 O2
(i) CH3 − CH2 − COOH (ii) CH3 − COO − CH3 (iii) H −COO − CH2 − CH3
‡cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW wg_vBj B_vb‡qU B_vBj wg_vb‡qU
n = 4, C4 H8 O2
CH3

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
(i) 4CH3 − 3CH2 − 2CH2 − 1COOH (ii) 3CH3 − 2CH − 1COOH (iii) CH3 − CH2 − COO − CH3
weDUv‡bvwqK GwmW 2-wg_vBj †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW wg_vBj †cÖvcvb‡qU
CH3

(iv) CH3 − COO− CH2 − CH3 (v) H −COO −CH2 −CH2 −CH3 (vi) H −COO −2CH− CH3
B_vBj B_vb‡qU †cÖvcvBj wg_vb‡qU 2-wg_vBj B_vBj wg_vb‡qU
✓ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi mgvYy
• Type-1: cÖwZ¯’vcK 2wU Ges GKB ai‡bi n‡j mgvYy nq 3wU| G‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU A‡_©v, GKwU c¨viv Ges AciwU †gUv mgvYy|
C4 H8 (CH3 )2 Gi mgvYy 3wUÑ
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3

CH3
CH3
A‡_©v-WvBwg_vBj †ebwRb †gUv-WvBwg_vBj †ebwRb c¨viv-WvBwg_vBj †ebwRb
ev, A‡_v©-RvBwjb ev, †gUv-RvBwjb ev, c¨viv-RvBwjb
ev, 1,2-WvBwg_vBj ‡ebwRb ev, 1,3-WvBwg_vBj †ebwRb ev, 1,4-WvBwg_vBj †ebwRb
Abyiæ‡c C6 H4 Br2 Gi mgvYy 3wUÑ
Br Br Br
Br

Br
Br
A‡_©v WvB‡eªv‡gv †ebwRb †gUv WvB‡eªv‡gv †ebwRb c¨viv WvB‡eªv‡gv †ebwRb
ev, 1,2-WvB †eªv‡gv †ebwRb ev, 1,3-WvB‡eªv‡gv †ebwRb ev, 1,4-WvB‡eªv‡gv †ebwRb

• Type-2: cÖwZ¯’vcK 2wU ci®úi wfbœ n‡j mgvYy wZbwUB nq|

(a) C6 H4 (CH3 )2Cl Gi mgvYyÑ
CH3 CH3 CH3
Cl

Cl Cl
A‡_©v †K¬v‡iv UjyBb †gUv‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb c¨viv †K¬v‡iv UjyBb
(b) C6 H4 (CH3 )2 NO2 Gi mgvYyÑ
CH3 CH3 CH3
NO2

NO2
NO2
A‡_©v-bvB‡UªvUjyBb †gUvbvB‡Uªv UjyBb c¨viv-bvB‡Uªv UjyBb

(c) C6 H4 (OH)CH3 Gi mgvYyÑ

OH OH OH
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 46
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CH3

CH3 CH3
A‡_©v-wµmj †gUv wµmj c¨viv wµmj
ev, 2-wg_vBj †dbj ev,3-wg_vBj †dbj ev,4-wg_vBj †dbj

• Type-3: cÖwZ¯’vcK 3wU Ges Zviv GKB n‡jÑ mgvYy nq 3wU| †hgbÑ C4 H3 Cl3 Gi mgvYyÑ
Cl Cl Cl
Cl Cl

Cl Cl Cl Cl
1,2,3-UªvB †K¬v‡iv †ebwRb 1,3,5-UªvB †K¬v‡iv †ebwRb 1,2,4-UªvB‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb

g‡b‡iL:
✓ cÖwZ¯’vcK 2wU GKB I Z…ZxqwU wfbœ n‡j mgvYy n‡e = 6wU|
✓ cÖwZ¯’vcK 3wUB wfbœ n‡j mgvYy n‡e = 10wU|
• wd«-‡iwWK¨vj¸‡jv LyeB mwµq I ÿY¯’vqx|
• ‡÷wiI mgvYyi wÎgvwÎK wP·K KbwdMv‡ikb e‡j|
• wb‡Kj wcÖRg K¨vjmvBU (CaCO3 ) bvgK wgkÖ LwbR c`v_© †_‡K cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
• d-j¨vKwUK GwmW I l-j¨vKwUK GwmW h_vµ‡g Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM| KviY G‡`i †K›`ªxq Kve©b cigvYyi KvBivj †K›`ª ev AcÖwZmg
Kve©b|
• Kve©b cigvYyi e¨vmva© : 0.077nm (1nm = 10−9m)
• †mvwWqvg j¨v¤ú †_‡K GKeYx© Av‡jv wbM©Z nq| Gi Zi½‰`N©¨ : 5893Å
• †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi Av‡jvi mwµqZv †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ cwigvY Kiv nq Zv‡K †cvjvwiwgUvi e‡j|
• d-j¨vKwUK GwmW‡K gvsk‡ckx †_‡K cvIqv hvq|
• l-j¨vKwUK GwmW‡K UK `wa †_‡K cvIqv hvq|

✓ g~jK hy³ nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi mgvYyZv

ms‡KZ bvg mgvYyK msL¨v
C2 H6 O B_vBj, WvBwg_vBj B_vi 2
C3 H6 O ‡cÖvcvb¨vj, A¨vwm‡Uvb 2
C4 H6 O A¨vjwWnvBW, wK‡Uvb 3
C5 H10 O A¨vjwWnvBW, wK‡Uvb 7
C2 H4 O2 GwmwUK GwmW I wg_vBj di‡gU 2

‡iwmwgK wgkÖY
`ywU GbvbwmIgvi mgvYyi †fŠZ ag© I ivmvqwbK ag© Awfbœ _v‡K| GgbwK AYyi Av‡jvi AveZ©‡bi gvÎvI mgvb wKš‘ AveZ©‡bi w`K
m¤ú~Y© wecixZ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb, d-j¨vKwUK GwmW I l-j¨vKwUK GwmW n‡jv ci¯úi `ywU GbvbwmIgvi| 250 C ZvcgvÎvi d-
j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi Av‡cwÿK AveZ©‡bi gvÎv +2.240 Ges GKB ZvcgvÎvq l-j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi Av‡cwÿK AveZ©‡bi gvÎv −2.240 |
A_©vr Dfq Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z AveZ©‡bi gvÎv mgvb wKš‘ AveZ©‡bi w`K wecixZ| ZvB Giv ci®ú‡ii GbvbwmIgvi|

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 47

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GbvbvwmIgvi GK mgZjxq Av‡jvi Zj‡K GKB gvÎvq Nwoi KuvUvi w`‡K I wecixZ w`‡K AveZ©b K‡i| ZvB GbvbwmIgvi؇qi
mgAvYweK wgkÖ‡Yi †Kv‡bv Av‡jvK mwµqZv _v‡K bv| A_©vr d I l mgvYyi mgAvYweK wgkÖY Av‡jvK wbw¯Œq nq| Giæc mg‡gvjvi
cwigvY d I l mgvYyi wgkÖY‡K †iwmwgK wgkÖY ejv n‡q _v‡K|
D`vniY ¯^iæc : d-j¨vKwUK GwmW I l-j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi AveZ©Y †KvY h_vµ‡g +2.240 I −2.24 .G‡`i mg‡gvjvi wgkÖ‡Yi
mvgwMÖK AveZ©b †Kv‡Yi gvb Aek¨B k~b¨| G wgkÖY GKwU †iwmwgK wgkªY| †iwmwgK wgkªY Av‡jvK mwµq wgkÖY n‡jI G wgkÖY n‡Z
Av‡jvK mwµq d I l ‡K c„_K Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨vK‡Uwiqv RviY c×wZ GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖPwjZ c×wZ| Z‡e †g‡mv †hŠM Av‡jvK
wbw¯Œq n‡jI G †_‡K Av‡jvK mwµq d I l MVb‡K c„_K Kiv hvq bv|
COOH HOOC
 
H−C*−OH HO−*C−H
 
CH3 CH3
d-j¨vKwUK GwmW l-j¨vKwUK GwmW
+2.240 −2.24
COOH COOH
 
H−C*−OH +2.240 HO−*C−H −2.24
 
CH3 [α]25
D = +2.24
0
CH3 [α]25
D = −2.24
0

cixÿvMv‡i dl j¨vKwUK GwmW ms‡kølY cÖwµqvq ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Aciw`‡K d-j¨vKwUK GwmW gvsk‡ckx †_‡K cvIqv hvq Ges l-
j¨vKwUK GwmW UK `B †_‡K c„_K Kiv nq| †iwmwgK wgkÖ‡Yi Dcv`vb d mgvYy I l mgvYy‡K c„_K Kiv m¤¢e Ges †iwmwgK wgkÖY‡K
c„_KxKi‡Yi K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ c×wZ Av‡Q|
‡g‡mv‡hŠM I Wvq‡÷wiIgvi
‡g‡mv †hŠM : GKvwaK KvBivj Kve©b wewkó ˆRe AYyi GK Aa©vsk Aci Aa©vs‡ki A-Dcwi¯’vbxq `c©Y we¤^ n‡j †hŠMwU Av‡jvK wbw¯Œq
nq, G‡K †g‡mv †hŠM e‡j|
Ab¨fv‡e GKvwaK AcÖwZmg Kve©b cigvYy _vKv m‡Ë¡I hw` †Kvb †hŠM Av‡jvK wbw¯Œq nq Z‡e †mB †mUv‡K †g‡mv †hŠM ej nq|
†hgbÑ †g‡mv UviUvwiK GwmW GKwU †g‡mv †hŠM|
‡g‡mv †hŠ‡Mi Av‡jvK wbw¯ŒqZvi KviY : 1g Aa©vsk Av‡jvi Zj‡K †h cwigvY Nyivq 2q Aa©vsk mgvb cwigvY wecixZ w`‡K Nyivq
e‡j jwä N~Y©b wbw¯Œq/k~b¨ nq| d‡j AYywU Av‡jvK wbw¯Œq nq|
D`vniY: H

HO −C−COOH
`c©Y
HO −C−COOH

H
‡g‡mv-UviUvwiK GwmW
Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi : `ywU AcÖwZmg Kve©b ev KvBivj Kve©b m¤^wjZ `ywU Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM hw` ci¯ú‡ii `c©Y cÖwZwe‡¤^i b¨vq AvPib
bv K‡i Z‡e †hŠM `ywU‡K ci¯ú‡ii Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi e‡j| Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi¸‡jv Zi mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K GKB w`‡K wKš‘ wfbœ
gvÎvq N~Y©b K‡i| `ywU Wvqv‡÷wiIgvi Gi mg‡gvjvi wgkÖY †Kvb †iwmwgK wgkÖY ˆZwi K‡i bv|

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ZjmgewZ©Z Av‡jv
Av‡jv n‡jv Zwor Pz¤^Kxq Zi½| Av‡jvi ag© mij †iLvi m¤¢ve¨ me Z‡j j¤^fv‡e m¤úw›`Z nIqv| mvaviYZ Av‡jv wewfbœ Zi½ ˆ`N©¨
wewkó iwk¥i mgš^q gvÎ| hw` G Av‡jv‡K Dchy³ †Kvb QvKwbi wfZi w`‡q Pvjbv Kiv nq Z‡e GKwU gvÎ Zi½ ˆ`N©¨ wewkó GKeY©x
Av‡jvK ev mylg Zi½ ‰`‡N©¨i Av‡jv cvIqv hvq| †mvwWqvg evwZ †_‡K GKeY©x Av‡jvK cvIqv hvq| GKeb©x Av‡jvI m¤¢ve¨ me Z‡j
¯úw›`Z nq| Gfv‡e eûZ‡j GKeY©x Av‡jv‡Ki ¯ú›`b hLb GKwU gvÎ Z‡j NUv‡bv nq ZLb †m Av‡jv‡K ZjmgewZ©Z Av‡jv e‡j|
wbKj wcÖR‡gi wfZi w`‡q GKeY©x †mvwWqvg Av‡jv cÖwZmi‡Yi d‡j GK mgZjxq Av‡jv cvIqv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î wbKj wcÖRg wdëvi
wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|

✓ mv`v Av‡jv‡K wbKj wcÖR‡gi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jv‡K wdj‡÷ªk‡bi (cwikÖveY) gva¨‡g ZjmgewZ©Z Av‡jv Drcbœ Kiv‡K †cvjvivB‡Rkb
e‡j|
✓ ‡Kvb †hŠ‡Mi Av‡jvK mwµqZv †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ kYv³KiY I cwigvc Kiv nq, H hš¿‡K Ô‡cvjvwiwgUviÕ ejv nq| †cvjvwiwgUvi
hš¿wU nj GKwU GKeY©x Av‡jvi Drm (†mvwWqvg j¨v¤ú) I †cvjvivBRvi bvgK cÖ_g †jÝ, †cvjvwiwgUvi bj I A¨vbvjvBRvi bvgK
wØZxq †jÝ mgš^‡q MwVZ| †cvjvivBRvi I A¨vbvjvBRvi †jÝ `ywU wbKj wcÖRg Øviv MwVZ| †mvwWqvg j¨v‡¤úi mvg‡b †cvjvivBRvi
_v‡K, †cvjvivBRvi I A¨vbvjvBRv‡ii gvSLv‡b ÔAv‡jvK mwµqÕ †hŠ‡Mi `ªeY ivLvi Rb¨ Ô‡cvjvwiwgUvi bjÕ Ges †kl cÖv‡šÍi
A¨vbvjvBRvi wbKj wcÖRgwU GKwU ÷¨v‡Ûi mv‡_ AvUKv‡bv _v‡K| †cvjvivBRvi w¯’i _v‡K; A¨vbvbvBRvi‡K m~PKZ‡ji Ici Nyiv‡bv
hvq|

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 49

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wPÎ : †cvjvwiwgUvi-Gi †iLwPÎ|

wewfbœ cÖKvi ˆRe wewµqv

‰Re wewµqv mg~n‡K Pvi †kªYx‡Z †gvUvgywUfv‡e wef³ Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ
1. cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv : †h wewµqvq ˆRe AYyw¯’Z †Kvb GKwU cigvYy ev g~jK‡K Aci †Kvb AwaK mwµq cigvYy ev g~jK mwi‡q w`‡q
H ¯’v‡b wb‡R hy³ n‡q bZzb †hŠM MVb K‡i, Zv‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv e‡j|
D`vniY : †K¬v‡iv B‡_‡bi mv‡_ Rjxq ÿvi `ªe‡Yi wewµqvq B_vbj Drcbœ nq| GwU nj GKwU cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv| †hgb,
C2 H5 − Cl + OH − ⟶ C2 H5 − OH + Cl−
‡K¬v‡iv B‡_b nvBWª·vBW Avqb B_vbj †K¬vivBW Avqb
−
GLv‡b, †K¬v‡iv B‡_b †_‡K −OH g~jK Øviv †K¬vivBW Avqb (Cl ) cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| cÖwZ¯’vwcZ wewÎqv mvaviYZ wmMgv eÜb
hy³ ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨ g~jK wewÎqv|
2. hyZ wewµqv ev ms‡hvRb wewµqv : †h wewµqvq `ywU wfbœ AYy hy³ n‡q GKwU bZzb ˆRe AYy MVb K‡i, Zv‡K hyZ wewµqv ev ms‡hvRb
wewµqv e‡j| mvaviYZ cvB eÜb hy³ ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨c~Y© wewµqv nj hyZ wewµqv| G wewµqvq GKwU cvB eÜb †f‡½ `ywU wmMgv
eÜb MwVZ nq|
D`vniY : Bw_wjb I †eªvwg‡bi hyZ wewµqvq 1,2-WvB‡eªv‡gv B‡_b Drcbœ nq| †hgbÑ
Br Br
H H H   H
𝜋
C = 𝜎𝐶 + Br−Br ⟶ 𝐶 − σC
𝜎

H H H H
Bw_b †eªvwgb 1,2-WvB‡eªv‡gv B‡_b

3. AcmviY wewµqv : †h wewµqvq †hŠ‡Mi AYyw¯’Z cvgvcvwk `ywU Kve©b cigvYy †_‡K `ywU ev PviwU cigvYy ev g~jK ¯’viPy¨Z n‡q Kve©b-
Kve©b cvB e܇bi m„wó nq, Zv‡K AcmviY wewµqv e‡j|
D`vniY : Mvp H2 SO4 (wbiæ`K) Gi cÖfv‡e 1600 C ZvcgvÎvq B_vbj †_‡K GK AYy cvwb AcmvwiZ n‡q Am¤ú„³ †hŠM Bw_b
Drcbœ nq| †hgbÑ
H H H H
 σ Mvp H2 SO4 σ 
H − C − C− H → H− C π ̿ C − H + H2 O
1600 C
  Bw_b
H OH
B_vbj
Exclusive: ‡eªvwg‡bi ms‡hvRb †KŠkj
𝛿+ 𝛿−
(i) A¨vjwK‡bi π B‡jKUª‡bi cÖfv‡e †eªvwgb AYy (Br2 ) WvB‡cvj (Br − Br) m„wó K‡i|
(ii) GB WvB‡cv‡ji δ+Br cigvYyi A¨vjwK‡bi π e܇bi B‡jKUªb؇qi mv‡_ e܇b Ave× n‡q c‡o Ges Br
cigvYy؇qi †kqviK…Z B‡jKUªb‡K weKl©Y Kivq †eªvgvBW (Br − ) Avqb c„_K n‡q c‡o|
(iii) d‡j ÿ¯’vqx †eªv‡gvwbqvg Avqb ev Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb (C+ ) m„wó nq Ges Zvi mv‡Z `ªæZ †e‡M wbDwK¬IdvBj †eªvgvBW Avqb hy³
n‡q hyZ †hŠM MVb K‡i|
δ+ δ−
Br − Br CH2 − Br
↑ 
H2 C = CH2 + Br2 → CH2 = CH2 → +CH2 + Br −
Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb
CH2 − Br

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 50
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+
CH2 + Br − → CH2 Br − CH2 Br
Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb wbDwK¬IdvBj 1,2-WvB‡eªv‡gv B‡_b
4. cvigvYweK cyYwe©b¨vm ev mgvYyKiY : †h wewµqvi †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi AYyw¯’Z wewfbœ cigvYy ev g~jK ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ cybwe©b¨vm n‡q bZzb
MvVwbK ms‡KZ wewkó bZzb †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i, Zv‡K cvigvYweK cybwe©b¨vm ev mgvYyKiY ejv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Dfq †hŠ‡Mi AvYweK
ms‡KZ GKB nq|
D`vniY : Abv`ª© AlCl3 I HCl M¨vm wgkÖ‡Yi cÖfv‡e 3000 C ZvcgvÎvq weD‡Ub AYyi cvigvYweK cyYwe©b¨vm ev mgvYyKi‡Yi d‡j
2-wg_vBj †cÖv‡cb Drcbœ nq| †hgb,
AlCl3 .HCl CH3
1
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH3 → 0
CH3 − CH − 3CH3
2
300 C
weD‡Ub 2-wg_vBj †cÖv‡cb

Kve©b-Kve©b eÜb wefvRb

‰Re †hŠ‡Mi Kve©b eÜb nj mg‡hvRx eÜb (𝜎 A_ev 𝜎-mn 𝜋 eÜb)| cÖwZ mg‡hvRx e܇b `ywU B‡jKUªb mswkøó cigvYyØq †kqvi
K‡i _v‡K| eÜb fvO‡bi d‡j mswkøó AYywU `yB As‡k wef³ n‡q hvq| G eÜb-fvOb `yÔcÖKv‡I NU‡Z cv‡i; †hgb, 1. e܇bi mylg
fvOb I 2. e܇bi welg fvOb|
e܇bi mylg fvOb : eÜb-fvObKv‡j mg‡hvRx e܇b Ave× cigvYyØq wbR wbR B‡jKUªbwU m‡½ K‡i `yB As‡k c„_K n‡Z cv‡i;
mg‡hvRx e܇bi Giæc cÖwZmg fvOb‡K mylg fvOb ev mylg wefvRb e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î e܇bi Ave× cigvYy `yBwUi B‡jKUªb AvKl©Y
ÿgZv A_©vr Zwor FYvZ¥K cÖvq mgvb n‡q _v‡K|
A −̈ B → A. + B.
e܇bi welg fvOb : mg‡hvRx eÜb fvO‡bi d‡j c„_Kxf~Z `yB cigvYy ev g~j‡Ki g‡a¨ †Kej GKwU‡ZB hLb G‡`i eÜb B‡jKUªbØq
_v‡K, ZLb G cÖKvi AcÖwZmg fvOb‡K e܇bi welg fvOb ev welg wefvRb e‡j| †h cigvYy ev g~jK H eÜb B‡jKUªbØq jvf K‡i,
Zv FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Ges Aci Ask abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ n‡q c‡o| mg‡hvRx e܇b Ave× AB AYyi welg fvOb wb¤œiæ‡c †`Lv‡bv hvq :
A − B ev A : B → ̅ : + B+
A
G‡ÿ‡Î A Gi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv B Gi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv A‡cÿv †ewk; ZvB e܇bi B‡jKUªbØq A Gi w`‡K AwaK AvK…ó n‡q
mg‡hvRx eÜb †f‡½ hvq|
wd«-‡iwWK¨vj
mg‡hvRx wmMgv e܇bi mylg fvO‡bi d‡j Drcbœ we‡Rvo B‡jKUªb hy³ cigvYy ev g~j‡K gy³ g~jK ev wd«‡iwWK¨vj e‡j|
D`vniY: 1. wg_vBj wd«-‡iwWK¨vj, ∙CH3 ; 2. †K¬vwib wd«-‡iwWK¨vj ∙Cl
DrcwË: mg‡hvRx eÜb Ave× ÔA−B’ AYyi mylg fvO‡b wd«-‡iwWK¨vj Drcbœ nq|
mg‡hvRx fvOb mg‡hvRx fvOb
A∙ B∙ → A∙ + ∙B Cl∙ ∙Cl → Cl∙ + ∙Cl
wd«-‡iwWK¨vj †K¬vwib wd«-‡iwWK¨vj
mg‡hvRx †hŠMAB †K¬vwib AYy

wd«-‡iwWK¨v‡ji ˆewkó:
1. gy³ g~jK ev wd«-‡iwWK¨vj B‡jKUªb _vK‡jI Giv we`y¨r PvR©hy³ ev AvqwbK cÖK…wZi nq bv; KviY H we‡Rvo B‡jKUªbwU mg‡hvRx
eÜb m„wói c~‡e© wbR¯^ wQj|
2. wdª-‡iwWK¨vj¸‡jv mwµq I ÿY¯’vqx|
3. ZvB Drcbœ nIqvi m‡½ m‡½B Ab¨ wd«-‡iwWK¨vj g~jK, AvqY ev AYyi †_‡K Av‡iv GKwU B‡jKUªb jvf K‡i
B‡jKUªb †Rvo m„wói gva¨‡g mg‡hvRx eÜb MVb K‡i bZzb †hŠM m„wó K‡i|

A¨vjKvBj wd«-‡iwWK¨vj¸‡jvi ¯’vwqZ¡ :

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G‡`i Kve©b cigvbyi cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©ikxj| †hgb, 30 A¨vjKvBj g~jK > 20 A¨vjKvBj g~jK > 10 A¨vjKvBj g~jK > wg_vBj
g~jK|
A_©vr R 3 C∙> R 2 HC∙>RH2 C∙> 𝐻_3𝐶 ∙
30 20 10
Ges mwµq µg: R 3 C0 < R 2 HC0 < RH2 C < H3C

Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb ev Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb

Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb nj GKK abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©b, A_©vr abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©b cigvYy msewjZ ˆRe Avqb‡K Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb
e‡j|
D`vniY : 1. wg_vBj Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb +CH3 Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb electron NvUwZ †hŠM nIqvq Giv jyBm
+
2. B_vBj Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb CH3 CH2 iæ‡c KvR K‡i|
DrcwË: aiv hvK CH3 − X ˆRe †hŠ‡M C−X e܇bi X cigvYyi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv C cigvYyi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv A‡cÿv †ewk,
ZLb G‡`i eÜb B‡jKUªbØq cigvYy wb‡Ri w`‡K †U‡b wb‡q e܇bi welq fvOb NUvq| d‡j CH3 g~jKwUi C cigvYy‡Z abvZ¥K
PvR© m„wó nq| GUv‡K Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb e‡j| †hgb,
H H
 welg fv½b 
H−C . .Cl H− C+ + :Cl−
 
H H
‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b wg_vBj Kv‡e©vwbqvg †K¬vivBW

mwµqZv: Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb AZxe mwµq n‡q _v‡K| KviY abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©b cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv ¯Íi wZbwU mg‡hvR¨Zvq †gvU
QqwU B‡jKUªY †kqviK…Z Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB GK‡Rvov B‡jKUªb `v‡b mÿg Ggb †Kvb cigvYy ev g~j‡Ki m‡½ hy³ n‡q
Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avq‡bi H Kve©b cigvYyi AóK MV‡bi cÖeYZv Lye †ewk _v‡K|
¯’vwqZ¡: ¯’vwq‡Z¡ w`K w`‡q KZ¸‡jv Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb †ek ¯’vqx| Avevi KZ¸‡jv Lye Kg ¯’vqx| †hgb, 10 Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb †_‡K
20 Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb AwaK ¯’vqx Ges 20 Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb †_‡K 30 Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb AwaK ¯’vqx| A_©vr Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqbmg~‡ni
¯’vqxZ¡ µg wb¤œiæc:
+C𝑅 > +CH𝑅 > +C𝐻 R > +C𝐻 Ges mwµqZvi µg wVK wecixZ
3 2 2 3
0 0 0
3 2 1

Kve©vbvqb
Kve©vbvqb nj GKK PvR©hy³ Kve©b Avqb (𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑜𝑛)| A_©vr FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©b cigvby msewjZ ˆRe Avqb‡K Kve©vbvqb e‡j|
D`vniY: 1. wg_vBj Kve©vbvqb: −CH3
2. B_vBj Kve©vbvqb: −CH2 − CH3
DrcwË: aiv hvK, CH3 −Z ˆRe †hŠ‡M C−Z e܇bi Z cigvby ev g~j‡Ki FYvZ¥KZv C cigvbyi FYvZ¥KZv A‡cÿv Kg| ZLb
G‡`i eÜb B‡jKUªbØq C cigvYyi wb‡Ri w`‡K †U‡b wb‡q e܇bi welq fvOb NUvq| d‡j CH3 g~jKwUi C cigvYy‡Z FYvZ¥K
PvR© m„wó nq| GUv‡K Kve©vbvqb e‡j| †hgb,
H H
 welg fv½b 
H−C . . Z H− C− + :Z +
 
H H

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mwµqZv: mg‡hvRx e܇bi welg fvO‡b Drcbœ Kve©vbvqb B‡jKUªb mg„× nIqvq Giv LyeB mwµq| B‡jKUªb NvUwZ m¤úbœ weKv‡ii
m‡½ Kve©vbvqb hy³ n‡q †hŠM nVb K‡i|
¯’vwqZ¡: Kve©vbvq‡bi FYvZ¥K Kve©b cigvYy‡Z hy³ cigvYy ev g~jK¸‡jv hw` B‡jKUªb-AvKl©x g~jK †hgbÑ −C ≡ N, >C=0,
−NO2 n‡q _v‡K,Z‡e H B‡jKUªb AvKl©xg~jK FYvZ¥K Kve©‡bi Pvi cv‡k¦©i B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ wb‡Ri w`‡K †U‡b wb‡q Kv‡e©vbvq‡bi
¯’vwqZ¡ e„w× K‡i| ZvB A¨vjKvBj cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Kve©vbvq‡bi ¯’vwqZ¡ n«v‡mi µg nj wb¤œiæc:
: C̅H3 > : C̅H2 R > : C̅HR 2 > : C̅R 3
(10 ) (20 ) (30 )
✓ ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi wewfbœ hyZ wewµqv, cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv Kve©vbvqb †gKvwbRg c×wZ‡Z m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K|
B‡j‡UªvdvBj ev B‡jKUªb AvKl©x weKviK
B‡jK‡UªvdvBj A_©vr B‡jKUªb AvKlx© MÖæc| wewµqv Kv‡j †h me weKvi‡Ki FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©vbvqb ev Gi B‡jKUª‡bi cÖwZ cÖej
AvKl©Y _v‡K Ges B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K B‡j‡UªvdvBj ev B‡jKUªY AvKl©x weKviK e‡j| G‡`i‡K mvaviYfv‡e E Øviv cÖKvk
Kiv nq| Giv abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ nq A_ev G‡`i g~j cigvYyi †hvR¨Zv ¯Íi Ac~Y© _v‡K A_©vr AK‡Ub ev Wz‡cøU Ac~Y© _v‡K|
B‡jK‡UªvdvBj `yÕcÖKvi; †hgb, abvZ¥K B‡jK‡UªvdvBj I cÖkg B‡j‡UªvdvBj|
1. abvZ¥K B‡jK‡UªvdvBj: Giv abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ nq| †hgb, wg_vBj Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb (+CH3 ),†eªv‡gvwbqvg Avqb (Br + ), †cÖvUb
(H + ),nvB‡Wªvwbqvg Avqb (H3 O+ ) bvB‡Uªvwbqvg Avqb (NO2 + ) bvB‡Uªv‡mvwbqvg Avqb (+NO) BZ¨vw` nj abvZ¥K B‡jK‡UªvdvBj
(E + )|
2. cÖkg B‡j‡UªvdvBj: G‡`i AYy‡Z †Kvb abvZ¥K PvR© _v‡K bv; wKš‘ G‡`I †K›`ªxq cigvby‡Z wZbwU mg‡hvRx e܇b QqwU B‡jKUªb
_v‡K gvÎ| d‡j G‡`i AóK Ac~Y© _v‡K| †hgb, A¨vjywgwbqvg †K¬vivBW (AlCl3 ), †evib UªvB‡d¬vivBW (BF3 ), ‡dwiK †K¬vivBW
(FeCl3 ) mvjdvi UªvBA·vBW (SO3 GwU ‡cvjvwiZ AYy) cªf…wZ cÖkgb B‡jK‡UªvdvBj|
F Cl
[Link]̈ Cl : Al̈ : Cl
wbDwK¬IdvBj ev wbDwK¬qvm AvKl©x weKviK : wbDwK¬IdvBj A_© wbDwK¬qvm AvKl©x MÖæc A_©vr wewµqvKv‡j †h me weKvi‡Ki wbDwK¬qvm
ev abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ †K‡›`ªi cÖwZ cÖej AvKl©Y _v‡K Ges wewµqvKv‡j B‡jKUªb `vb Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡`i‡K wbDwK¬IdvBj ev †K›`ªvKl©x
weKviK e‡j| G‡`i‡K mvaviYfv‡e Nu Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| G‡`i g~j cigvYywUi FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ ev B‡jKUªb mg„× _v‡K| ZvB
wbDwK¬IdvBj `yÕcÖKvi; †hgbÑ FbvZ¥K wbDwK¬IdvBj I cÖkg wbDwK¬IdvBj|
1. FYvZ¥K wbDwK¬IdvBj (Nu− ): G †kÖYxi wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji †K›`ªxq cigvYy‡Z FYvZ¥K we`y¨r PvR© _v‡K| †hgbÑ wg_vBj Kve©vbvqb
(: C̅R 3 ), †K¬vivBW Avqb (: Cl̈:− ), †eªvgvBW Avqb (: Br̈:− ), mvqvbvBW Avqb (: C̅N), nvBWª·vBW Avqb (: O̅ H),
A¨vj‡Kv·vBW Avqb (: O ̅ R) BZ¨vw` nj FbvZ¥K wbDwK¬IdvBj|
2. cÖkg wbDwK¬IdvBj (Nu): G †kªYxi wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji †K›`ªxq cigvYy‡Z wb:m½ B‡jKUªY †Rvo _v‡K; wKš‘ †Kvb FbvZ¥K PvR©
_v‡K bv| †hgb, A¨v‡gvwbqv (N̈H3 ), cvwb (H − Ö − H),A¨vj‡Kvnj (R − Ö − H) BZ¨vw` cÖkg wbDwK¬IdvBj|

1| wd«-‡iwWK¨vj: mvaviYZ cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv, hyZ wewµqv I cybwe©b¨vm wewµqv †`q|

2| B‡jK‡UªvdvBj: cÖwZ¯’vcb I hyZ wewµqv †`q|
3| wbDwK¬IdvBj: cÖwZ¯’vcb, hyZ wewµqv I AcmviY wewµqv †`q|

A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b
A¨vj‡Kb (𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛+2 ) (c¨vivwdb)
c¨vivwdb
‡hme nvB‡WªvKve©b AYy‡Z Kve©b cigvYymg~n ci¯úi GKK eÜb Øviv Ave× _v‡K Ges Kve©‡bi Aewkó eÜbx¸‡jv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi
Øviv c~Y© _v‡K, Zv‡`i Ab¨ cigvYy ev g~j‡Ki cÖwZ Avmw³ LyeB Kg _v‡K| G me †hŠM‡K c¨vivwdb ejv nq|

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c¨vivwdb k‡ãi A_© : wMÖK ÔParumÕ I ÔaffinisÕ kã mgš^‡q ÔParaffinÕ kãwU MwVZ| Parum gv‡b Ô¯^íÕ Ges affinis
gv‡bÔAvmw³Õ| myZivs c¨vivwdb gv‡b ¯^í Avmw³ wewkó †hŠM|
mvaviY ms‡KZ : c¨vivwdbmg~n‡K IUPAC c×wZ‡Z A¨vj‡Kb e‡j| myZivs G‡`i ms‡KZ Cn H2n+2 †hLv‡b BZ¨vw`|
\ /
Kvh©Kix g~jK : c¨vivwdbmg~‡ni Kvh©Kix g~jK nj : /C − C\
D`vniY : K‡qKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ c¨vivwdb njÑ wg‡_b (CH4 ), B‡_b (CH3 − CH3 ), †cÖv‡cb (CH3 − CH2 − CH3 ) BZ¨vw`|
A¨vj‡K‡bi mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ
(i) Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b †_‡K H2 ms‡hvRb cÖwµqv: m~ÿ Pt ev Pd cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq Ges Ni cÖfve‡Ki
†ejvq 1500 − 1800 C ZvcgvÎvq A¨vjwKb A_ev A¨vjKvB‡bi mv‡_ H2 mshy³ K‡i A¨vj‡Kb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
1500 C,Ni
(a) A¨vjwKb †_‡K : R − CH = CH2 + H2 → R−CH2 − CH3
A¨vjwKb A¨vj‡Kb
1500 C,Ni
D`vniY: CH3 − CH = CH2 + H2 → CH3 − CH2 − CH3
‡cÖvwcb †cÖv‡cb
1500 C,Ni
(b) A¨vjKvBb †_‡K : R − C ≡ CH + 2H2 → R−CH2 − CH3
A¨vjKvBb A¨vj‡Kb
1500 C,Ni
D`vniY: CH3 − C ≡ CH + 2H2 → CH3 − CH2 − CH3
‡cÖvcvBb †cÖv‡cb
(ii) A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW (R − X) †_‡K : R − X †K Rvqgvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv weRvwiZ K‡i A_ev DU©R wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ A¨vj‡Kb
cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq| †hgbÑ
(a) Rvqgvb H Øviv R − X Gi weRviY : wRsK avZz I HCl GwmW wgkªY †_‡K Drcbœ Rvqgvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv A¨vjKvBj
n¨vjvBW‡K weRvwiZ K‡i A¨vj‡Kb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
[Link] Hg
R − X + 2[H] → R− H + HX Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + [H]
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW A¨vj‡Kb
[Link]
D`vniY: CH3 − CH2 − I + 2[H] → CH3 − CH3 + HI
B_vBj Av‡qvWvBW B‡_b
(b) DU©R wewµqv Øviv : ﮋ B_v‡i A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW I †mvwWqvg avZz †hvM K‡i DËß Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq| D”PZi
A¨vj‡Kb cÖ¯‘wZi G cÖwµqv‡K D™¢ve‡Ki bvgvbymv‡i DU©R wewµqv e‡j|
∆
CH3 −COONa + NaO −H.(CaO) → CH4 + Na2 CO3 (CaO)
‡mvwWqvg A¨vwm‡UU wg‡_b
∆
CH3 − CH2 − COONa + NaO −H.(CaO) → CH3 − CH3 + Na2 CO3 (CaO)
‡mvwWqvg †cÖvwcq‡bU B‡_b

‡mvWvjvBg : Kw÷K †mvWv ev `ªe‡Y Pzb (CaO) wgwk‡q wgkÖb‡K dzwU‡q cvwb AcmviY Ki‡j ﮋ †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW I
K¨vjwmqvg A·vB‡Wi †h wgkÖY (NaOH+CaO) cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †mvWv-jvBg e‡j| GB wgkÖY cÖavbZ KwóK †mvWvi b¨vq
KvR K‡i Z‡e GwU NaOH Gi †P‡q Kg KvP ÿqKvix| GB wgkÖY mn‡R M‡j bv| Ges Rjxq ev®ú †kvlY K‡i Zi‡j cwiYZ
nq bv| DcišÍ mw”Q`ª e‡j Gi wfZi w`‡q Drcbœ M¨vm mn‡RB †ei n‡Z cv‡i| †mRb¨ wWKve©w·‡jkb cÖwµqvq NaOH Gi
cwie‡Z© GB wgkÖY e¨envi Kiv nq|

wMÖMbvW© weKviK n‡Z : wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ cvwbi wewµqvq A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq|
RMgX + HOH → R−H + Mg(OH)X
‡hgb, CH3 MgI + HOH → CH4 + Mg(OH)I

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 Chemistry

wMÖMbvW© weKviK : ﮋ B_v‡ii Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi ev A¨vivBj n¨vjvB‡Wi mv‡_ g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi wewµqvq A¨vjKvBj
g¨vM‡bwmqvg n¨vjvBW ev A¨vivBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg n¨vjvBW Drcbœ nq| G‡K wMÖMbvW© weKviK e‡j|
Dry Ether
R−X + Mg → R−Mg−X
Dry Ether
Ar−X + Mg → Ar−Mg−X

wK¬‡gbmb weRviY wewµqvi gva¨‡g : wR¼ A¨vgvjMvg (Zn/Hg) Ges nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW Øviv A¨vjwWnvBW Ges wK‡Uvb‡K weRvwiZ
Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq|
O
∥ Zn−(Hg)
R−C−H + 4[H] → R− CH3 + H2 O
HCl
A¨vj‡Kb

O
∥ Zn−(Hg)
‡hgb, R−C−H + 4[H] → CH3 − CH3
HCl
B_vb¨vj B‡_b
O
∥
(cÖwZ †ÿ‡Î, −C−g~jK weRvwiZ n‡q wgw_wjb (−CH2 −) g~j‡K cwiYZ nq)
A¨vj‡K‡bi kYv³Kvix wewµqv
A¨vj‡Kb m¤ú„³ †hŠM|A¨vj‡K‡b †Kvb Kvh©Kix g~jK †bB| AwMœ ms‡hv‡M A¨vj‡Kb cÖPzi Kve©‡bi Kvwj m„wó K‡i R¡j‡Z _v‡K| GwU
n‡jv ch©vß O2 Gi Afv‡e A¨vj‡K‡bi Am¤ú~Y© `nb| G‡Z CO2 cvwbev®ú, welv³ CO I Kve©‡bi ¸uov _v‡K| A¨vj‡K‡bi c~Y©`n‡b
CO2 cvwbev®ú I cÖPzi Zvc Drcbœ nq|
Am¤ú~Y© `nb : C11 H24 (I) + 12O2 (g) → 5CO2 (g) + 2CO(g) + 12H2 O + 4C(s)
c~Y© `nb : C11 H24 (I) + 17O2 → 11CO2 (g) + 12H2 O(g)
✓ A¨vj‡K‡bi ivmvqwbK wewµqv 4 ai‡bi|h_vÑ
(i) cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv;
(ii) Zvcxq we‡qvRb wewµqv;
(iii) mgvYyKiY wewµqv;
(iv) A¨v‡iv‡gwUKiY;
A¨vj‡K‡bi wewµqvmg~n
A¨vj‡K‡bi n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb: g„`y m~h©‡jv‡K, AwZ‡e¸bx iwk¥ (396 kJmol−1kw³) ev D”P ZvcgvÎvq (3000 − 4000 ) n¨v‡jv‡Rb
†hgb, †K¬vwib I †eªvwgb cigvYy Øviv A¨vj‡Kb AYyi H-cigvYy cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb, m~h©v‡jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z CH4 Gi m‡½
Cl2 Gi wewµqvq wg‡_‡bi PviwU H-cigvYy G‡K G‡K Cl cigvYy Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q h_vµ‡g wg_vBj †K¬vivBW (CH3 Cl) ,
wgw_wjb †K¬vivBW (CH2 Cl2 ), †K¬v‡ivdig (CHCl3 ) I Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW (CCl4 ) Drcbœ nq|
m~h©v‡jvK
CH4 + Cl2 CH3 Cl + HCl eÜb kw³,kJmol−1
Drcbœ CHCl3 , CH2 Cl2 ,
m~h©v‡jvK
CHCl3 , CCl4 ev †K¬v‡iv C−H → 413
CH3 Cl + Cl2 CH2 Cl2 + HCl
A¨vj‡Kbmg~n cÖ‡qvRbxq m~h©v‡jvK Cl−Cl → 243
ˆRe `ªveK| CH2 Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl Br−Br → 193
m~h©v‡jvK
CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 55
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g‡b‡iL: wg‡_b cÖLi m~h©v‡jv‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Cl2 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Kve©b I HCl Drcbœ K‡i|
cÖLi
CH4 + Cl2 C + 4HCl
m~h©v‡jvK
A¨vj‡K‡bi Kve©b cigvYyi cÖK…wZ I n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb: A¨vj‡K‡bi H-cigvYyi cÖwZ¯’vcb hy³ Kve©b cigvYyi cÖK…wZi A_©vr 10 ,20 ,30
Kve©‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| 30 Kve©‡bi m‡½ hy³ H-cigvYy 20 Kve©b I 10 Kve©‡bi m‡½ hy³ H-cigvYyi Zzjbvq AwaK mwµq nq|
†hgb, †cÖv‡cb I weD‡Ub Gi n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb 10 Kve©‡bi Zzjbvq 20 Kve©‡b Ges 20 Kve©‡bi Zzjbvq 30 Kve©‡b †ewk n‡q _v‡K|
†hgb,
(K) †cÖv‡c‡bi †K¬vwi‡bkb :
Cl
20 10
Light,250 C
CH3 − CH2 − CH3 + Cl2 → CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − Cl + CH3 −CH − CH3
‡cÖv‡cb n-‡cvcvBj †K¬vivBW (45%) iso-‡cÖvcvBj †K¬vivBW (55%)
(L) ‡cÖv‡c‡bi †eªvwg‡bi:
Br
10 20 10
Light,250 C
CH3 − CH2 − CH3 + Br2 → CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − Br + CH3 −CH − CH3
‡cÖv‡cb n-‡cvcvBj ‡eªvgvBW (5%) iso-‡cÖvcvBj ‡eªvgvBW (95%)
(M) n-weD‡U‡bi †K¬vwi‡bkb:
Cl
10 20 20 10
4000 C
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH3 + Cl2 → CH3 − CH2 CH2 CH2 Cl + CH3 −CH − CH2 − CH3
n-weD‡Ub n-weDUvBj †K¬vivBW (45%) iso-weDUvBj †K¬vwivBW (68%)
(N) iso-weD‡U‡bi †eªvwg‡bkb:
CH3 CH3
10 30 10
3000 C
CH3 − CH − CH3 + Br2 → CH3 C −CH3 +CH3 −CH− CH2 Br

Br
t-weDUvBj iso-weDUvBj
(99%) †eªvgvBW †eªvgvBW (1%)

Dc‡ii D`vniY †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, A¨vj‡K‡bi cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡ÎÑ

• n¨v‡jv‡R‡bi mwµqZvi µg nj : Cl2 > Ges Av‡qvwWb Øviv A¨vj‡K‡b cÖwZ¯’vcb N‡U bv|
• A¨vj‡K‡bi H-cigvYyi cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi mwµqZv µg : 30 > 20 > 10 > CH3 − H A_©vr −C− H >CH− H−CH2 −H > CH3 −
H
bwKs I AK‡Ub bv¤^vi
gUi Bwćbi wmwjÛv‡i R¡vjvwb ev®ú I evqyi c~Y© `nb NU‡j Drcbœ M¨v‡mi Pvc wc÷b‡K wb‡P †V‡j †`q| d‡j PvKvi MwZ mÂvi nq|
Bwćbi `ÿZvi Rb¨ `iKvi wmwjÛv‡i wc÷‡bi mwVK Ae¯’vb Kv‡j R¡vjvwb ev®ú I evqyi g‡a¨ cÖRj ¡ b NUv| GRb¨ Bwćb ¯úvK© I
R¡vjvwb wgkÖ‡Yi cÖRj
¡ b GK m‡½ NUv `iKvi| hw` ¯úv‡K©i c~‡eB R¡vjvwb ev®ú I evqyi wkkÖ‡Y Kg‡cÖlY Gi d‡j A‡Uv cÖRj
¡ b N‡U
ZLb wc÷b mwVK Ae¯’v‡b bv _vKvi Kvi‡b Drcbœ M¨v‡mi cÖej Pvc nVvr wc÷b‡K cÖPÛ av°v †`q| G cÖPÛ av°vBwćb weKU avZe
kã m„wó K‡i; G‡KB bwKs e‡j|
AK‡U‡bi bv¤^v‡ii msÁv : †Kvb †c‡Uªvj BwÄb R¡vjvwbiæ‡c M¨v‡mvwjb e¨env‡ii d‡j Bwćb †h cwigvY av°v ev bwKs m„wó K‡i,
†mB GKB cwigvb bwKs †m Bwćb m„wó Ki‡Z e¨eüZ iso-AK‡Ub I n-‡n‡Þ‡bi †Kvb wgkÖ‡Y †h kZKiv cwigvb iso-AK‡Ub `iKvi
nq; iso-AK‡U‡bi †mB kZKiv cwigvY‡K H M¨v‡mvwj‡bi AK‡Ub bv¤^vi e‡j|

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‡Kvb gUi R¡vjvwbi AK‡Ub bv¤^vi 85 ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq †h, H R¡vjvwbwU 15% n-‡n‡Þb I 85% iso-AK‡Ub wgkÖ‡Yi mgvb
R¡vjvwb `ÿZv m¤úbœ ˆZj| †h R¡vjvwbi AK‡Ub bv¤^vi hZ †ewk †m R¡vjvwb ZZ †ewk DrK…ó|

R¡vjvwbi AK‡Ub bv¤^vi e„w× Kivi Dcvq:

(K) R¡vjvwbi mv‡_ wbw`©ó cwigvY †UªUvB_vBj †jW (TEL), †UªUvwg_vBj †jW (TML),Avqib †c›UvKve©wbj [Fe(CO)5 ] ev UjyBb
(C6 H3 − CH3 ) BZ¨vw` c`v‡_©i †h †Kvb GKwU wgkv‡bv nq|
(L) cvB‡ivjvBwm/Cracking/Zvcxq we‡qvRb : D”PZi nvB‡WªvKve©‡b Zvcxq we‡qvRb ev cvB‡ivjvBwmm K‡i A‡cÿvK…Z †QvU AYyi
nvB‡WªvKve©b ‰Zwi K‡i|
D”P Pvc (3−4 atm) D”P ZvcgvÎv 5000 − 8000 C Gi g‡a¨ Aw·‡R‡bi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vj‡Kb‡K DËß Ki‡j wmMgv-eÜb
†f‡½ wd«-‡iwW‡Kj cÖ¯‘Z I cybwg©j‡b ÿz`ª AYy m„wó K‡i| we‡hvR‡bi d‡j Kx cÖKvi AYy m„wó n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i| A¨vj‡K‡bi AYyi
AvK„wZ,Pvc, Zvc I cÖfve‡Ki Ici| †hgbÑ B‡_b‡K 5000 C ZvcgvÎvi Ic‡i evqyi AYycw¯’wZ‡Z DËß Ki‡j B‡_b AYyi Zvcxq
we‡hvR‡b Bw_b, wg‡_b I H2 Drcbœ nq| Giæc wewµqv‡K pyrolysis ev thermal cracking e‡j| G wewµqv wd«- †iwW‡Kj
†gKvwbR‡g P‡j|
500C
3CH3 − CH3 → 2CH2 = CH2 + 2CH4 + H2
B‡_b Bw_b wg‡_b
0
wKš‘ †cÖv‡cb 600 C ZvcgvÎvq Zvcxq we‡hvR‡b †cÖvwcb, Bw_b, wg‡_b I H2 Drcbœ K‡i|
600C
2CH3 − CH2 −CH3 → CH3 − CH = CH2 + CH2 = CH2 + CH4 + H2
‡cÖv‡cb †cÖvwcb Bw_b wg‡_b
D‡jøL¨ Al2 O2 A_ev SiO2 cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vj‡K‡bi cÖfveKxq Zvcxq we‡hvRb wb¤œZi ZvcgvÎvq †hgb- 4000 −
5000 C Gi g‡a¨ N‡U| cÖfveK †Kej DËß Z‡j wewµqv NUvq| GUv‡K catalytic cracking e‡j|

(M) A¨vj‡K‡bi mgvYyKiY : mgvYyKiY cÖwµqv mij A¨vj‡Kb‡K A¨vjKvB‡jkb cÖwµqvq kvLvhy³ A¨vj‡K‡b iæcvšÍi; G‡Z R¡vjvwbi
AK‡Ub bv¤^vi e„w× cvq| †hgb;
2-wg_vBj †c‡›U‡bi †P‡q 2,3-WvBwg_vBj DËg R¡vjvwb|
CH3 CH3 CH3
AlCl3 ,HCl,3000 C
CH3 − CH − CH2 − CH2 −CH3 → CH3 − CH −CH−CH3
2-wg_vBj †c‡›Ub 2,3-WvBwg_vBj weD‡Ub

(N) A¨vj‡K‡bi A¨v‡iv‡gwUKiY : †c‡Uªvwjqvg †_‡K cÖvß †n‡·b I †n‡Þb‡K 40 atm Pvc I 5000 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Al2 O3 ev
Pt cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z h_vµ‡g †ebwRb I UjyB‡b cwiYZ Kiv nq| †ebwRb I UjyB‡bi bwKs n«v‡mi ÿgZv A¨vwj‡dwUK kvLvhy³
A¨vj‡K‡bi gZ A‡bK †ewk| d‡j R¡vjvwb‡Z †ebwRb I UjyBb wgkv‡j R¡vjvwbi AK‡Ub bv¤^vi †e‡o hvq|

CH3 CH
H2 C CH3 HC CH
3000 C,40atm
→ + 4H2
H2 C CH3 Al2 O3 HC CH
CH2 CH

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A¨vj‡K‡bi bvB‡Uªkb : cÖvq 4000 C ZvcgvÎvq A¨vj‡Kb †hgb, wg‡_b I Mvp HNO3 Gwm‡Wi ev®ú‡K GK‡Î DËß Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kb
ev wg‡_b AYy †_‡K H cigvYy bvB‡Uªv g~jK (−NO2 ) Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q bvB‡Uªv A¨vj‡Kb †hgb, bvB‡Uªv wg‡_b Drcbœ nq|
4000 C
R − H + HO − NO2 → R− NO2 + H2 O
A¨vj‡Kb bvB‡Uªv A¨vj‡Kb
4000 C
CH3 −H + HO − NO2 → CH3 − NO2 + H2
wg‡_b bvBwUªK GwmW bvB‡Uªv wg‡_b
A¨vj‡K‡bi mvaviY ag©
✓ ‡fŠZ ag©
• A¨vj‡K‡bi mg‡MvÎxq †kÖYxi cÖ_g 4wU m`m¨ A_©vr wg‡_b, B‡_b, †cÖv‡cb, weD‡Ub BZ¨vw` C1 − C4 Kve©b m¤^wjZ †hŠM mvaviY
ZvcgvÎvq I Pv‡c eY©nxb M¨vm| cieZ©x †c‡›Ub n‡Z †nÞv‡W‡Kb (C5 − C17 ) ch©šÍ 13wU m`m¨ eY©nxb, DØvqx Ges †c‡Uªv‡ji
MÜhy³ Zij c`v_©| C18 I Z‡ZvwaK Kve©b wewkó nvB‡WªvKve©b¸‡jv †gvg m`„k KwVb c`v_©|
• A¨vj‡K‡bi Kve©b I nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi g‡a¨ Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi ‡Zgb cv_©K¨ †bB (Zwor FYvZ¥KZv: C = 2.5GKK; H = 2.1GKK)
†mRb¨ AYy‡Z †Kvb †cvjvwiwUi D™¢e N‡Ubv Ges AYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb WvB‡cvj-WvB‡cvj AvKl©Y ev nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb m„wó nq bv|
A‡cvjvi cÖK…wZi nIqvq Giv †cvjvi `ªveK cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq wKš‘ A‡cvjvi ˆRe `ªveK †hgb B_vbj, †K¬v‡ivdig, B_vi, †ebwRb
BZ¨vw`‡Z `ªeYxq nq| AvYweK fi evovi mv‡_ GB `ªve¨Zv µgk K‡g hvq|
• A¨vj‡Kb¸‡jvi NbZ¡ AYyi AvKvi evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ †e‡o hvq Ges †n·v‡W‡K‡b wM‡q GKwU aªæeK gv‡b DcbxZ nq| me A¨vj‡KbB
cvwbi Zzjbvq nvjKv| G‡`i Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ 1Gi †P‡q Kg nq|
✓ ivmvqwbK ag©
• A¨vj‡Kb¸‡jv mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq †ewk ¯’vqx, †mRb¨ Giv mvaviYZ weKviK †hgbÑ GwmW (HCl, H2 SO4 ) ÿviK (NaOH, KOH),
RviK (KMnO4 , K 2 Cr2 O7 ) Ges weRvi‡Ki (SnCl2 , Na avZz) mv‡_ †Kvb cÖKvi wewµqv K‡i bv|

A¨vjwKb (Cn H2n )/Awjwdbm

A¨vjwKb I Gi mvaviY cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx
A¨vjwKb : Kve©b-Kve©b wØ-eÜbhy³ A¨vj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K A¨vjwKb e‡j| G‡`i‡K AwjwdbI e‡j|
D`vniY : Bw_b, H2 C = CH2 , †cÖvwcb, CH3 − CH = CH2 BZ¨vw`|
cÖ¯‘wZ: 1| cixÿvMvi cÖYvjx: B_vbj‡K H2 SO4 †hv‡M 1650 C ZvcgvÎvq wbiæ`b Ki‡j Bw_b Drcbœ nq|
1000 C
CH3 CH2 OH + H2 SO4 → CH3 CH2 SO4H + H2 O
B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rbmvj‡dU
1650 C
CH3 CH2 SO4 H → H2 C=CH2 +H2 O
Bw_b

G wewµqvq B_vb‡ji Zzjbvq Mvp 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 cÖvq wظY wb‡Z n‡e| bZzb Bw_wj‡bi cwie‡Z© WvB B_vBj B_vi Drcbœ n‡e|

2| A¨vjKvBb n‡Z: †iv‡RbgvÛ weRviK : Pd I BaSO4 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z B_vB‡bi m‡½ H2 †hvM Ki‡j Bw_b Drcbœ nq|
Pd,BaSO4
H −C ≡C−H+H−H → H2 C=CH2 Pd + BaSO4 wgkÖY‡K †iv‡RbgyÛ weKviK e‡j|

3| A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW n‡Z: A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi m‡½ A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH †hvM Ki‡j A¨vjwKb Drcbœ nq|
KOH(alc)
R − CH2 − CH2 X → R −CH = CH2 + KX + H2 O

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KOH(alc)
D`vniY : CH3 − CH2 −CH2 Cl → CH3 − CH = CH2 + KCl + H2 O
Cr2 O2
4| A¨vj‡Kb n‡Z: R − CH2 − CH2 − CH3 → R −CH = CH2 + CH4

A¨vjwK‡bi B‡jKUªbvKl©x hyZ wewµqv †KŠkj

A¨vjwK‡bi Kvh©Kix g~jK nj Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb (>C=C=<) Ges Zv nj GKwU wmMgv eÜb I GKwU cvB e܇bi mgš^q| cvB
e܇bi B‡jKUªb †gNgvjv sp2 msKwiZ Kve©b؇qi Dci I wb‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i| cvB B‡jKUªb AZ¨šÍ nvjKvfv‡e weivR K‡i e‡j Ges
B‡jKUªb FYvZ¥K Avavbhy³ nIqvq AwZ mn‡R B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKviK (E + ) Øviv B‡jKUªb †gNgvjv AvµvšÍ nq|
−X \ /
X − − E+ + >C −̈ C< → >C − +C< → /C − C\
E E X
(weKviK) (A¨vjwKb) (Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb) (hyZ †hŠM)
ivmvqwbK wewµqvq cÖ_‡g A¨vjwK‡bi cvB eÜb B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKviK Øviv AvµvšÍ nq| B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKvi‡Ki AvKl©‡Y cvB
B‡jKUªb †gNgvjv AvµvšÍ Kve©b cigvby‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges G B‡jKUªb Øviv Kve©b cigvbywUi mv‡_ B‡jKUªbvKl©x weKviK (E + )hy³
nq|cvB B‡jKUªb GKwU Kve©b cigvYy‡Z ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nIqvq Aci Kve©b cigvbywU abvZ¥K PvR© jvf K‡i| d‡j GKwU AšÍeZ©x
Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb MwVZ nq| Ae‡k‡l PvR©hy³ G cÖv‡šÍi mv‡_ weKvi‡Ki FYvZ¥K Ask hy³ n‡q wewµqvi cwimgvwß NUvq Ges hyZ †hŠM
MVb K‡i|

A¨vjwKb kYv³KiY/A¨vjwK‡bi Am¤ú„³Zv

Am¤ú„³Zv wbY©‡qi cixÿv : Kve©b-Kve©b GKK wØeÜb ev GKK wÎeÜb Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K h_vµ‡g A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvBb
e‡j| A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvBbmg~‡ni Am¤ú„³Zv wbY©‡qi Rb¨ `ywU cixÿv njÑ
1. †eªvwgb `ªeY cixÿv I
2. †eqv‡ii KMnO4 `ªeY cixÿv
1. †eªvwgb `ªeY cixÿv : A¨vjwK‡bi †ÿ‡Î †eªvwgb `ªeY cixÿv wb¤œiæc:-
Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW (CCl4 ) `ªve‡K `ªexf~Z jvj e‡Y©i †eªvwgb `ªe‡Y (Br2 ) A¨vjwKb †hvM K‡i SuvKv‡bv nq| d‡j †eªvwg‡bi jvj eY©
we`~wiZ n‡q eY©nxb WvB‡eªv‡gv †hŠM Drcbœ nq|
D`vniY : (CCl4 ) `ªve‡K `ªexf~Z jvj e‡Y©i †eªvwgb `ªe‡Y Bw_wjb †hvM Kiv n‡j †eªvwg‡bi jvj `ªeY eY©nxb nq Ges WvB‡eªv‡gv
Bw_wjb bvgK eY©nxb hyZ †hŠM Drcbœ nq|
CCl4
CH2 = CH2 + Br2 → CH2 − CH2
 
Br Br [WvB‡eªv‡gv B‡_b (eY©nxb)]
A¨vjwKb/Am¤ú„³Zv wbwðZKiY : m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Br2 `ªe‡Yi eY© AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| Kv‡RB †eªvwgb `ªe‡Yi eY© cwieZ©b
†`‡L cixÿvaxb ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Am¤ú„³Zv m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nIqv hvq|
2. †eqv‡ii KMnO4 `ªeY cixÿv : A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î †eqv‡ii KMnO4 `ªeY cixÿv wb¤œiæc :-
Ÿvixq cUvwmqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU (KMnO4 ) Gi kxZj jNy Rjxq `ªe‡Y A¨vjwKb †hvM K‡I SuvKv‡bv nq| d‡j KMnO4 Gi †Mvjvwc
eY© we`~wiZ nq Ges eY©nxb MøvBKj Drcbœ nq|
D`vniY : †Mvjvwc e‡Y©i KMnO4 Gi kxZj jNy Rjxq `ªe‡Y Bw_wjb †hvM K‡i SuvKv‡j KMnO4 Gi †Mvjvwc eY© we`~wiZ n‡q
Bw_wjb MøvBKj Drcbœ nq|
2 KMnO4 + 2KOH → 2K 2 MnO4 + H2 O
CH2 = CH2 + H2 O + [O] → CH2 − CH2
 
OH OH Bw_wjb MøvBKj (eY©nxb)
Kve©b wkK‡j `ywU Kve©‡b 2wU −OH g~jK _vK‡j Zv‡K WvBAj ev MøvBKj e‡j|
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 59
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Exclusive
✓ ‡Kvb A¨vjwK‡bi wØeÜbhy³ Kve©b cigvYy `ywU‡Z mgvb msL¨K H cigvYy hy³ _vK‡j Zv‡`i‡K cÖwZmg A¨vjwKb e‡j
‡hgb, Bw_b (H2 C = CH2 ), 2-weDwUb (CH3 − CH = CHCH3 ) cÖf…wZ cÖwZmg A¨vjwKb|
✓ ‡Kvb A¨vjwK‡bi wØeÜbhy³ cigvYy `ywUi mv‡_ Amg msL¨K H cigvYy hy³ _v‡K‡j Zv‡`i‡K AcÖwZmg A¨vjwKb e‡j| †hgb, †cÖvwcb
(CH3 − CH = CH3 ) , 1-weDwUb (CH3 − CH2 − CH = CH2 ) cÖf…wZ AcÖwZmg A¨vjwKb|
✓ weKviKI cÖwZmg I AcÖwZmg Dfq MV‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| †hme weKvi‡Ki `ywU Ask GKB Zv‡`i‡K cÖwZmg weKviK e‡j|‡hgb,
H2 (H − H), Br2 (Br − Br), Cl2 (Cl − Cl) BZ¨vw` cÖwZmg weKviK|
✓ ‡hme weKvi‡Ki `ywU Ask wfbœ Zv‡`i‡K AcÖwZmg weKviK e‡j| †hgb, HCl, HBr, HO−Cl+BZ¨vw` AcÖwZmg weKviK|
gvK©wbKf Ges wecixZ gvK©wbKf bxwZ
ÔÔAcÖwZmg Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡Mi m‡½ AcÖwZmg weKvi‡Ki hyZ wewµqvq weKviK AYyi FYvZ¥K Ask mvaviYZ Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡Mi cvB eÜb
hy³ †h Kve©‡b Kg msL¨K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvby Av‡Q Zv‡Z hy³ nq|
A_©vr A¨vjwK‡bi wØ-eÜbhy³ `yB Kve©‡bi †hwU‡Z †ewk msL¨K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy _v‡K, weKvi‡Ki abvZ¥K cigvbywUI †m Kve©b
cigvYy‡Z hy³ n‡e|
mvaviY D`vniY : n¨v‡jv‡Rb A¨vwmW (HX) Gi FYvZ¥K I abvZ¥K Ask h_vµ‡g X − I H − A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ wb¤œiæc wewµqv K‡i|
R −CH = CH2 + HX → R − CH(X) − CH3 (cÖavb Drcv`b)

wbw`©ó D`vniY: †cÖvwc‡bi mv‡_ HBr Gi wewµqvq iso-‡cÖvcvBj †eªvgvBW cÖavb Drcv` n‡e|
CH3 − CHBr − CH3 iso-‡cÖvcvBj †eªvgvBW (90%)
2HBr
2 CH3 − CH = CH2 →
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 Br n-‡cÖvcvBj †eªvgvBW (10%)

✓ ‡R‡b †iL:
Cvi A·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ïaygvÎ HBr AYyi †ÿ‡ÎB gviKwbKf wbq‡gi e¨wZµg jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| HF, HClI HI cviA·vBW
cÖfve cÖ`k©b K‡i bv| KviY gy³g~jK wµqv‡KŠk‡ji we¯Ívi avcwU hLb Zvc Drcv`x nq Z_bB ïay GB hyZ wewµqv m¤¢e| wKš‘ avcwU
hw` Zvcnvix nq, ZLb wewµqvwU N‡U bv| cixÿvq †`Kv †M‡Q †h, ïaygvÎ HBr Gi †ÿ‡Î we¯Ívi avcwU Zvc Drcv`x, wKš‘ HF, HCl
Ges HI Gi †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv avc Zvcnvix| GB Kvi‡Y HF, HCl Ges HI cviAv·vBW cÖfve cÖ`k©b K‡i bv|
gviKwbK‡fi wbq‡gi wecixZ wµqv: weÁvbx Lvivm 1913 mv‡j cixÿv wbixÿvi gva¨‡g †`Lvb †h, cviA·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
gviKwbKf bxwZi wecixZµ‡g ms‡hvRb N‡U| Zvi cixÿvwU gviKwbKf bxwZi wecixZ wµqv A_ev gviKwbKf bxwZi Dci
cviA·vBW cÖfve bv‡g cwiwPZ; hv wb‡P wee„Z njÑ

cviA·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z AcÖwZmg Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡Mi mv‡_ AcÖwZmg weKviK AYyi wewµqvi mgq Am¤ú„³ †hŠ‡Mi cvB eÜbhy³
†h Kve©‡bi mv‡_ AwaK msL¨K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy _v‡K, Zvi mv‡_ weKvi‡Ki FYvZ¥K Ask ms‡hvwRZ nq|

D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v : †cÖvwcb Ges HBr Gi hyZ wewµqv ¯^í cwigvY A¨vwmUvBj cviA·vBW ev †eb‡Rvwqj cviA·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
m¤úbœ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î 99.1% n-†cÖvcvBj †eªvgvBW Ges 0.9% iso-†cÖvcvBj †eªvgvBW Drcbœ nq|
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 Br
cvi·vBW Dcw¯’Z n-†cÖvcvBj †eªvgvBW (99.1%)
HBr
2CH3 − CH = CH2 →
CH3 − CHBr − CH3
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 60
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cvi·vBW Dcw¯’Z iso-†cÖvcvBj †eªvgvBW (0.9%)

mxgve×Zv: A¨vjwK‡bi mv‡_ ïaygvÎ HBr Gi wewµqvq cviA·vBW cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq| Ab¨ †Kvb n¨v‡jv‡Rb GwmW ev
n¨v‡jv‡Rb n¨vjvB‡Wi HCl, HI Gi †ejvq †`Lv hvq bv|

A¨vjwK‡b IRb ms‡hvRb

A¨vjwK‡bi m‡½ I‡Rvb ms‡hvRb: wØeÜb Ae¯’vb wbY©q: wbw®Œq `ªveK †K¬v‡ivdig (CHCl3 ) ev Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivB‡Wi
(CCl4 G) A¨vjwKb‡K `ªexf~Z K‡i, kxZj `ªe‡Y I‡Rvb M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j cÖwZ wØe܇b GK AYy I‡Rvb hy³ nq Ges I‡RvbvBW
bvgK hyZ †hŠM MVb K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wØe܇bi wmMgv I cvB eÜb `ywU †f‡½ I‡RvbvBW MwVZ nq| Drcbœ I‡RvbvBW Av`©ª we‡køl‡Y
†f‡½ wM‡q A¨vjwK‡bi MVb I wØe܇bi Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb I H2 O2 †K bó Kiv nq; bZzev Zv Drcbœ
A¨vjwWnvBW‡K RvwiZ K‡i Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡W cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb,

 I‡Rv‡bvjvBwmm wewµqvq Zn e¨env‡ii KviY :

I‡RvbvBW †hŠM‡K ïaygvÎ cvwb (Zn c~Y© Qvov) Øviv we‡qvwRZ Ki‡j Drcbœ A¨vjwWnvBW, GKB m‡½ Drcbœ H2 O2 `¦viv RvwiZ
n‡q Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq| Zn P~Y© H2 O2 †K webó (weRvwiZ) K‡i e‡j GB RviY wµqv NUvi my‡hvM _v‡K bv|
RCHO + H2 O2 → R − COOH + H2 O ; H2 O2 + Zn → ZnO + H2 O

wm×všÍ : AZGe, I‡RvivB‡Wi Av`ª© we‡køl‡Y dig¨vjwWnvBW I †cÖvcvb¨vj ev †cÖvwcqb¨vjwWnvBW wgkªY cvIqv †Mj, A¨vjwKbwU
weDwUb-1 n‡e Ges I‡RvbvB‡Wi Av`©ª-we‡køl‡Y ïay gvÎ `yB AYy A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW Drcbœ n‡j, A¨vjwKbwU weDwUb-2 n‡e|

1| 2-wg_vBj‡c›U-2-Bb †hŠM‡K Zn P~Y© e¨envi K‡i I‡R‡bvjvBwmm Ki‡j Kx Kx †hŠM cvIqv hv‡e ?
CH3

H3 C − C = CH − CH2 − CH2 + O3 →

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 61

 Chemistry
2-wg_vBj‡c›U-2-Bb

myZivs, I‡Rv‡bvjvBwmm K‡i A¨vwm‡Uvb Ges †cÖvwc‡qvb¨vjwWnvBW cvIqv hvq|

2| †c›U-2-Bb Gi m‡½ I‡Rv‡bi wewµqv NwU‡q Drcbœ c`v_©‡K ïaygvÎ Rj Øviv we‡køwlZ Ki‡j Kx Kx †hŠM cvIqv hv‡e ?

3| RCH = CH𝑅 ′ GB A¨vjwK‡b hw` R Ges 𝑅 ′ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy nq Z‡e †hŠMwU n‡e Bw_wjb| GK AYy Bw_wj‡bi I‡Rvb
we‡køl‡Y `yB AYy digvjwWnvBW Drcbœ n‡e|
O O O O
   
H2 O
H− C = C − H + O3 → H − C − O − C H−C − O − C − H → 2HCHO + ZnO
      Zn digvjwWnvBW
H H H H H H
Bw_wjb Bw_wjb I‡RvbvBW Bw_wjb I‡RvbvBW
4| GB †hŠ‡Mi I‡Rvb we‡køl‡Y GK AYy digvjwWnvBW Ges GK AYy A¨vwm‡Uvb cvIqv hvq|
O O O O
   
H2 O
H− C = C − 𝐶𝐻3 + 𝑂3 → H − C − O − C− 𝐶𝐻3 H−C − O − C − CH3 → HCHO + CH3 COOH +
ZnO
      Zn digvjwWnvBW A¨vwm‡Uvb
H H H H H H
2-wg_vBj‡cÖvwcb I‡RvbvBW

5| RCH = C −R′ GB A¨vjwK‡b R = R′ = CH3 n‡j A¨vjwKbwU nq CH3 − CH = C − CH3 (2-wg_vBjweDU-2-Bb)| GB

†hŠ‡Mi I‡Rvb we‡køl‡Yi GK AYy A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW Ges GK AYy A¨vwm‡Uvb Drcbœ nq|
O O O O
   
H2 O
CH3 − C = C − CH3 + O3 → CH3 − C − O − C− CH3 H−C − O − C − CH3 → CH3 CHO + CH3 COOH + ZnO
      Zn A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW A¨vwm‡Uvb
H H H H H H

 A¨vwjwK‡bi wØeÜb Øviv hy³ `ywU Kve©b cigvYyi m‡½ †Kv‡bv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy bv †_‡K hw` cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kve©b cigvYyi m‡½ A¨vjwKb
MÖæc hy³ _v‡K Z‡e I‡Rvb we‡køl‡Yi `yB AYy wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq|
CH3 − C = C − CH3 A¨vjwKbwU 2,3-WvBwg_vBjweDU-2-Bb| Gi I‡Rvb we‡køl‡Yi `yB AYy A¨vwm‡Uvb Drcbœ nq|
 
CH3 CH3
O O O O
   
H2 O
CH3 − C = C − CH3 + O3 → CH3 − C − O − CCH3 CH3 − C − O − C − CH3 → 2CH3 COCH + ZnO
      Zn A¨vwm‡Uvb

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 62

 Chemistry
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
2,3-WvBwg_vBjweDU-2-Bb I‡RvbvBW I‡RvbvBW

I‡Rv‡bvjvBwmm wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv A¨vjwK‡b wØe܇bi Ae¯’vb wbY©q : I‡Rvb we‡køl‡Y GK AYy †Kv‡bv A¨vjwKb †_‡K `yB AYy
Kve©wbj †hŠM Drcbœ nq|
R − C = C − R′ → R − C = O + O = C − R′
   
H H H H
‡Kvb A¨vjwK‡bi MVb Rvbv _vK‡j †hŠMwUi I‡Rvb wK‡køl‡Yi Kx Kve©wbj †hŠM Drcbœ n‡e Zv mn‡RB Rvbv hvq| A¨vjwKbwUi MVb
†`‡L Ii Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜbx eivei AYywU‡K `ywU As‡k fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU wØeÜbhy³ Kve©‡bi m‡½ GKwU K‡i Aw·‡Rb cigvYy †hvM
Ki‡jB †Kvb Kve©wbj †hŠM Drcbœ nq Zv Rvbv hvq| †hgbÑ
R−C= = C − R′
 
H H
R − C = C − R′ → R−C= = C − R′ R − C = O + O = C − R′
     
H H H H H H
A¨vjwKb [Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜbx (C=O) eivei [cÖwZwU wØeÜbhy³ Kve©‡bi m‡½ GKwU K‡i
A¨vjwKbwU‡K `ywU As‡k fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q] Aw·‡Rb cigvYy †hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q]
CH3 − C = C = CH3 → CH3 − C = = C − CH3
   
D`vniY : H H H H
CH3 − C = O + O = C − CH3
 
H H
A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW
‡Kbbv A¨vjwK‡bi I‡Rvb we‡køl‡Y Kx Kx Kve©wbj †hŠM Drcbœ nq Zv Rvbv _vK‡j A¨vjwK‡bi MVb Rvbv hvq| Kve©wbj †hŠ‡Mi
Kve©wbj `ywU‡K gy‡LvgywL wj‡L I‡`i Aw·‡Rb cigvYy `ywU‡K ev` w`‡q Kve©wbj MÖæ‡ci Kve©b cigvYy `ywU‡K wØeÜb Øviv hy³ Ki‡jB
A¨vjwKbwU cvIqv hvq|
R − C = O O = C − R′ → R − C = C − R′
   
H H H H
D`vniY : CH3 − C = O O = C − CH3 → CH3 − C = C − CH3
   
CH3 H CH3 H

✓ ‡R‡b‡iL:
 cøvw÷K: †h mg¯Í cwjgvi‡K Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M bgbxq K‡I wewfbœ AvK…wZ †`qv hvq Ges Zvc mwi‡q wb‡j H AvK…wZ eRvq _v‡K, Zv‡`i‡K
cøvw÷K e‡j| cøvw÷‡Ki G ag©‡K cøvw÷wmwU e‡j| †hgbÑ cwj÷vwib, cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW (PVC) BZ¨vw`|
 Bjv‡÷vgvi: †h mg¯Í cwjgvi‡K †U‡b wZb ¸b †_‡K `k ¸b ewa©Z Kiv hvq Ges cÖhy³ ej mwi‡q wb‡j c~e©ve¯’vq wd‡i hvq Zv‡`i‡K
Bjv‡÷vgvi e‡j| †hgbÑ cÖvK…wZK ivevi, wmwj‡Kvb ivevi BZ¨vw`|
 dvBevi: hw` †Kvb cwjgvi‡K m~Zvi b¨vq Ggbfv‡e `xN© Kiv hvq †h, hvi ˆ`N©¨ Kgc‡ÿ Zvi e¨v‡mi 100 ¸Y ZLb cwjgviwU dvBev‡i
iæcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q ejv nq| †hgb, bvBjb, †Uwiwjb BZ¨vw`|
 cøvw÷K RvZxq c`v_©mg~n n‡”Q ˆiwLK ev kvLvwš^Z cwjgvi|
 wKQz cwjgvi i‡q‡Q hv‡`i‡K Zvc w`‡q wKQz ivmvqwbK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Zviv AMjbxq Ae¯’vq iæcvšÍwiZ nq Ges Ab¨‡Kvb AvK…wZ
†`qv hvq bv G‡`i‡K _v‡g©v‡mU e‡j|

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 63

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 †h ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P GKwU cwjgvi c`v_© k³ Ges hvi Dc‡ii ZvcgvÎvq cwjgvi c`v_© big I bgbxq _v‡K Zv‡K Møvm÷ªvbwRkb
ZvcgvÎv (Tg) e‡j| k³ Ges f½yi Ae¯’v‡K Møvwm Ae¯’v Ges big I bgbxq Ae¯’v‡K ivevi m`„k¨ Ae¯’v e‡j|

A¨vjwK‡bi cwjgviKiY wewµqv I wewfbœ cwjgv‡ii cÖ¯‘wZ

cwjgviKiY: †h wewµqvq GKB †hŠ‡Mi (†hgb, Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b) eûmsL¨K AYy cici hy³ n‡q e„nr AYy wewkó bZzb †hŠM
Drcbœ K‡i, †m wewµqv‡K cwjgviKiY e‡j Ges Drcbœ †hŠM‡K cwjgvi I g~j †hŠM‡K g‡bvgvi e‡j|
D`vniY : CH ≡ CH + HCl → CH2 = CHCl

Cl
0
D”P Pvc 200 C 
n(CH2 = CHCl) − CH2 −CH−
D”P Pvc c×wZ n
wfbvBj †K¬vivBW (g‡bvgvi) cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW

cwjw_b ev cwj Bw_wjb

cÖ¯‘wZ: 1000-1200 evqy Pv‡c Ges 2000 C ZvcgvÎvq Aw·‡Rb cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z AmsL¨ Bw_wjb GK Ac‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡q
cwjw_b Drcbœ K‡i|
wewµqv : D”P Pvc 2000 C
n(CH2 = CH3) (− CH2 −CH2 −)n
cÖfveK O2
Bw_wjb cwjw_b
GLv‡b, n = 600 − 1000
ag©: 1. bgbxq wKš‘ k³ cÖK…wZi cøvw÷K RvZxq c`v_©|
2. DËg Zwor AšÍiK|
3. GwU A¨vwmW, ÿvi I wewfbœ `ªve‡Ki Øviv AvµvšÍ nq bv|
e¨envi : 1. Jla cÎvw`i c¨v‡KU ˆZwii Kv‡R
2. M„n¯’vjx Kv‡R e¨eüZ gM, evjwZ, K¬_, Wv÷web, cvwbi U¨vsK cÖf…wZ ˆZwi‡Z|
3. ˆe`y¨wZK Zv‡ii AšÍi‡K Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi †evZj ˆZwi‡Z cwjw_b e¨eüZ nq|

‡Udjb
cÖ¯‘wZ: †divm mvj‡dU I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cvi·vBW cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †UUªv-d¬z‡iv Bw_wj‡bi hyZ cwjgviKiY wewµqvq ev cwj‡UUªv
†d¬v‡iv Bw_wjb Drcbœ nq|
FeSO4 ,H2 O2
wewµqv: n(F2 C = CF2 ) → (−F2 C − CF2 −)n
†UUªvd¬z‡iv Bw_wjb cwj‡UUªvd¬z‡ivBw_b
‰ewkó: 1. GwU AZ¨šÍ wbw¯Œq, A`vn¨ I k³ c`v_©|
2. GwU GwmW, ÿvi ev RviK c`v_© KZ©„K AvµvšÍ nq bv|
3. Zvc I we`y¨r Acwievnx|
e¨envi : 1. ˆe`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZi AšÍiK, Rvnv‡Ri i¾y cÖf…wZ‡Z †Udjb e¨eüZ nq|
2. ivbœvi c¨vb Gi Ic‡i †Udj‡bi bb-w÷wKs AveiYx ev †KvwUs †`Iqv nq|
FeSO4 I H2 O2 Gi wgkÖY‡K ejv nq †dbUb weKviK|

cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW (PVC)

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cÖ¯‘wZ : 1600 − 2500 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß gviwKDwiK †K¬vivBW (HgCl2 ) cÖfve‡Ki Ici w`‡q A¨vwmwUwjb I ﮋ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
†K¬vivBW M¨v‡mi wgkÖY Pvjbv Ki‡j wfbvBj †K¬vivBW M¨vm Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ wfbvBj †K¬vivBW‡K ˆRe cvi A·vBW †hgbÑ †eb‡Rwqj
cvi A·vBW cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z AwaK Pvc I D”P ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j cwjwfbvBj ‡K¬vivBW (PVC) Drcbœ nq|
2500 C,HgCl2
wewµqv : CH ≡ CH + HCl → CH2 = CHCl [CH2 = CH − wfbvBj g~jK]

Cl
cwjgviKiY 
n(CH2 = CHCl) − CH2 −CH−
D”P Pvc c×wZ  n

wfbvBj †K¬vivBW cwjwfbvBj †K¬vivBW

e¨envi : (i) K…wÎg Pvgov, N‡ii †g‡Si Kv‡c©U cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z|

(ii) N‡ii Qv` ˆZwii wRwbmcÎ ˆZwi‡Z, cøvw÷K, wmwiR, †iBb‡KvU©, MÖv‡gv‡dvb †iKW© ˆZwii Rb¨ PVC e¨eüZ nq|

cwj÷vBwib
cÖ¯‘wZ : ﮋ AlCl3 cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwR‡bi mv‡_ Bw_wj‡bi wewµqvq Drcbœ B_vBj †ebwRb‡K 6500 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß
†dwiK A·vBW ev †µvwgK A·vBW cÖfve‡Ki Ici w`‡q Pvjbv Ki‡j H2 AcmvwiZ n‡q ÷vBwib Drcbœ nq| GB Drcbœ ÷vBwib
†_‡K hyZ cwjgviKiY cÖwµqvq cwj÷vBwib cÖ¯ÍyZ Kiv nq|
wewµqv : CH2 − CH3 CH2 = CH2
Dry AlCl3 Fe2 O3 /Cr2 O3
+ CH2 = CH2 → → + H2
∆ 6500 C

†ebwRb B_vBj †ebwRb ÷vBwib

CH = CH2 −CH−CH2 −
 cwjgviKiY 
D”P Pvc c×wZ
n n

֬vBwib cwj֬vBwib

‰ewkó¨ : GwU mv`v e‡Y©i KwVb c`v_©|

e¨envi : (i) ‰e`y¨wZK Zv‡ii AšÍiK wnmv‡e
(ii) kxZjKviK h‡š¿i Ask, †dvg I cøvw÷K †dweª‡Kk‡b Ges Zv‡ci AšÍiK c`v_© cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z,
(iii) Lv`¨ enb‡hvM¨ cvÎ, Km‡gwU‡Ki †evZj, wmwjs UvBjm cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
(iv) wkï‡`i †Ljbvi wRwbm ˆZwi‡Z cwj÷vwib e¨eüZ nq|
cwjG÷vi Drcv`b
GKwU WvBAj (Bw_wjb MøvBKj) Ges GKwU WvBKve©w·wjK GwmW (‡Uwi‡_wjK GwmW) Gi wewµqvq cwj G÷vi MwVZ nq|

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GKwU A¨vgvBW eÜb (−CONH) hy³ †hŠM‡K cwjA¨vgvBW e‡j| cwjA¨vgvBWmg~n †cŠb:cywbK A¨vgvBW ¸chy³ mvs‡køwlZ cwjgvi|
cwjA¨vgvBWmg~n Zš‘gq c`v_©| evwYwR¨Kfv‡e G¸‡jv bvB‡jvb bv‡g cwiwPZ|

✓ cvi‡c· ev †cøw·Møvm Ges Aijb ev Aw·j¨vb

cvi‡c· ev †cøw·Møvm : Gi g‡bvgvi nj wg_vBj 2-wg_vBj †cÖvwc‡bv‡qU|
CH3 CH3
 cwjgviKiY 
nC = CH2 (−C−CH2 −)n
 80 − 900 C, H2 O2 
CO2 CH3 CO2 CH3
wg_vBj-2-wg_vBj jNy mvevb cvwb †cøw·Møvm
‡cÖvwc‡bv‡qU
‡cøw·Møvm LyeB ¯^”Q| ZvB GUv Møv‡mi wecí wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| †jÝ, cÖwZdjiæ‡c Ges Rvbvjvi KvP wn‡m‡e †cøw·Møvm e¨eüZ nq|
AZij ev Gw·j¨vb : Gi g‡bvgvi nj †cÖvwcb bvBUªvBj|
CN
cwjgviKiY 
nCH2 = CNCN (−CH2 −CH−)n
ZvB dvBevi ev myZv ˆZwi Kiv nq| GµvBwjK myZv w`‡q Kvco, K¤^j I Kv‡c©U ˆZwi Kiv nq|

✓ A¨vjwK‡bi †fŠZ ag©vewj

• A¨vjwKb C1 − C3 ch©šÍ ⟶ M¨vmxq
A¨vjwKb C5 − C14 ch©šÍ ⟶ Zij
A¨vjwKb C18 − Z`~aŸ© ⟶ KwVb
mÂviYkxj cvB e܇bi Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡YB wb¤œZi A¨vjwKb¸‡jv mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq M¨vmxq ev Zij nq| me A¨vjwKbB eY©nxb I
MÜnxb Z‡e Bw_wj‡b mvgvb¨ mywgó MÜ Av‡Q|
• `ªve¨Zv : A¨vjwKb¸‡jv g„`y †cvjvi| †mRb¨ Giv cvwb‡Z mvgvb¨ `ªexf~Z n‡jI A‡cvjvi ˆRe `ªveK †hgbÑ †ebwRb, B_vi, †K¬v‡ivdig
BZ¨vw`‡Z AwaK `ªeYxq|
• Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ I Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ : AvYweK fi evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ Mjbv¼, ùzUbv¼ Ges Av‡cwÿK NbZ¡I †e‡o hvq| Z‡e Kve©b
kvLv †e‡o †M‡j Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ K‡g| mvaviYfv‡e Giv cvwbi †P‡q nvjKv| G‡`i Av‡cwÿK ¸iæZ¡ 1 Gi †P‡q (0.5−0.8)
†QvU|
✓ A¨vjwK‡bi ivmvqwbK ag© : A¨vjwKb¸‡jv A¨vj‡K‡bi Zzjbvq †ewk mwµq| KviYÑ
• GKwU wmMgv I GKwU cvB e܇bi mgš^‡q ˆZwi A¨vjwK‡bi wØe܇bi cvB eÜbwU AmsKwiZ p AiweUvj¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk Awaµg‡Yi
d‡j ˆZwi nq e‡j Zv wmMgv e܇bi gZ h‡_ó `„p bq| C-C wmMgv eÜbkw³ 345 kJmol-1 Aciw`‡K, C-C cvB eÜbkw³ 262
kJ/mol| d‡j cvB eÜbwU‡K mn‡RB fv½v hvq|
• wØe܇bi cvB-B‡jKUªb¸‡jv Kve©b †K›`ª †_‡K †ek `~‡i Aew¯’Z Ges †K‡›`ªi mv‡_ nvjKvfv‡e hy³ _v‡K| d‡j eÜb †giæ cÖeY nq
Ges B‡jKUªb ¯^í weKviK Øviv mn‡RB AvK…ó nq|

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A¨vjKvBb (Cn H2n−2 )

‡hme Am¤ú„³ gy³ wkKj ˆRe †hŠ‡M mwbœwnZ `ywU Kve©b cigvYy ci®úi wÎe܇b hy³ _v‡K Ges Kve©‡bi Aewkó eÜb¸‡jv ïaygvÎ
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy Øviv c~Y© nq Zv‡`i‡K A¨vjKvBb e‡j| GB †kÖYxi mKj †hŠ‡Mi mvaviYZ ms‡KZ nj Cn H2n−2 GLv‡b, n =
2,3,4…… BZ¨vw` c~Y© msL¨v| GB †kÖYxi cÖ_g †hŠM nj B_vBb, G‡K mvaviYfv‡e A¨vwmwUwjb ejv nq| A¨vjKvB‡bi wÎeÜb‡K
A¨vwmwUwjbxq eÜb ejv nq| A¨vjKvBb †kÖYx‡Z mg-msL¨K Kve©bwewkó A¨vj‡Kb n‡Z 4wU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy Kg _v‡K|
‡hgb, HC ≡ CH, B_vBb ev A¨vwmwUwjb
CH3 − C ≡ CH, ‡cÖvcvBb

A¨vjKvB‡bi mvaviY cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx

(i) K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW n‡Z mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq Dchy³ cv‡Î K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vB‡Wi mv‡_ cvwbi wewµqv NwU‡q B_vBb Drcbœ Kiv nqÑ
CaC2 + 2H2 O → HC ↑ + Ca(OH)2
K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW Drcv`b †ek e¨qeûj e‡j cÖwµqvwU mxwgZ cwim‡i wk‡í e¨eüZ nq|
(ii) cÖvK…wZK M¨vm †_‡K cÖvß wg‡_b M¨vm‡K 15000 C ZvcgvÎvq AvswkK `nb Ki‡j B_vBb Drcbœ nq| †hgbÑ
1 ∆
2CH4 + 2 O2 → HC ≡ CH + H2 O
A¨vjKvB‡bi wewµqv
1| m~² cøvwUbvg ev c¨vjvwWqvg cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq A¨vwmwUwjb ev B_vB‡bi mv‡_ 𝐻2 hy³ n‡q cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq
Bw_wjb ev Bw_wjb Drcbœ nq|
Pt/Pd,300
wewµqv : HC ≡ CH + H2 → H2 C = CH2
A¨vwmwUwjb Bw_wjb
A¨vjKvB‡bi Am¤ú„³Zvi cixÿv : †eqvi cixÿv
2| ÿvixq cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡b‡Ui kxZj jNy Rjxq †Mvjvcx e‡Y©i `ªe‡Y A¨vwmwUwjb (ev B_vBb) M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j A¨vwmwUwjb
RvwiZ nq A·vwjK A¨vwm‡W cwiYZ nq|
KMnO4
wewµqv : H −C ≡ C − H + 4[O] → COOH
A¨vwmwUwjb OH −
COOH
A·vwjK GwmW
3| jNy H2 SO4 I 2% gviwKDwiK mvj‡d‡Ui Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 75% ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi mv‡_ A¨vwmwUwjb mshy³ n‡q A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW ev
B_vb¨vj Drcbœ nq|
2% Hg ++ , 750 C cyY©web¨vm
20%H2 SO4
H −C ≡ C −H + H + − −OH → CH = CH2 → CH3 − CHO
A¨vwmwUwjb OH A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW
wfbvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
 g‡b‡iL : A¨vwmUvBwjb Qvov Ab¨ ‡h †Kvb A¨vjKvBb †hŠ‡Mi mv‡_ jNy (20%) H2 SO4 Gwm‡W 2% HgSO4 Gi `ªe‡Yi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
GB wewµqv Kiv n‡j wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq|
4| I‡Rvb ms‡hvRb : wbw¯Œq `ªve‡K (†hgb,CHCl3 ev CCl4 G) A¨vwmwUwj‡bi `ªe‡Y I‡Rvb Pvjbv Ki‡j A¨vwmwUwjb I‡RvbvBW
MwVZ nq| G‡K cvwbmn DËß Ki‡j MøvBA·vj MwVZ nq| wgkÖ‡Y wKQzUv wR¼ †hvM K‡I MøvB A·v‡ji Rvib †iva Kiv nq|
O
CCl4 H2 O,∆
wewµqv : H −C ≡ C − H + O3 → HC − C − H → CHO + H2 O + ZnO
Zn
O− O CHO
5| RviY : A¨vwmwUwj‡bi mv‡_ †µvwgK A¨vwmW (K 2 Cr2 O7 + H2 SO4 ) †hvM Ki‡j A¨vwmwUwjb RvwiZ n‡q A¨vwmwUK A¨vwm‡W
cwiYZ nq|

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K2 Cr2 O7
wewµqv : HC ≡ CH + H2 O + [O] → CH3 COOH
A¨vwmwUwjb H2 SO4 A¨vwmwUK A¨vwmW
6| H2 ms‡hvRb : cøvwUbvg ev c¨vjvwWqvg cÖfve‡Ki mwbœ‡a¨ mvaviYZ ZvcgvÎvq A¨vwmwUwjb nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i cÖ_‡g
Bw_wjb Ges c‡i B‡_b Drcbœ K‡i|
Pt/Pd,300
wewµqv : HC ≡ CH + H2 → H2 C = CH2
A¨vwmwUwjb Bw_wjb
Pt/Pd,300
H2 C = CH2 + H2 → H3 C − CH3
B‡_b
7| UªvBgvi MVb : A¨vwmwUwjb M¨vm‡K 400 − 5000 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß †jŠn b‡ji wfZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ Ki‡j wZbwU K‡i
0

A¨vwmwUwjb AYy ci¯úi hy³ n‡q GKwU †ebwRb AYy Drcbœ nq|
wewµqv : 3C2 H2 → C6 H6 A_©vr

8| A¨vj‡Kvnj MVb : m~² cøvwUbvg ev c¨vjvwWqvg cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq A¨vwmwUwjb ev B_vB‡bi mv‡_ H2 hy³ n‡q
cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq Bw_wjb ev Bw_b Drcbœ nq|
Pt/Pd,300
wewµqv : HC ≡ CH + H2 → H2 C = CH2
A¨vwmwUwjb Bw_wjb
Avevi, Bw_wjb Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq Mvp mvjwdDwiK A¨vwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i cÖ_‡g B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU Drcbœ K‡i| GB
B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU‡K jNy A¨vwmW Øviv DËß Ki‡j Av`©ª we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g B_vbj Drcbœ nq|
wewµqv : H2 C = CH2 + H2 SO4 → H3 C − CH2 SO4 H → H3 C − CH2 OH + H2 SO4

A¨vjKvB‡bi kYv³KiY
1. A¨vjKvB‡bi cÖvšÍxq A¤øag©x †cÖvUb _vK‡j A¨v‡gvwbqv hy³ Cu2 Cl2 Gi mv‡_ Kcvi A¨vjKvB‡Wi/Kcvi-A¨vwmwUjvB‡Wi jvj
Aa:‡ÿc m„wó|
CH ≡ CH + 2Cu(NH3 )2 Cl → Ag−C ≡ C−Cu ↓ + NH4 Cl + NH3
(jvj Aa:‡ÿc)
2. A¨vjKvBb (A¨vwmwUwjb) A¨v‡gvwbqv hy³ AgNO3 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i mv`v e‡Y©i wmjfvi A¨vjKvjvBW/wmjfvi A¨vwmwUjvB‡Wi
Aa:‡ÿc m„wó K‡i|
HC ≡ CH + 2Ag(NH3 )2 NO3 → Ag − C ≡ C − Ag ↓ + NH4 Cl + NH3
(mv`v Aa:‡ÿc)

D‡jøL¨, A¨vjKvBb-1 (A¨vwmwUwjb) G cixÿv w`‡jI Ab¨vb¨ A¨vjKvBb G cixÿv †`q bv|

✓ A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡Mi cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv

A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM A¨vj‡Kb Gi †ÿ‡Î cwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq R−H Gi GK ev GKvwaK H cigvYy n¨v‡jv‡Rb,−NO2 , −SO3 H
cÖf…wZ MÖæc Qvov cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q cÖwZ¯’vwcZ A¨vj‡Kb †hŠM MVb K‡i _v‡K|
−H
R−H → R−A GLv‡b, A = −Cl, −Br, −I, −NO2 , −SO3 H BZ¨vw`
+A

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(A¨vj‡Kb) (cÖwZ¯’vwcZ A¨vj‡Kb)
Av‡jv
R− CH2 − H + X 2 → 0
R − CH2 − X + HX
400 C
4000 C
R− CH2 − H + HNO3 (Mvp) → R − CH2 −NO2 + H2 O
A¨vjwKb Am¤ú„³ ˆRe †hŠM| Gi AYy‡Z π eÜb eZ©gvb _vKvq GwU cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i bv| Z‡e A¨vjKvBb AYy‡Z `ywU
π eÜb _vKv m‡Ë¡I A¨vjKvBb-1 Gi A¤øawg©Zv ¸‡Yi Kvi‡b Gi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Na, Ag, Cu avZz Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq †hgb,
2R − C ≡ CH (g) + 2Na(s) → 2R −C ≡ can (s) + H2
R − C ≡ CH + [Ag(CN3 )2 ]+ NO3 − (aq) → R − C ≡ CAg(s) + NH4 NO3 + NH3
R − C ≡ CH(g) + [Cu(NH3 )2 ]+ Cl− (aq) → R − C ≡ CCu(s) + NH4 Cl + NH3
 g‡b‡iL : kbv³Ki‡Yi wewµqv `ywU‡Z A¨vjKvBb-1 ev B_vBb A¤øag© cÖ`k©b Ki‡jI Giv NaOH ev KOH Gi mv‡_ †Kvb wewµqv
K‡i bv| KviY B_vBb (CH ≡ CH), cvwb (H2 O) A‡cÿv `~e©j GwmW OH − , CH ≡ C̈- A‡cÿv AwZ `~e©j ÿviK| ZvB `~e©j
GwmW CH ≡ CH, `~e©j ÿviK OH − Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i kw³kvjx GwmW H2 O I kw³kvjx ÿviK CH ≡ C̈- Drcbœ K‡i bv|
KviY, CH ≡ CH ev A¨vjKvBb-1 KL‡bvB NaOH ev KOH Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bv|
A¨vjKvBb ev B_vBb A¤øag©x:
Bw_b ev A¨vjwKb wbi‡cÿ n‡jI A¨vjKvBb ev B_vBb A¤øag©x| Gi g~j KviY nj, A¨vjKvBb AYyi Kve©b cigvYy sp msKwiZ| G
msKi AiweUv‡j s Ges p Gi AYycvZ (1:1) A¨vj‡Kb ev A¨vjwKb AYyi msKi AiweUv‡ji †P‡q †ewk| myZivs, ÿz`ªvK…wZ s
AiweUv‡ji AbycvZ †ewk nIqvq A¨vjKvB‡bi C−H e܇bi †kqviK…Z B‡jKUªYhyMj C cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi AwaKZi Kv‡Q `„pfv‡e
hy³ _v‡K| ZvB `~‡i Aew¯’Z ÔHÕ cigvYywUi eÜb wkw_j n‡q hvq Ges GwU †f‡½ H + Avqb wn‡m‡e mn‡R wePz¨Z nq, wKš‘ A¨vjwK‡b
Zv m¤¢e bq| G Kvi‡Y A¨vjKvBb ev B_vBb A¤øag©x|

Bw_wjb I A¨vwmwUwjb Gi ci¯úwiK iæcvšÍi

1. Bw_wjb n‡Z A¨vwmwUwjb : Bw_wjb †_‡K A¨vwmwUwjb cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡P cÖ`Ë `ywU av‡c m¤úbœ Kiv nq:
avcÑ1: cÖ_‡g Bw_wjb I †eªvwg‡bi wewµqv Øviv 1,2-WvB‡eªv‡gv B‡_b cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|

CCl4
CH2 = CH2 + Br2 → BrCH2 − CHBr
1,2-WvB †eªv‡gv B‡_b
avcÑ2: Drcbœ ‡hŠM‡K A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ DËß Ki‡j `yB AYy HBr AcmvwiZ n‡q A¨vwmwUwjb M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
R−OH
BrCH2 − CH2 Br + 2KOH → CH ≡ CH + 2KBr + 2H2 O
2. A¨vwmwUwjb n‡Z Bw_wjb : c¨vjvwWqvg (Pd) Ges BaSO4 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z mgAvqZb A¨vwmwUwjb I nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wewµqvq Bw_wjb
Drcbœ nq|
Pd−BaSO4
CH ≡ CH + H2 → CH2 = CH2
A¨vwmwUwjb Bw_wjb

A¨vj‡Kb, A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvB‡bi cÖavb cv_©K¨mg~n

cv_©K¨m~PK ag© A¨vj‡Kb A¨vjwKb A¨vjKvBb
mvaviY ms‡KZ Cn H2n+2 Cn H2n Cn H2n+2
eÜb Kve©b-Kve©b GKK eÜb(C − C) Kve©b-Kve©b wØ eÜb(C = C) Kve©b-Kve©b wÎ eÜb(C ≡ C)
msKxKiY Kve©b sp3 msKixK…Z Kve©b sp2 msKixK…Z Kve©b sp msKixK…Z
AvK…wZ PZz¯ÍjKxq mgZjxq w·KvYvKvi mij‰iwLK
eÜb †KvY 1090 1200 1800
C−C eÜb ˆ`N©¨ 0.158 nm 0.134 nm 0.121 nm
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 69
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mgvYyZv wkKj I Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv cwijwÿZ wmm-UªvÝ ev R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv cwijwÿZ
nq| cwijwÿZ nq| nq|
ivmvqwbK wµqv cÖwZ¯’vcb Ges Zvcxq I cÖfveKxq hyZ wewµqv, RviY I‡RvbxKiY I Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv cwijwÿZ
fv½b BZ¨vw`| cwjgviKiY| nq|
cÖ¯‘wZ Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b I H2 Gi A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wbiæ`b ev A¨vjKvBj WvB-n¨vjvBW †_‡K AcmviY|
ms‡hvRb A_ev A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi AcmviY|
n¨vjvB‡Wi weRviY|

Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb wkLv
avZe b‡ji miæ gy‡L A¨vwmwUwjb M¨vm‡K cÖPzi evqy ev Aw·‡R‡b cÖ¾¡wjZ Ki‡j A¨vwmwUwj‡bi c~Y© `n‡bi d‡j bxjvf wkLvmn R¡‡j
D‡V| ZLb cÖvq 35000 C ZvcgvÎvq Drcbœ nq| G wkKv‡K Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb wkLv e‡j|
2CH ≡ CH + 5O2 → 4CO2 + 2H2 O + Zvc
e¨envi
1. avZz †Rvov †`Iqvi Kv‡R Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb wkLv e¨eüZ nq|
2. †jvnv RvZxq c`v_© KvU‡Z G wkLv e¨eüZ nq|

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM (†ebwRb)

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM †Pbvi Magic System
n¨v‡Kj ZË¡ : weÁvbx n¨v‡K‡ji GKwU Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g A¨v‡iv‡gwUwmwU e¨vL¨v K‡ib| n¨v‡Kj Z‡Ë¡i cÖ¯Íve Abymv‡iÑ
(i) mKj A¨v‡ivwgwUK †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z GKwU mgZjxq PvwµK KvVv‡gv _v‡K| hvi Dc‡i I wb‡P mÂiYkxj 𝜋 AvYweK AiweUvj
_v‡K|
(ii) G 𝜋 AvYweK AiweUv‡j (4n+2) msL¨K mÂviYÿg 𝜋 B‡jKUªb _v‡K| GLv‡b n GKwU c~Y© msL¨v hvi gvb,0, 1, 2, 3 BZ¨vw`
n‡Z cv‡i|
‡hgb,

Magic-01:
n Gi gvb c~Y© msL¨v n‡j A¨v‡iv‡gwUK Ges fMœvsk n‡j A¨v‡iv‡gwUK bq|
3
(i) bs → 4n+2 = 8 ⟹ 4n = 6 ∴ n = 2 hv fMœvsk
∴ (i) bs A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM bq| Avi 4n+2 = 8 KviY 𝜋 B‡jKUªb †gvU 8 wU|
(ii) bs → 4n+2 = 6 ⟹ 4n = 4 ∴ n = 1 c~Y© msL¨v
∴ (ii) bs A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
(iii) → 4n+2 = 2 ⟹ n = 0 myZivs (iii) A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
(iv) → 4n+2 = 6 ⟹ n = 1 myZivs (iv) A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
(v) → 4n+2 = 10 ⟹ n = 2 myZivs (v) A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
Magic-02:
𝑥−1
n= GLv‡b, x = cvB eÜb msL¨v ev wØ-eÜb msL¨v|
2
n Gi gvb = c~Y© msL¨v n‡j, A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
n Gi gvb = fMœvsk n‡j, A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM bq|

Gevi we‡kølYxq `„wó wb‡q D`vniY jÿ¨ KiÑ

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 70

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𝑥−1 3−1
1| †ebwRb cvB eÜb wZbwU ∴ n= = = 1 (x = 3 = 𝜋 eÜb msL¨v)
2 2

n Gi gvb Gi gvb c~Y© msL¨v ZvB †ebwRb A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|

𝑥−1 1−1 0
2| n= = = 2 = 0 myZivs mvB‡K¬vcÖwcb Avqb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
2 2

𝑥−1 3−1
3| n= = = 1 (x = 𝜋 = 3= eÜb msL¨v) myZivs wdDwib GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
2 2

𝑥−1 5−1 4
4| n= = = = 2 (x = 𝜋 = 5) myZivs b¨vc_vwjb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
2 2 2

𝑥−1 2−1 1 1
5| n= = =2 ∴ n=2
2 2

myZivs 1,3 mvB‡K¬vweDUvWvBb A¨v‡iv‡gwUK bq KviY n Gi gvb c~Y© msL¨v bq;

𝑥−1 4−1 3
6| n= = =2 Bnv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM bq|
2 2

Av‡iv gRvi welq n‡”Q, wØe܇bi msL¨v‡K `yB Øviv ¸Y Ki‡j cvB B‡jKUªb msL¨v cvIqv hvq| A_©vr cvB B‡jKUªb msL¨v = 2x [x
= 𝜋 eÜb msL¨v]
D`vniY : †ebwR‡bi wZbwU wØeÜb Av‡Q| ZvB cvB B‡jKUªb msL¨v = 2x = 2 × 3 = 6
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM
eÜb wkKj †hŠM †ebwRb, Gi RvZK A_ev †ebwR‡bi Abyiæc ag© wewkó ˆRe †hŠM‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM e‡j| †hgb, †ebwRb, UjyBb,
†dbj BZ¨vw`| G‡`i MvVwbK ms‡KZ wb‡P †`qv nj|

n¨v‡Kj wbqg
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi B‡jKUªbxq msÁv: †h me ejvqvKvi, mgZjxq ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z mÂvibkxj (4n+2) msL¨K cvB B‡jKUªb
_v‡K, Zv‡`i‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM e‡j|
GLv‡b n =0, 1, 2, 3…….BZ¨vw` c~Y© msL¨v| G‡ÿ‡Î n Gi gvb Øviv C cigvYyi I †nUv‡iv cigvby Øviv m„ó mylg cÂfzR A_ev
lofzR Pµ ev ejq msL¨v †evSvq| mÂiYkxj cvB B‡jKUª‡bi G c~Y©msL¨v msL¨vwfwËK A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi msÁv‡K n¨v‡Kj wbqg
e‡j| n¨v‡Kj wbqg Abymv‡i †ebwRb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM| Kvib †ebwRb AYy‡Z mÂiYkxj 6 wU cvB B‡jKUªb Av‡Q Ges 6
GKwU n¨v‡Kj msL¨v| n¨v‡Kj msL¨v m~Î (4n+2) Gi g‡a¨ n = 1 emv‡j Gi gvb (4×1+2) = 6 cvIqv hvq|
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨ ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUKZ¡
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨ ag© †hgb- Zv‡`i we‡kl cÖKv‡ii Am¤ú„³Zv, AwaKZi ¯’vwqZ¡, B‡jKUªbMÖvnx cªwZ¯’vcb wewµqv AbyiiY
BZ¨vw`‡K GK‡Î A¨v‡iv‡gwUwmwU ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUKZ¡ ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨ e‡j|
‰ewkó¨ : mÂviYkxj cvB B‡jKUªb _vKvi Kvi‡Y A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M wb¤œwjwLZ ˆewkó¨c~Y© ag© †`Lv hvqÑ

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 71

 Chemistry
1. we‡kl ai‡bi Am¤ú„³Zv : A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠMmg~n h‡_ó Am¤ú„³ nIqvi m‡Ë¡I Giv Am¤ú„³ Bw_b I B_vB‡bi g‡Zv hyZ wewµqv
†`q bv| †hgbÑ †ebwRb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, n¨v‡jv‡Rb I I‡Rv‡bi mv‡_ hyZ †hŠM MVb Ki‡jI Bw_b I B_vB‡bi gZ n¨v‡jv‡Rb Gwm‡Wi
mv‡_ hyZ †hŠM MVb K‡i bv|
2. cÖwZ¯’vcb w¯’wZkxjZv : A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠMmg~n mvaviYZ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb, bvB‡Uªkb, mvj‡dv‡bkb, wd«‡Wj µvdU wewµqv cÖf…wZ
B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK wewµqv w`‡q _v‡K|
3. we‡kl w¯’wZkxjZv : A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠMmg~n †hgb †ebwR‡b Am¤ú„³Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Bw_b A‡cÿv h‡_ó w¯’wZkxj| †hgb Kÿ
ZvcgvÎvq Bw_b Rjxq ÿvixq KMnO4 `ªeY †hv‡M RvwiZ n‡q MøvBKj Drcbœ K‡i| wKš‘ †ebwRb ÿvixq KMnO4 Øviv RvwiZ nq
bv|
4. AbyiiY : A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM; †hgb †ebwRb ej‡q QqwU mÂviYkxj cvB B‡jKUªb _vKvq Kve©b-Kve©b eÜb `~iZ¡ 0.139 nm, hv
Kve©b-Kve©b GKK eÜb I wØ-eÜb `~iZ¡ h_vµ‡g 0.154 nm Ges 0.134 nm Gi gvSvgvwS| d‡j †ebwRb ej‡qi mv‡_ mivmwi
hy³ wewfbœ g~j‡Ki wewµqv A¨vwj‡dwUK Kve©‡bi mv‡Z hy³ GKB g~j‡Ki wewµqvi g‡a¨ h‡_ó cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq|
5. n¨v‡Kj ZË¡ AbymiY : m‡e©vcwi A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM n¨v‡Kj ZË¡ AbymiY K‡i|
‡ebwRb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM
iÄb iwk¥i cixÿv †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, †ebwRb P‡µi Kve©b-Kve©b wØe܇bi ˆ`N©¨ mvaviY Kve©b-Kve©b GKK eÜb I wØe܇bi
gvSvgvwS| G AYy‡Z 6wU mÂiYkxj 𝜋 B‡jKUªb we`¨gvb, hv n¨v‡Kj Z‡Ë¡i mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| d‡j †ebwRb A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi
ˆewkó¨c~Y© ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i|
1. †ebwRb Am¤ú„³Zv we‡kl ai‡bi hv Bw_b ev B_vB‡bi g‡Zv bq| KviY †ebwRb H2 , Cl2 Ges O3 Gi mv‡_ kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ hyZ
wewµqv w`‡jI Bw_‡bi g‡Zv HCl Gi mv‡_ hyZ wewµqv †`q bv|
H2 C = CH2 + HCl → CH3 − CH2 Cl ‡R‡b‡iL:
Bw_b B_vBj †K¬vivBW B‡_b C − C eÜb `~iZ¡ = 0.154 nm
+ HCl → ‡Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv Bw_wj‡b C − C eÜb `~iZ¡ = 0.134 nm
‡ebwR‡b C − C eÜb `~iZ¡ = 0.139 nm
2. †ebwRb Am¤ú„³ n‡jI ¯’vqx| KviY Bw_b Rjxq KMnO4 Øviv RvwiZ n‡jI †ebwRb nq bv|
KMnO4 (aq)
H2 C = CH2 + H2 O + [O] → CH2 − CH2
Bw_b  
OH OH
KMnO4 (aq)
+ H2 O + [O] → ‡Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv|

3. †ebwRb Am¤ú„³ n‡jI wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †`q| †hgb, n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb, bvB‡Uªkvb, mvj‡dv‡bkvb, wd«‡Wj µvdU
cÖ¯‘wZ cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv|
cvB‡ivj GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM
cvB‡ivj PvwµK, mgZjxq Ges cÖwZwU Kve©‡b GKwU p-AiweUvj Av‡Q| G‡Z †gvU 2wU wØ-eÜb Ges wØ-eÜbmn bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi †Rvov
gy³ B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| myZivs cvB‡iv‡j †gvU QqwU cvB B‡jKUªb Av‡Q hv n¨v‡Kj bxwZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©|

4n+2= 6
4n = 6 − 2
4n = 4
n = 1 (c~Y© msL¨v)
myZivs cvB‡ivj GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|
b¨vc_vwjb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM
b¨vc_vwjb PvwµK, mgZjxq Ges cÖwZwU Kve©‡b GKwU p-AiweUvj Av‡Q| G‡Z †gvU 5wU wØeÜb Ges 10wU cvB B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| hv
n¨v‡Kj bxwZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©|
‡R‡b‡iL:
4n+2= 10
4n = 10 − 2
4n = 8
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqbmvB‡K¬ v‡cÖvwcbvBj
(Organic K¨vUvqb 2wU mÂiYkxj 𝜋 B‡jKUªb 4n+2 m~‡Î n72
Chemistry)
= 0 emv‡j 4×0+2 = 2
n¨v‡Kj bxwZ Abymv‡i †hŠMwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK|
 Chemistry
n = 2 (c~Y© msL¨v)
myZivs b¨vc_vwjb GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM|

A¨vwj‡dwUK I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi cÖavb cv_©K¨

cv_©K¨m~PK ag© A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM
MVb A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠM cÖavbZ gy³ wkKj wewkó| ‡hgb, A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠMmg~n PvwµK ev ejq AvK…wZi|
CH3 − CH2 − CH3 (†cÖv‡cb) †hgb,C6 H6 (‡ebwRb)
m¤ú„³Zv m¤ú„³ ev Am¤ú„³ †h‡Kvb cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| mKj A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM Am¤ú„³|
mshyw³ A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi AvbycvwZK cwigvb A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi AvbycvwZK cwigvY
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg|‡hgb,(C2 H4 ) G C:H = 2:4 Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk| †hgb, †ebwRb (C6 H6 )
G C:H = 6:6
wewµqv A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡M bvB‡Uªkb, mvj‡dv‡bkb cÖf…wZ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM mn‡RB mvj‡dv‡bkb,
cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv mn‡R msNwUZ nq bv| bvB‡Ukb, cÖf…wZ cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv N‡U|
mwµqZv A¨vwj‡dwUK n¨vjvBWmg~n AZ¨šÍ mwµq| †hgb, A¨v‡iv‡gwUK n¨vjvBWmg~n Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg
CH3 Cl + NaOH → CH3 OH + NaCl mwµq|
nvBWªw· †hŠM A¨vwj‡dwUK nvBWªw· †hŠM Z_v A¨vj‡Kvnjmg~n A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvBWªw· †hŠM Z_v †dbjmg~n
wbi‡cÿ| A¤øxq|
RviY A¨vwj‡dwUK Am¤ú„³ †hŠMmg~n KMnO4 Øviv mn‡RB A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠMmg~n Am¤ú„³ nIqv m‡Ë¡I
RvwiZ nq| †hgb, KMnO4 Øviv RvwiZ nq bv|
KMnO4 ,KOH
CH2 = CH2 + [O] → HOCH2 −
CH2 OH
cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv A¨vwj‡dwUK †hŠ‡M wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb
N‡U| wewµqv N‡U|
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi wbDwK¬qvm I cvk¦©wkKj
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wbDwK¬qvm: cÖ‡Z¨K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠMB cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e †ebwRb n‡Z MwVZ Ges Gme †hŠ‡M †ebwRb ejq hy³
_v‡K| Qq Kve©b cigvbywewkó †ebwRb ejq‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wbDwK¬qvm ev †ebwRb wbDwK¬qvm e‡j|
cvk¦©wkKj : A¨v‡iv‡gwUK ev †ebwRb wbDwK¬qvm n‡Z GK ev GKvwaK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvby mgmsL¨K Kve©b cigvYy hy³ A¨vwj‡dwUK
g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j, D³ g~jK‡K cvk¦©wkKj e‡j|
D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v : wg_vBj †ebwRb (C6 H5 − CH3 ) †hŠMwU mvaviYfv‡e UjyBb bv‡g cwiwPZ| UjyBb AYy‡Z `ywU Ask i‡q‡Q h_vÑ
(K) A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wbDwK¬qvm : UjyBb ‡hŠ‡Mi g~j †ebwRb PµwUB nj A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wbDwK¬qvm|
(L) cvk¦©wkKj : wg_vBj g~jK (−CH3 ) Kve©b cigvYyhy³ g~jK, hv †ebwRb P‡µi cvk¦©wkKj bv‡g cwiwPZ|

CH3  cvk¦©wkKj

 A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wbDwK¬qvm

✓ UjyB‡bi ag©vejx n‡”Q †ebwRb ejq I cvk¦©wkK‡ji a‡g©i mgwó| Z‡e A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wbDwK¬qvm Ges cvk¦©wkKj G‡K Ac‡ii a‡g©i
wKQzUv cwieZ©b NUvq|
‡ebwRb cÖ¯‘wZ
(i) ‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU I †mvWv jvB‡gi wgkªY‡K DËß K‡i cixÿvMv‡i †ebwRb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
COONa
∆
+ NaOH(CaO) → + Na2 CO3 (CaO)
‡mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU †mvWvjvBg

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 73

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(ii) ‡dbj n‡Z †ebwRb : †dbj‡K `¯ÍvP~‡Y©i mv‡_ DËß Ki‡j †ebwRb ev®ú Drcbœ nq| D³ ev®ú‡K kxZj Ki‡j Zij †ebwRb
cvIqv hvq|
OH
∆
+ Zn → + ZnO

‡Kvj M¨vm
LwbR Kqjvi weaŸsmx cvZ‡bi d‡j wbM©Z DØvqx c`v‡_©I ANbxf~Z Ask‡K cvwb I Nb H2 SO4 Øviv †aŠZ Kivi ci †h M¨vmxq Ask
cvIqv hvq Zv‡K †Kvj M¨vm e‡j| GwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi Ab¨Zg Drm| †Kvj M¨v‡m †ebwRb, UjyBb cÖf„wZ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM
(3%) ev®úvKv‡i Ges m‡½ H2 (cÖvq 47%) I CH4 (cÖvq 36%) _v‡K| GQvov mvgvb¨ cwigvb CO(cÖvq 8%) CO2 (cÖvq 2%)
Ges N2 (cÖvq 3%) G‡Z wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
AvjKvZiv ev †KvjUvi ev jNy ˆZj †_‡K †ebwRb cÖ¯ÍywZ
jNy ˆZj : weUzwgbvm Kqjvi weaŸsmx cvZ‡b cÖvß Kv‡jv e‡Y©i AvjKvZiv ev †KvjUvi‡K AvswkK cvZb Ki‡j 1700 C ZvcgvÎvq
†h cvwZZ Zij cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K jNy ˆZj e‡j|
AvswkK cvZb
AvjKvZiv ev †KvjUvi jNy ˆZj
0
170 C
Dcv`vb : jNy ˆZj cÖavbZ wb¤œwjwLZ c`v_© _v‡K:-
1. wbi‡cÿ RvZxq c`v_©: †ebwRb, UjyBb, RvBwjb cÖf„wZ nvB‡WªvKve©b|
2. ÿviRvZxq c`v_©: A¨vwbwjb, wcwiwWb, _v‡qvwdb|
3. A¤ø RvZxq c`v_©: †dbj BZ¨vw`|
jNy ˆZj n‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ av‡c †ebwRb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq:
(K) jNy ˆZj †_‡K 90% †ebRj Drcv`b|
(L) 90% †ebRj †_‡K 99% weï× †ebwRb Drcv`b|
(M) we‡kvab cÖwµqvq weï× †ebwRb Drcv`b|
(K) jNy ˆZj †_‡K 90% †ebRj Drcv`b : wb¤œwjwLZ av‡c jNy ˆZj †_‡K 90% †ebRj Drcv`b Kiv nq|
1. cÖ_‡g jNy ˆZj‡K Mvp H2 SO4 I c‡i 10% NaOH `ªeY `¦viv ‡aŠZ K‡i h_vµ‡g ÿvi RvZxq I A¤øRvZxq c`v_© `~i
Kiv nq|
2. c‡i H ˆZj‡K evi evi cvwb Øviv ‡aŠZ K‡i Ae¨eüZ NaOH `~ixf~Z Kiv nq|
3. ‡k‡l H jNy ˆZj‡K 800 − 1100 C ZvcgvÎvq AvswkK cvZb K‡i 90% †ebRj msMÖn Kiv nq| GB †ebRj‡K cÖavb
90% †ebwRb, 84% UjyBb Ges 3% RvBwjb _v‡K|
(L) 99% weï× †ebwRb Drcv`b : 90% †ebR †K AvswkK cvZb K‡i 800 − 820 C ZvcgvÎvq cvwZZ Zij c`v_©‡K msMÖn
Ki‡j †gvUvgywU 99% weï× †ebwRb cvIqv hvq|
Ac`ªe : jNy ˆZ‡ji AvswkK cvZb cÖwµqvq c„_KxKiY GB †ebwR‡b UjyBb, _v‡qvwdb cÖf…wZ Ac`ªe¨ we`¨gvb _v‡K|
(M) we‡kvab cÖwµqvq weï× †ebwRb Drcv`b : we‡kvab cÖwµqvq wb¤œwjwLZ av‡c weï× †ebwRb cvIqv hvq|
1. 99% weï× †ebwR †K wng-wgkÖY Øviv 5.40 C ZvcgvÎvq kxZj Ki‡j †ebwR‡bi KwVb †Kjvm cvIqv hvq| H †Kjvm¸‡jv‡K
c„_K Ki‡j †gvUvgywU Ac`ªe¨gy³ †ebwRb cvIqv hvq; wKš‘ ZeyI GB †ebwR‡b mvgvb¨ cwigvY _v‡qvwdb (0.5%) _v‡K|
2. _v‡qwdb wgwkªZ H †ebwRb‡K kxZj Mvp H2 SO4 Gi mv‡_ wgwk‡q evi evi SuvKv‡j _v‡qwdb `~i nq|
3. AZ:ci GB †ebwRb ¯Íi‡K c„_K K‡I Abv`©ª CaCl2 Øviv ﮋ K‡i 80.40 C ZvcgvÎvq cvZb Ki‡j weï× †ebwRb cvIqv
hvq|
‡Kvj M¨vm †_‡K †ebwRb cÖ¯‘wZ
‡Kvj M¨vm †_‡K †ebwRb Drcv`b c×wZ‡Z `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
(K) †KvjM¨vm †_‡K jNy ˆZj Drcv`b
(L) jNy ˆZj †_‡K †ebwRb Drcv`b
‡Kvj M¨vm †_‡K jNy ˆZj Drcv`b: †Kvj M¨vm †_‡K jNy ˆZj `ywU Dcv‡q cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq| h_vÑ
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 74
 Chemistry
1. †kvlK c`v‡_©i mvnv‡h¨ jNy ˆZj c„_KxKiY
2. `ªve‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ jNy ˆZj c„_KxKiY
1. †kvl‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ jNy ˆZj c„_KxKiY : †Kvb M¨vm‡K mwµq Kqjvi g‡a¨ Pvjbv Ki‡j †ebwRb, UjyBb, RvBwjb BZ¨vw` ev¯ú
mwµq Kqjv Øviv †kvwlZ nq| c‡i nvB‡WªvKve©b †kvwlZ GB mwÎq Kqjv‡K ÷xg cvZb Ki‡j cvwZZ Zijiæ‡c ev`vgx e‡Y©i jNy
ˆZj cvIqv hvq|
2. `ªve‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ jNy ˆZj c„_KxKiY : †Kvb M¨vm‡K D”P ùzUbv¼ wewkó ˆRe `ªveK †hgb wµ‡qv‡RvU ˆZj Gi g‡a¨Pvjbv Ki‡j
†ebwRb I †ebwR‡bi mg‡MvÎxq nvB‡WªvKve©bmg~n wµ‡qv‡RvU ˆZ‡j `ªexf~Z nq| c‡i GB ˆZj‡K DËß Ki‡j †hŠMmg~n cvwZZ n‡j
ev`vgx e‡Y©i jNy ˆZjiæ‡c c„_K nq|
90% †ebRj
jNy †Zj‡K 800 − 1100 C ZvcgvÎvq cvwZZ Ki‡j †h Zij cvIqv hvq Zv‡K 90% †ebRj e‡j| 90% †ebR‡j †ebwRb, 13%
UjyBb Ges 3% RvBwjb _v‡K|
✓ ‡R‡b‡iL : AvjKvZivi AvswkK cvZ‡b cÖvß wewfbœ cvwZZ Ask I Dcv`vb
cvwZZ As‡ki bvg cvZb ZvcgvÎv % cwigvY cvwZZ Zi‡j cÖavb Dcv`vbmg~n
1| jNy ˆZj (Av.¸= 0.097) 1700 C ch©šÍ 5% ‡ebwRb, UjyBb, RvBwjb, wcwiwWb, _v‡qvwdb,
A¨vwbwjb|
2| fvix ˆZj (Av.¸= 1.005) 1710 − 2300 C 7.5% ‡dbj, wµmj, b¨vc_vwjb BZ¨vw`|
3| fvix ˆZj (Av.¸= 1.03) 2310 − 2700 C 10% wµmj, b¨vc_vwjb, KzB‡bvwjb|
4| meyR ˆZj (Av.¸= 1.09) 2710 − 4000 C 20% A¨vb_ªvwmb, wdbvbBw_b BZ¨vw`|
5| wcP wiU‡U© Ae‡kl _v‡K 57% ‡KvK-Kve©b

nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ms‡hvRb
m~² wb‡Kj P~Y© cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 2000 ZvcgvÎvq †ebwRb-ev®ú I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mshy³ n‡q mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b MVb K‡i| cÖwZ AYy
†ebwR‡bi mv‡_ wZb AYy nvB‡Wªv‡Rb hy³ n‡q _v‡K|

n¨v‡jv‡Rb ms‡hvRb
D¾¡j m~h©v‡jvK ev AwZ‡e¸bx iwk¥i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z GK AYy †ebwRb wZb AYy †K¬vwi‡bi mv‡_ ms‡hvRb ev hyZ wewµqv K‡i †ebwRb
†n·v‡K¬vivBW ev M¨v‡gw·b cvDWvi Drcbœ K‡i|

Dcwi³ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ms‡hvRb wewµqv †_‡K my®úó †h GK AYy †ebwRb wZb AYy 𝐻2 I wZb AYy 𝐶𝑙2 Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q h_vµ‡g
mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b I †ebwRb †n·v‡K¬vivBW Drcbœ K‡i| G me hyZ wewµqv cÖgvY K‡I †h, †ebwRb GKwU Am¤ú„³ †hŠM Ges †ebwRb
AYy‡Z wZbwU wØeÜb Av‡Q|

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‡ebwRb †n·v‡K¬vivB‡Wi evwYwR¨K bvg M¨vgvw·b| GUv GKwU kw³kvjx RxevYybvkK

c`v_©|
I‡Rvb ms‡hvRb ev I‡RvbvBW MVb: mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq, †ebwR‡bi g‡a¨ I‡Rvb M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j cÖwZ AYy †ebwRb wZb AYy I‡Rv‡bi
mv‡_ hy³ n‡q †ebwRb UªvBI‡RvbvBW MVb K‡i| †ebwRb UªvB‡RvbvBW‡K Av`©ª we‡kølY Ki‡j MøvB·vBj ev nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cviA·vBW
Drcbœ nq|

DcwiD³ wewµqvq Drcbœ RviYag©x H2 O2 ‡K webó Kivi Rb¨ wewµqK wgkÖ‡Y wRs‡Ki Muyov †hvM Kiv nq| d‡j wRsK A·vBW I
cvwb Drcbœ nq|
H2 O2 + Zn = ZnO + H2 O

bvB‡Uªkb wewµqv I †ebwRb P‡µ msNwUZ bvB‡Uªkb wewµqvi †KŠkj

bvB‡Uªkb : †h wewµqvq †Kvb ˆRe †hŠM †_‡K GK ev GKvwaK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy mgmsL¨K bvB‡Uªv (−NO2 )
g~jK Øviv
cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq, H wewµqv‡K bvB‡Uªkb e‡j| bvB‡Uªk‡bi Rb¨ mg AvqZ‡bi Mvp H2 SO4 I Mvp HNO3 Gi wgkÖY AwaK
Kvh©Ki| GUv GKwU B‡jKUªb AvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv| †hgb,
‡ebwRb bvB‡Uªkb : cÖvq 600 C ZvcgvÎvq †ebwRb‡K Mvp H2 SO4 I Mvp HNO3 wgkÖYmn DËß Ki‡j †ebwR‡bi GKwU
cigvYy bvB‡Uªv (−NO2 ) g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb I cvwb Drcbœ nq|
NO2
Mvp H2 SO4
+ HO − NO2 → + H2 O
1000 C

bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb
0
Avevi 100 C ZvcgvÎvq bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb‡K Mvp H2 SO4 I Mvp HNO3 wgkÖYmn DËß Ki‡j †gUv WvBbvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb Drcbœ nq|
NO2 NO2
Mvp H2 SO4
+ HO − NO2 → 0
+ H2 O
100 C
NO2
†gUv WvBbvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb
bvB‡Uªkb wewµqvi †KŠkj:
cÖ_g avc : Mvp HNO3 Gi mv‡_ Mvp H2 SO4 Gi wewµqvq abvZ¥K bvBwUªj K¨vUvqb ev bvB‡Uªvwbqvg Avqb (+NO2 )bvgK
B‡jK‡UªvdvBj Drcbœ nq|
H2 SO4 + HO − NO2 → +NO + H O + HSO−
2 2 4
B‡jK‡UªvdvBj wbDwK¬IdvBj

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wØZxq avc : B‡jKUªb AvKl©x bvB‡Uªvwbqvg Avqb (+NO2 ) †ebwR‡bi cvB B‡jKUªb Øviv AvK…ó nq Ges †ebwRb †h †Kvb GKwU
Ke©‡bi mv‡_ GKwU mg‡hvRx eÜb MVb K‡i| Gi d‡j abvZ¥K Kve©b K¨vUvqb ev wmMgv RwUj m„wó nq|

Z…Zxq avc : wmMgv RwUj †_‡K GKwU †cÖvUb (H+) wewµqvi cwi‡e‡k Dcw¯’Z evBmvj‡dU Avqb (H𝑆𝑂4− ) ÿvi wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i|
d‡j bvB‡Uªv MÖæc cÖwZ¯’vwcZ myw¯’Z †hŠM †hgb, bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb MwVZ nq|

Mvp H2 SO4 bvB‡Uªvwbqvg Avqb MV‡b mnvqZv K‡i Ges Zv †_‡K Drcbœ H𝑆𝑂4− Avqb ÿviKiæ‡c wmMgv RwUj †_‡K GKwU
†cÖvUb (H+) AcmviY K‡i|

bvB‡Uªk‡b Mvp H2 SO4 Gi f‚wgKv

‡ebwRb bvB‡Uªkb wewµqvq Mvp H2 SO4 AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| bvB‡Uªkb wewµqv cÖavb kZ© n‡”Q B‡jKUªb AvKl©x bvB‡Uªvwbqvg Avqb
(NO2 + ) m„wó| hv wewµqvi cÖavb av‡c Mvp H2 SO4 I Mvp HNO3 Gi wewµqvq Drcbœ nq|
HNO3 + H2 SO4 ⟶ NO2 + + H2 O + HSO−4
GB NO2 + Avqb †ebwRb Pµ‡K AvµgY K‡i| Mvp H2 SO4 e¨wZZ GB NO2 + Avqb MVb m¤¢e bq| ZvB Mvp H2 SO4 e¨wZZ
bvB‡Uªkb wewµqvI m¤¢e bq|
[Link]
wg_vBj †ebwRb ev UjyB‡bi 2,4,6-Ae¯’v‡bi nvB‡Wªv‡RbÎq wZbwU bvB‡Uªv (−NO2 ) g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j Drcbœ †hŠM‡K
UªvBbvB‡Uªv UjyBb ev ms‡ÿ‡c [Link] e‡j|
cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvwj : wb‡Pi `ywU av‡c UjyBb †_‡K [Link] Drcbœ nq|
1. Mvp H2 SO4 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Mvp HNO3 Gi mv‡_ mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq UjyB‡bi wewµqvq A‡_©v-bvB‡UªvUjyBb I c¨viv-
bvB‡Uªv UjyBb Drcbœ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î UjyB‡bi A‡_©v A_ev c¨viv Ae¯’v‡bi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvby bvB‡Uªv g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ
nq|
CH3 CH3 CH3
NO2
300 C
+ 2HO − NO2 → + + 2H2 O
Mvp H2 SO4
NO2
o-bvB‡UªvUjyBb p-bvB‡UªvUjyBb
2. A‡_©v I c¨viv-bvB‡UªvUjyBb‡K a~gvwqZHNO3 mn‡hv‡M cybivq D”PZi ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j cÖ_‡g WvBbvB‡Uªv UjyBb Ges c‡i
UªvBbvB‡UªvUjyBb (TNT) Drcbœ nq|
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
NO2 a~gvwqZHNO3 NO2 a~gvwqZHNO3 O2 N NO2
+ → →

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Mvp H2 SO4 .600 C Mvp H2 SO4 .1000C

NO2 NO2 NO2

2,4-WvBbvB‡UªvUjyBb
ag©: 1. [Link] GKwU Clr njy` e‡Y©i ùwUKvKvi KwVb c`v_©|
2. Gi Mjbv¼ 810 C|
e¨envi : wU,[Link] we‡ùviK wn‡m‡e cvnvo-ce©Z, `vjvb BZ¨vw` fvO‡Z e¨eüZ nq|

Important Lines
• wg‡_b M¨v‡mi Aci bvg gvk© M¨vm (CH4 ).
• ‡c‡Uªv‡ji Aci bvg M¨v‡mvwjb (C5 H12 -C12 H26 Gi wgkÖY)|
• Bw_wjb wbi‡cÿ M¨vm wKš‘ A¨vwmwUwjb (B_vBb) A¤øag©x|
• Zij Bw_wjb †PZbvbvkK I KuvPv dj cvKv‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
• d¨viv‡W wZwgi †Z‡j cÖvß `xß M¨vm n‡Z †ebwRb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib 1825 mv‡j|
• ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi Am¤ú„³Zvi cixÿvi Rb¨ `iKvi CCl4 hy³ Br2 `ªeY (†eqvi cixÿv)|
• A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡M Kgc‡ÿ 4wU Kve©b cigvYy _v‡K|
• ‡dbj‡K Zn P~‡Y©i mv‡_ cvZb Ki‡j †ebwRb (C6 H6 ) Drcbœ nq|
• ‡ebwRb †n·v‡K¬vivB‡Wi evwYwR¨K bvg M¨vgvw·b|
• M¨vgvw·b GKwU kw³kvjx RxevYybvkK|

‡R‡b‡iL :
UjyB‡bi A_©-c¨viv wb‡`©kK −CH3 _vKvq †ebwRb A‡cÿv UjyBb bvB‡Uªkvb wewµqvq AwaK mwµq|
GKvi‡Y †ebwR‡bi bvB‡Uªkv‡b 600 C cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡jI UjyB‡bi jv‡M only 300 C.

wd«‡Wj-µvdU wewµqv
Abv`©ª AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b †hgb †ebwRb Gi mv‡_ A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW (R − X) A_ev A¨vmvBj
n¨vjvBW (RCO − X) Gi wewµqvq †ebwRb ejq †_‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi A¨vjKvBj g~jK (R −) A_ev A¨vmvBj g~jK
(RCO −) Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q h_vµ‡g A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b A_ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wK‡Uvb Drcbœ K‡i| G wewµqv‡K Avwe®‹vi‡Ki
bvgvbymv‡i wd«‡Wj µvdU wewµqv ejv nq|

cÖKvi‡f` : wd«‡Wj-µvdU wewµqv‡K `yB †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| h_vÑ

1. wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb Ges
2. wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vmvB‡jkb
1. wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb : †h c×wZ‡Z †ebwRb ej‡q A¨vjKvBb g~jK (†hgb CH3 + ) mivmwi cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv hvq, Zv‡K
†ebwRb ej‡qi A¨vjKvB‡jkb ev wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vjKvB‡jkb ejv nq|
D`vniY : Abv`©ª AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb I wg_vBj †K¬vivBW wewµqv K‡i wg_vBj ev UjyBb Drcbœ K‡i|
Abv`©ª
H + Cl − CH3 → CH3 + HCl

UjyBb
2. wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vmvB‡jkb : †h c×wZ‡Z †ebwRb ej‡q A¨vmvBj g~jK (†hgb RCO) mivmwi cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv hvq Ges A¨vjKvBj
wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq; Zv‡K †ebwRb ej‡qi A¨vmvB‡jkb ev wd«‡Wj µvdU A¨vmvB‡jkb ejv nq|
D`vniY : Abv`©ª AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb I A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW wewµqv K‡i wg_vBj wK‡Uvb ev A¨vwm‡Uv‡dbb bvgK wK‡Uvb
Drcbœ nq|
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Abv`©ª AlCl3
H + Cl − COCH3 → COCH3 + HCl

A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW A¨vwm‡Uv‡dbb

e¨envi : †ebwRb †_‡K A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vmvBj g~jK hy³ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM Drcv`‡b wd«‡Wj µvdU wewµqv e¨eüZ nq|
wµqv †KŠkj : cÖ_‡g R−Cl Abv`©ª AlCl3 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb Drcbœ K‡i hv B‡jK‡UªvdvBj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
R−Cl + AlCl3 ⇌ R+ + AlCl4 −
cÖ_g avc : Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb (R+ ) †ebwR‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q wmMgv Kg‡cø· MVb K‡i|

mvj‡dv‡bkb wewµqv
‡h wewµqvq †Kvb A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi †ebwRb ejq †_‡K GK ev GKvwaK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi mgmsL¨K mvj‡dvwbK GwmW (SO3 H)
g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K mvj‡dv‡bkb wewµqv e‡j| mvj‡dv‡bk‡bi Rb¨ AwaK ZvcgvÎvq Mvp H2 SO4 e¨eüZ nq|
D`vniY : †ebwR‡bi mvj‡dv‡bk‡b †ebwRb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW, UjyB‡bi mvj‡dv‡bk‡bi A‡_©v-UjyBb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW Ges c¨viv
UjyBb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
‡ebwRb P‡µ mvj‡dv‡bkb wewµqv : cÖvq 1000 C ZvcgvÎvq †ebwRb‡K Mvp H2 SO4 Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ K‡qK N›Uv DËß Ki‡j A_ev
SO3 wgwkÖZ a~gvwqZ H2 SO4 Gi mv‡_ 400 C ZvcgvÎvq 20−30 wgwbU DËß Ki‡j †ebwRb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW I cvwb Drcbœ nq|
SO3
H + HO − SO3 H → SO3 H + H2 O
∆
†ebwRb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW
mvj‡dv‡bkb Kv‡j Drcbœ cvwb a~gvwqZ H2 SO4 Gi mvjdvi UªvBA·vBW (SO3 ) Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Mvp H2 SO4 G cwiYZ nq|
H2 O + SO3 → H2 SO4
mvj‡dvwbK wewµqvi †KŠkj
cÖ_g avc : Mvp H2 SO4 we‡qvwRZ n‡q B‡jK‡UªvdvBjiæ‡c SO3 ˆZwi Kiv|
2H2 SO4 ⇌ H3 O+ + HSO4 − + SO3
wØZxq avc : B‡jKUªb AvKl©Yx weKviK SO3 †ebwRb ej‡qi π B‡jKUªb Øviv AvK…ó n‡q †ebwRb ej‡qi GKwU Kve©‡bi mv‡_ abvZ¥K
Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb ev σ RwUj Drcbœ nq|

Z…Zxq avc : AšÍ:ci wewµqvi A¤øxq gva¨‡g Dcw¯’Z ÿviKxq FYvZ¥K Avqb HSO4 − Øviv σ RwUj †_‡K GKwU †cÖvUb (H + )
AcmvwiZ n‡q †ebwRb mvj‡dvwbK Gwm‡Wi A¨vbvqb MwVZ nq| †k‡l †mUv nvB‡Wªvwbqvg Avqb H3 O+ †_‡K GKwU †cÖvUb MÖnb K‡i
†ebwRb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW MVb K‡i|

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‡ebwR‡bi n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkvb/‡K¬vwi‡bkvb wewµqvi †KŠkj

1g avc : FeCl3 cÖfve‡Ki mv‡_ wewµqvq †K¬v‡ivwbqvg Avqb MVb K‡i|
Cl −̈ Cl + FeCl3 ⟶ Cl+ + FeCl4 −
2q avc : G av‡c 𝜎 Kg‡cø· ev K‡e©vwbqvg Avqb MwVZ nq|

3q avc : G av‡c †cÖvUb Acmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g 𝜋 eÜb MVb K‡i|

‡ebwR‡bi n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb
n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb : †h wewµqvq †Kvb ˆRe †hŠM †_‡K n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy Øviv mgmsL¨K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq,Zv‡K
n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb e‡j| n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb wewµqv †h cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z `ªæZ m¤úbœ nq, Zv‡K n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK e‡j| n¨v‡jv‡Rb
evnKmg~n jyBm GwmW †hgb, FeBr3 , AlCl3 cªf…wZ| n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb GKwU B‡jKUªb AvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv| †hgbÑ n¨v‡jv‡Rb
evnK †hgb, ﮋ A¨vjywgwbqvg †K¬vivBW (AlCl3 ) Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †K¬vwib Ges †dwiK †eªvgvBW (FeBr3 ) Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †eªvwgb
†ebwR‡bi mv‡_ c„_K c„_K wewµqv K‡i h_vµ‡g †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb I †eªv‡gv‡ebwRb Drcbœ K‡i|

ﮋ FeCl3 Cl
+ Cl2 → + HCl

†K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb
ﮋ FeBr3 Br
+ Br2 → + HBr

†eªv‡gv‡ebwRb
Giæ‡c GKvwaK Cl ev Br cigvYy †ebwRb ej‡q cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, †K¬vwib mvgvb¨ D”P ZvcgvÎvq n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb ejq †_‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYymg~n‡K G‡K G‡K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb, WvB‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb,
UªvB‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb, ‡UUªv‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb, †c›Uv‡K¬v‡iv-‡ebwRb Ges me‡k‡l †n·v‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb Drcbœ nq|
ﮋ FeCl3
C6 H6 + Cl2 C6 H5 Cl + HCl
†K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb
ﮋ FeCl3
C6 H5 Cl + Cl2 C6 H4 Cl + HCl
WvB‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb

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ﮋ FeCl3
C6 H4 Cl2 + Cl2 C6 H3 Cl3 + HCl
UªvB‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb
ﮋ FeCl3
C6 H3 Cl3 + Cl2 C6 H2 Cl4 + HCl
‡UUªv‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb
ﮋ FeCl3
C6 H2 Cl + Cl2 C6 HCl5 + HCl
†c›Uv‡K¬v‡iv-‡ebwRb
ﮋ FeCl3
C6 HCl5 + Cl2 C6 Cl6 + HCl
†n·v‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb
 ‡ebwR‡bi m‡½ †K¬vwib I †eªvwgb Giæc wewÎqv Ki‡jI Av‡qvwWb Giæc wewµqv K‡i bv|

UjyB‡bi mv‡_ †K¬vwi‡bi wewfbœ Ae¯’vi wewµqvmg~n

wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯’vq UjyB‡bi mv‡_ †K¬vwi‡bi `yB cÖKv‡ii cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv N‡U| h_vÑ
(i) UjyB‡bi †ebwRb ej‡q †K¬vwib Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb|
(ii) UjyB‡bi cvk¦©wkK‡j cÖwZ¯’vcb|
(i) UjyB‡bi †ebwRb ej‡q †K¬vwib Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb : Avqib, Av‡qvwWb ev FeCl3 cÖf…wZ cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Gi m~h©v‡jv‡Ki
Abycw¯’wZ‡Z mvavib ZvcgvÎvq UjyB‡bi g‡a¨ †K¬vwib M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j †K¬vwib Øviv †ebwRb ej‡qi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy cÖwZ¯’vwcZ
n‡q A‡_©v-‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb I c¨viv-‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb Ges HCl M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
CH3 CH3 CH3
Cl
FeCl3
+ 2Cl2 → + + 2HCl
200 C
Cl
UjyBb A‡_©v-‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb c¨viv-‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb
(ii) UjyB‡bi cvk¦©wkK‡j cÖwZ¯’vcb : n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki AYycw¯’wZ‡Z, wKš‘ m~h©v‡jvK ev AwZ‡e¸wb iwk¥i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z UjyB‡bi mv‡_
†K¬vwi‡bi wewµqvq A_ev dzUšÍ UjyB‡b †K¬vwib Pvjbv Ki‡j Gi cvk¦©wkK‡ji wZbwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy †K¬vwib cigvYy Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ
n‡q h_vµ‡g †ebRvBj †K¬vivBW, †ebRvj †K¬vivBW I †eb‡Rv UªvB‡K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq|
CH3 CH2 Cl

Sunlight
+ Cl2 → + HCl
1110 C
UjyBb †ebRvBj †K¬vivBW

CH2 Cl CHCl2

Sunlight
+ Cl2 → + HCl
1110 C
†ebRvj †K¬vivBW

CHCl2 CCl3

Sunlight
+ Cl2 → + HCl
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1110 C
†eb‡Rv UªvB‡K¬vivBW
DU©R-wdwUM wewµqv
‡h wewµqvq ﮋ B_v‡ii avZe †mvwWqv‡gi mv‡_ A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW wewµqv K‡i A¨vjKvBj †ebwRb Drcbœ K‡i Zv‡K
DU©R-wdwUM wewµqv e‡j|
X R
ﮋ
+ R−X + 2Na + 2NaX
B_vi
A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW A¨vjKvBj †ebwRb

wbw`©ó D`vniY : ﮋ B_v‡ii †eªv‡gv‡ebwRb I wg_vBj Av‡qvWvB‡Wi mv‡_ avZe †mvwWqv‡gi wewµqvi d‡j UjyBb Drcbœ nq||
Br CH3

+ 2Na + CH3 − I → + 2NaBr + 2NaI

†eªv‡gv‡ebwRb UjyBb

✓ cvk¦©wkKj wewkó A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z GB wewµqv e¨eüZ nq|

A‡_©v, c¨viv wb‡`©kK MÖæc
‡ebwRb P‡µ †hme g~j‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z P‡µ AvMgbKvix B‡jKUªbvKl©x g~j‡Ki Av‡cwÿK Av‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b wb‡`©wkZ nq, Zv‡`i
A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK MÖæc e‡j|
D`vniY : −OH, −OR, (−OCH3 ), −NH2 , −NHR, −NR 2 , −NHCOR, −CH3 , −X(Cl, Br, I) BZ¨vw` A‡_©v-c¨viv
wb‡`©kK MÖæc|
e¨vL¨v : ‡ebwRb P‡µ Dcw¯’Z −OH, −OR, −NH2 , −NHR BZ¨vw` g~j‡Ki GKwU mvaviY ˆewkó¨ nj, †h cigvYy Øviv Giv
†ebwRb P‡µi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Zv‡K Kgc‡ÿ GKwU gy³‡Rvov B‡jKUªb _v‡K| G gy³‡Rvov B‡jKUªb †ebwRb wbDwK¬qvm KZ©„K
AvKwl©Z n‡q mivmwi †i‡Rvb¨v‡m AskMÖnY K‡i, d‡j A‡_©v-c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ e„w× cvq|
OH OH OH
NO2
Nitretion
2 + HNO3 → + + 2H2 O

o-bvB‡Uªv‡dbj NO2
p-bvB‡Uªv‡dbj

 A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK¸‡jvi †ebwRb ej‡q mwµqZvi µg O− > −NH2 > −OH > −OCH3 > NHCOCH3 > −R >
−OCOR > −Ar > X −

†gUv wb‡`©kK MÖæc

‡ebwRb P‡µ †hme g~j‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z P‡µ AvMgYKvix B‡jKUªbvKlx g~jK¸‡jv P‡µ Dcw¯’Z g~j‡Ki Av‡cwÿK †gUv Ae¯’v‡b
wb‡`©wkZ nq, Zv‡K †gUv wb‡`©kK g~jK e‡j|
D`vniY : −NO2 , −COOR, −CHO, −CN, −SO3 H, −CONH2 , −NH3 , −COR BZ¨vw` †gUv wb‡`©kK MÖæc|
e¨L¨v : †ebwRb P‡µ Dcw¯’Z −NO2 ,−CN, −COOH, −COOR, −COR BZ¨vw` g~j‡Ki GKwU mvaviY ˆewkó¨ nj, †h
cigvYy Øviv †ebwRb P‡µi mv‡_ Gi mv‡_ GKvšÍfv‡e wØeÜb ev wÎeÜb Øviv †Kvb bv †Kvb Zxeª Zwor FYvZ¥K cigvYy †hgb bvB‡Uªv‡Rb,
Aw·‡Rb BZ¨vw` hy³ _v‡K| d‡j Giv †ebwRb Pµ n‡Z wb‡R‡`i w`‡K B‡jKUªb †U‡b †bq e‡j A‡_©v -c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb NbZ¡
n«vm cvq Ges †gUv Ae¯’v‡b AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|
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‡gUv wb‡`©kK n‡Z n‡j g~j‡K Aek¨B wØeÜb _vK‡Z n‡e|

 †gUv wb‡`©k‡Ki mwµqZvi µg −COOH > −COCH3 > −CO− > −SO3 H > −CN > −NO2

‡ebwRb P‡µ −OH MÖæc Gi †i‡Rv‡bÝ KvVv‡gv

‡ebwRb ej‡q −OH g~jK _vK‡j Zv‡K †dbj ejv nq|

DcwiD³ †i‡Rv‡bÝ KvVv‡gv n‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’vb FYvZ¥K PvR© enb K‡i A_©vr A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb
NbZ¡ †ewk| ZvB †Kvb B‡jKUªb AvKl©x weKviK G A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡bB AvµgY K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq †h, †ebwRb P‡µ −OH
MÖæc A‡_©v I c¨viv wb‡`©kK|

‡ebwRb P‡µ −CH3 g~jK A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK

wg_vBj (−CH3 ) g~jK GKwU †ebwRb ejq mwµqKvix g~jK| −CH3 g~jK abvZ¥K Av‡ekawg©Zv Øviv C−H e܇bi
B‡jKUªbhyM‡ji †gN †ebwRb ej‡q †V‡j †`q| Gi d‡j wb‡¤œv³ AbyiwYZ KvVv‡gv cvIqv hvqÑ

AbyiY‡bi d‡j †ebwRb ej‡q A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUª‡bi NbZ¡ eyw× cvq| AvMgbKvix wØZxq B‡jK‡UªvdvBj g~jKwU‡K A‡_©v
I c¨viv A_©vr, 2 Ges 4 Ae¯’v‡b cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i ev wb‡`©k †`q| GRb¨ −CH3 g~j‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb P‡µ A‡_©v I
c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb N‡U|

‡ebwRb ej‡q −𝑁𝑂2 g~j‡Ki cÖfveK

bvB‡Uªvg~j‡Ki FYvZ¥K Av‡ekxq d‡ji cÖfv‡e †ebwRb ej‡qi II B‡jKUªb †gN wb‡Ri w`‡K †U‡b †bq| ZLb †ebwRb ej‡q AbyiYb
N‡U| d‡j AbyiYb KvVv‡gv II - IV Abymv‡i A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ n«vm cvq| A_©vr †ebwRb ejqwU wKQzUv wbw¯Œq
nq| Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †gUv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ †ewk _v‡K| ZvB B‡j‡UªvdvBj D³ Ae¯’v‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i|

A¨vwg‡bv −NH2 MÖæ‡ci Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb P‡µ A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb N‡U
A¨vwg‡bv (−NH2 ) MÖæc GKwU †ebwRb ejq mwµqKvix g~jK| −NH2 g~j‡Ki N cigvYy‡Z gy³ B‡jKUªb †Rvo we`¨gvb| −NH2
g~jK Zvi abvZ¥K †g‡mvgvwiK dj Øviv N Gi wb:m½ B‡jKUªb hyM‡ji †gN †ebwRb ej‡q †V‡j †`q| ZLb AbyiY‡bi gva¨‡g
†ebwRb ej‡q A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ e„w× cvq| A_©vr AvMgbKvix wØZxq B‡jK‡UªvdvBj g~jKwU‡Z A‡_©v I c¨viv
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A_©vr 2 Ges 4 Ae¯’v‡b cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i ev wb‡`©k †`q| ZvB A¨vwg‡bv (−NH2 ) g~j‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb P‡µ A‡_©v I
c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªbvKlx© cÖwZ¯’vcb N‡U|

D`vniY : A¨vwbwj‡bi g‡a¨ †eªvwgb cvwb †hvM Ki‡j 2, 4, 6-UªvB‡eªv‡gv A¨vwbwj‡bi mv`v e‡Y©i Aa©:‡ÿc cvIqv hvq|
NH2 NH2
Br Br
+ 3Br3 → + 3HBr

Br
2, 4, 6-UªvB‡eªv‡gv A¨vwbwjb
‡ebwRb ejq mwµqKvix g~jK
‡ebwRbejq ev P‡µ †hme g~j‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cÖwZ¯’vcwcZ †ebwRb P‡µi mwµqZv †ebwRb A‡cÿv e„w× cvq Zv‡`i
†ebwRb ejq mwµqKvix g~jK e‡j|
D`vniY : B‡jKUªbvKlx© cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq −OH, −OR, −NH2 , −NHR BZ¨vw` me A‡_©v, c¨viv-wb‡`©kK g~jK¸‡jv †ebwRb
ejq mwµqKvix g~jK|
e¨vL¨v : UjyB‡bi MV‡bi w`‡K jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, wg_vBj g~jK (CH3 ) †ebwRb P‡µi GKwU Kve©b cigvbyi mv‡_ hy³| wg_vBj
B‡jKUªb cÖ`vbKvix MÖæc e‡j GwU B‡jKUªb mieivn K‡i †ebwRb P‡µ mvgwMÖKfv‡e B‡jKUª‡bi NbZ¡ AviI e„w× K‡i|
NH2

C R
+I cÖfve

‡ebwRb ejq wbw¯ŒqKvix g~jK : †ebwRb P‡µ †hme g~j‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cÖwZ¯’vwcZ †ebwRb P‡µi mwµqZv †ebwRb A‡cÿv n«vm cvq
Zv‡`i †ebwRb ejq wbw¯ŒqKvix g~jK ev mwµqZv n«vmKvix g~jK e‡j|
D`vniY : −NO2 ,−COOH, −CN, −COOR, −SO3 H BZ¨vw` me †gUv-wb‡`©kK g~jK¸‡jv B‡jKUªbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq
wbw¯ŒqKvix g~jK|
Admission Concept
A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK ‡gUv wb‡`©kK
mwµqKvix mwµqZv n«vmKvix mwµqZv n«vmKvix
−CH3 /R −F −NO2
−OH −Cl −SO3 H
−O− −Br −CHO
−NH2 −I −COOH
−C6 H5 /−Ar −CH
−NHCR −COOR

‡K¬vwib A‡_©v c¨viv wb‡`©kK nIqv m‡Ë¡I †ebwRb‡K Amwµq K‡i †Zv‡j
hw` GK ev GKvwaK wb:m½ B‡jKUªb †Rvoavix cigvYy †_‡K wb:m½ B‡jKUªb †Rvo‡K Kve©b cigvYyi miY NUv‡bv nq Z‡e H cigvYy‡Z
(wb:m½ B‡jKUªb †Rvovavix cigvYy) abvZ¥K †g‡mvgvwiK cÖfve n‡q‡Q aiv nq| ‡hgbÑ †K¬vwib cigvYyi abvZ¥K †g‡mvgvwiK cÖfve
wb‡¤œ †`Lv‡bv nj :

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C6 H6 − Cl Gi †i‡Rvb¨vÝ nvBweªW n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, Gi A‡_©v-c¨viv Ae¯’v‡bFYvZ¥K Avavb †K‡›`ªi m„wó nIqvq B‡jK‡UªvdvBj
G `yB Ae¯’v‡b AwZ mn‡RB hy³ nq Ges A‡_©v-c¨viv †hŠM Drcbœ nq| †hgbÑ

Ab¨w`‡K †K¬vwib cigvYy AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K e‡j †ebwRb ejq †_‡K B‡jKUªb Zvi wb‡Ri w`‡K Uv‡b| d‡j A‡_©v I c¨viv
Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e n«vm cvq| ZvB B‡jK‡UªvdvBj GB `yB Ae¯’v‡b Lye mn‡R hy³ n‡Z cv‡I bv hZUv N̈H2
A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©k‡Ki †ejvq hy³ n‡q‡Q| myZivs A‡_©v c¨viv wb‡`©kK nIqv m‡Ë¡I −:Cl̈: †ebwRb ejq‡K mvwe©Kfv‡e wKQyUv
Amwµq K‡i| †K¬vwi‡bi b¨vq −Br, −I, −F A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK|
‡ebwRb ej‡q wØ-cÖwZ¯’vwcZ MÖæ‡ci Iwi‡q‡›Ukb
‡ebwRb ej‡q `ywU cÖwZ¯’vcK Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j Iwi‡q‡›Uk‡bi welqwU wKQzUv RwUj n‡q c‡o| KviY G‡ÿ‡Î †ebwRb ej‡q Z…Zxq
cÖwZ¯’vcb, ej‡q c~e© †_‡K Dcw¯’Z cÖwZ¯’vcK `ywUi cÖfv‡ei Dci wbf©ikxj|
G RwUj welqwU‡K e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ AwZ mnR `ywU wbqg cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
wbqgÑ1 : hw`, (i) `ywU cÖwZ¯’vc‡Ki GKwU A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK Ges AciwU †gUv wb‡`©kK nq Ges Giv ci¯úi A‡_©v ev c¨viv
Ae¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i|
(ii) `ywU cÖwZ¯’vcKB †gUv wb‡`©kK nq Ges Giv ci¯úi †gUv Ae¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i _v‡KÑ Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î GKwUi wb‡`©kK cÖfve
AciwUi wb‡`©kK cÖfve‡K kw³kvjx K‡i Ges Z…Zxq cÖwZ¯’vcK `ywU MÖæ‡ci cÖfve Abyhvqx Kvh©Kix nq|
Dc‡iv³ e¨vL¨vi D`vniY wn‡m‡e wZbwU welq‡K Avjv`v K‡i wZbwU wfbœ D`vniY †`Iqv n‡jv| G‡ÿ‡Î ÔÔÕÕ wPwýZ ¯’v‡b Z…Zxq
cÖwZ¯’vcb NU‡e| KviY H ¯’v‡b `ywU MÖæ‡ciB wb‡`©kK cÖfve KvR K‡i|

g‡b ivL‡e t ci®úi †gUv Ae¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q Ggb `ywU cÖwZ¯’vc‡Ki ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b Z…Zxq cÖwZ¯’vcK Gi cÖwZ¯’vcb N‡U bv
ej‡jB P‡j| KviY G‡ÿ‡Î †÷wiK evav ev ¯’vbvfveRwbZ cÖfve we‡klfv‡e Kvh©Kix nq|

wbqgÑ2 : hw`, (i) `ywU cÖwZ¯’vcKB A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK nq Ges Giv ci®úi A‡_©v ev c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K|
(ii) GKwU cÖwZ¯’vcK A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK Ges AciwU †gUv wb‡`©kK nq Ges Giv ci¯úi †gUv Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K|
A_ev, (iii) `ywU cÖwZ¯’vcKB †gUv wb‡`©kK nq Ges Giv ci®úi A‡_©v-c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b _v‡KÑ Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î G‡`i wb‡`©kK cÖfve
ci¯ú‡ii we‡ivwaZv K‡i Ges Z…Zxq cÖwZ¯’vcK h_vµ‡gÑ (K) AwaK kw³kvjx mwµqZv e„w×Kvix MÖæc, (L) mwµqZv e„w×Kvix MÖæc,
(M) AwaK mwµqZv n«vmKvix MÖæc Gi wb‡`©kK cÖfve Abyhvqx N‡U|

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G e¨vL¨vi D`vniY wn‡m‡e wZbwU welq‡K Avjv`v K‡i wZbwU wfbœ D`vniY †`Iqv n‡jv| G‡ÿ‡Î ÔÔÕÕ wPwýZ ¯’v‡b Z…Zxq cÖwZ¯’vcb
NU‡e| KviY H `ywU MÖæ‡ciB wb‡`©kK cÖfve KvR K‡i|

‡ebwRb P‡µ cÖwZ¯’vc‡Ki cÖfve

(K) Av‡ekxq dj ev ag© (Inductive effect) : Kve©b cigvYy I AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K †gŠ‡ji (X) cigvYyi ga¨eZ©x wmMgv e܇bi
B‡jKUªb `ywU D³ AwaK FYvZ¥K cigvYyi w`‡K AwaK AvK…ó n‡q c‡o| ZLb wmMgv eÜb AvswkK †cvjvwiZ n‡q _v‡K| Giæc X
cigvYy Øviv wmMgv e܇bi †cvjvwiKi‡Y X Gi Av‡ekxq dj ev ag© e‡j| hw` Kve©b A‡cÿv X AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K nq (†hgb,
F, Cl, Br), ZLb X Gi Av‡ekxq ag©‡K FYvZ¥K Av‡ekxq dj (−I) e‡j| Avevi A¨vjKvBj g~jK R-(†hgb, CH3 −,
C2 H5 −) †_‡K B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ wmMgv e܇bi Kve©b cigvYyi w`‡K m‡i hvq Zv‡K A¨vjKvBj g~jK (R −) Gi abvZ¥K Av‡ekxq
dj (+I) ejv nq| †hgb,
C⟶X C⟵X
FYvZ¥K Av‡ekxq dj (−I) abvZ¥K Av‡ekxq dj (+I)
(L) †g‡mvgvwiK dj (Mesomeric effect) : Kve©b cigvYy I AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K †gŠ‡ji (O) cigvYyi ga¨eZ©x cvB (𝜋) e܇bi
B‡jKUª‡bi NbZ¡ AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K cigvYyi w`‡K †ewk cwigv‡Y AvK…ó nq| ZLb cvB e܇bi †cvjvwiZ n‡q c‡o| AwaK
ZworFYvZ¥K cigvYyi w`‡K cvB e܇bi B‡jKUªb ¯’vbvšÍib‡K †g‡mvgvwiK (M) dj e‡j|
GKvšÍi wmMgv I cvB e܇bi Kve©b wkK‡ji mv‡_ Giæc FYvZ¥K cigvYy hy³ _vK‡j cvB B‡jKUª‡b ¯’vbvšÍi mn‡R nq| KbRy‡MU 𝜋
eÜb †g‡mvgvwiK d‡ji mnvqK e‡j, KbRy‡MU djI e‡j| Av‡ekxq d‡ji gZ †g‡mvgvwiK dj abvZ¥K (+M) I FbvZ¥K (−M)
n‡Z cv‡i| FYvZ¥K cigvby ev g~j‡Ki w`‡K cvB B‡jKUª‡bi ¯’vqx ¯’vbvšÍiY‡K FbvZ¥K †g‡mvgvwiK dj (−M) e‡j| †hgb, >C
= O, −C ≡ N, −NO2 , −SO3 H BZ¨vw`i Ô−M djÕ Av‡Q|
Kve©wbj g~j‡K cvB B‡jKUª‡bi web¨vm wb¤œwjwLZ `yB MV‡bi gvSvgvwS _v‡K| †hgb, >C = O Ges >+C − -O
Kve©vbvBj g~j‡Ki cÖK…Z MvVwbK Ae¯’v wb¤œiæ‡c †jLv nqÑ
δ+ δ-
>C = O A_ev >C = O
FYvZ¥K cigvYyi wb:m½ B‡jKUªb hyMj GKvšÍi wØeÜbhy³ Kve©b wkKj ev ej‡qi w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j Zv‡K abvZ¥K †g‡mvgvwiK
(+M) dj e‡j| †hgb, − ÖH, − N̈H2 , n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYyi .C̈l : BZ¨vw` GKvšÍi wØe܇b hy³ _vK‡j
 
Ô−M djÕ N‡U| †db‡j −OH g~j‡Ki Ô−M djÕ Kvh©Kix _v‡K|

C→ X Av‡ekxq dj (−I)
C← X Av‡ekxq dj (+I)

nvBcviKbRy‡Mkb
weÁvbx gywj‡Kb nvBcviKbRy‡Mk‡bi avibv cÖ`vb K‡ib| hw` †Kv‡bv A¨vjKvBj g~jK †hgb, −CH3 , R−CH, R 2 CH − †Kv‡bv
†hŠ‡Mi wØeÜb ev wÎeÜbhy³ Kve©b cigvYy A_ev Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb A_ev AhyM¥ B‡jKUªb hy³ C cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K, Z‡e
A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki B‡jKUªb `vb Kivq wµqv‡KŠkj BbWvKwUf cÖfve A‡cÿv wfbœ nq| m¤ú„³ Kve©b cigvYyhy³ A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki
+I cÖfv‡ei µg R 3 C(30 ) > R 3 CH(20 ) > RCH2 (10 ) > CH3 | wKš‘ Gme A¨vjKvBj g~jK hLb Am¤ú„³ Kve©b cigvYy A_ev
Kv‡e©vK¨vUvq‡bi abvZ¥K Avavbhy³ Kve©b cigvYy A_ev AhyM¥ B‡jKUªb hy³ Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K ZLb G‡`i B‡jKUªb `vb
Kivi cÖeYZv +I cÖfv‡ei wVK wecixZ nq| Am¤ú„³ Kve©b cigvYy ev Kv‡e©vK¨vUvq‡bi abvZ¥K Avavb hy³ Kve©b cigvby ev AhyM¥
B‡jKUªbhy³ C cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki C cigvby‡K 𝛼 Kve©b ejv nq| 𝛼 -Kve©‡bi mv‡_ hy³ H †K 𝛼-H ejv nq|

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𝛼-H cigvYy 𝜎 e܇b AskMÖnbKvix 𝜎-B‡jKUªb Ges 𝜋 e܇b AskMÖnbKvix 𝜋 B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ †i‡Rv‡bÝ AskMÖnb K‡i|
H−C−C=C e܇bi αC − H e܇bi 𝛼-B‡jKUª‡bi G ai‡bi miY‡K nvBcviKbRy‡Mkb ejv nq|
nvBcviKbRy‡Mkvb Drcbœ wewfbœ †iRv‡bwUs MV‡b 𝛼-H cigvYy‡K wew”Qbœ Ae¯’vq H + Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡ÿ H cigvYyi
Ae¯’v‡bi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b N‡U bv| H cigvYy H + wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jI cÖK…Zc‡ÿ H cigvYyi Ae¯’v‡bi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b N‡U
bv| H cigvYy H + Avqb wn‡m‡e gy³ Ae¯’vq Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| 𝛼-H cigvYy †i‡Rv‡bwUs MV‡b wew”Qbœ Ae¯’vq Zv‡K
e‡j G welqwU‡K eÜbnxb †i‡Rv‡bÝ ejv nq| h‡Zv AwaK msL¨K 𝛼-H cigvYy eZ©gvb _vK‡e Z‡Zv AwaK msL¨K †i‡Rv‡bwUs MVb
A_©vr nvBcviKbRy‡MwUf MV‡bi m„wó nq Ges Z‡Zv AwaK msL¨K wmMgv B‡jKUªb gy³ nq| †hŠMwUI Z‡Zv AwaK gvÎvq ¯’vwqZ¡ AR©b
K‡i|
(CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CHO) Gi Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk|

‡cÖvwcb (CH3 − CH = CH2 ) AYy‡Z Am¤ú„³ Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ 𝛼-Kve©‡bi mv‡_ 3wU 𝛼-H cigvYy hy³| †cÖvwcb AYyi
‡ÿ‡Î nvBcviKbRy‡Mkb cÖwµqvwU wb¤œiæc t

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM we‡kl K‡i wg_vBj †ebwRb (C6 H6 − CH3 ) AYy‡Z †ebwRb ej‡qi mv‡_ hy³ A¨vjKvBj g~jK −CH3 Gi
Kve©b cigvYywU 𝛼-Kve©b Ges Gi g‡a¨ 3wU H-cigvYyi cÖ‡Z¨vKwU 𝛼-H|
wg_vBj †ebwRb (C6 H6 − CH3 ) Gi nvBcviKbRy‡Mkb cÖfve wb‡P †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ

nvBcviKbRy‡Mk‡bi Kvi‡Y A¨vjwKb †hŠ‡Mi ¯’vwq‡Z¡i cwieZ©b cwijwÿZ nq| weDU-2-Bb (CH3 − CH = CH − CH3 ) AYy‡Z 6wU
𝛼-H cigvYy eZ©gvb wKš‘ weDU-1-Bb (CH3 − CH2 − CH = CH2 ) AYy‡Z gvÎ 2wU 𝛼-H cigvYy eZ©gvb| †h A¨vjwK‡b hZ AwaK
msL¨K 𝛼-H cigvYyi Dcw¯’Z _vK‡e H A¨vjwKb Z‡Zv †ewk msL¨K nvBcviKbRy‡MwUf MVb cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| G Kvi‡Y A¨vjwKbwU
AwaK myw¯’wZ AR©b Ki‡e|
α α α
CH3 − CH = CH − CH3 CH3 − CH2 − CH = CH2
weDU-2-Bb (6wU α-H) weDU-1-Bb (2wU α-H)
A¨vjwKb †hŠ‡Mi nvBcviKbRy‡MwUf cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y †hŠ‡Mi ¯’vwq‡Z¡i µg wb¤œiæc :
CH3 CH3 CH3
  

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 Chemistry
1
CH3 − 2C = 3C − 4CH3 > 1
CH3 − 2C = 3CH − 4CH3 > 1
CH3 − 2CH = 3CH − 4CH3
2,3-WvBwg_vBjweDU-2-Bb 2-WvBwg_vBj-2-Bb weDU-2-Bb
(12wU α-H cigvYy) (9wU α-H cigvYy) (6wU α-H cigvYy)
CH3 − CH = CH2 > CH2 = CH2
‡cÖvwcb (3wU α-H cigvYy) Bw_b (†Kv‡bv α-H cigvYy †bB)
nvBcviKbRy‡Mk‡bi Kvi‡Y Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avq‡bi ¯’vwq‡Z¡i cwieZ©b N‡U| Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avq‡bi abvZ¥K Avavbhy³ C-cigvYyi mv‡_
hy³ α-Kve©b cigvYyi C−H e܇bi σ-e܇bi σ-B‡jKUª‡bi nvBcviKbRy‡Mk‡bi d‡j Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avq‡bi abvZ¥K Avav‡bi gv‡bi
cwieZ©b N‡U| Kv‡e©vK¨vUvq‡bi abvZ¥K Avav‡bi gv‡bi h‡Zv n«vm N‡U, ¯’vwqZ¡ Z‡Zv e„w× N‡U| †h Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avq‡b h‡Zv AwaK
msL¨K α-H _vK‡e Z‡Zv AwaK gvÎvq nvBcviKbRy‡MwUf MV‡bi m„wó nq| d‡j Kv‡e©vK¨vUvq‡bi abvZ¥K Avavb AwaK gvÎvq cÖkwgZ
nq Ges Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqbwUI †ewk myw¯’Z nq| ‡hgbÑ
CH3 CH3 H
  
CH3 − C+ > CH3 − C+ > CH3 − C +
  
CH3 H H
9wU α-H 6wU α-H 3wU α-H

A_©vr Kv‡e©vK¨vUvq‡bi ¯’vwq‡Z¡i µg n‡jv:

Uviwmqvwi (30 ) Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqY > †m‡KÛvix (20 ) Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqY > cÖvBgvix (10 ) Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb|
gy³ A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki g‡a¨I nvBcviKbRy‡Mkb cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq| A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki α-Kve©‡bi mv‡_ hy³ α-H e܇bi
wmMgv B‡jKUªb †Rv‡oi GKwU B‡jKUªb †Rv‡oi GKwU B‡jKUªb gy³ g~j‡Ki Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡_ π eÜb m„wói gva¨‡g Kve©‡bi
†hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡ii B‡jKUªb‡K c~Y© K‡i| d‡j gy³ A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki ¯’vwqZ¡ e„w× cvq| G‡ÿ‡ÎI hZ AwaK msL¨K α-H eZ©gvb
_vK‡e Z‡Zv AwaK gvÎvq nvBcviKbRy‡MwUf MV‡bi m„wó nq, gy³ A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki ¯’vwqZ¡I Z‡Zv e„w× cvq|

CH3 CH3 H
  
CH3 − C > CH3 − C > CH3 − C
  
CH3 H H
9wU α-H 6wU α-H 3wU α-H
A_©vr gy³ g~j‡Ki ¯’vwq‡Z¡i µg n‡jv :
Uviwmqvwi (30 ) gy³ g~jK > †m‡KÛvix (20 ) gy³ g~jK > cÖvBgvix (10 ) gy³ g~jK|

‡ebwRb I UjyB‡bi cvi®úwiK iæcvšÍi

‡ebwRb †_‡K UjyBb

CH3
Abv`ª©
+ CH3 − Cl + HCl

UjyBb †_‡K †ebwRb

CH3 COOH COONa
KMnO4 NaOH NaOH
+ [O] → → → + Na2 CO3 (CaO)
H2 SO4 CaO
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 88
 Chemistry

UjyB‡bi wewfbœ wewµqvmg~n

(K) bvB‡Uªkvb : wewµqvq †ebwRb A‡cÿv UjyBb 25 ¸Y †ewk mwµq|
CH3 CH3 CH3
NO2
HNO3 ,H2 SO4
→ + + 2H2 O

NO2
o-bvB‡UªvUjyBb, p-bvB‡UªvUjyBb

(L) mvj‡dv‡bkvb :
CH3 CH3 CH3
SO3 H
Heat
+ H2 SO4 → + + 2H2 O

SO3 H

GK bR‡i
‡ebwR‡bi wewµqvmg~n
R

R−Cl/AlCl3 + HCl : A¨vjKvB‡jkb

RCO

RCOCl/AlCl3 + HCl : A¨vmvB‡jkb

H2 , Ni
2000 C (mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b):nvB‡WªvwR‡bkb

+ m~h©v‡jvK, Br2 /Cl2 C6 H6 Cl6 (M¨vgvw·b): n¨v‡jvwR‡bkb

O3 , Kÿ ZvcgvÎv CHO − CHO (MøvBA·vj): I‡RvbxKiY

SO3 H

aygvqgvb, H2 SO4 : mvj‡dv‡bkvb

1000 C

NO2
Mvp : bvB‡Uªkb

(HNO3 + H2 SO4 ), 600 C

‡ebwRb †_‡K wewfbœ †hŠM Drcv`b

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1. A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb
Abv`©ª AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwR‡bi mv‡_ A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqvq wg_vBj wdbvBj wK‡Uvb ev A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb Drcbœ nq|
wewµqv : H COCH3
+ Cl − CO − CH3 → + HCl

‡ebwRb A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb

2. †eªv‡gv †ebwRb/‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb
n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK †hgb, ﮋ A¨vjywgwbqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb, †K¬vwib I †eªvwg‡bi wewµqvq h_vµ‡g †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb I
†eªv‡gv‡ebwRb Drcbœ nq|
wewµqv : COCH3
Abv`©ª AlCl3
+ Cl2 + HCl
‡ebwRb †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb

Br
Abv`©ª FeBr3
H + Br − Br + HBr
‡ebwRb †eªv‡gv‡ebwRb

3. †eb‡RvwqK A¨vwmW
Abv`©ª AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb I wg_vBj †K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqvq UjyBb Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ UjyBb‡K dzUšÍ jNy bvBwUªK A¨vwmW
Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j †eb‡RvwqK A¨vwmW Drcbœ nq|
wewµqv :
Abv`©ª AlCl3
H + Cl − CH3 CH3 + HCl
‡ebwRb UjyBb

wewµqv : CH3 COOH

dzUšÍ jNy HNO3
+ 3[O] → + H2 O
KMnO4

UjyBb †eb‡RvwqK A¨vwmW

4. WvB wdbvBj
‡ebwRb ev®ú‡K 7000 − 9000 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j b‡ji †fZi w`‡q cÖevwnZ Ki‡j `yB AYy †ebwRb GKwÎZ n‡q WvB
wdbvBj Drcbœ nq|
wewµqv :
700−8000 C
H+H → + H2

†ebwRb WvB wdbvBj

5. †dbjt †ebwRb, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †K¬vivBW M¨vm I evqyi Aw·‡R‡bi wgkÖ‡Yi 2500 C ZvcgvÎvq Cu−Fe hyM¥ cÖfve‡Ki Ici w`‡q
Pvjbv Ki‡j †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb‡K wmwjKv cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 4250 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j
†dbj Drcbœ nq|
wewµqv: Cl
2500 C
+ 2HCl + O2 → + 2H2 O
Cu−Fe

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 90

 Chemistry
†ebwRb †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb

Cl OH
SiO2
+ H2 O → + HCl
4250 C

†ebwRb †dbj

6. †gUv-WvB bvB‡Uªv †ebwRb : Mvp H2 SO4 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb‡K HNO3 Gi mv‡_ 500 − 550 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j
bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb‡K AwZwi³ HNO3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cybivq 1000 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j †gUv
WvB bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb Drcbœ nq|
wewµqv :

H Mvp H2 SO4 NO2

+ HO − NO2 → 0 0 + H2 O
50 −55 C

†ebwRb bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb

NO2 NO2
Mvp H2 SO4
+ HO − NO2 → + H2 O
1000 C

H NO2
bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb †gUv WvB bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb

UjyBb †_‡K wewfbœ †hŠM Drcv`b

1. †eb‡RvUªvB‡K¬vivBW t n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki Abycw¯’wZ‡Z, wKš‘ m~h©v‡jvK ev AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z UjyB‡bi mv‡_ †K¬vwi‡bi
wewµqvq A_ev dzUšÍ UjyB‡b †K¬vwib M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j cvk¦©wkK‡ji wZbwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvby †K¬vwib cigvYyi Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q
†eb‡Rv UªvB‡K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq|
CH3 CCl3
Sunlight
+ Cl2 → 0
111 C

UjyBb †eb‡RvUªvB‡K¬vivBW
2. †gUvRvBwjb
AwaK cwigvY ﮋ AlCl3 cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z UjyB‡bi mv‡_ wg_vBj Av‡qvWvBW‡K 1000 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j †gUv-
RvBwjb I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Av‡qvWvBW Drcbœ nq|
wewµqv : CH3 CH3
Dry AlCl3
+ I − CH3 → + HI
1000 C
H CH3
UjyBb †gUv-RvBwjb
3. ‡ebRvjwWnvBW
g„`y RviK †hgb- CS2 G `ªexf~Z †µvwgj †K¬vivBW (CrO2 Cl2 ) Øviv UjyBb‡K RvwiZ Ki‡j G cvk¦©vkKj Gi −CH3 g~jK RvwiZ
n‡q †ebRvjwWnvBW Drcbœ nq|
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 91
 Chemistry
CH3 CHO

CrO2 Cl2
+ 2[O] → + H2 O

UjyBb †ebRvjwWnvBW
4. †eb‡RvwqK GwmW
dzUšÍ jNy HNO3 Øviv UjyBb‡K RvwiZ Ki‡j cvk¦©wkKj wg_vBj (−CH3 ) g~j‡Ki Rvi‡Yi d‡j †eb‡RvwqK A¨vwmW Drcbœ nq|
wewµqv : CH3 COOH
dzUšÍ jNy HNO3
+ 3[O] + H2 O

UjyBb †eb‡RvwqK A¨vwmW

5. †ebRvBj †K¬vivBW t †ebwR‡bi n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb msµvšÍ UxKv `ªóe¨|

6. 1-B_vBj-4-wg_vBj †ebwRb
Abv`©ª AlCl3 cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z UjyB‡bi mv‡_ B_vBj Av‡qvWvB‡Wi wewµqvq 1-B_vBj-4-wg_vBj †ebwRb I 1-B_vBj-2-
wg_vBj †ebwRb Drcbœ nq|
CH3 CH2 − CH3 CH2 − CH3
CH3
2 + 2CH3 − CH2 − I + + 2HI
UjyBb 1-B_vBj-2-wg_vBj †ebwRb
CH3
1-B_vBj-4-wg_vBj †ebwRb
7. [Link].: UxKv `ªóve¨
8. †ebwRb
jNy bvBwUªK A¨vwmW †hv‡M UjyBb‡K RvwiZ Ki‡j †eb‡RvwqK A¨vwmW Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ †eb‡RvwqK A¨vwmW‡K †mvWvjvB‡gi mv‡Z
DËß Ki‡j †ebwRb cvIqv hvq|
wewµqv :
CH3 COOH
jNy HNO3
+ 3[O] → + H2 O
KMnO4

UjyBb †eb‡RvwqK A¨vwmW

COOH

CaO
+ 2NaOH → + Na2 CO3 + H2 O

†eb‡RvwqK A¨vwmW †ebwRb

mgxKiY¸‡jv c~Y©KiY I mgZv weavb (wb‡R‡K hvPvB Ki)

NaOH NaOH+CaO NaOH NaOH+CaO
(K) CH3 CH2COOH → ?→ ?→ CH3 CH2 COONa →
CH3 − CH3 + (Na2 CO3 + CaO) ‡mvwWqvg †cÖvwcq‡bU
Mvp H2 SO4
H2 O
(L) CH2 = CH2 ?→ ?

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 92

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O3 Zn+CH3 COOH,H2 O
(M) CH2 = CH − CH3 → ? → ?
(N) CaC2 + H2 O ?
Abv`©ª AlCl3
(O) (H3 C)2C = CH2 + H2 SO4 ?
(P) CH3 − CH = CH2 + HBr ?

(Q) + CH3 + RX ?
H2 O 2
(R) CH2 = CH − CH3 + HBr → ?
2%HgSO4
(S) HC ≡ CH + H2 O → ?
20%H2 SO4
(T) CH3 − C ≡ CH + [Ag(NH3 )2 ] NO2 (aq) ?

AlCl3
(U) CH3 + CH3 COCl → ?

AlCl3
(V) + CH3 COCl → ?
COOH
∆
(W) + NaOH (CaO) → ?

Ni.1800
(X) CH3 .C ≡ C. CH3 + 2H2 → ?
AlCl3
(Y) C6 H6 + CH3 COCl → ?

mgvavb :
NaOH NaOH+CaO
(K) CH3 CH2COOH → CH3 CH2 COONa → CH3 − CH3 + (Na2 CO3 + CaO)
‡mvwWqvg †cÖvwcq‡bU B‡_b
Mvp H2 SO4
H2 O
(L) CH2 = CH2 CH3 − CH2 − OSO3 H → CH3 − CH2 −OH + H2 SO4
B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU B_vbj
O3 Zn+CH3 COOH,H2 O
(M) CH2 = CH − CH3 → H2 C −O−CH−CH3 → HCHO + CH3 CHO + H2 O+ZnO
 
O O wg_vb¨vj B_vb¨vj
A¨vjwKb I‡RvbvBW

(N) CaC2 + H2 O HC ≡ CH + Ca(OH)2

A¨vwmwUwjb
(O) (H3 C)2C = CH2 + H2 SO4 (H3 C)2C − CH3

OSO3 H
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 Br
(P) CH3 − CH = CH2 + HBr
CH3 −CHBr − CH3

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 93

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CH3 CH3
Abv`©ª AlCl3 R
(Q) + CH3 + RX + + 2HX

R
H2 O 2
(R) CH2 = CH − CH3 + HBr → CH2 − CH2 − CH3 (1-†eªv‡gv‡cÖv‡cb)

Br
2%HgSO4
(S) HC ≡ CH + H2 O → CH3 CHO
20%H2 SO4
B_vb¨vj

(T) CH3 − C ≡ CH + [Ag(NH3 )2 ] NO2 (aq) CH3 −C ≡ C −Ag↓+ NH4 NO3 + 2NH3
wmjfvi †cÖvcvbvBW (mv`v Aa:‡ÿc)

CH3 CH3
COCH3
AlCl3
(U) CH3 + CH3 COCl → + + 2HCl

COCH3
AlCl3
(V) + CH3 COCl → COCH3 + HCl

A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb
COOH
∆
(W) + NaOH (CaO) → + Na2 CO3 .CaO

Ni.1800
(X) CH3 .C ≡ C. CH3 + 2H2 → CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH3
weD‡Ub
COCH3

AlCl3
(Y) C6 H6 + CH3 COCl → + HCl

n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb/A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBWm

✓ A¨vj‡K‡bi n¨v‡jv‡Rb RvZK : A¨vwj‡dwUK m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b ev A¨vj‡Kb AYy †_‡K GK ev GKvwaK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy mgmsL¨K
n¨v‡jv‡Rb †hgb, F, Cl, Br, I cigvYy Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j †h †hŠMmg~n Drcbœ nq, Zv‡`i‡K n¨v‡jv‡Rb cÖwZ¯’vwcZ A¨vj‡Kb ev
A¨vj‡K‡bi n¨v‡jv‡Rb RvZK ejv nq|
✓ A¨vj‡K‡bi n¨v‡jv‡Rb RvZ‡Ki Kvh©Kix g~jK nj: −C−X GLv‡b, X = F, Cl, Br, I
wg‡_b (𝐶𝐻4 ) AYy †_‡K n¨v‡jv‡Rb Øviv cigvYy cwZ¯’vc‡bi d‡j Pvi cÖKvi n¨v‡jv‡Rb cÖwZ¯’vwcZ wg‡_b ev wg‡_‡bi n¨v‡jv‡Rb
RvZK cvIqv hvq| †hgb,
H H H H H
    
H −C−H H −C−X H −C−X H −C−X H −C−X
    
H H H X X

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 94

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wg‡_b g‡bvn¨v‡jv wg‡_b WvB n¨v‡jv wg‡_b UªvB n¨v‡jv wg‡_b †UUªvn¨v‡jv wg‡_b
ev, wg_vBj n¨vjvBW ev,wgw_wjb n¨vjvBW ev, n¨v‡jvdig ev,Kve©b †UUªvn¨vjvBW

G‡`i mvaviY ms‡KZ njÑ R−X ev, 𝐶𝑛 𝐻2𝑛+1 X

✓ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb ev A¨vjKvBb n¨vjvBW wZb cÖKvi| †hgb, cÖvBgvwi (ev,10 ), †m‡KÛvwi (20 ) I Uviwmqvwi (30 ) n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv
A¨vj‡Kb| †hgb,
cÖvBgvwi (10 ), †m‡KÛvwi (20 ) I Uviwmqvwi (30 )
H R R
  
H−C−X H−C−X R−C−X
  
R R R
0 0 0
1 n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb 2 n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb 3 n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb

✓ cwjn¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡K‡bi †kÖYxwefvM

• `ywU n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy hy³ A¨vj‡Kb : A¨vj‡K‡bi AYy †_‡K `ywU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy `ywU n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j ZLb
Drcbœ †hŠM‡K WvBn¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb ejv nq| G`‡I mvaviY ms‡KZ Cn H2n X2|
• hLb GKB Kve©b cigvYy‡Z D³ `ywU n¨v‡jv‡Rb (GKB cÖKvi) hy³ _v‡K; ZLb Zv‡K A¨vjwKwjwWb n¨vjvBW ev †Rg WvBn¨vjvBW ejv
nq| (germinal,ms‡ÿ‡c gem = GKB ¯’vb)| †hgb,
Br Cl
 
CH3 −C−H CH3 −C−H
 
Br CH3
Bw_wjb †eªvgvBW (†Rg WvB‡eªvgvBW) AvB‡mv-‡cÖvwcwjwWb †K¬vivBW (†Rg WvB‡K¬vivBW)
ev, 1,1-WvB‡eªv‡gv B‡_b ev, 2,2-WvB‡K¬v‡iv †cÖv‡cb)
• A¨vj‡Kb AYyi Kve©b wkK‡ji cvkvcvwk `ywU Kve©‡b `ywU n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy hy³ n‡j, Zv‡K A¨vjwKb n¨vjvBW ev wfm WvBn¨vjvBW
ejv nq| (vicinal,ms‡ÿ‡c vic = cvkvcvwk)| wfm WvBn¨vjvBW †h A¨vjwKb †_‡K Drcbœ nq, Zvi bvgvbymv‡i WvBn¨vjvB‡Wi
bvgKiY Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
CH3

Cl − CH2 − CH2 − Cl CH3 − C − CH2 − Br

Br
Bw_wjb WvB‡K¬vivBW (wfm WvB‡K¬vivBW) AvB‡mv weDwUwjb WvB‡eªvgvBW (wfm WvB‡eªvgvBW)
ev, 1,-2 WvB‡K¬v‡iv B‡_b ev, 1,2-WvB‡eªv‡gv-2-wg_vBj †cÖv‡cb

Rvb‡ZB n‡e:
nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi wewfbœ RvZKmg~‡ni †hgb A¨vj‡Kvnj, A¨vjwWnvBW, Kv‡e©vw·wjK GwmW cÖf…wZ †hŠMmg~‡ni wKQzy wKQz †hŠM
cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq n‡jI A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq| KviY A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW cvwbi Abyi mv‡_ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi
gva¨‡g hy³ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

n¨v‡jv‡Rb A¨vj‡K‡bi mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ c×wZ

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(K) A¨vj‡Kvnj I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n¨vjvB‡Wi wewµqvi d‡j A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Drcbœ nq|
R−OH (l) + HX(g) ⇌ R−X(l) + H2 O (l)
G wewµqvwU DfgyLx| ZvB wewµqvq Drcbœ cvwb‡K Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ wbiæ`K c`v_©iæ‡c Mvp H2 SO4 ,Abv`ª© wRsK †K¬vivBW (ZnCl2 )
BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq| Abv`©ª ZnCl2 jyBm GwmWiæ‡c KvR K‡i|
Abv`©ª ZnCl2
R−OH (l) + HCl (l) R−Cl(l) + H2 O (l)

A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqvi µg nj 30 > 20 > 10 | HX Gi wewµqvi µg nj HI > HBr > HCl| Kg mwµq Kg mwµq
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqvq wbiæ`Kiæ‡c 𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2 Ges kw³kvjx HX e¨envi Ki‡j Mvp 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4AwaK Kvh©Kix nq|

𝑍𝑛𝐶𝑙2
R 3 C−OH(l) + HCl(g) → R 3 C−Cl(l) + H2 O (l)
✓ A¨vjKvBj †eªvgvBW cÖ¯‘wZi †ÿ‡Î 48% HBr I Mvp H2SO4e¨envi Kiv nq|
Mvp H2 SO4
CH3 −OH(l) + HBr (aq) CH3 − Br(l) + H2 O (l)
✓ A¨vjKvBj Av‡qvWvBW cÖ¯‘wZi †ÿ‡Î 57% GwmW (HI) e¨eüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î H2SO4cª‡qvRb nq bv|
∆
CH3 −OH(l) + HI (aq) → CH3 − I (l) + H2 O (l)

¸iæZ¡c~Y© K_v:
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ avZe †K¬vivBW, †eªvgvBW I Av‡qvWvB‡Wi wewµqvq A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq bv| KviY avZe
†K¬vivB‡Wi (Cl− ) †eªvgvB‡Wi (Br − ) I Av‡qvWvB‡Wi (I − ) Avqb LyeB `~e©j ÿvi Zxeª ÿvi ev kw³kvjx wbDwK¬IdvBj OH †K
cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
wKš‘ Zxeª GwmW HCl, HBr ev HI A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Drcbœ K‡i| KviY cÖ_‡g GwmWmg~‡ni
†cÖvwUb (H + ) Gi mv‡_ A¨vj‡Kvnj hy³ n‡q R−OH2 + Drcbœ K‡i| wØZxq av‡c R−OH2 + n‡Z H2 O AcmvwiZ nq Ges
Drcbœ R+ I n¨vjvBW Avqb Cl− , Br − ev I− AwZmn‡R hy³ n‡q A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW MVb K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Drcbœ H2 O g„`y ÿvi
I `~e©j wbDwK¬IwdwjK weKviK e‡j wewµqvq ‡Kv‡bv f~wgKv iv‡L bv|
R − OH + NaX ⟶ ‡Kv‡bv wewµqv N‡U bv|
R − OH + HI ⟶ R − I + H2 O

(L) A¨vj‡Kvnj I dmdivm n¨vjvB‡Wi wewµqvq A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Drcbœ nq| dmdivm †c›Uv‡K¬vivBW(PCl5 ) e¨envi Ki‡j
AwZwi³ Drcv`Kiæ‡c dmdivm Aw·‡K¬vivBW(POCl3 ) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq| wKš‘ dmdivm UªvBn¨vjvBW (PX3 ) e¨envi
Ki‡j AwZwi³ Drcv`Kiæ‡c dm‡dvwbK GwmW (H3 PO3 ) Drcbœ nq|
R−OH (l) + PCl5 → R−Cl(l) + POCl3 (g) + HCl(g)
A¨vj‡Kvnj A¨vjKvBj †K¬vivBW
3R−OH(l) + PX3 (l) → 3R−X(l) + H3 PO3 (l)
A¨vj‡Kvnj dm‡dvwbK GwmW
‡hgb, wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ dmdivm †c›Uv‡K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqvq wg_vBj †K¬vivBW, dmdivm Aw·‡K¬vivBW I HCl M¨vm
Drcbœ nq|
CH3 − OH(l) + PCl5 → CH3 Cl(l) + POCl3 (l) + HCl(g)
wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj wg_vBj †K¬vivBW
(M) _v‡qvwjb †K¬vivBW wewµqv Øviv : _v‡qvwbj †K¬vivBW (SOCl2 ) A¨vj‡Kvnj I wcwiwWb GK‡Î wid¬v· Ki‡j A¨vjKvBj †K¬vivBW
Drcbœ nq| wewµqvq SO2 I HCl M¨vmI Drcbœ nq|

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wcwiwWb
R−OH (l) + SOCl2 (l) R−Cl(l) + SO2 (g) + HCl(g)
wcwiwWb wewµqvq Drcbœ HCl M¨vm †kvlY K‡i|
wcwiwWb
D`vniY : CH3 − CH2 OH (l) + SOCl2 (l) CH3 − CH2 Cl + (l) + SO2 (g) + HCl(g)
(N) A¨vjwKb n‡Z : A¨vjwKbmg~n n¨v‡jv‡Rb GwmW HX, (HI, HBr, HI) Gi mv‡_ hyZ wewµqvi gva¨‡g A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Drcbœ
K‡i|
R−CH = CH2 + HX → R−CH− CH3
A¨vjwKb 
X
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW
D`vniY : CH3 − CH2 − CH = CH2 + HBr ⟶ CH3 − CH2 − CH− CH3
1-weDwUb 
Br
2-‡eªv‡gv weD‡Ub
(O) A¨vj‡Kb n‡Z : 4000 C ZvcgvÎvq wg‡_b‡K †K¬vwib Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv NUv‡j wg‡_‡bi H cigvYy¸‡jv µgvš^‡q Cl cigvYyi
Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q g‡bv, WvB, UªvB I †UUªv †K¬v‡iv wg‡_b Drcbœ nq|
Cl2
‡K¬vwi‡bkb : CH4 → CH3 Cl
4000 C
wg‡_b wg_vBj †K¬vivBW

wbDwK¬IwdwjK ev †K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv

‡K›`ªKl©x weKviK ev wbDwK¬IdvBj Øviv R−X Gi n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYyi n¨vjvBW Avqbiæ‡c cwiZ¨³ nIqvi wewµqv‡K †K›`ªvKl©x ev
wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb (SN ) ejv nq| G wewµqv‡K wb¤œiæ‡c †`Lv‡bv njÑ
δ+ δ-
- \ /
Z: + /C −X ⟶ Z − C\ + X−
wbDwK¬dvBj n¨v‡jv‡Rb A¨vj‡Kb Drcv`(cÖwZ¯’vwcZ) n¨vjvBW Avqb
- - - -
GLv‡b wbDwK¬IdvBj ev †K›`ªvKl©x AvµgYKvix weKviK Z: = : OH, : OR, : CN, RCOO− : : NH2 −R BZ¨vw`|
‡K›`ªKl©x ev wbDwK¬wdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvi †kÖYxwefvM : ivmvqwbK MwZZ‡Ë¡ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡K‡b wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb (SN )
wewµqv‡K `yÕ‡kÖYx‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| †hgbÑ
(1) GK AvYweK wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb (SN 1) Ges
(2) wØAvYweK wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb (SN 2)
GK AvYweK wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb (SN 1) Gi †gKvwbRg
msÁv: GKwU gvÎ wewµq‡Ki NbgvÎvi Dci †Kvb wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvi MwZ wbf©ikxj n‡j Giæc wewµqv‡K GK AvYweK
wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv (SN 1) e‡j|
‰ewkó¨: 1. G wewµqv `yÕav‡c N‡U,
2. 30 n¨vjvB‡Wi ‡ÿ‡Î (SN 1) mn‡R N‡U
3. G‡ÿ‡Î wewµqvwU 1g µg nq
D`vniY I †gKvwbRg : Rjxq `ªe‡Y A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW †_‡K 30 A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ: cÖ_g av‡c 30 Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb I n¨vjvBW
Avqb MVb K‡i| wØZxq av‡c H Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb `ªæZ wbDwK¬IdvBj †hgb,( :-OH) Gi m‡½ hy³ nq|
CH3 CH3
axi MwZ
1g avc : CH3 − C − Ẍ :δ− CH3 − C+ + : Ẍ :−
.. ..
CH3 CH3
30 n¨vjvBW 30 Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb n¨vjvBW

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CH3 CH3
`ªæZ MwZ
2q avc : CH3 − C+ + :-OH CH3 − C − OH

CH3 CH3
wbDwK¬IdvBj 2-wg_vBj †cÖvcvbj-2
Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb MVb I G‡`i ¯’vwqZ¡ RX Gi mwµqZvi Dci wbf©ikxj| RX Gi mwµqZvi µg nj wb¤œiæc:
‡hgb, 30 RX > 20 RX > 10 RX > 𝐶𝐻3 X
1g av‡ci wewµqv Øviv G wewµqvi MwZ (rate) wba©vwiZ nq| ZvB ïaygvÎ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡K‡bi NbgvÎvi Dci wewµqvi MwZ
wbf©ikxj|
Giæc (SN 1) wewµqvi †gKvwbR‡gÑ
1. Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb MVbB wewµqvi MwZ wba©viK avc|
2. Avevi (SN 1) wewµqvq B‡jKUªwbK d¨v±i wewµqvi MwZ wba©viY K‡i| A_©vr kvLvhy³ A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW (SN 1)wewµqv mn‡R
w`‡q _v‡K|
wØAvYweK wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb ev (SN 2) Gi †gKvwbRg
msÁv : cÖ_g wewµqK †hgb, RX I wØZxq wewµqK †hgb wbDwK¬IdvBj N̈N3 ev OH − G Df‡qi NbgvÎvi Dci †h cÖwZ¯’vcb
wewµqvq MwZ wbf©ikxj Giæc wewµqv‡K wØAvYweK wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv (SN 2) e‡j|
‰ewkó¨ :
1. G wewµqv GK av‡c N‡U Ges wewµqvi MwZ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb (RX) I AvµgYKvix wbDwK¬IdvBj (OH − :) Df‡qi NbgvÎvi
Dci wbf©ikxj|
2. 10 n¨vjvB‡Wi †ÿ‡Î SN 2 wewµqv mn‡R N‡U|
3. G‡ÿ‡Î wewµqvwU wØZxq µg n‡q _v‡K|
D`vniY I †gKvwbRg: SN 2 wewµqvi †gKvwbR‡gi †ejvq Kvh©Kix msN‡l©i Rb¨ A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW AYyi wÎgvwÎK MV‡b Kve©‡bi
†h cv‡k¦© X-cigvYy _v‡K Gi wecixZ w`K †_‡K wbDwK¬IdvBj (OH − :) AvµgY K‡i _v‡K| †hgb,
R R H R
δ+ δ- δ- δ-
HO: −
+ C−X HO C X HO − C + :Ẍ:−
H H ..
H H H
0
1 -n¨vjvBW A¯’vqx RwUj A¨vjKvbj-1
R−X Gi AvswkK abvZ¥K Kve©b (Cδ+ )Gi w`‡K wbDwK¬IdvBj (HO− :) hZB AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K,ZZB wbDwK¬IdvBj I H Kve©‡bi
m‡½ GKwU bZzb eÜb M‡o DV‡Z _v‡K Ges Kve©b I n¨v‡jv‡R‡bi g‡a¨i c~‡e©i eÜb fvO‡Z _v‡K| GK ch©v‡q H Kve©‡bi m‡½ hy³
wZbwU cigvYy ev g~jK wbDwK¬IdvBj I n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvbyi Df‡qi cÖfv‡e GKB mgZ‡j G‡m A¯’vqx RwUj MVb K‡i| G Ae¯’vq X
cigvYy I wbDwK¬IdvBj (HO− :) Df‡qB AvswkK FYvZ¥K PvR© (δ −)jvf K‡i| †k‡l Kve©b-n¨v‡jv‡Rb eÜb m¤ú~Y©iæ‡c wew”Qbœ
n‡q n¨vjvBW Avqb (: X:̈ ) Drcbœ K‡i Ges wbDwK¬IdvBj (HO− :) H Kve©‡bi m‡½ c~Y©fv‡e mg‡hvRx e܇b Ave× nq| d‡j Kve©b
cigvYyi m‡½ hy³ Aci wZb cigvYy ev g~jK S‡o Dëv‡bv QvZvi gZ D‡ë wM‡q bZzb wÎgvwÎK MVb jvf K‡i| SN 2wewµqvi wbqš¿K
nj RX Gi cÖK…wZ| AwaK kvLvhy³ A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW SN 2 wewµqv‡K evav †`q ZvB SN 2 wewµqvq R−X Gi mwµqZvi µg
nj wb¤œiæcÑ
CH3 X > 10 R−X > 20 R−X > 30 R−X

R−X ev n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡K‡bi cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi ‡ejvq SN 1 I SN 2 wewµqvi Zzjbv QK

cv_©K¨m~PK ag© SN 1 wewµqv SN 2 wewµqv
cwiPq GK AvYweK †K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv| wØ-AvYweK †K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv|
wewµqvi avc `yB av‡c wewµqv N‡U| cÖ_‡g Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb GK av‡c wewµqv N‡U| A¯’vqx RwUj MwVZ nq
m„wó nq Ges c‡i wbDwK¬IdvBj hy³ n‡q Drcv` Ges wbDwK¬IdvBj I n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy Df‡qB
MVb K‡i| A¯’vqx PvR©(δ −) cÖvß nq|

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R−X Gi cÖK…wZ 30 RX> 20 RX> 10 RX> CH3 X CH3 X > 10 RX> 20 RX> 30 RX
wewµqvi µg cÖ_g µg wewµqv| wØZxq µg wewµqv|
wewµqvi d¨v±i B‡jKUªwbK d«v±i, hv kvLvhy³ Kve©b wkKj wÎgvwÎK ¯’vbxq evav|
m¤úwK©Z|
wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji NbgvÎv wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji NbgvÎv Kg n‡j SN 1 ‡KŠk‡j wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji NbgvÎv ‡ewk n‡j SN 2 ‡KŠk‡j
wewµqv N‡U| wewµqv N‡U|
`ªve‡Ki cÖK…wZ ‡cvjvi `ªve‡K SN 1 wewµq N‡U| A‡cvjvi `ªve‡K SN 2 wewµqv N‡U|
wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji cÖK…wZ `~e©j wbDwK¬IdvBj SN 1 wewµqvi MwZ wbqš¿Y mej wbDwK¬IdvBj SN 1 wewµqvi MwZ wbqš¿Y
K‡i| K‡i|
wewµq‡Ki cªK…wZ cÖavbZ Uviwmqvwi (30 ) R−X Gi X − wbDwK¬IdvBj Øviv cÖvBgvwi (10 ) A¨vjKvBj
wbDwK¬IdvBj Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq| n¨vjvBW X − Avqb cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq|
wewµqvi MwZaviv wewµqvq Kv‡e©wbqvg ev Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb ga¨K m„wó wewµqvq †Kvb ga¨K m„wó nq bv,AšÍieZ©x Ae¯’v
nq| m„wó nq gvÎ|

β-AcmviY wewµqv:
n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb ev A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi β-Kve©b †_‡K GKwU H-cigvYy n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYyi mv‡_ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb n¨vjvBW (HX)
iæ‡c AcmvwiZ n‡j D³ wewµqv‡K wWnvB‡Wªv-n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb ev β-AcmviY wewµqv e‡j|
D`vniY: 1-‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb‡K B_vbjxq cUvwmqvg nvBWª·vBW (alc. KOH) mn dzUv‡j GK AYy nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †eªvgvBW (HBr)
AcmvwiZ n‡q †cÖvwcb MVb K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î, 1-‡eªv‡gv‡cÖv‡c‡bi β-Kve©b †_‡K GKwU H cigvYy Br cigvYyi mv‡_ HBr iæ‡c AcmvwiZ
nq e‡j G wewµqv‡K β-AcmviY wewµqv e‡j|
β α
Alcohol
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 Br + (alc)KHO → CH3 − CH = CH2 + KBr + H2 O

 A¨vwj‡dwUK AcmviY wewµqvi ÿvixq weKviK wn‡m‡e NaOH, KOH, CH3 − CH2 −O−Na cªf…wZ e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e
NaOH ev KOH Gi A¨vj‡Kvnjxq `ªeY AcmviY wewµqv NUvq, wKš‘ G‡`i Rjxq `ªe‡Y cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv NUvq|
mvB‡Rd Gi m~Î
AcmviY wewµqvi †ejvq n¨v‡jv‡Rb A¨vj‡Kb †_‡K GKvwaK A¨vjwKb Drcbœ nIqvi m¤¢vebvi †ÿ‡Î, †Kvb A¨vjwKbwU cÖvavb¨ jvf
Ki‡e, Zv wb‡¤œv³ mvB‡Rd m~Î e¨vL¨v Kiv nq| †hgb,
Ôn¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb †_‡K HX Acmvi‡Yi †ejvq †h Kve©‡b Kg msL¨K β nvB‡Wªv‡Rb _v‡K, †mB Kve©b †_‡K H cigvYy α-
Kve©‡bi n¨v‡jv‡Rb (X) mn wg‡j HX iæ‡c AcmvwiZ n‡q A¨vjwKb Drcbœ K‡i|Õ
Aci K_vq, n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb (RX) †_‡K RX AcmviY Ggbfv‡e N‡U †hb A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk kvLvwš^Z A¨vjwKb cÖavb Drcv`
n‡Z cv‡i| AwaK kvKvwš^Z ev A¨vjKvBj cÖwZ¯’vwcZ A¨vjwKb AwaK ¯’vqx nq| †hgb,
CH3 − CH2 − CH− CH3
A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH [2-weDwUb (80%)]
2CH3 − CH2 − CH− CH3
Br ∆ (−2HBr) CH3 − CH2 − CH = CH2
2-‡eªv‡gv weD‡Ub [1-weDwUb (80%)]

2-weDwUb Gi †ejvq Kve©b-Kve©b wØe܇bi `yw`‡K kvLv †hgb, `ywU CH3 − g~jK i‡q‡Q Ges 1-weDwUb Gi †ejvq wØe܇bi GKw`‡K
GKwU gvÎ kvLv wkKj †hgb , CH3 − CH2 − g~jK i‡q‡Q|
wMÖMbvW© weKviK
ﮋ B_vi `ªexf~Z A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj n¨vjvBW mv‡_ avZe g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi wewµqv Drcbœ A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg
n¨vjvBW‡K wMÖMbvW© weKviK e‡j|
Dry Ether
wewµqv: R − X + Mg → R − Mg − X (wMÖMbvW© weKviK)

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Dry Ether
D`vniY: CH3 − Br + Mg → CH3 MgBr
wg_vBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg †eªvgvBW (wMÖMbvW© weKviK)
divmx weÁvbx wfKUi MÖxMbvW© 1900 mv‡j GB weKviK Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Ges G Kvi‡Y wZwb 1912
mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi®‹vi cvb|

Exclusive (GKUz wfbœ)

✓ ﮋ B_v‡i `ªexf~Z A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW I avZe g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi wewµqvq wMÖMbvW© weKviK Drcbœ nq| †hgbÑ
Dry Ether
CH3 − Br + Mg → CH3 − Mg − Br
wMÖMbvW© weKviK
✓ wKš‘ ﮋ B_v‡i `ªexf~Z A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW (2 AYy) I avZe Na Gi wewµqvq D”PZi A¨vj‡Kb cÖ¯‘wZ hv DU©R wewµqv =
2CH3 − Br + 2Na ⟶ CH3 − CH3 + 2NaBr

cv_©K¨ : (i) A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW GKwU AciwUi wظY|

(ii) GKwU‡Z avZz Na AciwU‡Z Mg

wMÖMbvW© weKviK n‡Z †hfv‡e wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠMmg~n cvIqv hv‡e

1. 10 A¨vj‡Kvnj
wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ wg_vb¨vj ev digvjwWnvB‡Wi wewµqv Øviv 10 A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
H H
− +
H2 O
CH3 MgI + H − C = O → CH3 − C − OMg I → CH3 − C − OH + Mg(OH)I

H H H
wg_vb¨vj 10 A¨vj‡Kvnj
2. 20 A¨vj‡Kvnj
wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ wg_vb¨vj ev‡` †h †Kvb A¨vjwWnvBW †hgbÑ B_vb¨vj Gi wewµqvq 20 A¨vj‡Kvnj ev †cÖvcvbj-2 Drcbœ nq|
CH3 CH3
H2 O
CH3 MgI + CH3 − C = O → CH3 − C − OMgI → CH3 − C − OH + Mg(OH)I

H H H
B_vb¨vj hyZ‡hŠM cÖcvbj-2
3. 30 A¨vj‡Kvnj
wMÖMbvW© weKviK (†hgb-CH3 MgI) Gi mv‡_ wK‡Uvb †hgb †cÖvcv‡bvb Gi wewµqvq Uviwmqvix ev 30 A¨vj‡Kvnj| †hgb- 2-wg_vBj
†cÖvcvbj-2 Drcbœ nq|
O CH3 CH3
∥  
H2 O,∆
CH3 MgI + CH3 − C −CH3 → CH3 − C −OMgI → CH2 − C − OH + Mg(OH)I
 
CH3 CH3
‡cÖvcv‡bvb 2-wg_vBj †cÖvcvbj-2
(30 A¨vj‡Kvnj)
4. Kve©w·wjK A¨vwmW
wMÖMbvW© weKviK (R − MgX), CO2 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡I †h hyZ †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i, Zv‡K A¨vwmW Øviv Av`©ª we‡kølY Ki‡j
Kve©w·wjK A¨vwmW cvIqv hvq|

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 100

 Chemistry
H2 O/H+
R − MgX+ O = C = O → O = C−MgX → O = C−OH
 
R R
Kve©w·wjK A¨vwmW
D`vniY : wg_vBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg Av‡qvWvBW I CO2 Gi ms‡hv‡M Drcbœ RwUj †hŠM‡K A¨vwmW Øviv Av`©ª we‡kølY Ki‡j B_vbwqK
A¨vwmW Drcbœ nq|
O O
∥ ∥
H2 O/H+
H3 CMgI + CO2 → CH3 −C − OMgI → CH3 −C − OH + Mg(OH)I
B_vbwqK A¨vwmW

5. nvB‡WªvKve©b
wMÖMbvW© weKviK cvwb Øviv Av`©ª we‡køwlZ n‡q nvB‡WªvKve©b MVb K‡i|
RMgX + H2 O → CH4 + Mg(OH)X
D`vniY : CH3 MgI + H2 O → CH4 + Mg(OH)I
‡K¬v‡ivdig Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z evqyi Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ n‡q welv³ dmwRb M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i
2CHCl3 + O2 → 2COCl2 + 2HCl
‡K¬v‡ivdig A‡¯¿vcvPv‡ii mgq †PZbvbvkKiæ‡c e¨vcKev‡e e¨eüZ nq| myZivs Gi mv‡_ wKlv³ dmwRb M¨vm Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j
†PZbvbvkKiæ‡c †K¬v‡ivdig ev®ú wb:k¦v‡mi mv‡_ MÖnY Kivi mgq dmwRb M¨v‡mi wewµqvq †ivMxi Rb¨ weivU `yN©Ubvi KviY n‡Z
cv‡i| dmwRb M¨vm Drcv`‡b †K¬v‡ivdig Gi RviY wewµqvwU AÜKv‡i N‡U bv, ïay Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z N‡U| myZivs Av‡jvi Abycw¯’wZ
wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡jB welv³ dmwRb M¨vm Drcbœ nIqv eÜ Kiv hvq| GRb¨ †K¬v‡ivdig‡K iwOb Kv‡Pi †evZ‡j ivLv nq| KviY Mvp
i‡Oi Kv‡Pi †fZi w`‡q Av‡jv cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j †K¬v‡ivdig Gi RviY N‡U bv Ges welv³ dmwRb M¨vmI ˆZwi nq bv|
cixÿvMv‡i †K¬v‡ivdig kYv³KiY
cixÿvMv‡i Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cixÿv Øviv †K¬v‡ivdig kYv³ Kiv nqÑ
Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cixÿv : A¨vwbwjb Ges Kw÷K cUv‡ki mv‡_ Mig Ki‡j †K¬v‡ivdig Zxeª MÜhy³ Kvwe©j A¨vwgb ev wdbvBj
AvB‡mvmvqvbvBW Drcbœ K‡i| GB Zxeª MÜhy³ Kvwe©j A¨vwg‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cixÿvMv‡i †K¬v‡ivdig kYv³ Kiv nq|
NH2 NC

+ CHCl3 + 3KOH → + 3KCl + 3H2 O

A¨vwbwjb †K¬v‡ivdig Kvwe©j A¨vwgb

 ‡m‡KÛvix I Uviwmqvix A¨vwgb Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cixÿv †`q bv|
‡K¬v‡ivdi‡gi weï×Zvi cixÿv
Aweï× †K¬v‡ivdg© Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z evqyi Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ n‡q welv³ dmwRb M¨vm Ges cvkvcvwk HCl Drcbœ K‡i| ZvB
G‡Z wmjfvi bvB‡UªU `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j Zv HCl Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i AgCl Gi mv`v Aa:‡ÿc Drcbœ K‡i| G Aa:‡ÿc †`‡L
dmwRb M¨v‡mi Dcw¯’wZ Z_v †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi Aweï×Zv m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ nIqv hvq|
Light
wewµqv: 2 CHCl3 + O2 → 2COCl2 + 2HCl
†K¬v‡ivdig dmwRb
HCl + AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ + HNO3
(mv`v)
weï×Zv : CHCl3 + AgNO3 → No reaction

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 101

 Chemistry

GK AvYweK I wØ AvYweK AcmviY (𝐸1 I 𝐸2 ) wewµqvi †gKvwbRg

AcmviY wewµqv : †h mKj wewµqvq †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi cvkvcvwk `ywU Kve©b n‡Z `ywU ev PviwU cigvYy ev g~jK AcmvwiZ n‡q 𝜋 eÜb m„wó
K‡i A_©vr `ywU Kve©b cigvYyi g‡a¨ GKvwaK e܇bi m„wó nq Zv‡K AcmviY wewµqv e‡j| †hgbÑ A¨vj‡Kvnjxq ÿvi `ªe‡Yi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW n‡Z A¨vjwKb Drcbœ nIqvi wewµqvwU GKwU Acmvib wewµqv|
Alcohol
R− CH2 − CH2 X + KOH → R − CH = CH2 + H2 O + KX
AcmviY wewµqv `yB ai‡bi| h_vÑ
(i) wØ AvYweK AcmviY wewµqv (E2 )
(ii) GK AvYweK AcmviY wewµqv (E1)
(i) wØ AvYweK AcmviY wewµqv (E2 ) : hw` †Kvb AcmviY wewµqvi nvi mve‡÷ªU (†h AYy †_‡K cigvYy ev g~jK AcmvwiZ n‡e)
Ges wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji NbgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i ZLb H wewµqv‡K wØAvYweK wewµqv e‡j| G wewµqvq α-Kve©b †_‡K n¨v‡jv‡Rb Ges
β-Kve©b †_‡K †cÖvUb AcmvwiZ nq Ges wewµqvwU GK av‡c m¤úbœ nq| †hgbÑ
H

Alcohol
R − CH − CH2 − X + OH − → R − CH = CH2 + H2 O + X −
β α
(ii) GK AvYweK AcmviY wewµqv (E1) : hLb †Kvb AcmviY wewµqvi nvi mve‡÷ªU AYyi NbgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i wKš‘
wbDwK¬IdvB‡ji NbgvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv, ZLb Zv‡K GK AvYweK AcmviY wewµqv e‡j| G wewµqv `yB av‡c N‡U| cÖ_g av‡c
Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb MwVZ nq| Zvici β-Kve©b †_‡K †cÖvUb ÿv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ n‡q AcmvwiZ nq|

CH3 CH3 CH2 − H

+
Slow OH−
CH3 − C − X → C + : X− → CH3 − C = CH2 + H2 O + X −

CH3 CH3 CH3

2-wg_vBj †cÖvwcb
wewµqvi cÖ_g avcwU n‡”Q axiMwZm¤úbœ Ges wewµqvi MwZ wba©viYx avc| ZvB wewµqvwUi nvi ïaygvÎ A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi NbgvÎvi
Dci wbf©i K‡i| cÖvBgvwi Ges †m‡KÛvwi A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBWmg~n E2 Ges Uviwkqvwi A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBWmg~n wewµqv msNwUZ K‡i
_v‡K|
∙∙
−
̈
 Zxeª ÿviK †hgb, − NH2 I RO− weKviK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡j AcmviY wewµqv E1 cÖvavb¨ cvq|wKš‘ `~e©j ÿviK
∙∙
∙∙ ∙∙
†hgb, :Cl , CH3 − CO − O− Ges D”P †cvjvwiZ Avqb †hgb, Br − ,I− ,RS − weKviK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡j
−

∙∙ ∙∙
cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv SN 2 wewµqv cÖavb¨ cvq|

Kuv`y‡b M¨vm ev †K¬v‡ivwcwµb, †K¬vwiUb, D.D.T

Mvp HNO3 Gi mv‡_ †K¬v‡ivdig‡K DËß Ki‡j †K¬v‡ivdig (CHCl3 ) Gi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYywU bvB‡Uªv (−NO2 ) g~jK Øviv
cÖwZ¯’vcb n‡q bvB‡Uªv †K¬v‡ivdig ev †K¬v‡ivwcwµb I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
∆
CHCl3 + HO −NO2 → CCl3 −NO2 + H2 O
‡K¬v‡ivdig bvBwUªK A¨vwmW †K¬v‡ivwcwµb
‡K¬v‡ivwcwµb ˆZj RvZxq c`v_© Ges AkÖæ Drcv`K e‡j Kuv`y‡b M¨vm (tear gas) †m‡j GwU e¨eüZ nq| Gi ùzUbv¼ 1120 C G‡K
wUqvi M¨vm ev wUqvi †mjI e‡j|
‡K¬v‡ivdi‡gi Nbxfeb wewµqv : jNy NaOH A_ev jNy KOH Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †K¬v‡ivdig I A¨vwm‡Uvb Nbxfeb wewµqv Øviv
†K¬vwi‡Uvb Drcbœ K‡i|

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 102

 Chemistry
CH3 CH3 OH
jNy KOH
C = O + CHCl3 C
‡K¬v‡ivdig
CH3 CH3 CCl3
A¨vwm‡Uvb †K¬vwi‡Uvb
✓ †K¬vwi‡Uvb †PZbvbvkK I wb`ªv Drcv`Kiæ‡c wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î e¨eüZ nq|
[Link] : c¨viv-c¨viv-WvB‡K¬v‡iv-WvBwdbvBj-UªvB‡K¬v‡iv B‡_‡bi mswÿß bvg [Link]|
cÖ¯‘wZ : Mvp mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb †K †K¬vivj ev UªvB‡K¬v‡iv A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW Gi mv‡_ DËß Ki‡j [Link]
Drcbœ nq|

Cl
Cl

Cl H H Cl
  Mvp H2 SO4  
Cl − C − C = O Cl− C − C − H + H2 O
 ∆ 
Cl H Cl

Cl
[Link]
Cl
‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb (2 AYy)

ag© I e¨envi : [Link]. nj GKwU KwVb c`v_©| Gi Mjbv¼ 1090 − 1100 C|

kw³kvjx RxevYybvkK I KxUbvkK wn‡m‡e [Link] cÖPzi e¨eüZ nq| (cvk¦c
© ÖwZwµqvi Rb¨ Gi e¨envi GLb
mxwgZ)
n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb/ A¨vjKvBb n¨vjvB‡Wi wewµqv
1| †ebwRb ej‡q †K¬vwi‡bkb : n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK †hgb, †jŠnP~‡Y©i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †K¬v‡iv‡ebwR‡bi g‡a¨ †K¬vwib Pvjbv Ki‡j A‡_©v I
c¨viv WvB‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb I HCl M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Fe
2 + 2Cl2 → + + 2HCl

‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb o-WvB‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb Cl

p- WvB‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb
2| †ebwRb ejq bvB‡Uªkb : Mvp H2 SO4 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Mvp HNO3 Gi mv‡_ †K¬v‡iv‡ebwR‡bi wewµqvq A‡_©v-‡K¬v‡ivbvB‡Uªv †ebwRb
I c¨viv-‡K¬v‡ivbvB‡Uªv †ebwRb Ges cvwb Drcbœ nq|
Cl Cl Cl
NO2
H2 SO4 (conc)
2 + 2HO − NO2 (conc) → + + 2H2 O

bvBwUªK GwmW NO2

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 103

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o-‡K¬v‡ivbvB‡Uªv †ebwRb p-‡K¬v‡ivbvB‡Uªv †ebwRb
3| †ebwRb ej‡q mvj‡dv‡bkb : a~gvwqZ H2 SO4 Gi mv‡_ †K¬vc‡iv‡ebwRb‡K DËß Ki‡j A‡_©v-‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW
Ges cvwb Drcbœ nq|
Cl Cl Cl
SO3 H
SO3
2 + 2HO − SO3 H → + + 2H2 O

o-‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb SO3 H

mvj‡dvwbK GwmW p-‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb (mvj‡dvwbK GwmW)
4| A¨vjKvB‡jkb : wg_vBj (−CH3 ) g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb (wd«‡Wj µvdUm wewµqv) : ﮋ AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb
I wg_vBj †K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqvi d‡j 1-‡K¬v‡iv-4-wg_vBj †ebwRb ev p-‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb Drcbœ nq|

Cl Cl

Dry AlCl3
+ CH3 Cl → + HCl

CH3
p-‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb
Abyiæcfv‡e, ﮋ AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z B_v‡bvwqj †K¬vivBW (CH3 COCl) Gi mv‡_ †K¬v‡iv‡ebwR‡bi wewµqvq (4-‡K¬v‡iv wdbvBj)
B_v‡bvb Drcbœ nq
Cl Cl

Dry AlCl3
+ CH3 COCl → + HCl

COCH3
(4-‡K¬v‡iv wdbvBj) B_v‡bvb

5| wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki ms‡kølY : ﮋ B_v‡i `ªexf~Z †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb I avZe g¨vM‡bwmqv‡gi wewµqvi d‡j wdbvBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg
†K¬vivBW bvgK wMÖMbvW© weKviK Drcbœ nq|
Cl MgCl

Dry Ether
+ Mg → wdbvBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg †K¬vivBW

6| n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy‡K −OH g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb : †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb 3500 C ZvcgvÎvq Ges 150 atm Pv‡c Kw÷K †mvWv `ªe‡Yi
mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †mvwWqvg wd‡bU Drcbœ K‡i| G‡K jNy HCl mn DËß Ki‡j †dbj cvIqv hvq|
Cl ONa OH

3500 C,150 atm HCl

+ NaOH (aq) → → + NaCl

‡mvwWqvg wd‡bU †dbj

7| A¨vwg‡bv (−NH3 ) g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb : wKDcÖvm A·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 2000 C ZvcgvÎvq I D”P Pv‡c †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb Ges
A¨v‡gvwbqvi wewµqvi d‡j A¨vwbwjb,wKDcÖvm †K¬vivBW I cvwb ev®ú Drcbœ nq|
Cl NH2

2000 C ,High Pressure

2 + 2NH3 + Cu2 O → 2 + Cu2 Cl2 + H2 O

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 104

 Chemistry

A¨vwbwjb
A¨vj‡Kvnj
msÁv : m¤ú„³ ev Am¤ú„³ †Kvb A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi AYy †_‡K ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b AYyi cvk¦© wkK‡ji GK ev
GKvwaK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡K mgvb msL¨K nvBWªw· g~jK (−OH) Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb Ki‡j †h †hŠM cvIqv hvq Zv‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj
e‡j|
D`vniY : wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ev wg_vbj : CH3 −OH
B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ev B_vbj : CH3 − CH2 − OH BZ¨vw`|
 Wvqv‡ewUK †ivMxi Rb¨ wPwbi weKí wn‡m‡e m¨vKvwib e¨eüZ nq|

O
∥
C
NH

S
O O
m¨vKvwib

A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wZbwU cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx

A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wZbwU mvaviY cÖ¯‘Z cÖbvjx wb¤œiæcÑ
i. A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi (R−X) Gi Av`©ª we‡kølY cÖwµqvq : A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW‡K Kw÷K †mvWv (NaOH) ev Kw÷K cUvk
(KOH) ev Av`©ª Ag 2 O Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y DËß K‡i Av`©ª we‡kølY Øviv A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ Kiv hvq|
cvwb
mvaviY wewµqv : R− CH2 − X + NaOH → R− CH2 − OH + NaX; [X= Cl, Br, I]
∆
A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW A¨vj‡Kvnj
D`vniY : B_vBj †K¬vivBW Kw÷K †mvWvi mv‡_ Abyiæc wewµqvq B_vbj Drcbœ K‡i|
H2 O
wewµqv : CH3 CH2 − Cl + NaOH → CH3 CH2 OH + NaCl
∆
B_vBj †K¬vivBW B_vbj
(ii) A¨vjwK‡b cvwb ms‡hvRb cÖwµqvq: A¨vjwKb I Mvp H2 SO4 Gi hyZ wewµqvq Drcbœ A¨vjKvBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU‡K cvwb Øviv
wid¬v· Ki‡j Zv Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q A¨vj‡Kvn‡j cwiYZ nq|
SO4 H OH
 
∆ H2 O
mvaviY wewµqv : R−CH = CH2 + H2 SO4 → R−CH − CH3 → R−CH − CH3 + H2 SO4
∆, cvZb
A¨vjwKb A¨vjKvBj 20 A¨vj‡Kvnj
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU
D`vniY : Bw_b mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ Abyiæc wewµqvq B_vbj Drcbœ K‡i|
wewµqv : CH2 = CH2 + H − SO4 H → CH3 − CH2 − SO4 H
Bw_b B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU
H2 O
CH3 − CH2 SO4 H → CH3 CH2 − OH + H2 SO4
∆, cvZb
B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb B_vbj
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 105
 Chemistry
mvj‡dU

(ii) A¨vjwWnvBW n‡Z weRviY cÖwµqvq : A¨vjwWnvBW‡K wjw_qvg A¨vjywgwbqvg nvBWªvBW Øviv ev Ni, Pt ev Pd cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
D”P Pv‡c H2 Øviv weRvwiZ Ki‡j cÖvBgvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ nq|
O
∥
LiAlH4
mvaviY wewµqv : R−C − H + 2[H] → RCH2 OH
A¨vjwWnvBW A¨vj‡Kvnj
D`vniY : A¨vwmwUwjwWnvBW Abyiæc cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z weRvwiZ n‡q B_vb‡j cwiYZ nq|

O
∥
LiAlH4
wewµqv : CH3 − C − H + 2[H] → CH3 CH2 OH
A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW B_vbj
(iv) G÷v‡ii Av`©ªwe‡kølY : R − COOR + KOH(aq) → R − COOK + R′ − OH
′

(v) wMÖMbvW© weKviK n‡Z: c~‡e© †`qv Av‡Q|

dvi‡g‡›Ukb ev MvuRb
RwUj AYywewkó ˆRe †hŠM‡K GbRvBg bvgK RwUj ˆRe cÖfveK Øviv we‡qvwRZ ev Av`ª© we‡køwlZ K‡i A‡cÿvK…Z mij,ÿz`ª AYywewkó
c`v‡_© cwiYZ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K dvi‡g‡›Ukb ev †PvjvBKiY ev MuvRb e‡j|
D`vniY : Møy‡Kv‡Ri jNy Rjxq `ªeY 200 − 250 C DòZvq Bó †hvM Ki‡j RxešÍ Bó †Kvl †_‡K wb:m„Z RvB‡gR GbRvB‡gi cÖfv‡e
Møy‡KvR we‡qvwRZ n‡q B_vbj I CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i|
RvB‡gR
wewµqv : C6 H12 O6 → 0 0 CH3 CH2 OH + 2CO2
20 −25 C
Møy‡KvR B_vbj

‡k¦Zmvi ev ÷vP© †_‡K B_vbj Drcv`b

÷v‡P©i cÖavb Drm Avjy, Mg ev evwj©I `vbv BZ¨vw`| ÷v‡P©i Gme Drm n‡Z wb¤œwjwLZ `ywU av‡c B_vbj Drcv`b Kiv nq| h_vÑ
(K) ÷vP© †_‡K g‡ëvR Drcv`b
(L) Drcbœ g‡ëvR †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcv`b
(K) ÷vP© †_‡K g‡ëvR Drcv`b : ÷vP© †_‡K g‡ëvR `ywU av‡c Drcbœ nq|
h_vÑ i. ÷vP© †_‡K g¨vk ˆZwi I gë Muyov ˆZwi|
ii. g¨vk I gë ¸uov n‡Z g‡ëvR Drcv`b|
i. ÷vP© †_‡K g¨vk ˆZwi I gë Muyov ˆZwi : †k¦Zmvi ev ÷vP© Drm Avjy‡K cvZjv K‡i †K‡U D”PZv‡c (1400 − 1500 ) I Pv‡c
÷xg Øviv DËß Ki‡j ÷v‡P©i †Kvl cÖvPxi †f‡½ AvVv‡jv c`v‡_© cwiYZ nq| G‡K g¨vk e‡j|
evwj©i `vbv‡K cvwb‡Z 150 C ZvcgvÎvq AÜKv‡i †Lvjv Ae¯’vq ivL‡j evwj©i `vbv AsKzwiZ nq, c‡i GB AsKzwiZ evwj©i `vbv‡K ¸uov
Ki‡j gë cvIqv hvq| gë †_‡K Wvqv‡÷R GbRvBg wb:m„Z nq|
ii. g¨vk I gë ¸uov n‡Z g‡ëvR Drcv`b : g¨vk, gë ¸uov I cvwbi wgkÖY‡K 400 − 500 C ZvcgvÎvq cÖvq GK N›UvKvj †i‡L
w`‡j gë ga¨¯’ Wvqv‡÷R GbRvBg ÷vP©‡K Av`ª© we‡køwlZ K‡i g‡ëR bvgK myMv‡i cwiYZ K‡i| Drcbœ g‡ëR myMvi `ªeY‡K IqvU©
e‡j|
Diastase
wewµqv : 2(C6 H12 O6 )n + nH2 O → nC12 H22 O11
÷vP© g‡ëR

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(L) g‡ëvR †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcv`b : G av‡c Drcbœ g‡ëR `ªe‡Y cvwb †hv‡M 10% `ªeY ˆZwi Kiv nq| AZ:ci 250 − 300 C
ZvcgvÎvq G‡Z Có †hvM Kiv nq| Có n‡Z `yB ai‡bi GbRvBg wb:m„Z nq| h_vÑ (i) g‡ëR I (ii) RvB‡gR| g¨v‡ëR g‡ëvR‡K
Møy‡Kv‡R Ges RvB‡gR Møy‡KvR‡K B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡j cwiYZ K‡i|
g‡ëR
wewµqv : C12 H22 O11 → 2C6 H12 O6
H2 O
g‡ëvR Møy‡KvR

RvB‡gR
C6 H12 O6 2C2 H5OH + 2CO2
Møy‡KvR B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj

‡fRvj : G c×wZ‡Z Drcbœ jNy B_vbj (15 − 18%) Gi m‡½ †fRvj iæ‡c wMømvwib, A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW, A¨vwm‡Uvb I D”PZi
A¨vj‡Kvnj mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y Drcbœ nq|
weï×KiY : †fRvj wgwkÖZ B_vbj‡K AvswkK cvZb Ki‡j †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU cvIqv hvq| 95.6% B_vbj I 4.4% cvwbi
mgùzUb wgkÖY‡K †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU e‡j| †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiUwU‡K cv_y‡i Pzb (CaO) mn‡hv‡M cvZb Ki‡j A_ev †ebwRbmn
mgùzUb cvZb Ki‡j Abv`©ª weï× B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ev B_vbj cvIqv hvq|

we.`ª: i. g‡ëv‡Ri `ªeY‡K IqvU© e‡j| ii. evwj©I exR‡K cvwb‡Z wfwR‡q 150 C ZvcgvÎvi wb‡P †Lvjv Ae¯’vq †i‡L w`‡j Zv cu‡P
†du‡c I‡V Ges AsKzwiZ nq| G‡KB gë e‡j|

wPUv¸o †_‡K B_vbj cÖ¯‘wZ

Bÿz im n‡Z wPwbi †Kjvmb K‡i †Kjvm mwi‡q wb‡j Nb wmiv‡ci b¨vq †h gvZ…`ªeY cvIqv hvq Zv‡K wPUv¸o e‡j| wPUv¸o wPwb wk‡íi
GKwU cÖavb DcRvZ| G‡Z cÖvq 30% wPwb I 32% BbfvU© wPwb _v‡K| BbfvU© wPwb n‡jv Møy‡KvR I d«z‡±v‡Ri mgAvYweK wgkÖY|
wb¤œiæ‡c wPUv¸o n‡Z A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nqÑ
1. cÖ_‡g wPUv¸‡oi 10% Rjxq `ªe‡Y 250 − 300 C ZvcgvÎvq C÷ wgwk‡q `yB †_‡K wZb w`b †i‡L †`Iqv nq|
2. C÷ †_‡K `yB ai‡bi GbRvBg wb:m„Z nqÑ Bbfvi‡UR I RvB‡gR|
3. Bbfvi‡U‡Ri cÖfv‡e MuvRb cÖwµqvq wPwb Av`ª© we‡køwlZ n‡q mgcwigvY Møy‡KvR I d«z‡±v‡R cwibZ nq|
4. AZ:ci RvB‡gR GbRvB‡gi cÖfv‡e Møy‡KvR I d«z‡±v‡Ri wgkÖY †PvjvBK…Z n‡q B_vbj I 𝐶𝑂2 Drcbœ K‡i|
Bbfvi‡UR
wewÎqv : C12 H22 O11 + H2 O C6 H12O + C6 H12 O6
wPwb (my‡µvR) (Møy‡KvR + d«z‡±vR = BbfvU© wPwb)

RvB‡gR
2 C6 H12 O6 2CH3 − CH2 − OH + 2CO2
BbfvU© wPwb B_vbj
weï×Zv : wPUv¸‡oi dvi‡g‡›Uk‡b Drcbœ `ªe‡Y cÖvq 8% B_vbj I 4.4% cvwbi mgùzUb wgkÖY| G‡K cv_y‡i Pzbmn wid¬v· K‡i
cvZb Ki‡j cvwZZ Zijiæ‡c weï× A¨vj‡Kvnj cvIqv hvq|
[we.`ª. †gvjv‡mm ev gvZ…¸o ev wPUv¸‡o kZKiv 30 fvM my‡µvR Ges 32 fvM BbfvU© wPwb _v‡K| BbfvU© wPwb n‡jv Møy‡KvR I
d«z‡±v‡Ri wgkÖY|]
Important Tips
✓ wg_vbj †bkv Drcv`K I AwZgvÎvq welv³|
✓ C÷ †Kvl †_‡K wb:m„Z GbRvBgmg~n :
RvgvB

RvB‡gR g¨v‡ëR Bbfvi‡UR

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 107
 Chemistry

✓ A¨v‡µvwj‡bi ms‡KZ CH2 = CH − CHO

✓ MøvBKj n‡jv WvB nvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvnj|
✓ A¨v‡µvwjb cixÿv Øviv wMømvwib mYv³KiY Kiv nq|
✓ ‡Kv‡j÷ij GKwU KwVb A¨vj‡Kvnj|
✓ Jly‡a A¨vj‡Kvnj : Wv³vix hš¿cvwZi RxevYybvkK wn‡m‡e 70% B_vbj I 30% cvwbi wgkÖY e¨eüZ nq|

g‡bv nvBwWªK 10 ,20 ,30 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cv_©K¨m~PK cixÿv

Mvp HCl Gwm‡W Abv`©ª wRsK †K¬vivBW (ZnCl2 ) Gi `ªeY‡K jyKvm weKviK e‡j| 10 , 20 I 30 G wZb †kÖYxi g‡bvnvBwWªK
A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji g‡`¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©‡q jyKvm weKviK e¨eüZ nq| †hgb,
1. Uviwmqvwi (30 ) A¨vj‡Kvnj KÿZvcgvÎvq jyKvm weKvi‡Ki HCl Gi m‡½ ZrÿYvr wewµqv K‡I A¨vjKvBj †K¬vivB‡Wi ˆZjv³
¯Íi m„wó K‡i|
2. †m‡KÛvwi (20 ) A¨vj‡Kvnj cuvP wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ G wewµqv †`q|
3. wKš‘ cÖvBgvwi (10 ) A¨vj‡Kvnj mvaviY KÿZvcgvÎvq †Kvb wewµqv K‡i bv| †Kej DËß Ki‡j `xN© mgq ci (10 ) A¨vj‡Kvnj
G wewµqv w`‡q _v‡K| GLv‡b ZnCl2 cÖfveKiæ‡c KvR K‡i|] †hgb,
CH3 CH3
 
ZnCl2
CH3 − C − OH + H − Cl → CH3 − C − Cl + H2 O
 Kÿ ZvcgvÎv 
CH3 ZrÿYvr CH3
tert weDUvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj tert weDUvBj †K¬vivBW
0
(3 ) A¨vj‡Kvnj

CH3 CH3
 
ZnCl2
CH3 − C − OH + H − Cl → CH3 − C − Cl + H2 O
 Kÿ ZvcgvÎv 
H 5 wgwbU H
Sec-‡cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj iso-‡cÖvcvBj †K¬vivBW
0
(2 ) A¨vj‡Kvnj

H H
 
ZnCl2
CH3 − C − OH + H − Cl → CH3 − C − Cl + H2 O
 DËß Ae¯’vq 
H H
B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj B_vBj †K¬vivBW
(10 ) A¨vj‡Kvnj

Av‡qvwWb Øviv −OH cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi †ejvq †jvwnZ dmdivm, cvwb I Av‡qvwW‡bi ¸uov e¨eüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Mvp H2 SO4
e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| KviY Mvp H2 SO4 Øviv HI RvwiZ nq|
cvZb
C2 H5 − OH + H − I (g) C2 H5 − (I) + H2 O (I)
B_vbj Av‡qv‡Wv B‡_b

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RviY c×wZ‡Z 10 , 20 , 30 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cv_©K¨

kw³kvjx RviK K 2 Cr2 O7 I ga¨K Mvp H2 SO4 wgkÖY Øviv 10 , 20 I 30 A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K RvwiZ Ki‡j A¨vjwWnvBW, wK‡Uvb A_ev
Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ †hŠ‡Mi Kve©b cigvby msL¨v wewfbœ n‡q _v‡K| ga¨K Mvp H2 SO4 I K 2 Cr2 O7 Gi wewµqvq
Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb Drcbœ nq|
K 2 Cr2 O7 + 4H2 SO4 → K 2 SO4 + Cr2 (SO4 )3 + 4H2 O + [O]

10 A¨vj‡Kvnj : cÖvBgvwi (10 ) A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ_‡g A¨vjwWnvBW I †k‡l Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i| me †ÿ‡Î Ke©b cigvYyi
msL¨v mgvb _v‡K| [Cr 3+ (aq) Gi bxj `ªeY Drcbœ nq|] †hgbÑ
[O] [O]
CH3 CH2 CH2 OH → CH3 CH2 CHO → CH3 CH2 COOH
‡cÖvcvbj-1 †cÖvcvb¨vj †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW
 10 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji RviY cÖwµqvq A¨vjwWnvBW cÖ¯‘wZi †ÿ‡Î K 2 Cr2 O7 e¨envi bv K‡i Na2 Cr2 O7 e¨envi KivB †kÖq| KviY
Na2 Cr2 O7 Gi `ªve¨Zv K 2 Cr2 O7 A‡cÿv AwaK| Na2 Cr2 O7 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y 10 A¨vj‡Kvnj we‡kl K‡i wg_vbj ev B_vbj
†hvM Ki‡j †Kv‡bviæc Aa:‡ÿ‡ci m„wó nq bv|
20 A¨vj‡Kvnj : †m‡KÛvwi (20 ) A¨vj‡Kvnj†K Rvi‡Yi d‡j cÖ_‡g wK‡Uvb Ges †k‡l AwaK Rvi‡Yi d‡j Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ
K‡i| A¨vj‡Kvnj I wK‡Uvb Kve©b msL¨v wVK _v‡K; wKš‘ Drcbœ Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡W Kve©b msL¨v n«vm cvq|
[O] [O]
CH3 CH(OH) CH3 → CH3 − CO − CH3 → CH3 − COOH + CO2 + H2 O
‡cÖvcvbj-2 ‡cÖvcv‡bvb B_v‡bvwqK GwmW
30 A¨vj‡Kvnj : Uviwmqvwi (30 ) A¨vj‡Kvnj mn‡R RvwiZ n‡Z Pvq bv| D”PZi ZvcgvÎvq †µvwgK GwmW Øviv cÖej Rvi‡Yi d‡j
cÖ_‡g wK‡Uvb I c‡i Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ nq| d‡j Dfq †ÿ‡Î Kve©b msL¨v n«vm cvq|
CH3

[O] [O]
CH3 − C(OH) − CH3 → CO2 + C = O → CH3 − COOH + CO2
 
CH3 CH3
2-wg_vBj †cÖvcvbj-2 †cÖvcv‡bvb B_v‡bvwqK GwmW

g‡b ivL‡e: 10 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji RviY cÖwµqvq A¨vjwWnvBW cÖ¯‘wZi †ÿ‡Î K 2Cr2O7 e¨envi bv K‡i Na2Cr2 O7 e¨envi
KivB †kÖq| KviY Na2 Cr2 O7 Gi `ªve¨Zv K 2 Cr2 O7 A‡cÿv AwaK| Na2 Cr2 O7 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Y 10 A¨vj‡Kvnj we‡kl
K‡i wg_vbj ev B_vbj †hvM Ki‡j †Kv‡bviæc Aa:‡ÿ‡ci m„wó nq bv|

 Uviwkqvwi A¨vj‡Kvn‡j α-nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ †bB| †mRb¨ G‡K wWnvB‡WªvwR‡bU K‡i A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq bv|
3000 C ZvcgvÎvq cÖfveK Kcvi avZzi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z wWnvB‡Wªk‡bi gva¨‡g A¨vjwKb Drcbœ nq|
1
CH3 CH3
 Cu cÖfveK 
CH3 − 2C − CH3 → 0 CH3 − C = CH2 + H2 O
300 C

3
OH
2-wg_vBj‡cÖvc¨vb-2-Aj 2-wg_vBj‡cÖvwcb
A¨vj‡Kvnj cvwb A‡cÿv g„`y GwmW
cvwb (H2 O) Ges A¨vj‡Kvnj (R−OH) Df‡qB †cÖvUb `vb K‡i| d‡j Df‡qB GwmW|
∙∙
GwmW wn‡m‡e cvwb (†cÖvUb`vZv): H2 O ⟶ H + + −OH
∙∙

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GwmW wn‡m‡e A¨vj‡Kvnj (†cÖvUb`vZv): ROH ⟶ RO− + H +
cvwbi b¨vq A¨vj‡Kvnj g„`y GwmW wn‡m‡e mwµq avZzi (‡hgb, Ma, K, Mg) mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i| G wewµqvq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm
AcmvwiZ n‡q avZe A·vBW MwVZ nq| A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji −OH g~j‡Ki H cigvYyi mwµq avZz (‡hgb, Na, K, Ma, Z, Al BZ¨vw`
Øviv) Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q avZe A¨vjK·vB (ROM) MVb K‡i Ges H2 M¨vm wegy³ nq| G †_‡K †evSv hvq, A¨vj‡Kvnj g„`y
A¤øag©x|
2R − O − H + 2Na → 2R−O−Na + H2
‡mvwWqvg A¨vjK·vB
‡hgb, B_vb‡ji mv‡_ †mvwWqv‡gi wewµqvq B_v·vBW Drcbœ nq Ges nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm ey`ey` AvKv‡i wbM©Z nq|
2CH3 − CH2 − OH + 2Na → 2CH3 − CH2 − ONa + H2
‡mvwWqvg B_v·vBW
A¨vjK·vB¸‡jvB cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i cybivq A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ K‡i| ZvB †evSv hvq A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji GwmWxq ag© cvwb A‡cÿv
Kg|
R−O−Na + H2 O → R − O − H + NaOH
‡mvwWqvg A¨vjK·vB A¨vj‡Kvnj
GQvov A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji AvqbxKiY aªæeK, K a = 10 molL−1(250 C) hv cvwbi AvqbxKiY aªæeK K a = 10−14 †_‡K wKQz Kg|
−16

ZvB cvwb A‡cÿv A¨vj‡Kvnj Kg A¤øag©x|

✓ IqvUvi M¨vm
(CO + H2 ) ‡K IqvUvi M¨vm ejv nq| 13000 C ZvcgvÎvq †jvwnZ Zß †Kv‡Ki Ici w`‡q ÷xg Pvjbv Ki‡j IqvUvi M¨vm Drcbœ
nq|
13000 C
C(s) + H2 O(g) → (CO + H2 )
‡KvK cvwb M¨vm
Bw_b I B_vb‡ji cvi¯úwiK cwieZ©b
1. Bw_b †_‡K B_vbj : Bw_wjb I Mvp H2 SO4 Gi wewµqvq B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU MwVZ nq, hv cvwbmn DËß Ki‡j
Av`©ªwe‡køwlZ n‡q B_vb‡j cwiYZ nq|
CH2 = CH2 + H −OSO3 H → CH3 − CH2 − OSO3 H
B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU
CH3 − CH2 − OSO3 H + H2 O → CH3 CH2 OH + H2 SO4
B_vbj
2. B_vbj †_‡K Bw_b : B_vbj I AwaK cwigv‡Y Mvp H2 SO4 Gi wgkÖY‡K 1700 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j Bw_b Drcbœ nq|
wewµqvwU `yÕav‡c msNwUZ nq| cÖ_g av‡c 1000 C ZvcgvÎvq B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU Drcbœ nq hv wØZxq av‡c 1700 C
ZvcgvÎvq we‡qvwRZ n‡q Bw_b MVb K‡i|
1000 C
H3 C − CH2 − OH + H2 SO4 → H3 C − CH2 − SO4 H + H2 O
B_vbj B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU
1700 C
H3 C − CH2 − SO4 H → CH2 = CH2 + H2 SO4
Bw_b

‡iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU : 95.6% B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj I 4.4% cvwbi wgkÖY‡K †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU e‡j| GwU GKwU
mgùzUb wgkÖY Ges Gi ùzUbv¼ 78.150 C.

wg_vbj I B_vb‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨m~PK GKwU cixÿv mgxKiYmn

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B_vbj‡K Av‡qvwWb I NaOH Gi m‡½ DËß Ki‡j njy` i‡Oi Av‡qv‡Wvdig Drcbœ K‡i| wKš‘ wg_vb‡ji mv‡_ †Kvb wewµqv nq
bv|
CH3 CH2 OH + I2 + 6 NaOH → CH3 I + H −COONa + 5NaI + H2 O

A¨vj‡Kvnj kYv³KiY
‰Re †hŠ‡M A¨vj‡Kvnwjq nvBWªw·j −OH g~jK wm¤œiæ‡c mYv³ Kiv hvq:
(i) avZe Na mn cixÿv : weï× A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji bgybvq GK UzKiv avZe Na †hvM Ki‡j H2 M¨vm ey` ey` AvKv‡i †ei nq|
∆
R−OH + 2Na → 2RONa + H2 ↓
∆
2C2 H5 OH + 2Na → 2C2 H5 ONa + H2 ↑
(ii) PCl5 mn cixÿv : weï× A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji bgybvq PCl5 †hvM Ki‡j HCl M¨vm wbM©Z nq hv‡Z NH3 wm³ KuvP`Û ai‡j NH4 Cl
Gi mv`v Nb †auvqv m„wó nq|
R−OH + PCl5 → RCl + POCl3 + HCl
HCl + NH3 → NH4 Cl (mv`v †auvqv)

‡dbj
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK P‡µi GK ev GKvwaK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡K mgmsL¨K nvBWªw· g~jK (−OH) Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Ki‡j Drcbœ †hŠM‡K
†dbj ejv nq| G‡K Kve©wjK GwmW ejv nq|
Kvh©Kix g~jK : †dbj −OH g~jK|
D`vniY : †ebwRb ej‡qi GKwU H cigvYy GKwU −OH g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j Kve©wjK GwmW bvgK †dbj cvIqv hvq|
OH OH OH
CH3 O2 N NO2

NO2
‡dbj ev Kve©wjK GwmW 2-wg_vBj †dbj (A‡_©v-wµmj 2, 4, 6-UªvB bvB‡Uªv‡dbj) (wcKwiK GwmW)

‡fŠZ ag© :
1. mvaviY Ae¯’vq †dbj ùwUKvi eY©nxb KwVb c`v_©|
2. Gi Mjbv¼ 420 C Ges ùzUbv¼ 1810 C.
3. GwU kxZj cvwb‡Z mvgvb¨ `ªeYxq, Z‡e Mig cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq|
4. Z¡‡Ki Dci †dbj welv³ ÿ‡Zi m„wó K‡i|

‡db‡ji `ywU wk‡ívrcv`b c×wZ

‡db‡ji wk‡ívrcv`b : †db‡ji cÖavb Drm n‡”Q †c‡Uªv‡KwgK¨vj wkí| †db‡ji wk‡ívrcv`‡bi Rb¨ g~j wewµqK wn‡m‡e †ebwRb
e¨eüZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î `ywU me©vwaK c×wZ njÑ
1. wKDwgb †dbj c×wZ
2. WvD c×wZ
1. wKDwgb †dbj c×wZ : GwU †db‡ji wk‡ívrcv`‡bi me‡P‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨ c×wZ| me©vaywbK G c×wZ‡Z cÖvq 90% e¨eüZ †db‡ji
wk‡ívrcv`b Kiv nq, G ms‡kølY c×wZ‡Z †dbj Drcv`b `yB av‡c m¤úbœ Kiv nq| h_vÑ
K) wKDwgb Drcv`b : A‡kvwaZ †c‡Uªvwjqvg‡K cwi‡kva‡bi mgq Drcvw`Z †ebwRb ev®ú I †cÖvwcb wd«‡WjµvdU wewµqvi gva¨‡g
AvB‡mv †cÖvcvBj ev wKDwgb Drcbœ K‡i| G wewµqvwU H3 PO4 cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 2500 C ZvcgvÎvq Ges 30atm Pv‡c
m¤úbœ nq|

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CH3
H H− C
CH3
H3 PO4
+ CH3 − CH = CH2 →
2500C, 30atm
‡cÖvwcb wKDwgb
L) †dbj Drcv`b : wKDwgb‡K 1300 C ZvcgvÎvq cÖfve‡Ki (Co ev Mn jeY) Dcw¯’wZ‡Z evqy Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j wKDwgb
nvB‡WªvcviA·vBW Drcbœ nq|
CH3 CH3
H−C HOO−C
CH3 CH3
1300 C,∆
+ O2 →
cÖfveK
wKDwgb wKDwgb nvB‡WªvcviA·vBW
‡k‡l wKDwgb nvB‡WªvcviA·vBW‡K jNy GwmW Øviv Av`©ª we‡kølY Ki‡j †dbj I †cÖvcv‡bvb (A¨vwm‡Uvb) Drcbœ nq|
CH3
HOO−C OH O
CH3 ∥
H+ ,H2 O
→ + CH3 − C− CH3

wKDwgb nvB‡WªvcviA·vBW †dbj A¨vwm‡Uvb

2. WvD c×wZ : WvD c×wZ‡Z wZb av‡c †ebwRb †_‡K †dbj Drcv`b Kiv nq| h_vÑ
K) †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb Drcv`b : †ebwRb‡K cÖ_‡g Avqib cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †K¬vwi‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv NwU‡q †K¬v‡iv‡ebwR‡b cwiYZ
Kiv nq|
Cl
Fe
+ 2Cl → + HCl

‡ebwRb †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb
L) †mvwWqvg wdbv·vBW Drcv`b : Drcbœ †K¬v‡iv †ebwRb‡K 10% NaOH Gi mv‡_ 150 atm Pv‡c Ges 4000 C ZvcgvÎvq
DËß K‡i †mvwWqvg wd‡bv·vB‡W cwiYZ Kiv nq|
Cl ONa

4000 C ,150 atm

+ NaOH → + NaCl + H2 O

‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb †mvwWqvg wdb·vBW

M) †dbj cÖ¯‘wZ : me‡k‡l Drcbœ †mvwWqvg wd‡bv·vBW‡K HCl mn‡hv‡M A¤øxq Ki‡j †dbj Drcbœ nq Ges †k‡l cvZb cÖwµqvq
†dbj‡K c„_K Kiv nq|
ONa OH

1800 C
+ HCl → + NaCl

†mvwWqvg wdb·vBW †dbj

‡db‡ji A¤ø ag©

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 Chemistry
(K) wjUgvmmn wµqv : cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z Ae¯’vq †dbj mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y we‡qvwRZ n‡q H + Avqb †`q| d‡j †dbj A¤øag©x nq| †dbj
GKwU `~e©j GwmW (pKa = 10.0), GUv bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
C6 H5O−H(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ C6 H5 O− + H3 O+ (aq)
‡dbj wd‡bU Avqb A‡·vwbqvg Avqb
+
bxj wjUgvm + H3 O (aq) ⟶ jvj wjUgvm + H2 O(l)
wKš‘ †dbj Kve©w·wjK GwmW A‡cÿv `~e©j GwmW nIqvq Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi gZ †dbj NaHCO3 †_‡K CO2 Drcbœ K‡i bv|
Aciw`‡K †mvwWqvg wd‡bU †_‡K CO2 Gi Rjxq `ªeY ev Kve©wbK GwmW Øviv †dbj wegy³ Kiv hvq| G‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, †dbj
Kve©wbK GwmW H2 CO3 A‡cÿv `~e©j GwmW|
R−COOH(aq) + NaHCO3 (aq) → R−COONa (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2 O(l)
Kve©w·wjK GwmW †mvwWqvg Kve©w·‡jU
C6 H5 OH (aq) + NaHCO3 (aq) → ‡Kvb wewµqv N‡U bv
C6 H5 ONa (aq) + H2 O(l) + CO2 (g) → C6 H5OH (aq) + NaHCO3 (aq)
(L) ÿvimn wewµqv : †dbj A¤øag©x nIqvq GwU Kw÷K †mvWvi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †mvwWqvg wd‡bU jeY (C6 H5 ONa) I cvwb
Drcbœ K‡iÑ

OH(l) +NaOH (aq) → ONa (aq) + H2 O(l)

†dbj †mvwWqvg wd‡bU

‡db‡ji A¤ø‡Z¡i KviY : †db‡ji †ebwRb Pµ Abyibb ev †i‡Rvb¨vÝ cÖ`k©b K‡i| Gi d‡j †dbj AYy‡Z wb‡¤œv³ AbyiwYZ KvVv‡gv
m¤¢e|

Z‡e †db‡ji cÖK…Z KvVv‡gv nj Gme AbyiwYZ KvVv‡gvi GKwU msKi KvVv‡gv| G AbyiY‡bi Kvi‡Y †db‡ji −OH g~j‡Ki
Aw·‡Rb cigvbywU AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ n‡q c‡o| G Aw·‡Rb cigvYywU O−H e܇bi B‡jKUªY‡K AvKl©b K‡i ZLb −OH
eÜb `~e©j n‡q c‡o| cvwbi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z H − O−H g~j‡Ki H cigvYywU †cÖvUb (H + ) iæ‡c c„_K n‡q c‡o| Giæ‡c †cÖvUb cÖ`v‡b
mÿg nIqvq †dbj A¤øag©x nq|
O−H O−

+ H2 O ⇌ + H3 O+

wdb·vBW Avqb (myw¯’Z) nvB‡Wªvwbqvg Avqb

Avevi †cÖvUb Z¨v‡Mi d‡j m„ó wdb·vBW AvqbwU AbyiY‡bi gva¨‡g m„w¯’wZ jvf K‡i| myZivs †dbj A¤øag©x nIqvi KviY nj `ywU|
h_vÑ
1. †ebwRb ej‡q AbyiY‡bi Kvi‡Y −OH g~j‡Ki AvqwbZ nIqvi cÖeYZv m„wó|
2. †cÖvUb Z¨v‡Mi ci m„ó wdb·vBW Avq‡bi g‡a¨I AbyiYRwbZ w¯’wZkxjZv AR©b|
‡dbj kYv³KiY cixÿv
wZbwU cixÿv Øviv †dbj kYv³ Kiv hvq| cixÿv¸‡jv wb‡P ewY©Z njÑ
1. ‡dwiK †K¬vivBW `ªeY cixÿv : †dwiK †K¬vivBW (FeCl3 ) Gi Rjxq `ªeY Øviv †dbj kYv³KiY cÖwµqv wb‡P ewY©Z njÑ
K. cixÿY : cixÿYxq ‰Re †hŠ‡Mi bgybvq K‡qK †duvUv †dwiK †K¬vivBW (𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3) `ªeY †hvM Kiv nq|
L. ch©‡eÿY : WvB‡dwiK †n·vwd‡bU [(C6 H5 O)6 Fe2 bvgK RwUj †hŠ‡Mi †e¸wb `ªeb †hvM Kiv nq|

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 113

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6 OH + 2FeCl3 O 6Fe2 + 6HCl

(‡e¸wb eY©)
M. wm×všÍ : †e¸wb e‡Y©i `ªeY †`‡L wbwðZ nIqv hvq †h, cixÿbxq †hŠMwU †dbj|

2. †eªvwgb cvwb cixÿv : †eªvwgb cvwb (Br2 ) `ªeY Øviv †dbj kYv³Kib cÖwµqv wb‡P ewY©Z njÑ
K. cixÿY : cixÿYxq ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Rjxq `ªe‡Y jvj e‡Y©i †eªvwgb cvwb †hvM Kiv nq|
L. ch©‡eÿY : †eªvwg‡bi jvj `ªeY eY©nxb n‡q hvq Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ 2, 4, 6-UªvB‡eªv‡gv †db‡ji mv`v ev nvjKv njy` e‡Y©i Aa:‡ÿc
c‡i|
OH OH
Br Br
+ 3Br2 + 3HBr

Br
(mv`v/njy` Aa:‡ÿc)

M. wm×všÍ : mv`v I njy` e‡Y©i Aa:‡ÿc †`‡L wbwðZ nIqv hvq †h, cixÿYxq †hŠMwU †dbj|

wjevig¨vb cixÿv
‡dbj n‡Z B‡Ûv‡db‡ji †mvwWqvg je‡Yi bxj e‡Y©i `ªeY cÖ¯‘wZi c×wZ‡K wjevig¨vb cixÿv ejv nq|
cixÿv : †db‡ji mv‡_ mvgvb¨ KwVb †mvwWqvg bvB‡UªU (NaNO2 ) I K‡qK †duvUv Mvp H2 SO4 wgwkÖZ K‡i DËß Ki‡j meyR A_ev
bxj `ªeY Drcbœ nq| G `ªe‡Yi g‡a¨ cvwb †hvM Ki‡j H `ªe‡Yi eY© nvjKv jvj †`Lvq|
NaNO2 +H2 SO4
HO + HNO2 → HO NO + H2 O

p-bvB‡Uªv‡mv †dbj
H2 SO4
HO NO + OH → OH N= = O + H2 O

B‡Ûv‡dbj (jvj `ªeY)

Drcbœ jvj `ªe‡Y AwaK NaOH `ªeY wgkv‡j cybivq meyR ev bxj eY© wd‡i Av‡m|

OH N = = O + NaOH ̅
Na+ [O N= = O] + H2 O

B‡Ûv‡db‡ji †mvwWqvg jeY (bxj `ªeY)

‡Kve wewµqv, ivBgvi-UvBg¨vb wewµqv, wcKwiK GwmW

‡Kve wewµqv
✓ ‡db‡ji −OH g~j‡Ki mv‡c‡ÿ A‡_©v-Ae¯’v‡b Kve©w·j g~jK ms‡hv‡Mi wewµqv‡K †Kve wewµqv e‡j|
D`vniY : cÖvq 1250 C ZvcgvÎvq I 4-7 evqyPv‡c †mvwWqvg wd‡bv·vB‡Wi g‡a¨ CO2 Pvjbv Ki‡j †mvwWqvg m¨vwjmvB‡jU Drcbœ
nq| Drcbœ †mvwWqvg m¨vwjmvB‡jU‡K jNy HCl A¨vwm‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ Av`©ª we‡køwlZ Ki‡j m¨vwjmvBwjK A¨vwmW ev A‡_©v-nvB‡Wªvw·
†eb‡RvwqK A¨vwmW Drcbœ nq| G wewµqvq cÖ_‡g †dbj I NaOH Gi wewµqvq wd‡bv·vBW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
OH ONa

wewµqv : + NaOH + H2 O

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 114

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ONa OH OH
4-7 evqyPvc COONa COOH
H2 O
+ CO2 → → + NaCl
1250 C
HCl
‡mvwWqvg wd‡bv·vBW †mvwWqvg m¨vwjmvB‡jU m¨vwjmvBwjK A¨vwmW

ivBgvi-UvBg¨vb wewµqv:
‡db‡ji mv‡_ †K¬v‡ivdig I ÿv‡ii Rjxq `ªe‡Yi wewµqvq m¨vwjmvBj A¨vjwWnvBW cÖ¯‘wZi cÖYvjx‡K ivBgvi-UvBg¨vb wewµqv e‡j|
Avwe¯‹viK : weÁvbx ivBgvi I UvBg¨vb G wewµqv Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|
D`vniY : †db‡ji g‡a¨ †K¬v‡ivdig I KwóK †mvWv A_ev KwóK cUvk Gi Rjxq `ªeY wgwkÖZ K‡i 60 − 700 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß
Ki‡j cÖavb Drcv` wn‡m‡e 2-nvBWªw· †ebRvjwWnvBW ev m¨vwjmvBj A¨vjwWnvBW Drcbœ nq| G mv‡_ mn Drcv` wn‡m‡e NaCl I
H2 O cvIqv hvq|
OH OH
CHO
60−700 C
+ CHCl3 + 3NaOH → + 3NaCl + 2H2 O

‡dbj †K¬v‡ivdig m¨vwjmvjwWnvBW

wcKwiK A¨vwmW
2, 4, 6-UªvB bvB‡Uªv‡dbj‡K wcKwiK GwmW e‡j|
cÖ¯‘wZ : †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb‡K cÖ_‡g Mvp HNO3 I Mvp H2 SO4 wgkÖY Øviv bvB‡Uªkb K‡i 2, 4-WvB bvB‡Uªv †K¬v‡iv‡ebwR‡b cwiYZ Kiv
nq| AZ:ci Drcbœ †hŠM‡K Na2 CO3 `ªeY Øviv Av`ª© we‡køwlZ K‡i 2, 4-WvB bvB‡Uªv †db‡j cwiYZ Kiv nq| Drcbœ WvB-
bvB‡Uªv‡dbj‡K Mvp HNO3 I Mvp H2 SO4 mn cybivq bvB‡Uªkb Ki‡j wcKwiK A¨vwmW cvIqv hvq|
Cl Cl OH OH
NO2 NO2 NO2 NO2
HNO3 H2 O HNO3
→ → →
H2 SO4 Na 2 CO3 `ªeY H2 SO4
NO2 NO2 NO2
2,4-WvB bvB‡Uªv †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb 2,4-WvB bvB‡Uªv‡dbj 2,4,6-UªvBbvB‡Uªv †dbj
ev, wcKwiK GwmW
ag© : wcKwiK A¨vwmWÑ
1. wZ³ ¯^v`hy³ nvjKv njy` e‡Y©i KwVb †KjvmvKvi †hŠM|
2. Mjbv¼ 1220 C
3. VvÛv cvwb‡Z cÖvq A`ªeYxq wKš‘ Mig cvwb I A¨vj‡Kvn‡j mn‡R `ªeYxq|
e¨envi:
1. we‡ùviK †hŠM cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z|
2. ckgx I †iggx e‡¯¿i iÄb wk‡í|
3. †cvov ÿ‡Zi R¡vjv I cPb wbeviK gjg wn‡m‡e Ges ms‡køl‡Yi wcKwiK A¨vwmW e¨eüZ nq|

A¨vmwcwib cÖ¯‘wZ
m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW‡K B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBWmn DËß Ki‡j 2-B_v‡bvwqj Aw· †ebwRb Kve©w·wjK GwmW ev A¨vmwcwib Drcbœ
K‡i| wkí‡ÿ‡Î †mvwWqvg wd‡bv·vB‡Wi g‡a¨ 1250 C G 4-7 atm Pv‡c 𝐶𝑂2 Pvjbv K‡i †mvwWqvg m¨vwjmvB‡jU cÖ¯‘wZi ci Zv‡K
jNy HCl Øviv Av`©ªwe‡kølY K‡i m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|

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OH ONa OH OH
COONa COOH
NaOH CO2 H2 O
→ → → + NaCl
1250C, 7 atm HCl
‡mvwWqvg wd‡bv·vBW †mvwWqvg m¨vwjmvB‡jU m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW

O
O−C
OH CH3
COOH COOH
900
+ (CH3 CO)2 O → + CH3 −COOH

m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW B_v‡bvwqK A¨vmwcwib B_v‡bvwqK GwmW

(A‡_©v nvBWªw· †eb‡RvwqK GwmW) A¨vbnvBWªvBW 2-B_v‡bvwqj Aw·‡ebwRb
Kve©w·wjK GwmW
c¨vivwmUvgj cÖ¯‘wZ
4-A¨vwg‡bv †dbj‡K B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW Øviv A¨vwmUvBjKiY K‡i 4-nvBWªw· A¨vwmU¨vwjbvBW ev 4-(N-B_v‡bvwqj A¨vwg‡bv)
†dbj ev c¨vivwmUvgj cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
H O
HO N + (CH3 CO)2 O HO N− C + CH3 COOH
H H CH3
4-A¨vwg‡bv †dbj B_v‡bvwqK c¨vivwmUvgj
A¨vbnvBWªvBW 4-(N-B_v‡bvwqj A¨vwg‡bv) †dbj
e¨envi : c¨vivwmUvgj GKwU AZ¨šÍ I eûj cÖPwjZ †e`bvbvkK Jla| R¡i wbevi‡Y G‡K e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| c¨vivwmUvgj
GKwU A¨vbvj‡RwmK ev †e`bvbvkK Ges A¨vw›UcvB‡iwUK ev R¡i Dckg Jla| GwU bb&-AwcA‡qW A_©vr AvwdgNwUZ bq|
cvk¦©wµqv : c¨vivwmUvg‡ji †me‡bi d‡j cvK¯’jxq D‡ËRbv evwo‡q GwmW ÿi‡Yi gvÎv‡K e„w× K‡i| d‡j `xN©w`b I AwZwi³
e¨env‡ii d‡j wjfv‡ii Kvh©ÿgZv Kwg‡q †`q| †c‡U e¨v_vi m„wó nq|

‡WUj cÖ¯‘wZ
‡WUj n‡”Q GK ai‡bi Zij RxevbybvkK| †Rv‡md wj÷vi KZ©„K 1860 mv‡j †WUj cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| †WU‡ji mwµq Dcv`vb n‡”QÑ
OH

CH3 CH3
Cl
‡K¬v‡ivRvBwjbj (3,5-WvBwg_vBj 4-‡K¬v‡iv‡dbj) 4.8% w/v (BP)| Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb n‡”Q AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (100%),
cvBb (10-15%) A‡qj, K¨v÷i †Z‡ji mvevb, K¨viv‡gj Ges cvwb| GB Dcv`vbmg~‡ni wgkÖ‡Y ˆZwi †WU‡ji i‡q‡Q Kvh©Ki
RxevYybvkK ÿgZv|
wewfbœfv‡e evwYwR¨K c×wZ‡Z †WU‡ji g~j Dcv`vb †K¬v‡ivRvBwjbj cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
A¨vjywgwbqvg †K¬vivBW Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 3,5-WvBwg_vBj †dbj‡K †K¬vwi‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv NwU‡q †K¬v‡ivRvBwjb (C8 H9 ClO) cÖ¯‘Z
Kiv nq|
OH OH

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 116

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AlCl3
+ Cl2 → + HCl

CH3 CH3
Cl
e¨envi : cPb wbeviK I RxevYybvkK wn‡m‡e †WUj e¨envi Kiv nq| †WUj hw`I AZ¨šÍ mwµq RxevYybvkK, Z_vwc Gi welv³Zv
g„Zz¨ NUv‡Z mÿg| Ab¨vb¨ M„ncvwjZ cÖvYxi †ÿ‡ÎI †WU‡ji welv³Zv mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|
bvB‡UªvwMømvwib cÖ¯‘wZ:
1847 mv‡j A¨vmKvwbI †mve‡i‡qv GwU Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| wZwb Zvi e¨vw³MZ M‡elYv c‡Î GwU‡K AZ¨šÍ wec`RbK e‡j D‡jøL
K‡ib| Mvp HNO3 I Mvp H2 SO4 Gwm‡Wi kxZj wgkÖ‡Yi mv‡_ wMømvwi‡bi wewµqvq bvB‡UªvwMømvwib Drcbœ nq|
CH2 OH CH2 − ONO2
H2 SO4
CH−OH + 3HONO2 → CH− ONO2 + 3H2 O
 
CH2 − OH CH2 − ONO2
wMømvwib bvB‡UªvwMømvwib
e¨envi : bvB‡UªvwMømvwib GKwU we‡ùviK `ªe¨| GwU we‡ùviK ˆZwi‡Z we‡kl K‡i Zij wWbvgvBU ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq| bvB‡UªvwMømvwib
GbRvBbv †cK‡Uvwim I i³Pvc Kgv‡Z wPwKrmv weÁv‡b e¨eüZ nq| bvB‡UªvwMømvwib wec`RbK e‡j GwU cwienY wbwl×| hvi cÖ‡qvM
mvgwiK Kv‡R| GRb¨ Gi Drcv`b I e¨env‡I Lye mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

‡db‡ji KwZcq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewµqv

(i) ‡mvwWqvg wd‡bU : †dbj KwóK †mvWvi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †mvwWqvg wd‡bU jeY (C6 H5 ONa) I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|

OH + Na − OH ONa + H2 O

‡dbj †mvwWqvg wd‡bU

(ii) ‡ebwRb : wRsK P~‡Y©i mv‡_ ‡dbj‡K cvwZZ Ki‡Z wR¼ avZz Øviv ‡dbj weRvwiZ n‡q †ebwRb wR¼ A·vBW Drcbœ K‡i|
OH

+ Zn + ZnO
cvZb
‡dbj †ebwRb

(iii) ‡K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb : †dbj I dmdivm †c›Uv‡K¬vivB‡Wi wewµqvq †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb, dmdivm Aw·‡K¬vivBW I HCl Drcbœ nq|
OH Cl

+ PCl5 + POCl3 + HCl

‡dbj †K¬v‡iv‡ebwRb dmdivm Aw·‡K¬vivBW

(iv) A¨vwbwjb : cÖfveK ZnCl2 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A_ev AwaK Pv‡ci g‡a¨ I A¨v‡gvwbqv‡K GK‡Î DËß Ki‡j A¨vwbwjb I cvwb Drcbœ
nq| G‡ÿ‡Î −OH g~jK A¨vwg‡bv (−NH2 ) g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq|
OH NH2

ZnCl2
+ NH3 → + H2 O

‡dbj A¨vwbwjb

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(v) wg‡_vw· †ebwRb I A¨vwb‡mvj : †db‡ji mv‡_ †mvwWqvg nvBWª·vB‡Wi wewµqvq †mvwWqvg wd‡bU Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ †mvwWqvg
wd‡bU Av‡qv‡Wv wg‡_b ev wg_vBj Av‡qvWvB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i wg‡_vw· †ebwRb ev A¨vwb‡mvj Drcbœ K‡i|

OH + NaOH ONa + H2 O

‡dbj ‡mvwWqvg wd‡bU

ONa + CH3 I O − CH3 + NaI

‡dbj Av‡qvwWwg‡_b wg‡_vw· †ebwRb ev A¨vwb‡mvj

(vi) wcKwiK GwmW : Mvp HNO3 I Mvp H2 SO4 Gi wgkÖ‡Yi mv‡_ †db‡ji wewµqvq 2,4,6-UªvBbvB‡Uªv †dbj ev wcKwiK GwmW
I cvwb Drcbœ nq|
OH
OH O2 N NO2
∆
+ 3HNO3 (conc.) → + 3H2 O

‡dbj NO2
wcKwiK GwmW
0
(vii) c¨viv bvB‡Uªv‡mv †dbj : cÖvq 7 − 8 C ZvcvgÎvq †mvwWqvg bvBUªvBW I jNy H2 SO4 GwmW wgkÖY A_©vr bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi
mv‡_ †db‡ji wewµqvq c¨viv bvB‡Uªv‡mv †dbj I cvwb Drcbœ nq|
NaNO2 + H2 SO4 = HNO2 + NaHSO4
bvBUªvm GwmW

7−80 C
OH + HNO2 → HO NO + H2 O

‡dbj bvBUªvm GwmW c¨vivbvB‡Uªv‡mv †dbj

(viii) ‡dbj mvj‡dvwbK GwmW : Mvp mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ †dbj wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq (200 − 250 C) A‡_©v †dbj mvj‡dvwbK
GwmW Ges D”P ZvcgvÎvq (1000 𝐶) c¨viv †dbj mvj‡dvwbK GwmW MVb K‡i| A‡_©v †dbj mvj‡dvwbK GwmW‡K DËß Ki‡j c¨viv-
‡dbj-mvj‡dvwbK Gwm‡W cwiYZ Kiv hvq|
OH OH OH
SO3 H
200 C
2 + 2HO − SO3 H → + + 2H2 O

‡dbj mvjwdDwiK GwmW A‡_©v-‡dbj SO3 H

mvj‡dvwbK GwmW c¨viv †dbj mvj‡dvwbK GwmW
(ix) 2,4,6-UªvB †eªv‡gv †dbj : Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq I n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †db‡ji g‡a¨ jvj e‡Y©i †eªvwgb-cvwb †hvM Ki‡j
2,4,6-UªvB †eªv‡gv †db‡ji mv`v Aa:‡ÿc I HBr Drcbœ nq|
OH OH
Br Br
+ 3Br2 + 3 HBr

Br
‡dbj 2,4,6-UªvB‡eªv‡gv †dbj

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DBwjqvgmb B_vi ms‡kølY

B_vi : GKwU wØ-‡hvRx Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi mv‡_ `ywU wfbœ ev Awfbœ A¨vjKvBj ev g~jK hy³ n‡j †h mKj ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi D™¢e nq Zv‡`i‡K
B_vi e‡j| †hgb,
R−O−R H3 C−O− CH3 H3 C−O− CH2 − CH3
B_vi WvBwg_vBj B_vi B_vBj wg_vBj B_vi

DBwjqvgmb ms‡kølY : avZe A¨vjK·vBW I A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW †_‡KÑ

A¨vj‡Kvnj †mvwWqvg ev cUvwmqvg avZzi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i avZe A¨vjK·vBW Drcbœ K‡i| avZe A¨vjK·vBW‡K A¨vjKvBj
n¨vjvB‡Wi mv‡_ DËß Ki‡j mij I wgkÖ Dfq cÖKvi B_vi cvIqv hvq| †hgb,
1
H3 C− CH2 −OH + Na ⟶ H3 C− CH2 − ONa + 2 H2 ↑
‡mvwWqvg B‡_v·vBW
H3 C− CH2 −O Na + Br − CH2 − CH3 ⟶ H3 C− CH2 −O− CH2 − CH3 + NaBr
B‡_vw·B‡_b
g‡b ivL‡e : j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z mvaviYfv‡e B_vi ej‡Z B‡_vw·B‡_b‡K †evSvq| B_vi AYy‡Z Zwor FYvZ¥K †gŠj Aw·‡R‡bi
mv‡_ †Kv‡bv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy hy³ bv _vKvq B_v‡ii nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb MVb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB B_vi cvwb‡Z m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
A`ªeYxq|

A¨j‡Kvnj I B_v‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cv_©K¨

A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mvaviY ms‡KZ R−O−H Ges B_v‡ii ms‡KZ R−O−R| G‡`i wKQz cv_©K¨ wb‡P ewY©Z njÑ
weKviK/welq A¨vj‡Kvnj B_vi
MÜ wgwó MÜ wewkó g‡bvig B_vixq MÜwewkó|
`ªve¨Zv cvwb‡Z AwZ gvÎvq `ªeYxq| cvwb‡Z ¯^ígvÎvq `ªebxq|
Av`©ª we‡kølY Av`©ª we‡kølY N‡U bv| Av`©ª we‡køl‡Y A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ nq|
avZe Na eyy`ey`mn H2 M¨vm I †mvwWqvg A¨v·vBW Drcbœ ‡Kvb wewµqv †`q bv|
nq|
A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW G÷vi I HCl M¨vm Drcbœ nq| ‡Kvb wewµqv †`q bv|
RviK c`v_© RvwiZ n‡q cÖ_‡g A¨vjwWnvBW I c‡i GwmW Drcbœ mn‡R RvwiZ nq bv|
nq|
[O] [O]
HCH2 OH → RCHO→ RCOOH
DËß Mvp H2 SO4 RSO4 I cvwb Drcbœ nq| RSO4 H I A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ nq|
R−OH+H2 SO4 ⟶ H2 O+RSO4 H R−O−R+H2 SO4 ⟶ RSO4 +ROH

✓ Kve©bvBj †hŠM:
w؇hvRx Kve©bvBj (>C=O) g~j‡Ki mv‡_ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy I GK‡hvRx A¨vjKvBj g~jK A_ev A¨vivBj g~jK hy³ n‡q †h me
ˆRe †hŠM Drcbœ nq, Zv‡`i‡K GK‡Î Kve©bvBj †hŠM ejv nq| †hgb, dig¨vjwWnvBW ev wg_vb¨vj(H−CHO)| A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW
ev B_vb¨vj (CH3 − CHO), A¨vwm‡Uvb ev †cÖvcv‡bvb (CH3 − CO − CH3 ), †ebR¨vjwWnvBW (C6 H5 − CHO), †eb‡Rv‡d‡bvb
(C6 H5 − CO − C6 H5) BZ¨vw` nj Kve©bvBj †hŠM| G‡`i MvVwbK ms‡KZ wb¤œiæcÑ
O O O O O
∥ ∥ ∥ ∥ ∥
H−C−H CH3 −C−H CH3 −C−CH3 C−H C

dig¨vjwWnvBW A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW A¨vwm‡Uvb †ebR¨vjwWnvBW †eb‡Rv‡d‡bvb

ev, wg_vb¨vj ev, B_vb¨vj ev, cÖvcv‡bvb ev,WvBwdbvBj wK‡Uvb

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✓ wK‡Uvb
w؇hvRx Kve©bvBj g~jK (>C=O) Gi Dfq †hvRwb‡Z `ywU A¨vjKvBj g~jK ev `ywU A¨vivBj g~jK ev GKwU A¨vjKvBj I GKwU
A¨vivBj g~jK hy³ n‡q †h me †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K GK‡Î wK‡Uvb ejv nq| †hgb, WvBwg_vBj wK‡Uvb (ev A¨vwm‡Uvb B_vBj
wg_vBj wK‡Uvb, WvBwdbvBj wK‡Uvb, wg_vBj wdbvBj wK‡Uvb (ev A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb) BZ¨vw`| G‡`i ms‡KZ wb¤œiæcÑ

O O O O
∥ ∥ ∥ ∥
CH3 −C−CH3 CH3 − CH2 −C−CH3 −C−CH3 −C−

WvBwg_vBj wK‡Uvb B_vBj wg_vBj wK‡Uvb A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb WvBwdbvBj wK‡Uvb

ev, †cÖvcv‡bvb ev, wdbvBj B_v‡bvb
AZGe, wK‡Uv‡bi Kvh©Kix g~jK nj wK‡Uvb g~jK −CO−Ges Gi MvVwbK ms‡KZ n‡jv −C=O wK‡UvwbK g~jK w؇hvRx eÜb Zvi
me mgq Kve©b wkK‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i _v‡K|

Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb I Kve©b-Aw·‡Rb wØe܇bi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„k¨

Kve©b-Aw·‡Rb wØeÜb ev Kv‡e©vbvBj g~jK (>C=O) I Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb ev A¨vjwKb g~jK (>C=C<)Gi g‡a¨ GKwU gvÎ wgj
Av‡Q; Zv nj Dfq †ÿ‡Î `ywU cigvYyi GKwU wmMgv eÜb I GKwU cvB eÜb Ave× Av‡Q| †hgb,
π π
\ \ /
/C =O /C = C\
σ σ
Dfq‡ÿ‡Î, π eÜb _vK‡jI A¨vjwKb A‡cvjvi Ges A¨vjwK‡bi mÂvjbÿg π B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ Br2 I HBr B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK hyZ
wewµqv †`q| wKš‘ Kve©bvBj g~j‡Ki cvB B‡jKUª‡bi Abyiæc hyZ wewµqv †`q bv| KviY, Kve©bvBj g~j‡Ki AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K
Aw·‡Rb cigvYy π B‡jKUªb¸‡jv‡K wb‡Ri KZ©„‡Z¡ iv‡L; hvi d‡j B‡jK‡UªvdvBj (‡hgb, Br + I H + ) H B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ eÜb
Mo‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK hyZ wewµqv Kve©bvBj †hŠ‡M N‡U bv| G mvigg© nj wb¤œiæcÑ
mv`„k¨:
1| Df‡qi g‡a¨ GKwU wmMgv eÜb GKwU cvB eÜb Øviv m„ó wØeÜb Av‡Q|
2| Df‡qi MVb mgZjxq|
3| Df‡qi eÜb †Kv‡Yi cwigvY 1200 |
4| Df‡qi 𝑠𝑝2 msKwiK…Z Kve©b cigvYy Av‡Q|
5| Df‡qi g‡a¨ hyZ ev ms‡hvRb wewµqv N‡U|

‰emv`„k¨:
𝛿+ 𝛿−
1| Kve©bvBj g~jK >C = O †cvjvi, wKš‘ A¨vjwK‡bi Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜb (>C = C<) A‡cvjvi ev bb‡cvjvi|
2| A¨vjwK‡bi mÂvjbÿg 𝜋 B‡jKUªb Øviv AvK…ó nq| d‡j A¨vjwK‡b B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK hyZ wewµqv N‡U|
wKš‘ Kve©bvBj g~j‡K AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR© (𝛿 + ) m„wó nIqvq G‡Z wbBwK¬IdvBj AvK…ó nq| d‡j Kve©bvBj †hŠ‡M wbDwK¬IwdwjK
hyZ wewµqv N‡U|
δ+ δ−
\ \ /
/C =O /C = C\
‡cvjvi eÜb A‡cvjvi ev bb‡cvjvi eÜb

wg_vb¨vj cÖ¯‘wZ

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cÖvq 5000 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß wmjfvi A_ev Kcvi cÖfve‡Ki Dci w`‡q wg_vb‡ji ev®ú I evqyi wgkªY‡K Pvjbv Ki‡j wg_vbj
AvswkK RvwiZ n‡q wg_vb¨v‡j I cvwb-ev®ú Drcbœ K‡i| H wg_vb¨vj M¨vm‡K cvwb‡Z Pvjbv K‡i 30−40% Rjxq `ªeY ev digvwjb
Drcbœ Kiv nq|
Cu.5000 C
2CH3 −OH(g) + O2 (g) → 2H−CHO (g) + 2H2 O(g)
wg_vbj wg_vb¨vj
0
 digvwjb : wg_vb¨vj nj M¨vm (ùzUbv¼,Tb = −21 C)| wg_vb¨v‡ji 30−40% Rjxq `ªeY‡K digvwjb ejv nq| digvwjb GKwU
Kvh©Kix RxevYybvkK| cixÿvMv‡i RxeweÁv‡bi bgybv †hgb, Dw™¢` I RxeRš‘i †`n msiÿ‡Y digvwjb e¨eüZ nq|

A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uvb cÖ¯‘wZ

B_vbj †_‡K : B_vb‡ji ev®ú ev evqyi wgkÖY‡K 2500 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß wmjfvi cÖfve‡Ki Dci w`‡q Pvjbv Ki‡j B_vb‡ji ev®ú
evqyi Aw·‡Rb Øviv RvwiZ n‡q B_vb¨vj ev A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvB‡W cwiYZ nq| G cÖwµqvq myj‡f A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvB‡Wi wk‡ívrcv`b Kiv
nq|
Ag,2500 C
2CH3 − CH2 OH + O2 → 2CH3 − CHO + 2H2 O
B_vb¨vj A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW ev B_vb¨vj

A¨vwmwUwjb †_‡K : cÖvq 600 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß cÖfveKiæ‡c 1−2% gviwKDwiK mvj‡dU wgwkÖZ 20% H2 SO4 Gi wgkÖ `ªe‡Yi
g‡a¨ A¨vwmwUwj‡bi mv‡_ GK AYy cvwb hy³ n‡q cÖ_‡g A¯’vqx wfbvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj I c‡i GwU cybwe©b¨vm cÖwµqvq A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvB‡W
cwiYZ nq|
20% H2 SO4 c~bwe©b¨vm
HC ≡ CH + H−OH → CH = CH CH3 − CHO
2%HgSO4 600 C
A¨vwmwUwjb cvwb H OH A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW ev B_vb¨vj
1. B_vb¨vj cÖ¯‘wZi g~jbxwZ : B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ev B_vbj‡K 400 − 500 C ZvcgvÎvq jNy 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 wgwkÖZ cUvwmqvg WvB‡µv‡gU
Øviv RvwiZ K‡i B_vb¨vj cÖ¯ÍyZ Kiv hvq|
H H
K2 Cr2 O7
CH3 − C−OH(l) +[O] → CH3 − C = O (l) + H2 O (l)
jNy H2 SO4
H
B_vbj (10 A¨vj‡Kvnj) B_vb¨vj
2. †cÖvcv‡bvb cÖ¯‘wZi g~jbxwZ : †m‡KÛvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj †cÖv‡cb-2-Aj ev AvB‡mv †cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj‡K 500 − 600 C ZvcgvÎvq
jNy H2 SO4 wgwkÖZ cUvwmqvg WvB‡µv‡gU Øviv RvwiZ K‡i †cÖvcv‡bvb cÖ¯Z ‘ Kiv hvq|
CH3 CH3
K2 Cr2 O7
CH3 − C−OH(l) +[O] → CH3 − C = O (l) + H2 O (l)
jNy H2 SO4 ,∆
H
‡cÖv‡cb-2-Aj(10 A¨vj‡Kvnj) †cÖvcv‡bvb
ev, AvB‡mv †cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj

cixÿvMv‡i †ebR¨vjwWnvBW cÖ¯‘wZ

g~jbxwZ : †ebRvBj †K¬vivBW I Kcvi bvB‡UªU A_ev †jW bvB‡Uª‡Ui Rjxq `ªe‡Y dzUšÍ wgkÖ‡Y CO2 M¨vm Pvjbv K‡i †ebR¨vjwWnvBW
cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| cÖ_‡g †ebRvBj †K¬vivBW Av`©ª we‡køwlZ n‡q †ebRvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj I HCl Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq| AZ:ci H HCl
GwmW I Cu(NO3 )2 wewµqv K‡i CuCl2 I bvBwUªK GwmW Drcbœ nq| H bvBwUªK Gwm‡Wi we‡hvR‡b Drcbœ Rvqgvb Aw·‡Rb Øviv
Drcbœ †ebRvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj RvwiZ n‡q †ebR¨vjwWnvBW Drcbœ K‡i|
C6 H2 CH2 − Cl + H −OH → C6 H2 CH2 − OH + HCl

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‡ebRvBj †K¬vivBW †ebRvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj

Cu(NO3 )2 + 2HCl → Cu2 Cl2 + 2HNO3

2HNO3 → H2 O + 2NO + 3[O]
CH2 OH CHO
+ [O] → + H2 O

‡K›`ªvKl©x hyZ wewµqvq wK‡Uvb A‡cÿv A¨vjwWnvBW AwaK mwµq

Kve©wbj †hŠ‡M †K›`ªvKl©x hyZ wewµqvi g~j KviY nj Kve©b cigvYy‡Z abvZ¥K Avavb m„wó| Kve©b cigvYy‡Z abvZ¥K Avav‡bi cwigvY
hZ K‡g hvq, †K›`ªvKl©x hyZ wewµqvi mwµqZv ZZ n«vm cvq| mvaviYfv‡e Kve©bvBj g~jK (>C=O) Gi mv‡_ A¨vjKvBj g~jK
(CH3 , −C2 H5 BZ¨vw`) hy³ _vK‡j Kve©bvBj †hŠ‡Mi mwµqZv n«vm cvq| †hgb,
−CH3 g~j‡Ki msL¨v
evo‡Q,abvZ¥K H δ+ δ− H δ+ δ− CH3 δ+ δ−
C=O C=O C=O
PvR© Kg‡Q
H CH3 CH3
wg_vb¨vj B_vb¨vj †cÖvcvb¨vj
mwµqZv Kg‡Q (R-g~jK †bB) (R-g~jK GKwU) (R-g~jK `ywU)

mwµqZv n«v‡mi cÖavb KviY `ywU| h_vÑ

1. B‡jKUªbxq cÖfve : A¨vjKvBj g~jK (‡hgb,−CH3 g~jK) abvZ¥K Av‡ekag©x A_©vr B‡jKUªb Z¨vMx nIqvq Kve©bvBj Kve©‡bi
abvZ¥K PvR© n«vm K‡i| d‡j †K›`ªvKl©x weKvi‡Ki Avµg‡Yi cÖeYZvI n«vm cvq| G‡K hy³ g~j‡Ki B‡jKUªbxq cÖfve e‡j|
2. ¯’vwbK eva : Kve©vbvBj Kve©‡b hy³ g~j‡Ki AvKvi hZ eo nq, †K›`ªvKl©x weKvi‡Ki AvµgY Kiv ZZB KwVb nq| Gi KviY
nj,e„n`vKvi A¨vjKvBj g~jK Kve©bvBj g~jKhy³ Kve©bvBj †hŠ‡Mi mwµqZv ÿz`ªZg A¨vjKvBj g~jK hy³ Kve©bvBj †hŠ‡Mi †P‡q Kg
nq| G cÖfve‡K ¯’vwbK evav ev †÷wiK evav e‡j| wg_vb¨v‡j †Kvb −CH3 g~jK †bB| wKš‘ †cÖvcv‡bv‡b `ywU−CH3 g~jK hy³ _vKvi
¯’vwbK evav †ewk nq|
Kve©bvBj g~jK‡K wgw_wjb g~j‡K cwiYZKiY/wK¬‡gbmb weRviY
Kve©bvBj †hŠM‡K wRsK A¨vgvjMvg (Zn−Hg) I Mvp HCl mn‡hv‡M weRvwiZ Ki‡j Kve©bvBj g~jKwU (>C=O) mivmwi weRvwiZ
n‡q wgw_wjb (−CH3 −) g~j‡K cwiYZ nq Ges nvB‡WªvKve©b Drcbœ nq|
D`vniY : B_vb¨vj‡K wRsK A¨vgvjMvg I Mvp H2 SO4 Øviv weRvwiZ Ki‡j B‡_b Drcbœ nq|
O
∥ Zn−Hg
CH3 − C−H + 4[H] → CH3 − CH2 − H ev, CH3 −CH3 + H2 O
HCl
B_vb¨vj B‡_b
 †h‡Kvb wK‡Uvb GwmW Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡Z cv‡i Ggb MÖæc _v‡K Zv‡`i †ÿ‡Î wK¬‡gbmb weRviY c×wZ cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv|
‡hgb, CH3 − CH(OH)− CH2 − CO−CH3 †hŠMwU wK¬‡gbmb weRviY Ki‡Z †M‡j weRvi‡Yi mv‡_ GK AYy H2 O AcmvwiZ
n‡q GKwU C = C wØe܇bi m„wó K‡i|

K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv
Mvp ÿvi (50%NaOH, A_ev, KOH ) Gi `ªe‡Yi cÖfv‡e α-nvB‡Wªv‡Rbwenxb A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi `ywU AYyi g‡a¨ hyMcr cvi¯úwiK
RviY-weRviY wµqvi d‡j GK AYy A¨vjwWnvBW RvwiZ n‡q Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi ÿvi avZzi jeb Ges Aci AYy weRvwiZ n‡q
A¨vj‡Kvn‡j cwiYZ nq| G wewµqv‡K Avwe®‹vi‡Ki bvgvbymv‡i K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv e‡j| †hgb,

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Mvp NaOH `ªe‡Yi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z dig¨vjwWnvBW Gi `ywU AYyi g‡a¨ hyMcr RviY-weRvi‡Yi gva¨‡g wg_vbj ev wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj I
†mvwWqvg wg_v‡bv‡qU ev †mvwWqvg di‡gU Drcbœ K‡i|
50%NaOH
H−CHO + H−CHO → CH3 − OH + H−COONa 𝛼-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb = Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki
C‡ii Kve©bwUB n‡jv 𝛼 Kve©b
dig¨vjwWnvBW 200 − 300C wg_vbj †mvwWqvg wg‡_v‡bv‡qU
ev,wg_vb¨vj (`yB AYy) (weRvwiZ Drcv`K) (RvwiZ Drcv`K)
‡h me A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi AYy‡Z α-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb _v‡K bv; Giv K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv †`q | †hgb, dig¨vjwWnvBW (H−CHO) I
UªvBwg_vBj A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv †`q| dig¨vjwWnvB‡W α-Kve©b †bB I UªvBwg_vBj A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvB‡W α-Kve©b †bB
I UªvBwg_vBj A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvB‡W α-Kve©b _vK‡jI α-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (H) †bB|
 K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv n‡jv AmvgÄm¨ wewµqv †hLv‡b GKB †hŠ‡Mi RviY I weRviY GKB mv‡_ N‡U|
A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv
jNy ÿvi ev jNy A¨wm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z α-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb hy³ `yB AYy A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb wewµqv K‡i β-nvBWªw· A¨vjwWnvBW ev β-
nvBWªw· wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nIqvi wewµqv‡K A¨vjWj Kb‡Wbgvb ev A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv e‡j|
D`vniY : mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq jNy NaOH `ªe‡Yi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z `yB AYy A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q 3-nvBWªw·
weDUvb¨vj bvgK A¨vjWj Drcbœ K‡i|
H jNy NaOH OH
CH3 − C = O + H− CH2 − CHO → 0 0
CH3 − CH− CH2 − CHO
20 −30 C

2-AYy A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW 3-nvBWªw· weDUvb¨vj (A¨vjWj)

✓ kZ© : A¨vjWj MV‡bi we‡kl kZ© n‡jv A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡U‡bi α Ae¯’v‡b Aek¨B nvB‡ªWv‡Rb Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z n‡e|
wewµqK mg~n : A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv α-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy wewkó `ywU GKB ai‡bi ev wfbœ ai‡bi A¨jwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb A_ev
GKwU wK‡Uv‡bi g‡a¨ NUv‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW (CH3 − CHO),A¨vwm‡Uvb (CH3 − CO − CH3 ) A¨vjWj Nbxfeb
wewµqv †`q|
α-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ewR©Z A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb A¨vjWj wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i bv| †hgb, wg_vb¨vj (HCHO), WvBwdbvBj A¨vwm‡Uvb
(Ar−CO−Ar) BZ¨vw` α-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb ewR©Z e‡j A¨vjWj wewµqv †`q bv|
✓ [we.‡ev. α-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb hy³ `yB AYy A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb hy³ n‡q Ggb GKwU †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i,hv‡Z A¨vjwWnvBW I A¨vj‡Kvnj
Dfq Kvh©Kix g~jK we`¨gvb _v‡K| †mRb¨ wewµqvwU‡K A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv e‡j|]

Djd wKkbvi weRviY

A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb‡bi mv‡_ nvB‡WªvwRb (NH2 − NH2 ) ev †mwgKve©RvB‡Wi (H2 N−CO−NH−NH2 ) wewµqv NUv‡j
h_vµ‡g nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I †mwgKve©‡Rvg Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ nvBWªv‡Rvb ev †mwg Kve©v‡Rvb‡K †mvwWqvg B_v·vBW (CH3 − CH2 −
O − Na) mn‡hv‡M 1800 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b ev A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ nq|
H3 C H3 C
C = O + H2 N−NH2 C = N−NH2 + H2 O
H3 C H3 C

H3 C
CH3 − CH2 −O−Na
C = N−NH2 → CH3 − CH2 − CH3
0
H3 C 180 C
Avwe®‹vi‡Ki bvgvbymv‡i G‡K ÔÔDjd wKkbvi weRviYÕÕ ejv nq|

C6 H5 CHO Ges CH3 − CHO

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Avgiv Rvwb, jNy ÿv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ‡Z α-Kve©b cigvYy nvB‡ªWv‡Rb wewkó A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uv‡bi `ywU AYyi ci¯úi (−OH) Dfq
g~jKB we`¨gvb|
msÁv †_‡K Rvbv hvq A¨vjWj wewµqvi Rb¨ wewµqK †hŠ‡Mi α-Kve©b cigvYy‡Z AšÍZ GKwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy _vK‡Z n‡e|
B_vb¨v‡ji α-Kve©b cigvYy‡Z H cigvYy _vKvi Ki‡Y †hŠMwU A¨vjWj wewµqv †`q|
𝛼-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
O H jNy NaOH
CH3 − C−H + HC − CHO CH3 − CH− CH2 − CHO
H 3-nvBWªw· weDUvb¨vj (A¨vjWj)
Ab¨w`‡K wg_vb¨vj (digvjwWnvBW) I †ebRvjwWnvB‡W 𝛼-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb bv _vKq Gme Kve©bvBj †hŠM A¨vjWj wewµqv †`q bv|

‡Póv Ki :
‡KvbwU K¨vwbRv‡iv I A¨vjWj wewµqv w`‡e? wg_vb¨vj, B_vb¨vj, †ebR¨vjwWnvBW

wg_vb¨vj K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i wKš‘ B_wb¨vj K‡i bvÑ

K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqvi kZ© n‡jv †h mg¯Í A¨vjwWnvB‡W α-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †bB,ZvivB ïaygvÎ K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv cÖ`k©‡b mgÿg|‡hgb,
50%NaOH
H−CHO + H−CHO → CH3 − OH + H−COONa
dig¨vjwWnvBW ev 0 0
20 − 30 C wg_vbj †mvwWqvg wg_v‡bv‡qU
wg_vb¨vj
G Kvi‡YB †g_vb¨vj K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i| wKš‘ B_vb¨vj (CH3 − CHO)K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i bv|
H

H−C−CHO

H
𝛼-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb B_vb¨vj

C6 H5 CHOGes CH3 CH2 CHO Gi g‡a¨ †hwU K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv †`q

Avgiv Rvwb, α-Kve©b cigvYy‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rbwenxb A¨vjwWnvBWmg~n K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i| G wewµqv A¨vjwWnvBW Mvp
NaOH, K 2 CO3 ev KOH `ªe‡Y hyMcr RvwiZ I weRvwiZ n‡q h_vµ‡g GwmW I A¨vj‡Kvn‡j cwiYZ nq|
‡ebRvjwWnvBW (C6 H5 CHO) Gi α-Kve©b cigvYy‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb bv _vKvq †hŠMwU K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv †`q Ges †mvwWqvg
†eb‡Rv‡qU I †ebRvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ K‡i|
α-Carbon
− CHO + NaOH → − COONa + − CH2 − OH
200 −300 C

Ab¨w`‡K †cÖvcvb¨v‡j (CH3 CH2 CHO) α-Kve©b cigvYy‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb _vKvq †hŠMwU K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv †`q bv|

↓ α-Kve©b
CH3 − CH2 − CHO ‡cÖvcvb¨vj

A¨vj‡K‡bi UªvBn¨v‡jv‡Rb †hŠM

‡Kv‡bv A¨vj‡K‡bi wZbwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy wZbwU n¨v‡jv‡Rb cigvYy Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q †h †hŠM Drcbœ nq Zv‡K A¨vj‡K‡bi
UªvBn¨v‡jv‡Rb †hŠM ejv nq| G ai‡bi †hŠM¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †hŠM¸‡jv n‡jv UªvB‡K¬v‡ivwg‡_b ev †K¬v‡ivdg© (CHCl3 ),

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UªvB‡eªv‡gvwg‡_b ev †eªv‡gvdg© (CHBr3 ) I UªvBAv‡qv‡Wvwg‡_b ev Av‡qv‡Wvdg© (CHI3 )| G †hŠM wZbwU‡K GK‡Î n¨v‡jvdg© ejv
nq|
n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv
‡hme ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi MVb KvVv‡gv‡Z wK‡Uvwg_vBj g~jK (CH3 − CO −) Gi Dcw¯’wZ _v‡K A_ev wewµqvKvjxb mg‡q ga¨eZ©x Drcv`
wn‡m‡e Drcbœ n‡q Zviv ÿvi Ges n¨v‡jv‡Rb (†K¬vwib, †eªvwgb I Av‡qvwWb) wgkÖ‡Yi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i n¨v‡jvdg© †hgb †K¬v‡ivdg©,
†eªv‡gvdg© I Av‡qv‡Wvdg© Ges d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi jeb Drcbœ K‡I, Zv‡K n¨v‡jvdg© wewµqv ejv nq| †hgb,
R−CO− CH3 + 4NaOH + 3X2 ⟶ CHX 3 + R−COONa + 3NaX + 3H2 O
‡hme A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uv‡bv wK‡Uvwg_vBj (CH3 −CO−) g~j‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ _v‡K Zviv n¨v‡jvdg© wewµqv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| †hgb
A¨vj‡Kvnj α-nvBWªw· B_vBj, CH3 −CH(OH)− g~jK H ev C cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K Iiv mn‡RB RvwiZ n‡q CH3 −
CO − g~jK m¤^wjZ †hŠM MVb K‡i e‡j I‡`i c‡ÿ n¨v‡jvdg© wewµqv cÖ`k©b Kiv m¤¢e|
B_vbj (CH3 −CH(OH)−H), †cÖvc-2-bj (CH3 −CH(OH)− CH3 ) AYy‡Z H ev C cigvYyi mv‡_ CH3 −CH(OH)−
g~jK hy³ Ges B_vb¨vj (CH3 −CO−H), †cÖvcv‡bvb (CH3 −CO−CH3 ) cÖf…wZ AYy‡Z H ev C n¨v‡jvdg© wewµqvq
AskMÖnYKvix K‡qKwU †hŠ‡Mi D`vniY:
OH OH
 
(i) CH3 −CH − H GLv‡b H cigvYyi mv‡_ CH3 −CH−MÖæc hy³|
B_vbj
OH OH
 
(ii) CH3 −CH−CH3 GLv‡b Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡_ CH3 −CH−MÖæc hy³|
†cÖvc-2-bj
O O
∥ ∥
(iii) CH3 −C−H GLv‡b H cigvYyi mv‡_ CH3 −C−MÖæc hy³|
B_vb¨vj
O O
∥ ∥
(iv) CH3 −C−CH3 GLv‡b Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡_ CH3 −C−MÖæc hy³|
†cÖvcv‡bvb
O O
∥ ∥
(v) CH3 −C− GLv‡b †ebwRb ej‡qi mv‡_ CH3 −C−MÖæc hy³|

A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb

‡R‡b‡iL :CH3 −COOH, CH3 −COCl, CH3 −CONH2, CH3 − CH2 − CO − CH3, CH3 − CH2 − CH2 −OH,
CH3 −COO−CO−CH3, CH3 − CH2 −(OH) −CH2 − CH3 , CH3 − CH2 − CO − C6 H5 cÖf…wZ †hŠ‡Mi c‡ÿ n¨v‡jvdg©
wewµqv cÖ`k©b Kiv m¤¢e bq| KviY G †hŠM¸‡jvi AYy‡Z Dcw¯’Z wK‡Uvwg_vBj MÖæc (CH3 −CO) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb A_ev Kve©b cigvYyi mv‡_
mshy³gRvi
GKUv bq| A_ev
welq AYy
n‡jv‡Z B_vBj
CH3 −CH(OH)−MÖ æ‡ci(CH
A¨vwm‡UvA¨vwm‡UU Dcw¯’wZ−CO−CH
†bB weavq Giv−COOCH
n¨v‡jvdg© wewµqvq
−CH AskMÖ) nAYy
Y Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
‡Z wg_vBj wK‡Uv MÖæcwU (CH
3 2 2 3 3
−CO−) MÖæ‡ci mv‡_ hy³ wgw_wjb (−CH2 −) MÖæ‡ci nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy `ywU A¤øag©x nq e‡j ÿv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Av‡qvwWb Øviv
cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq Ges wK‡Uv G÷vi †hŠM (CH3 −CO− CI2 −COO−CH2 − CH3 ) MVb K‡i| gva¨‡gi ÿvi Øviv Drcbœ wK‡Uv
G÷vi Av`ª© we‡køwlZ nq Ges CH3 −CO− MÖæc Ges −CHI2 Dfq MÖæcB Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K e‡j G MÖæc `ywUi
†KvbwUi Av‡qv‡Wvdg© wewµqv Z_v n¨v‡jvdg© wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i bv|
U‡jb weKviK
A¨v‡gvwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi AwZwi³ `ªe‡Y wmjfvi bvB‡UªU ‡hvM Ki‡j eY©nxb `ªeY Drcbœ nq Zv‡K U‡jb weKviK e‡j| GwU GKwU
g„`y RviK|

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 125

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wewµqv : AgNO3 + NH4 OH ⟶ [Ag(NH3 )2 ]OH + NH4 NH3 + H2 O
U‡jb weKviK
‡dnwjs `ªeY
Kcvi mvj‡d‡Ui Rjxq `ªeY Ges ÿvixq †mvwWqvg cUvwmqvg UviUv‡iU `ªeY (†ivwPwj jeY) mgAvqZ‡b wgwkÖZ Ki‡j †h bxj e‡Y© i
`ªeY m„wó nq Zv‡K †dnwjs `ªeY e‡j| †dnwjs `ªe‡Y WvB UviUv‡iU Kcvi nvB‡Wªv·vBW RwUj Avqb MwVZ nq| G RwUj Kcvi Avqb
(Cu++ ) RviK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
CuSO4 + 2NaOH → Na2 SO4 + Cu(OH)2
Cu(OH)2 + NaKC4 H4 O6 → Cu2 (C4 H4 O6 )2. Cu(OH)2
‡ivwPwj jeY †dnwjs `ªeY
A_©vr, †dnwjs `ªeY = Cu(OH)2+ NaOH
A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uvb kYv³KiY I cv_©K¨KiY
A¨vjwWnvBWmg~n g„`y RviK Øviv RvwiZ nq wKš‘ wK‡Uvbmg~n Zv nq bv| G a‡g©i Ici wfwË K‡i †hŠMwU A¨vjwWnvBW bv wK‡Uvb Zv
mn‡R wbY©q Kiv hvq| A¨vjwWnvBWmg~n KwZcq g„`y RviK, (i) U‡jb weKviK (ii) ‡dnwjs `ªeY cÖf…wZi mv‡_ wewµqvq AskMÖnY
K‡i wKš‘ wK‡Uvb Zv K‡i bv| Kv‡RB Gme weKvi‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv hvq|
(i) U‡jb weKviK Øviv cixÿv : GKwU cixÿv b‡ji cixÿvYxq †hŠM ev Zvi `ªeY wb‡q Zv‡Z U‡jb weKviK †hvM K‡I cixÿv bjwU
Mig cvwb‡Z K‡qK wgwbU Mig Kiv nq| G‡Z cixÿv b‡ji †fZ‡ii Mv‡q D¾¡j PKP‡K wmjfvi `c©Y m„wó n‡j †hŠMwU A¨vjwWnvBW
wbwðZ K‡i| wKš‘ wK‡Uvb G cixÿv †`q bv|
∆
CH3 CHO + 2Ag(NH3 )2 OH → 2Ag↓+ CH3 COONH4 + 3NH3 + H2 O
wmjfvi `c©Y
(ii) ‡dnwjs `ªeY Øviv cixÿv : GKwU cixÿv b‡j cixÿYxq †hŠM ev Zvi `ªeY wb‡q Zv‡Z †dnwjs `ªeY †hvM K‡i cixÿv bjwU‡K
Mig cvwb‡Z K‡qK wgwbU Mig ev DËß Kiv nq| G‡Z hw` wKDcÖvm A·vB‡Wi (Cu2 O) jvj e‡Y©i Aa:‡ÿc m„wó nq Z‡e †hŠMwU
A¨vjwWnvBW wbwðZ K‡i| wK‡Uvb †dnwjs `ªeY cixÿv †`q bv|
∆
CH3 CHO + Cu(OH)2+ NaOH → CH3 COONa + Cu2 O + H2 O
jvj eY©
Kve©bvBj †hŠM kYv³KiY
Kve©bvBj †hŠM kYv³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU cixÿv wb‡P ewY©Z nj:
cixÿv : GKwU cixÿvb‡j mvgvb¨ ˆRe †hŠM wb‡q G‡K A¨vj‡Kvn‡j `ªexf~Z Kiv nq| AZ:ci `ªe‡Y 2,4-WvBbvB‡Uªv wdbvBj nvBWªvwRb
weKviK †hvM Kiv nq|
ch©‡eÿY : Kgjv-njy` e‡Y©i 2,4-WvBbvB‡Uªv wdbvBj nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi Aa:‡ÿc cvIqv hvq|
O2 N O2 N
\ \
/C = O + H2 N −NH − − NO2 /C = N −NH − − NO2 + H2 O
Kve©bvBj 2,4-WvB bvB‡Uªv 2,4-WvB bvB‡UªvwdbvBj
wdbvBj nvBWªvwRb nvBWªv‡Rvb
wm×všÍ : cixÿYxq ˆRe ‡hŠ‡M Kve©bvBj g~jK ( A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb) Dcw¯’Z|

B_vb¨vj Ges †cÖvcv‡bv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

weKviK B_vb¨vj (CH3 −CHO) ‡cÖvcv‡bvb (CH3 −CO−CH3 )
2,4-WvB bvB‡UªvwdbvBj nvBWªv‡Rvb njy`-Kgjv e‡Y©i Aa:‡ÿc c‡o Ges B_vb¨vj njy`-Kgjv e‡Y©i Aa:‡ÿc c‡o Ges
2,4-WvB bvB‡UªvwdbvBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rvb Drcbœ nq| †cÖvcv‡bvb 2,4-WvB bvB‡Uªv wdbvBj
nvB‡Wªv‡Rvb Drcbœ nq|
A¨v‡gvwbqvK¨vj AgNO3 jeY weRviY N‡U Ges wmjfvi `c©Y Drcbœ nq| `c©Y MwVZ nq bv|
(U‡jb weKviK)

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 126

 Chemistry
∆
CH3 CHO + Ag(NH3 )2OH →
CH3 COONH4 + H2 O + Ag
‡dnwjs `ªeY Cu2 O Gi jvj e‡Y©i Aa:‡ÿc c‡o| jvj e‡Y©i Aa:‡ÿc c‡o
∆
CH3 CHO + Cu(OH)2 + NaOH →
Cu2 O +CH3 COONa +3H2 O

wmd-ÿviK
‡ebRvjwWnvBW I cÖvBgvwi A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgb ev A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wewµqv GK AYy cvwb AcmvwiZ n‡q †h myw¯’Z Kve©b -bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
wØeÜbhy³ †hŠM Drcbœ nq, Zv‡K wmd-ÿviK e‡j|
D`vniY : †ebRvjwWnvBW I wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bi wewµqvq †ebRvBj wg_vBj A¨vwgb bvgK wmd-ÿviK Drcbœ nq|

H H
− C = O + H2 − N − CH3 − C = N− CH3 + H2 O

‡ebRvjwWnvBW wg_vBj A¨vwgb †ebRvBj wg_vBj A¨vwgb

wmd-ÿviK
mxgve×Zv : A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vjwWnvBW I A¨vwg‡bi wewµqvq wmd-ÿviK Drcbœ nq bv|

KwZcq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ms‡KZ †hŠ‡Mi bvgKiY Ask)

✓ ‡mwgKve©RvBW → NH2 − NH−CO−NH2
✓ wg_vBj wfbvBj wK‡Uvb → CH2 = CH − CO − CH3
✓ †gwmUvBj A·vBW → (CH3 )2 − C = CH −CO − CH3
CH = CH − CHO
✓ wmbvgvjwWnvBW →
✓ A¨v‡µvwjb → CH2 = CH − CHO
✓ ‡µvUvbvjwWnvBW → CH3 −CH = CH − CHO
✓ ‡n·vwgw_wjb †UUªvw¤§b/‡n·vw¤§b/BD‡i‡Uªvwcb → (CH2 )6 N4
✓ ‡eb‡Rv‡d‡bvb → −CO−

✓ A¨wWwcK GwmW → HOOC + (𝐶𝐻2 )4 − COOH

CH2
NO2 −N N−NO2
✓ mvB‡K¬vbvBU →
CH2 CH2
N

NO2

CH2
O O

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 127

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✓ UªvBA·vb/‡gUvdigvjwWnvBW CH2 CH2

O

Z_¨KwYKv
✓ digvwjb 40% digvjwWnvB‡Wi Rjxq `ªeY|
✓ K…wÎg wb`ªvKviK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, †K¬vivj, †K¬vwi‡Uvb †K¬vivj nvB‡WªW, c¨vivjwWnvBW|
✓ digvjwWnvB‡Wi Mvi‡Y Drcbœ nq HCOOH.
✓ ‡K¬B‡Rb wewµqv jNy NaOH e¨eüZ nq|
✓ U‡jb weKviK A¨v‡gvwbqvg wmjfvi bvB‡UªU AgNO3 + NaOH
✓ wmd ÿvi‡K e¨eüZ nq SO2 M¨vm|
✓ Kve©wbj †hŠMmg~n‡K ˆRe imvq‡bi †giæ`Û e‡j|
✓ mwµqZviµg : H−CHO > CH3 − CH2 −CHO > CH3 −CO− CH3
✓ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK wK‡Uvb †÷wiK evav cÖ`vb K‡i e‡j, hyZ wewµqv †`q bv|
✓ A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW `nb Ki‡j CO2 cvIqv hvq|
✓ A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW Mvp Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ O0C ZvcgvÎvq †gUvjwWnvBW ˆZwi K‡i|
Kve©w·wjK GwmW
‡hme ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj g~j‡Ki mv‡_ Kve©w·j g~jK (−COOH) hy³ _v‡K Zv‡`i Kve©w·wjK
GwmW A_ev ˆRe GwmW e‡j|
COOH COOH
H−COOH CH3 −COOH HOOC−COOH
COOH
diwgK GwmW A¨vwmwUK GwmW A·vwjK GwmW †eb‡RvwqK GwmW _¨vwjK GwmW

HOOC CH2 −COOH HO−CHCOOH COOH

HOOC−COOH CH2 CH2 −COOH HO−CHCOOH
HOOC COOH
A·vwjK GwmW g¨v‡jvwbK GwmW mvKwmwbK GwmW UviUvwiK GwmW A‡_©v _¨vwjK GwmW

CH2 −COOH

C(OH)COOH COOH

CH2 −COOH
mvBwUªK GwmW †eb‡RvwqK GwmW
CH = CHOCOOH
CH3 − CH2 − COOH CH2 = CH − COOH

‡cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW (m¤ú„³) A¨v‡µvwjK GwmW (Am¤ú„³) wmbvwgK GwmW (Am¤ú„³)

A¨vwj‡dwUK Kve©w·wjK GwmW cÖ¯‘wZ

1. A¨vj‡Kvnj I A¨vjwWnvBW †_‡K : RviY cÖwµqvq
cÖvBgvwi A¨vj‡Kvnj I A¨vjwWnvBW‡K GwmW WvB‡µv‡gU ev GwmW cvig¨v½v‡bU Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j A¨vj‡Kvnj ev A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi
mgmsL¨K Kve©b cigvYywewkó Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ nq| h_v,

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 128

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K2 Cr2 O7
R− CH2 OH + [O] → R− CHO + H2 O
H2 SO4
10 -A¨vj‡Kvnj A¨vjwWnvBW
K2 Cr2 O7
R−CHO + [O] → R− COOH
H2 SO4
A¨vjwWnvBW g‡bvKve©w·wjK GwmW
D`vniY : B_vbj‡K Mvp H2 SO4 wgwkÖZ cUvwmqvg WvB‡µv‡gUmn DËß Ki‡j B_vbj RvwiZ n‡q cÖ_‡g B_vb¨vj A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW
I c‡i B_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq|
K2 Cr2 O7
CH3 − CH2 OH + [O] → CH3 − CHO + H2 O
B_vbj H2 SO4 B_vb¨vj

CH3 − CHO + [O] → CH3 − COOH

B_vb¨vj B_v‡bvwqK GwmW
2. A¨vj‡Kb bvBUªvBj ev A¨vjKvBj mvqvbvBW †_‡K : Av`ª© we‡kølY cÖwµqvqÑ
A¨vj‡Kb bvBUªvBj ev A¨vjKvBj mvqvbvBW‡K jNy GwmW †hgb, HCl ev ÿvi `ªeY mn‡hv‡M Av`©ª we‡kølY Ki‡j Kve©w·wjK GwmW I
A¨v‡gvwbqv Drcbœ nq| G c×wZi cÖ‡qvRbxq A¨vjKvBj mvqvbvBW (R−CN) ev bvBUªvBj) A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW I KCN Gi
wewµqvq mn‡RB cvIqv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î Rjxq B_vbj `ªveKiæ‡c e¨eüZ nq| G c×wZ‡Z Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcv`b LyeB fv‡jv nq|
∆
R−X + KCN → R−CN + KX
HCl
R−C ≡ N + 2H−OH → R−COOH + NH3
A¨vj‡Kb bvBUªvBj ∆ Kve©w·wjK GwmW
D`vniY : †cÖv‡cb bvBUªvBj ev B_vBj mvqvbvBW I jNy nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi wgkÖY‡K DËß Ki‡j †cÖv‡cb bvBUªvBj Av`©ª we‡køwlZ
n‡q †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW I A¨v‡gvwbqv M¨vm Drcbœ nq|
HCl
CH3 CH2 −CN + 2H2 O → CH3 CH2 − COOH + NH3
‡cÖv‡cb bvBUªvBj ∆ †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW
 ˆRe mvqvbvBW †hŠ‡Mi Av`©ª we‡køl‡Y Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ nq| G wewµqvwU‡K ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Kve©b cigvYyi msL¨v e„w×i †ÿ‡Î
e¨envi Kiv nq|
3. G÷vi (R−COOR) †_‡K : Dw™¢¾ ˆZj I cÖvwYR Pwe© nj D”PZi d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi UªvBwMømvivBW G÷vi| G G÷vi‡K jNy LwbR
GwmW mn‡hv‡M Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j D”PZi d¨vwU GwmW I wMømvij ev wMømvwib Drcbœ nq| mvaviY G÷viI e¨envi Kiv hvq| ˆZj ev
Pwe© †_‡K wMømvwib Drcv`‡bi GUvB g~jbxwZ|
CH2 −OOCR CH2 OH
HCl
CH −OOCR′ + 3H2 O → CH−OH + 3R′ COOH
 
CH2 −OOCR CH2 OH
UªvBwMømvivBW Pwe© wMømvij ev wMømvwib ˆRe GwmW
O O
∥ ∥
HCl
R−C−OR′ + H2 O → R−C−OH + R′ − OH
mvaviY G÷vi ˆRe GwmW A¨vj‡Kvnj
wMømvwi‡bi e¨envi
1| Jla wk‡í, †jvkb I wMømvwib evwZ ˆZwi‡Z wMømvwib e¨eüZ nq|
2| bvB‡UªvwMømvwib (hv wWbvgvBU ˆZwii cÖavb DcKiY) cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z wMømvwib e¨eüZ nq|
3| †gvUi Mvwoi wng‡ivaK, Qvcvi Kvwj, †kwfs †jvkb I cøvw÷K cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z wMøvmvwib e¨eüZ nq|

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A¨vwj‡dwUK WvBKve©w·wjK GwmW cÖ¯‘wZ :
A¨vjwKb †_‡K: RviY cÖwµqvq
A¨vjwKb‡K A¤øxq cUvwmqvg g¨v½v‡bU (VII) Øviv RvwiZ K‡i Kve©w·wjK GwmW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
‡hgb, mvB‡K¬v‡nw·b‡K A¤ø wgwkÖZ cUvwmqvg gv½v‡bU (VII) Øviv RvwiZ K‡i †n‡·b-1,6-WvB AwqK GwmW cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
COOH
K2 Cr2 O7
+ 4[O] →
H2 SO4 COOH

mvB‡K¬v‡nw·b †n‡·b-1,6-WvB AwqK GwmW

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK Kve©w·wjK GwmW cÖ¯‘wZ:

A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi RviY cÖwµqvq : cvk¦© wkKjhy³ A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b †hgb, UjyBb‡K jNy bvBwUªK GwmW ev cUvwmqvg
WvB‡µv‡gU I mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi wgkÖY ev ÿvixq cUvwmqvg g¨v½v‡bU (VII) Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j A¨v‡iv‡gwUK Kve©w·wjK GwmW
†hgb, †eb‡RvwqK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
CH3 COOH
KMnO4
+ 3[O] → + H2 O
∆,KOH
UjyBb ‡eb‡RvwqK GwmW
wMømvwi‡bi mYv³Kvix cixÿv : wMømvwi‡bi m‡½ wbiæ`K KH𝑆𝑂4†hvM Ki‡j Zxeª MÜhy³ A¨v‡µvwjb Drcbœ nq| GwUB wMømvwi‡bi
kYv³Kvix cixÿv|
CH2 −OH
KHSO4
CH −OH → CH2 = CH −CHO + 2H2 O
 P2 O5 A¨v‡µvwjb
CH2 −OH

Kve©w·j g~jKw¯’Z Kve©bvBj g~jK (>C=O) wK‡Uv‡bi g‡Zv †K›`ªvKl©x hyZ wewµqv bv †`qvi KviY
Kve©w·wjK g~jK (−COOH) Gi Kve©bvBj g~jK I nvBWªw·j g~jK h_vµ‡g Kve©bvBj †hŠM I A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqv
O O
†`q bv| Kve©w·wjK g~jK ∥ wU GKwU Kve©bvBj g~jK ∥ I GKwU nvBWªw·j g~jK (−OH) Gi
−C−OH −C−
mgš^‡q MwVZ| hy³ Ae¯’vq Dfq g~jK ci¯úi‡K Giæc cÖfvweZ K‡i †h Kve©w·wjK GwmW KLbI Kve©bvBj †hŠM I A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji
†Kvb wewµqv †`q bv| Kve©w·wjK GwmW g~j‡Ki MvVwbK ms‡K‡Z B‡jKUªb web¨vm nj wb¤œiæc:

G‡ÿ‡Î †cvjvi Kve©bvBj (>C=O) g~jK nvBWªw·j (−OH) g~jK †_‡K eÜb B‡jKUªb wb‡Ri w`‡K †U‡b †bq| d‡j A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji
−O−H e܇bi Zzjbvq Kve©w·j g~j‡Ki †ejvq G nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy mn‡RB cvwb‡Z AvqwbZ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi nvBWªw· (−OH)
g~jK †_‡K Kve©bvBj (>C=O) g~jK Gi w`‡K B‡jKUªb cÖevn Kve©bvBj Kve©‡bi
𝛿+ 𝛿−
AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR© > C = O Gi cwigvY‡K n«vm K‡i| wbDwK¬IdvBj H g~j‡K Kve©bvBj †hŠ‡Mi †ejvq †h iæc AvµgY Ki‡Z
cv‡i G‡ÿ‡Î Abyiæc AvµgY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB Kve©w·wjK GwmW Kve©bvBj g~j‡Ki wbDwK¬IdvBj hyZ wewµqv †`q bv|

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†i‡Rvb¨vbvm Gwm‡Wi A¤øag© I †i‡Rvb¨vÝ ev AbyiYb cÖfve

‡Kvb AYy ev Avq‡bi cigvYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wmMgv eÜb KvVv‡gv AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L Zv‡`i cvB-B‡jKUªY ev gy³ †Rvo B‡jKUª‡bi mÂvj‡bi
d‡j GKvwaK mgZzj B‡jKUªb web¨vm KvVv‡gv jvf Kivi cÖwµqv‡K †i‡Rvb¨vÝ ev AbyiYb e‡j| AbyiYb KvVv‡gv MV‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvb
†hŠM AYy ev AvqbwU AwaK myw¯’wZ jvf K‡i| Kve©w·wjK GwmW AYyi †cÖvUb Z¨v‡Mi d‡j m„ó Kve©w·‡jU AvqbwU (R− COO− )
†i‡Rvb¨vÝ ev AbyiYb Øviv myw¯’wZ jvf K‡i|
Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi A¤ø a‡g©i e¨vL¨v: Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi Kvh©Kix g~jK (−COOH) Gi H cigvYywU Rjxq `ªe‡Y †cÖvUb (H + )
iæ‡c AvqwbZ nq e‡j Kve©w·wjK GwmW A¤øag© cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
R−COOH + H2 O ⇌ R− COO− + H3 O+
Kve©w·wjK GwmW Kve©w·wjK Avqb nvB‡Wªvwbqvg
Gi g~j KviY `ywU; cÖ_g Aw·‡Rb I nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv Ges wØZxqZ m„ó Kve©w·‡jU (R− COO− ) Avq‡bi †i‡Rvb¨vÝ
ev AbyiYb KvVv‡gv MV‡bi gva¨‡g myw¯’wZ jvf|
(K) cÖ_gZ Kve©w·j g~j‡Ki Ask Kve©bvBj g~jK >C=O Gi wØe܇bi cvB-B‡jKUªb AwaK Zwor FYvZ¥K Aw·‡Rb cigvbyi w`‡K
AvK…ó n‡j Gi Kve©b cigvby‡Z AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR© m„wó nq, hv −OH g~j‡Ki w`K †_‡K B‡jKUªb AvKl©Y K‡i| ZLb O−H
e܇bi B‡j‡KUªb †Rvo Aw·‡R‡bi w`‡K m‡i Av‡m Ges H cigvbywU cvwbi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †cÖvUbiæ‡c gy³ n‡q Kve©w·‡jU Avqb m„wó
nq|
gy³ †cÖvUb cvwbi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q nvB‡Wªvwbqvg Avqb (H3 O+ ) ˆZwi K‡i Ges GwmW `ªeYwU A¤ø ag© cÖKvk K‡i|

Kve©w·wjK GwmW Kve©w·wjK Avqb †cÖvUbhy³ cvwb

(i) (ii)

(L) wØZxqZ m„ó Kve©w·‡jU Avq‡bi FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi gy³ B‡jKUªb mÂvjb N‡U| d‡j Kve©w·‡jU Avqb wb‡¤œv³
III I IV mgZzj AbyiYb ev msKi KvVv‡gv jve K‡i| Dfq KvVv‡gv‡Z mÂvwjZ B‡jKUªb mgfv‡e Dfq Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi g‡a¨
†kqvi ev e›Ub †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ mylg msKi KvVv‡gv V e¨eüZ nq|

(III) (IV) mylg msKib KvVv‡gv

mgZzj msKiY KvVv‡gv

AbyiYb ev †i‡Rvb¨v‡Ýi cÖfv‡e GwmW AYyi Zzjbvq Kve©w·‡jU Avqb AwaK myw¯’wZ jvf K‡i| Kve©w·‡jU Avq‡bi myw¯’wZ hZB ev‡o
Gwm‡Wi AvqbxKiY mvg¨ve¯’v ZZB Wvbw`‡K Ae¯’vb †bq| d‡j GwmWwUi Rjxq `ªe‡Y H + Gi NbgvÎv ev‡o A_©vr GwmWwU AwaK
kw³kvjx nq|

B_v‡bvwqK GwmW I wg_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi ZxeªZv

‡Kvb Gwm‡Wi †cÖvUb `v‡bi ÿgZv Øviv Zvi kw³ ev ZxeªZv cwigvc Kiv hvq| †h GwmW hZ gn‡R †cÖvUb `vb Ki‡Z cv‡I, Zvi
ZxeªZv ZZ †ewk| Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi ZxeªZv Z_v †cÖvUb Z¨v‡Mi ÿgZv Kve©w·wjK g~j‡Ki mv‡_ hy³ MÖæ‡ci cÖK…wZ Øviv wbqwš¿Z
nq|Kve©w·wjK GwmWmg~‡ni AYy‡Z Kve©w·wjK (−COOH) g~j‡Ki mv‡_ B‡jKUªY Z¨vMx A¨vjKvBj g~jK hy³ _vK‡j Zvi B‡jKUªb

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Z¨v‡Mi cÖfv‡e −O−H e܇bi B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ †e‡o hvq| d‡j eÜbwUi fv½b KóKi nq| G Kvi‡Y ˆRe GwmWmg~‡ni AYy †_‡K
mn‡R †cÖvUb cwiZ¨³ nq bv e‡j Giv g„`y ev `~e©j GwmW|
O
∥
R−C−O−H (g„`y GwmW)
𝑒− →
A¨vjKvBjg~jK hZ eon q, Zvi B‡jKUªb Z¨v‡Mi cÖfv‡e −O−H e܇bi fv½bI ZZ †ewk KóKi nq| B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡W †cÖvUb
`vbKvix wg_vBj g~jK (CH3 ) Av‡Q,Ab¨w`‡K diwgK Gwm‡W †Kvb A¨vjKvBj g~jK †bB, GRb¨ B_v‡bvwqK GwmW A‡cÿv
wg_v‡bvwqK (diwgK) AwaK kw³kvjx| A_©vr, kw³ ev ZxeªZvi µgvbymv‡i,

H−COOH CH3 −COOH

k ⇒ 1.8× 10−4 mol𝐿−1 1.8× 10−5 mol𝐿−1

A¨vwmwUK GwmW A‡cÿv †K¬v‡iv-A¨vwmwUK GwmW †ewk A¤øxq

Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi Kve©wbj Kve©‡bi mv‡_ GKwU A¨vj‡Kvnj MÖæc i‡q‡Q| A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡W GKwU A¨vjKvBj g~jK hy³ _vKvq
A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki abvZ¥K Av‡ekxq cÖfv‡e O−H e܇b B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ †e‡o hvq d‡j eÜwU `„pZv jvf K‡i| djkÖæwZ‡Z eÜbwU
†f‡½ †cÖvUb AcmviY †ewk K÷Ki n‡q c‡o|
Ab¨w`‡K, †K¬v‡iv B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi wg_vBj MÖæ‡c GKwU †K¬vwib cigvby _vKvq Gi AvKl©‡Y O−H e܇bi B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ Kve©wbj
Kve©‡bi w`‡K ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq (FYvZ¥K Av‡ekxq cÖfve)| d‡j O−H eÜbwU A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi Zzjbvq A‡bK ¸b `~e©j n‡q c‡o
Ges A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi Zzjbvq †cÖvUb A‡bK mn‡RB cwiZ¨³ nq| G Kvi‡bB A¨vwmwUK GwmW A‡cÿv †K¬v‡iv-A¨vwmwUK GwmW †ewk
A¤øxq|

wg_vBj MÖæ‡ci abvZ¥K Av‡ekxq ‡K¬v‡ivwg_vBj MÖæ‡ci FYvZ¥K

cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y O−H e܇bi `„pZv Av‡ekxq cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y O−H
e„w× cvq Ges †cÖvUb Z¨v‡Mi cÖeYZv e܇bi `„pZv n«vm Ges †cÖvU‡bi
Kg| Z¨v‡Mi cÖeYZv A‡bK †ewk|
O O
H3 C  C Cl  CH2  C

O−H O−H

Kve©w·wjK g~j‡Ki cixÿv

‰Re Gwm‡Wi Kve©w·j g~jK (−COOH) Gi kYv³KiY wb‡¤œv³ cixÿv Øviv Kiv nqÑ
1. wjUgvm cixÿv : Rjxq `ªe‡Y ˆRe GwmW AvqwbZ n‡q H + Drcbœ K‡i| ZvB Rjxq `ªe‡Y ˆRe GwmW bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj K‡i|
CH3 COOH + H2 O ⇌ CH3 COO− + H3 O+
H3 O+ + bxj wjUgvm ⟶ jvj wjUgvm + H2 O
2. NaHCO3 `ªeY cixÿv : †mvwWqvg evBKve©‡b‡Ui `ªe‡Yi m‡½ Kve©w·j g~jKhy³ ˆRe Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq ey`ey` AvKv‡i CO2 M¨vm
†ei nq| wbM©Z CO2 M¨vm cwi®‹vi Pz‡bi cvwb‡K †Nvjv‡U K‡i| †hgb,
CH3 COOH (aq) + NaHCO3 (aq) ⟶ CH3 COONa (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2 (l)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2 (g) ⟶ CaCO3 (g) + H2 O (l)
Pz‡bi cvwb

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 NaHCO3 I Na2 CO3 jeY `ywU Kve©wbK GwmW (H2 CO3 ) Gi g‡bv‡mvwWqvg I WvB‡mvwWqvg jeY| Kv‡e©vw·wjK GwmWmg~n
H2 CO3 A‡cÿv A‡bK †ewk Zxeª ev kw³kvjx GwmW| `~e©j Gwm‡Wi jeY NaHCO3 ev Na2 CO3 Gi mv‡_ Zxeª GwmW Kv‡e©vw·wjK
GwmW AwZmn‡R wewµqv K‡i A¯’vqx H2 CO3 Drcbœ K‡i| Drcbœ H2 CO3 we‡qvwRZ n‡q CO2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i|
R−COOH + NaHCO3 ⟶ R−COONa + H2 CO3 ⟶ R−COONa + H2 O + CO2
2 R−COOH + Na2 CO3 ⟶ 2 R−COONa + H2 CO3 ⟶ 2 R−COONa + H2 O + CO2

G÷vi
‰Re A¨vwm‡Wi Kve©w·j MÖæ‡ci nvB‡Wªvw·j (−OH) MÖæc‡K A¨vjKw· MÖæc (−OR) Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ Kiv n‡j †h †hŠMwU Drcbœ nq
Zv‡K G÷vi e‡j|
D`vniY : wg_vBj A¨vwm‡UU : CH3 COOHCH3
B_vBj A¨vwm‡UU : CH3 COOC2 H5 BZ¨vw`

MvVwbK ms‡KZ :
O
∥
R−C−O− R′ GLv‡b, R Ges R′ GKB A_ev wfbœ ai‡bi A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj g~jK|

G÷vi cÖ¯‘wZt
G÷v‡ii mvaviY cÖ¯‘wZ : GwmW cÖfve‡Ki K‡qK †duvUv Mvp H2 SO4 Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vj‡Kvnj I Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨
cvwb AcmviY-Nbxfeb wewµqvq G÷vi Drcbœ nq| G÷vi ˆZwii wewµqv‡K G÷vwiwd‡Kkb ejv nq|
O O
∥ ∥
H+
R−C−OH(l) + H−O−R → R−C−O−R + H−OH
GwmW A¨vj‡Kvnj G÷vi cvwb

O O
∥ ∥
H+
‡hgb, CH3 −C−OH(l) + C2 H5 OH (l) → CH3 C− OC2 H5 (l) + H2 O
B_v‡bvwqK GwmW B_vbj B_vBj B_v‡bv‡qU

A¨vj‡Kvnj I GwmW †K¬vivBW ev A¨vbnvBWªvBW †_‡K : A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji m‡½ GwmW †K¬vivBW A_ev myweavRbKfv‡e GwmW
A¨vbnvBWªvB‡Wi wewµqvq G÷vi cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq|
O O
∥ ∥
R−C−Cl (l) + H−O−R (l) ⟶ R−C−OH (l) + HCl (g)
GwmW †K¬vivBW A¨vj‡Kvnj G÷vi

O O O
∥ ∥ ∥
(R − C −)2 O + H−O−R (l) ⟶ R−C−OR (l) + R−C−OH (l)
GwmW A¨vbnvBWªvBW A¨vj‡Kvnj G÷vi Kve©w·wjK GwmW

‡hgb, B_v‡bvwqj †K¬vivBW I B_vb‡ji wewµqvi d‡j B_vBj B_v‡bv‡qU G÷vi I HCl M¨vm Drcbœ nq|

O O

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∥ ∥
CH3 −C−Cl (l) + H − OC2 H5 (l) ⟶ CH3 −C− OC2 H5 (l) + HCl (l)
B_v‡bvwqK †K¬vivBW B_vBj B_v‡bv‡qU
diwgK A¨vwmW GKwU A¨vwmW I A¨viwWnvBW
Kve©w·wjK A¨vwmWmg~‡ni g‡a¨ GKgvÎ diwgK A¨vwm‡Wi AYy‡Z Kve©w·j g~j‡Ki m‡½ A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki cwie‡Z© nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy
hy³ _v‡K| ZvB Gi MV‡b A¨vjwWnvBW −CHO g~jK we`¨gvb| Avevi diwgK A¨vwm‡Wi AYy‡Z Kve©w·j g~jKI i‡q‡Q| ZvB diwgK
A¨vwmW A¨vjwWnvBW I A¨vwmW Dfqiæ‡c wµqv K‡i|
O
∥
A¨vjwWnvBW g~jK H−C−O−H Kve©w·j g~jK

A¨vwmW wn‡m‡e wewµqv : ÿv‡ii m‡½ wewµqv K‡i jeY I cvwb Drcbœ K‡i|
NaOH + HCOOH ⟶ HCOONa + H2 O
A¨vjwWnvBW wn‡m‡e wewµqv : diwgK A¨vwmW †dnwjs `ªeY‡K weRvwiZ K‡I wKDcÖvm A·vB‡Wi jvj Aa:‡ÿc MVb K‡i|
H−COOH + 2Cu(OH)2 + 2NaOH ⟶ Cu2 O↓ + Na2 CO3 + 4H2 O
weRviK RviK (jvj)

✓ ‡Møwmqvj A¨vwmwUK GwmW : Abv`©ª I 100% weï× B_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev A¨vwmwUK GwmW‡K †Møwmqvj B_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev A¨vwmwUK
GwmW e‡j| GB weï× D_v‡bvwqK GwmW‡K kxZj Ki‡j Zv 1700 C ZvcgvÎvq ei‡di b¨vq eY©nxb †Kjvmiæ‡c R‡g I‡V| GRb¨
Abv`ª© I weï× B_v‡bvwqK GwmW‡K †Møwmqvj B_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev A¨vwmwUK GwmW ejv nq|

myywgó MÜ G÷v‡ii cÖavb ˆewkó¨ : AwaKvsk dj I dz‡ji myM‡Üi KviY wewfbœ G÷v‡ii Dcw¯’wZ †hgb,

• cvKv Kjvq _v‡KÑ A¨vgvBj A¨vwm‡UU|

• cvKv Avbvi‡m _v‡KÑ B_vBj weDUv‡iU|
• cvKv Kgjvq _v‡KÑ AKUvBj A¨vwm‡UU|
• bvkcvwZ‡Z _v‡KÑ 3-wg_vBj weDUvBj B_v‡bv‡qU G÷vi|
• ‡Rmwgb dz‡j _v‡KÑ †ebRvBj Gwm‡UU G÷vi (CH3 COOCH2 C6 H5 )|

wf‡bMvi
A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi 6-10% Rjxq `ªeY‡K wf‡bMvi ejv nq|
KzBK wf‡bMvi c×wZ : B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji 10% Rjxq `ªeY‡K gvB‡KvWvg©v A¨vwmwU bvgK e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z DËß evqyi
Aw·‡Rb Øviv MvwiZ K‡i wf‡bMvi cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
gvB‡KvWvg©v
CH3 − CH2 −OH (aq) + O2 (g) CH3 COOH (aq) + H2 O (l)
0
B_vbj (10%) A¨vwmwU, 35 C A¨vwmwUK GwmW (10%) (wf‡bMvi)

cÖ¯‘wZi eY©bv : G c×wZ‡Z e¨eüZ Kv‡Vi wccvi Dci I wb‡Pi w`‡K `ywU wQ`ªhy³ ZvK _v‡K| G ZvK `ywUi gvSLv‡b big exP Kv‡Vi
Muyov fwZ© gvB‡KvWvg©v A¨vwmwU bvgK e¨vK‡Uwiqv hy³ jNy A¨vwmwUK GwmW Øviv H Kv‡Vi Muyov‡K wfwR‡q ivLv nq| c‡i H e¨vK‡Uwiqv
e„w×i mnvqK A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡dU I mvj‡dU jeY wgwkÖZ 10% B_vb‡ji Rjxq `ªeY wccvi Dci w`K †_‡K Kv‡Vi ¸uovi g‡a¨ m~²
avivq †¯úª Kiv nq Ges 350 C DËß evqy‡K wb‡Pi w`K †_‡K Kv‡Vi ¸uovi g‡a¨ Pvjbv Kiv nq| ZLb e¨vK‡Uwiqvi cÖfv‡e B_vbj
evqyi Aw·‡Rb Øvi RvwiZ n‡q 6-10% A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi Rjxq `ªeY Drcbœ nq Ges wccvi Zj‡`‡ki wbM©gb c_ w`‡q Zv msMÖn
Kiv nq| †k‡l H 6-10% A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi Rjxq `ªe‡Y wewfbœ is I myMwÜ wgwk‡q wf‡bMvi ev wmK©v bv‡g evRv‡i wewµ Kiv nq|

B_v‡bvwqK GwmW †_‡K cÖ`Ë †hŠ‡Mi Drcv`b wb‡P avivevwnKfv‡e ewY©Z njÑ

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(K) G÷vi ev B_vBj B_v‡bv‡qU : jNy HCl Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z B_v‡bvwqK GwmW ev A¨vwmwUK GwmW B_vb‡qi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i B_vBj
B_vb‡qU ev B_vBj A¨vwm‡UU Drcbœ K‡i|
HCl
CH3 −COO−H + HO − C2 H5 → CH3 −COO− C2 H5 + H2 O
B_v‡bvwqK GwmW B_vBj B_vb‡qU
 B_vBj B_vb‡qU/A¨vwm‡UU †bBj cwjk I mvaviY Møy (AvVv) Gi DËg `ªveK|
(L) B_v‡bvwqj †K¬vivBW : A¨vwmwUK GwmW‡K _v‡qvwbb †K¬vivBW (SOCl2 ) ev dmdivm †c›Uv‡K¬vivBW (PCl5 ) Gi mv‡_ DËß
Ki‡j B_v‡bvwqj †K¬vivBW Drcbœ nq|
∆
CH3 COOH + SOCl2 → CH3 COCl + SO2 ↑ + HCl
B_v‡bvwqK GwmW B_v‡bvwqj †K¬vivBW
∆
CH3 COOH + PCl5 → CH3 COCl + POCl3 + HCl
B_v‡bvwqK GwmW B_v‡bvwqj †K¬vivBW
(M) B_vb¨vgvBW : B_v‡bvwqK GwmW‡K A¨v‡gvwbqvi mv‡_ DËß Ki‡j cÖ_‡g A¨v‡gvwbqvg A¨vwm‡UU Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ A¨v‡gvwbqvi
Kve©w·‡jU‡K cybivq 2000 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j B_vb¨vgvBW Drcbœ nq|
CH3 COOH + NH3 ⟶ CH3 COONH4
A¨v‡gvwbqvg A¨vwm‡UU
∆,2000 C
CH3 COONH4 → CH3 − CO− NH2 + H2 O
B_vb¨vgvBW
(N) B‡_b-1-Aj/B_vbj : B_v‡bvwqK GwmW‡K ﮋ B‡_vw· B‡_‡b `ªexf~Z wjw_qvg †UUªv nvBwWª‡Wv A¨vjywg‡bU (LiAIH4 ) Øviv
weRvwiZ Ki‡j B‡_b-1-Aj/B_vbj Drcbœ nq|
LiAIH4
CH3 − COOH + 4[H] → CH3 − CH2 − OH
B‡_b-1-Aj/B_vbj
(O) B‡_b : Pv‡ci cÖfv‡e wb‡Kj cÖfve‡Ki mvwbœ‡a¨ B_v‡bvwqK GwmW‡K nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi mv‡_ D”P ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j B‡_b Drcbœ
nq|
Ni,Pressure
CH3 − COOH + 3H2 → CH3 − CH3 + 2H2 O
B‡_b
(P) g‡bv‡K¬v‡iv B_v‡bvwqK GwmW : m~h©v‡jvK Ges dmdivm ev Av‡qvwWb cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z dzUšÍ B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi g‡a¨ †K¬vwib
M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j †K¬vwib Øviv α-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q g‡bv‡K¬v‡iv B_v‡bvwqK GwmW Drcbœ nq|
jvj P/I2
CH3 − COOH + Cl2 Cl− CH2 − COOH + HCl
∆ g‡bv‡K¬v‡iv B_v‡bvwqK GwmW

(Q) A¨vwm‡Uvb : B_v‡bvwqK Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ KwjPz‡bi wewµqvq K¨vjwmqvg A¨vwm‡UU Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ Abv`©ª K¨vjwmqvg A¨vwm‡UU‡K
cvZb Ki‡j A¨vwm‡Uvb cvIqv hvq|
CH3 − COOH + Ca(OH)2 ⟶ (CH3 COO)2 Ca + H2 O
K¨vjwmqvg A¨vwm‡UU
∆
(CH3 COO)2 Ca → CH3 − CO− CH3 + CaCO3
A¨vwm‡Uvb
(R) B_vBj A¨vwgb : wjw_qvg †UUªv nvBwWª‡Wv A¨vjywg‡bU (LiAIH4 ) B_v‡bvwqK GwmW‡K weRvwiZ K‡i B_vbj Drcbœ K‡i, hv NH3
Gi mv‡_ wewµqvi gva¨‡g B_vBj A¨vwg‡b cwiYZ nq|
LiAIH4
CH3 − COOH + 4[H] → CH3 − CH2 − OH
B_vbj
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 135
 Chemistry
CH3 − CH2 − OH + NH3 ⟶ CH3 − CH2 − NH2 + H2 O
B_vBj A¨vwgb
(S) B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW : `yB AYy B_v‡bvwqK GwmW‡K wbiæ`K c`v_© P2 O5 mn‡hv‡M cvZb Ki‡j GK AYy AcmvwiZ B_v‡bvwqK
A¨vbnvBWªvBW Drcbœ nq|
O O O O
∥ ∥ ∥ ∥
P2 O5
CH3 − C − OH + H− O − C − CH3 → CH3 − C − O−C− CH3 + H2 O
B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW

(T) †mvwWqvg A¨vwm‡UU : B_v‡bvwqK GwmW †mvwWqvg avZzi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †mvwWqvg A¨vwm‡UU Drcbœ K‡i|
1
CH3 − COOH + Na ⟶ CH3 − COONa + 2 H2
A¨vwgb
A¨v‡gvwbqvi GK ev GKvwaK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy Abyiæc msL¨K A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j †h me †hŠM Drcbœ
nq, G‡`i‡K A¨vwgb e‡j| ms‡ÿ‡c A¨vwgb nj A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj cÖwZ¯’vwcZ A¨v‡gvwbqv| †hgb,
H H CH3 CH3
   
H−N−H CH3 −N−H CH3 −N−H CH3 −N−CH3
∙∙ ∙∙ ∙∙ ∙∙
A¨v‡gvwbqv wg_vBj A¨vwgb WvBwg_vBj A¨vwgb UªvBwg_vBj A¨vwgb
A¨vwgb¸‡jv‡K ˆRe ÿviiæ‡c MY¨ Kiv nq| A¨v‡gvwbqvi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy hw` A¨vjKvBj g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq, ZLb Zv‡K
A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgb Ges hw` A¨vivBj ev A¨vivBj A¨vjKvBj Dfq g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq, ZLb Zv‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb ejv
nq| †hgb,
∙∙ ∙∙
H−N−H H−N−CH3 CH3 N
    
− N− CH3 −N− −N−
∙∙ ∙∙ ∙∙
wdbvBj A¨vwgb N-wg_vBj wdbvBj N,N-WvBwg_vBj WvB wdbvBj A¨vwgb UªvBwdbvBj A¨vwgb
A¨wgb A¨vwgb
A¨vwg‡bi †kÖYxwefvM
A¨wg‡bi MVb Abymv‡i,A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj g~j‡Ki msL¨v Abymv‡i Ges A¨vBwg‡bv g~j‡Ki msL¨v Abymv‡i wZbfv‡e †kÖYxe× Kiv
nq|
(K) MVb Abymv‡i A¨vwgbmg~n wZb cÖKvi| †hgb,
1. A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgb
2. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb ev A¨vivBj A¨vwgb I
3. PvwµK ev mvBwK¬K A¨vwgb
(L) N-cigvYy‡Z hy³ A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj g~j‡Ki msL¨vbymv‡i| †hgb,
1. cÖvBgvwi (10 ) A¨vwgb
2. †m‡KÛvwi (20 ) A¨vwgb
3. Uviwmqvwi (30 ) A¨vwgb I
4. †KvqviUvibvwi A¨v‡gvwbqvg jeY|
(M) A¨vwg‡bv g~j‡Ki msL¨vbymv‡i A¨vwgbmg~n wZb cÖKvi| †hgb,
1. g‡bvA¨vwgb
2. WvBA¨vwgb I

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 136

 Chemistry
3. cwjA¨vwgb
(K) MVb Abymv‡i A¨vwgbmg~‡ni †kYxwefvM
∙∙
A¨v‡gvwbqv NH3 †_‡K H cigvYy A¨vwj‡dwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b g~jK †hgb, A¨vjKvBj g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j Drcbœ A¨vwgb‡K
A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgb e‡j| †hgb,g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j Drcbœ A¨vwgb‡K A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb ejv nq| †hgb, wdbvBj A¨vwgb
ev A¨vwbwjb (C6 H5 − NH2)| Aciw`‡K PvwµK ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi KvVv‡gv‡Z †nUv‡iv cigvYy ev welg cigvYyiæ‡c N-cigvYy Dcw¯’Z
_vK‡j welg PvwµK A¨vwgb e‡j| †hgb, cvB‡ivj (C4 H5 N), wcwiwWb BZ¨vw`| A¨vwg‡bi MVbwfwËK †kÖYxwefvM †`Lv‡bv njÑ
A¨vwgbmg~n

A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgb A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb welg PvwµK A¨vwgb

∙∙ ∙∙
CH3 −NH −N−H N
∙∙
wg_vBj A¨vwgb wdbvBj A¨vwgb wcwiwWb
(L) A¨vwg‡bi N-cigvY‡Z hy³ A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj g~j‡Ki msL¨vbymv‡i A¨vwg‡bi †kªYxwefvM
A¨vwgbmg~‡ni cÖvBgvwi (10 ), †m‡KÛvwi (20 ) I Uviwmqvwi (30 ) G wZb †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv nq| †hgb,
cÖvBgvwi (10 ) A¨vwgb : A¨v‡gvwbqvi AYyi GKwUgvÎ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy GKwU A¨vjKvBj g~jK ev A¨vivBj g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ
n‡j †h A¨vwgb cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb ev 10 A¨vwgb ejv nq| †hgb,
CH3 − NH2 CH3 CH2 − NH2 − NH2

wg_vBj A¨vwgb B_vBj A¨vwgb wdbvBj A¨wgb, ev A¨vwbwjb

†m‡KÛvwi (20 ) A¨vwgb : A¨v‡gvwbqv AYyi `ywU `ywU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy `ywU A¨vjKvBj g~jK ev A¨vjKvBj g~jK ev A¨vivBj I
A¨vjKvBj Dfq g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j †h A¨vwgb cvIqv hvq,Zv‡K †m‡KÛvwi 20 A¨vwgb ejv nq| †hgb,

CH3 −N−H CH3 −N−H −N− −N−H

   
CH3 C6 H5 H CH3
WvBwg_vBj A¨vwgb B_vBj wg_vBj A¨vwgb WvBwdbvBj A¨vwgb N-wg_vBj wdbvBj A¨vwgb
Uviwmqvwi (30 ) A¨vwgb : A¨v‡gvwbqv AYyi wZbwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy wZbwU A¨vjKvBj g~jK ev wZbwU A¨vivBj g~jK ev wZbwU
A¨vivBj I A¨vjKvBj Dfq g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j †h A¨vwgb cvIqv hvq, Zv‡K Uviwmqvwi A¨vwgb ev 30 ejv nq| †hgb,
CH3 −CH3
 
CH3 −N− CH3 N− CH3
AZGe, cÖvBgvwi, †m‡KÛvix I Uviwmqvwi A¨vwg‡bi Kvh©Kix g~jK nj h_vµ‡g GK‡hvRx A¨vwg‡bv g~jK (−NH2 ),wØ-‡hvRx †m‡KÛvwi
A¨vwg‡bv g~jK ev Bwg‡bv g~jK (−NH−) w·hvRx Uviwmqvwi A¨vwg‡bv g~jK (=N−)|
DcwiDwjøwLZ 10 , 20 , 30 A¨vwmbmg~‡n bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYyi mv‡_ wb:m½ B‡jKUªb hyMj _v‡K| ZvB Gme A¨vwgb ÿviag©x nq|

‡Kvqv›Uvibvwi A¨v‡gvwbqvg jeY : Uviwmqvwi A¨vwg‡bi wb:m½ B‡jKUªb hyMj Øviv AviI GKwU A¨vjKvBj ev A¨vivBj K¨vUvqb
(R+ ev, Ar + ) Gi mv‡_ mwbœ‡ek eÜb m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j abvZ¥K Avavbhy³ †UUªvA¨vjKvBj A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avqb Drcbœ nq|
Ges Zv †_‡K Drcbœ †hŠM‡K †UUªvA¨vjKvBj A¨v‡gvwbqvg jeY ev †KvqviUvibvwi A¨v‡gvwbqvg jeY e‡j| je‡Yi mvaviY ms‡KZ
nj [R 4 + N]− X|
GLv‡b, -X nj †h †Kvb GK‡hvRx FYvZ¥K g~jK|
D‡jøL¨ †KvqviUvibvwi A¨v‡gvwbqvg je‡Yi N cigvYy‡Z wb:m½ B‡jKUªb hyMj _v‡K bv| ZvB 10 , 20 , 30 A¨vwg‡bi gZ GwU
ÿviag©x bq|
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 137
 Chemistry

(M) A¨vwg‡bv g~j‡Ki msL¨vbymv‡i A¨vwgbmg~‡ni †kÖYxwefvM

Kve©b wkK‡j hy³ A¨vwg‡bv g~jK (−NH2 ) Gi msL¨vbymv‡i cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgbmg~n‡K wZbwU †kÖYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq| †hgb, Kve©b
wkK‡j GKwU A¨vwg‡bv g~jK _vK‡j Zv‡`i‡K g‡bv A¨vwgb, `ywU A¨vwg‡bv g~jK hy³ _vK‡j WvBA¨vwgb Ges `yÕ ‡qi AwaK A¨vwg‡bv
g~jK hy³ _vK‡j cwjA¨vwg‡bv ejv nq| †hgb,
1CH3 −2CH −1CH3 H2 N −2CH2 −1CH2 − NH2 NH2
 
NH3 1,2-WvBA¨vwg‡bv B‡_b H2 N −CH2 −CH2 − CH2 − CH −CH2 −CH2 −NH2
2-A¨vwg‡bv †cÖv‡cb (WvBA¨vwgb) 1,3,6-UªvBA¨vwg‡bv †n‡·b (cwjA¨vwgb)

✓ A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwg‡bi †fŠZ ag©

1| †fŠZ Ae¯’v: wb¤œZi A¨vwgb¸‡jv †hgb,(CH3 NH2 Ges C2 H6 NH2 ) mvaviY KÿZv‡c eY©nxb M¨vmxq c`v_© Ges c‡ii ¸‡jv
gv‡Qi M‡Üi b¨vq Avuk‡U MÜhy³ Zij c`v_©|
2| Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ : AvYweK fi e„w×i m‡½ A¨vwgb¸‡jvi Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ e„w× cvq| wKš‘ Abyiæc A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji ùzUbv¼ †_‡K
A¨vwgb¸‡jvi ùzUbv¼ wb¤œZi nq| Gi KviY nj, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYy Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi †P‡q Zzjbvg~jK Kg B‡jK‡Uªv‡b‡MwUf ev
Zwor FYvZ¥K (O=3.5, N=3.0) nIqvq mij A¨vwgb¸‡jv (10 , 20 A¨vwgb) A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Zzjbvq Kg †cvjvi †hŠM|
10 A¨vwgb¸‡jvi `ywU N…H eÜb I 20 A¨vwgb¸‡jvi GKwU N…H eÜb Av‡Q| wKš‘ 30 A¨vwg‡bi †Kvb N…H eÜb †bB|
AwaKš‘ 10 A¨vwgb I 20 A¨vwgb AvšÍ:AvbweK GK‡Rvov wb:m½ B‡jKUªb Av‡Q|
R H R R R R
     
:N− H  N− H  N− H :N− H  N− H  N− H 
     
H R H R R R
1A¨vwgb AYy nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb () Øviv mse× 2A¨vwgb AYy nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb () Øviv mse×
wPÎ: A¨vwgb AYymg~n nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb () Øviv Ave× _v‡K
Aciw`‡K, A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Aw·‡Rb cigvYy‡Z `yB †Rvov wb:m½ B‡jKUªb _vKvq cÖ‡Z¨K AYy‡Z `ywU K‡i nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb m¤¢e Ges
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb A‡cÿv Aw·‡Rb AwaK B‡jK‡Uªv‡b‡MwUf nIqvq myó nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb cÖK…wZMZfv‡e A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji †ejvq AwaK
kw³kvjx; wKš‘ A¨vwg‡bi †ejvq Z`‡cÿv `©~ej nq| Gi d‡j AYyiæc msL¨K Kve©b cigvYywewkó A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji ùzUbv¼ A¨vwg‡bi
ùzUbv¼ †_‡K †ewk nq|
‡hgb, B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (C2 H5 OH) Gi ùzUbv¼ nj 78.30 C wKš‘ B_vBj A¨vwgb (C2 H5 − NH2 ) Gi ùzUbv¼ nj gvÎ
170 C|
3| `ªve¨Zv : A¨vwgb¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ I cvwb AYyi m‡½ (30 A¨vwgbmn) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB me A¨vwgb cvwb‡Z
LyeB `ªeYxq| Z‡e A¨vjKvBj g~j‡Ki AvKvi e„w×I m‡½ `ªve¨Zv n«vm cvq|
H R H
  
O − H  N − H  O − H

H
wPÎ: A¨vwgb I cvwb AYyi g‡a¨ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb ()|
D”PZi AvYweK fiwewkó A¨vwgb¸‡jv ˆRe `ªveK ,‡ebwRb, B_vbj, B_vi I †K¬v‡ivdi‡g `ªeYxq|
A¨vjwKbmg~n CH3 CH2 (CH3 )2NH (CH3 )3N CH3 CH2 NH2 (CH3 CH2 )2NH (CH3 CH2 )3N
100g cvwb‡Z `ªebxq Lye `ªeYxq Lye `ªeYxq 91g Lye `ªeYxq Lye `ªeYxq 14g

‡R‡b‡i‡Lv:
Aa¨vqmwµqZv:
: 02 A¨vwgb¸‡jv A¨v‡gvwbqv (NH3 ) Gi A¨vjKvBj
‰Re imvqbev (Organic Chemistry)
A¨vivBj cÖwZ¯’ vwcZ †hŠM Ges AYyi N cigvYy I A¨vwgbmg~‡ni 138
N
cigvYy‡Z GKB †Rvov wb:m½ B‡jKUªb _v‡K| †hgb,
H−N̈ −H R−N̈ −H R−N̈ −H R−N̈ −R C6 H5 − N̈ −H
 Chemistry

A¨vwg‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ
1. ndg¨vb wW‡MÖ‡Wkvb cÖYvjxi mvnv‡h¨
cixÿvMv‡i †eªvwgb I KOH †hv‡M A¨vgvBW‡K DËß Ki‡j A¨vgvB‡Wi −C− g~jKwU CO2 iæ‡c AcmvwiZ nq Ges Ae‡k‡l A¨vwgb
Drcbœ nq|
R− CONH2 + Br2 + 4 KOH → R− NH2 + 2KBr + K 2 CO3 + 2H2 O
A¨vjKvBj A¨vgvBW
D`vniY : B_vb¨vgvB‡Wi mv‡_ †eªvwgb I KOH †hvM Ki‡j wg_vBj (10 ) A¨vwgb Drcbœ nq|
CH3 − CONH2 + Br2 + 4 KOH → CH3 − NH2 + 2KBr + K 2 CO3 + 2H2 O
✓ G wewµqvq Drcbœ A¨vwg‡bi AYy‡Z g~j GwmW A¨vgvBW AYyi †P‡q GKwU Kve©b cigvYy K‡g hvq| GRb¨ Avwe®‹vi‡Ki bvgvbymv‡i
wewµqvwU‡K ndg¨vb wW‡MÖ‡Wkvb ev ÿz`ªvskKiY wewµqv e‡j|
2. bvB‡Uªv †hŠ‡Mi weRviY n‡Z
bvB‡Uªv †hŠ‡Mi wUb I HCl mn‡hv‡M DËß Ki‡j cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb Drcbœ nqÑ
Sn+HCl
R− NO2 + 6[H] → R− NH2 + 2H2 O
D`vniY : bvB‡Uªvwg‡_b‡K Sn I HCl mn‡hv‡M DËß Ki‡j Rvqgvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv weRvwiZ n‡q wg_vBj A¨vwgb I H2 O Drcbœ
nq|
Sn,HCl
CH3 − NO2 + 6[H] → CH3 − NH2 + 2H2 O
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb cÖ¯‘wZ:
bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb‡K wUb I Mvp HCl GwmW wgkÖY †_‡K Drcbœ Rvqgvb nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv weRvwiZ n‡q wdbvBj A¨vwgb ev A¨vwbwjb cÖ¯‘Z
Kiv nq|
3Sn + 12HCl → 3SnCl4 + 12[H]
NO2 NH2

2 + 12 [H] → 2 + 4H2 O

bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb A¨vwbwjb
wg_vBj A¨vwgb A‡cÿv ZxeªZi ÿviK
jyB‡mi gZev` Abymv‡i Ô‡h mKj †hŠM ev g~jK GK‡Rvov B‡jKUªb `v‡bi gva¨‡g mg‡hvRx †hŠM MVb K‡i ZvB ÿviKÕ| wg_vBj
A¨vwgb A¨v‡gvwbqv A‡cÿv ZxeªZi ÿviK| G‡`i ÿviZ¡ wbf©i K‡i Abyw¯’Z bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi Dci gy³ B‡jKUªbhyMj cÖvc¨Zvi Dci|
gy³ B‡jKUªbhyM‡ji cÖvc¨Zv hZ e„w× cv‡e ÿvi‡Ki kw³I ZZ e„w× cv‡e|
A¨vjKvBj g~jK ¸‡jv mvaviYZ B‡jKUªb Z¨vMx| d‡j A¨vjKvBj A¨vwg‡bi bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi mv‡_ hy³ A¨vjKvBj g~jK Zv‡`i eÜb
B‡jKUªb bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q w`‡q bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYyi B‡jKUªb e„w× K‡i| d‡j Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqvi Rb¨ gy³ B‡jKUªb
cÖvc¨Zv e„w× cvq| ZvB A¨vjKvBj A¨vwgbmg~‡ni ÿviZvI †ewk nq| wKš‘ A¨v‡gvwbqvi AYy‡Z AYyiæc B‡jKUªb Z¨vMx A¨vjKvBj
g~jK bv ZvKvq G‡`i AYy‡Z G ai‡bi cÖfve m¤¢e bq| hvi Kvi‡Y wg_vBj A¨vwgb A¨v‡gvwbqv A‡cÿv AwaK ÿviK|

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 139

 Chemistry
δ+ δ− δ+ δ− δ+ δ+ δ− δ+
H − N− H CH3 → N− H CH3 → N← CH3 CH3 → N← CH3
   δ+
H H H CH3
0 0 0
A¨v‡gvwbqv 1 A¨vwgb 2 A¨vwgb 3 A¨vwgb

A¨vwbwjb wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bi †P‡q `~e©j ÿviK

ÿvi‡Ki AvaywbK msÁvbymv‡i ev jyBm gZev` Abymv‡i Ô‡h †hŠM, †hŠMvsk ev g~jK GK †Rvov B‡jKUªb `vb K‡i ZvB ÿviK|Õ wg_vBj
A¨vwgb wdbvBj A¨vwgb Zxeª ÿviK| G‡`i ÿviKZ¡ wbf©i K‡i AYyw¯’Z bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi Ici AeÜbK…Z B‡jKUªb hyM‡ji cÖvc¨Zvi
Ici| AeÜbK…Z B‡jKUªb hyM‡ji cÖvc¨Zv hZ e„w× cv‡e ÿvi‡Ki kw³ ZZ †ewk n‡e|
A¨vjKvBj g~jKmg~n mvaviYZ B‡jKUªbZ¨vMx| d‡j wg_vBj A¨wg‡b bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi mv‡_ hy³ wg_vBj g~jK Zv‡`i eÜb B‡jKUªb
bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q w`‡q bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYyi B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ e„w× K‡i| d‡j bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi AeÜbxq B‡jKUª‡bi cÖvc¨Zv e„w×
cvq wKš‘ wdbvBj A¨vwgb ev A¨vwbwj‡b bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi mv‡_ wdbvBj g~jK hy³ _v‡K| wdbvBj g~jK G cvB B‡jKUªbmg~n mÂibkxj
_v‡K| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYyi wb:m½ B‡jKUªb †Rvo I AbyiY‡bi gva¨‡g cvB B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ mÂviYkxj _v‡K| G‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡R‡b
B‡jKUª‡bi cÖvc¨Zv K‡g hvq| G R‡b¨ A¨vwbwj‡bi ÿviag© wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bi †P‡q Kg| A_©vr wg_vBj A¨vwgb A¨vwbwjb ev wdbvBj
A¨vwgb A‡cÿv AwaK ÿvixq|
A¨vwbwj‡bi ÿviag©xZv
A¨vwbwj‡bi we‡qvRb aªæe‡Ki gvb pK b = 9.4 Ges A¨v‡gvwbqvi pK b =4.74| G gvb `ywU †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, A¨vwbwj‡bi ÿviag©xZv
A¨v‡gvwbqvi †P‡q Kg| KviY bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYy wb:m½ B‡jKUªb hyMj (2𝑠 2 ) AvswkKfv‡e †ebwRb ej‡qi mÂviYkxj cvB
B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ hy³ nq| d‡j bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYyi wb:m½ B‡jKUªb hy³ †ebwRb ej‡qi w`‡K AvK…ó nq| ZLb †cÖvU‡bi mv‡_ N
cigvYyi wb:m½ B‡jKUªb hyM‡ji mwbœ‡ek eÜb MV‡bi my‡hvM K‡ÿ hvq| GKvi‡Y A¨vwbwjb A¨v‡gvwbqv A‡cÿv `~e©j ÿviK|
∙∙ ∙∙
− N− H + → − N− H
H H
A¨vwbwj‡bi wb:m½ B‡jKUªb wb:m½ B‡jKUªb †ebwRb ej‡q
ej‡q AvK…ó cÖfvevax‡b i‡q‡Q

A¨vgvBW cÖ¯‘wZ
(i) A¨v‡gvwbqvg jeY †_‡K: ˆRe Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi A¨v‡gvwbqvg jeY‡K DËß Ki‡j GK AYy cvwb AcmvwiZ n‡q GwmW A¨vgvBW
Drcbœ nq|
CH3 COO H + NH3 ⟶ CH3 COONH4 (s) → 0 CH3 CONH2 (s) + H2 O
170 C
A¨v‡gvwbqvg B_v‡bv‡qU B_vb¨vgvBW
(ii) GwmW RvZ‡Ki mv‡_ A¨v‡gvwbqvg wewµqv: wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq Mvp A¨v‡gvwbqvg `ªeY‡K A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW, GKwU A¨vbnvBWªvBW
wKsev G÷v‡ii mv‡_ wgwkÖZ Ki‡j GwmW A¨vgvBW Drcbœ nq|
ArCOCl/CH3 COCl + NH3 ⟶ ArCONH2 /CH3 CONH2 + NH4 Cl
GwmW A¨vgvBW
CH3 CO−O−COCH3 + 2NH3 ⟶ CH3 CONH2 + CH3 COONH4
B_vb¨vgvBW
∆
CH3 COOCH3 + NH3 → CH3 CONH2 + CH3 OH
B_vb¨vgvBW
A¨vgvBW mYv³KiY: A¨vgvBW MÖæc hy³ †Kvb †hŠ‡M ÿvi NaOH(10%) †hvM K‡i Zvc w`‡j SuvSv‡jv MÜhy³ NH3 M¨vm wbM©Z
nq| H M¨v‡mi g‡a¨ HCl wm³ KvP`Û ai‡j mv`v †auvqvi m„wó nq|
∆
RCONH2 + NaOH → R− COONa + NH3

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NH3 + HCl → NH4 Cl (mv`v †auvqv)

bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ A¨vwg‡bi wewµqv

cÖvBgvwi, †m‡KÛvwi I Uviwmqvwi A¨vwgb bvBUªvm GwmW (HNO2 ) Gi mv‡_ wb‡¤œv³ ˆewkó¨c~Y© wewµqv †`q| A¨vwj‡dwUK 10 , 20 , 30
A¨vwg‡bi cv_©K¨ bvBUªvm GwmWmn wewµqv e¨eüZ nq|
(1) A¨vwj‡dwUK cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb †hgb, wg_vBj A¨vwgb (CH3 NH2 ) I bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq ey`ey` AvKv‡i bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm
wbM©Z K‡i I A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ nq| bvBUªvm GwmW A¯’vqx e‡j †mvwWqvg bvBUªvBU I HCl Gi wgkÖY wewµqvKv‡j e¨eüZ nq|
‡hgb,
NaNO2 (s) + HCl(aq) ⟶ HNO2 (aq) + NaCl(aq)
NaNO2 .HCl
CH3 − NH2 (aq) + HO − NO(aq) → CH3 −OH(l) + N2 (g) + H2 O(l)
wg_vBj A¨vwgb bvBUªvm GwmW wg_vbj
(2) A¨vwj‡dwUK †m‡KÛvwi A¨vwgb †hgb, WvBwg_vBj A¨vwgb (CH3 )2NH bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bvB‡Uªv‡mv-A¨vwgb
bvgK njy` e‡Y©i ˆZjv³ c`v_© Drcbœ K‡i| wKš‘ N2 M¨vm wbM©Z K‡i bv|
NaNO2 .HCl
(CH3 )2 − NH(aq) + HO −NO(aq) → (CH3 )2N − NO(l) + H2 O(l)
WvBwg_vBj A¨vwgb bvBUªvm GwmW bvB‡Uªv‡mv A¨vwgb (njy`)
(3) A¨vwj‡dwUK Uviwmqvwi A¨vwgb †hgb, UªvBwg_vBj A¨vwgb Gi AYy‡Z N-cigvYyi m‡½ †Kvb mwµq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy hy³ bv
_vKvq Zv HNO2 Gi mv‡_ †Kvb cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †`q bv| Gi cwie‡Z© UªvBA¨vjKvBj A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvBUªvBU bvgK `ªeYxq jeY
Drcbœ K‡i|
NaNO2 .HCl
(CH3 )3 N̈(l) + HNO2 (aq) → [(CH3 )3 NH + ] NO2 − (aq)
UªvBwg_vBj A¨vwgb UªvBwg_vBj A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvBUªvBU

Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY cÖ¯‘wZ

cÖvBgvwi A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb †hgb A¨vwbwjb‡K 00 − 50 C wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq nvB‡Wªv‡K¬v‡ivwiK GwmW ev mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡W `ªexf~Z
K‡i,D³ `ªe‡Y †mvwWqvg bvBUªvBU (NaNO2 ) `ªeY †hvM Ki‡j cÖ_‡g NaNO2 I cÖ`Ë Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq bvBUªvm GwmW
HNO2 Drcbœ nq| c‡i A¨vwbwjb, bvBUªvm GwmW I HCl GwmWmn (ev mvjwdDwiK GwmWmn wewµqvq Drcbœ jeY‡K Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg
jeY e‡j| Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY cÖ¯‘wZi G cÖwµqv‡K Wvqv‡RvUvB‡Rkb ev WvqA‡Rv wewµqv e‡j|
+
G cÖKvi Drcbœ jeY‡K `ywU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYy hy³ abvZ¥K Wvqv‡Rvg~jK −N ≡ N̈ _v‡K Ges Gi mv‡_ cÖ`Ë Gwm‡Wi GK‡hvRx
g~jK †hgb Cl− Avqb ev HSO4 − Avqb hy³ _v‡K|

NaNO2 + HCl HNO2 + NaCl

+
NH2 N ≡ NCl−
00 −50 C
+ HNO2 + HCl → + 2H2 O

A¨vwbwjb bvBUªvm GwmW †ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg †K¬vivBW

✓ ‡R‡b‡iL : Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY MV‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv : A¨vwj‡dwUK 10 A¨vwgb †hgb, CH3NH2Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY ˆZwi K‡i bv, wKš‘
A¨v‡iv‡gwUK 10 A¨vwgb †hgb, A¨vwjwjb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY ˆZwi K‡i| Gi e¨vL¨v :
A¨vwj‡dwUK cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb †hgb, CH3 NH2 I bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq Ôga¨KÕ iæ‡cA¯’vqx A¨vjKvBj †hgb,
+

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wg_vBj Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg Avqb (CH3 − N ≡ N) Drcbœ nq; c‡i GwU we‡qvwRZ n‡q N2 M¨vm I Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb †hgb, wg_vBj
Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb (+CH3 ) ˆZwi K‡i| c‡i `ªe‡Y we`¨gvb FYvZ¥K Avq‡bi mv‡_ Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb ev wg_vBj Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avqb hy³
n‡q A¨vj‡Kvnj,B_vi, †K¬v‡iv A¨vj‡Kb, bvB‡Uªv A¨vj‡Kb Drcbœ K‡i| †hgb,
+ +
CH3 − NH3 (aq) + HNO2 (aq) CH3 − N ≡ N(aq) + 2H2 O(l)
wg_vBj A¨v‡gvwbqvg Avqb wg_vBj Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg Avqb
+
CH3 − N ≡ N(aq) +CH + N2 (g)
3 (aq)
+CH (aq) + OH − (aq) CH3 − OH (aq)
3
+
Aciw`‡K †ebwRb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg Avqb (C6 H5 − N ≡ N) A¨vjKvBj †hgb, wg_vBj Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg Avqb

+
(CH3 − N ≡ N) Gi Zzjbvq AwaKZi w¯’wZkxj| Gi KviY †ebwRb ej‡qi cvB (π) B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ Wvqv‡Rvg~jK
+
(−N ≡ N) Gi AbyiYb ev †i‡Rvb¨vÝ MVb,Zv wb‡¤œi AiweUvj wPÎ Øviv †`Lv‡bv nj:
+
−⃛ N=⃛N

wPÎ †_‡K my®úó †h, G‡ÿ‡Î C−N eÜbwU‡Z B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ e„w× †c‡q eÜb ¯’vwqZ¡ e„w× K‡i‡Q| ZvB A¨v‡iv‡gwUK cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb
Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY MVb K‡i|
wKš‘ A¨vjKvBj ev wg_vBj Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg Avqb Aw¯’wZkxj nIqvq A¨vwj‡dwUK cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb †hgb, wg_vBj A¨vwgb Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg
†hŠM ˆZwi K‡i bv|
A¨vwg‡bv g~j‡Ki RviY
me ai‡bi A¨vwgb mn‡R RvwiZ nq| A¨vwg‡bi MVb I RviK c`v‡_©i cÖK…wZi Ici wbf©i K‡i A¨vwgb g~jK RvwiZ n‡q wfbœ wfbœ
†hŠM Drcbœ nq| †hgb,
(1) A¤øxq RviKmn : (K) cÖvBgvwi A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgb †hgb, B_vBj A¨vwgb A¤øxq KMnO4 Øviv RvwiZ n‡q B_vb¨vj I NH3
Drcbœ K‡i|
H
KMnO4 H2 O
CH3 − CH2 − NH2 + [O] → CH3 −CH = NH → CH3 −C = O + NH3 (g)
B_vBj A¨vwgb H2 SO4 A¨vjwWwgb H+ B_vb¨vj

(L) cÖvq 5 − 100 C DòZvq A¨vwbwjb I A¤øxq RviK †hgb, jNy H2 SO4 wgkÖZ K 2 Cr2 O7 Øviv RvwiZ n‡q c¨viv †eb‡Rv KzB‡bvb,
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I cvwb Drcbœ nq|

KMnO4
2 −NH2 + 7[O] → 2O = = O + N2 (g) + 3H2 O
+ 0
H , 10 C
p-‡eb‡RvKzB‡bvb
(2) ÿvixq KMnO4 mn : ÿvixq KMnO4 Øviv A¨vwbwj‡bi Rvi‡Yi d‡j A¨v‡Rv †ebwRb Drcbœ nq|

KMnO4
− NH2 + [O] + H2 N− → −N=N− + 2H2 O
KOH
(3) H2 O2 mn RviY : A¨vwbwjb‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cviA·vBW mn‡hv‡M RvwiZ Ki‡j bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb I cvwb Drcbœ nq|

−NH2 + 3H2 O2 → − NO2 + 4H2 O

A¨vwbwjb bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb

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bvBjb-6:6
‡n·vwgw_wjb WvBA¨vwg‡bi Rjxq `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ †K¬v‡ivdi‡g `ªexf~Z A¨vwWwcK GwmW‡K (Qq Kve©‡bi WvB Kve©w·wjK GwmW) DËß
Ki‡j cÖ_‡g Nbxfeb wewµqvq bvBjb 6:6 Drcbœ nq|
2800 C
HOOC(CH2 )4CO−OH + H−NH(CH2 )6 − NH2 → HOOC(CH2 )4CO. NH(CH2 )6 NH2 +H2 O
(A¨vwWwcK GwmW) ‡n·vwgw_wjb WvBA¨vwgb g‡bvgvi
‡n‡·b WvBAwqK GwmW
g‡bvgvi
n[HOOC(CH2 )4CONH(CH2 )4 CONH(CH2 )6 NH2] → [−OC(CH2 )4 CONH(CH2 )6 −NH−]n+nH2 O
∆
g‡bvgvi bvBjb 6:6

Kve©vgvBW †_‡K †gjvgvBb ˆZwi

msÁv : †gjvgvBb cøvw÷K wg_vb¨vj ev digvjwWnvBW I †gjvgvB‡bi cwjgviKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖvß †hŠM‡K †gjvgvBb cøvw÷K ev
†gjvWzi e‡j|
cÖ¯‘wZ : †gjvgvBb cøvw÷K cÖ¯‘wZ GKvwaK av‡c m¤úbœ nq| hvÑ
1. cÖ_‡g TiO2 cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z BDwiqv ev Kve©bvBW‡K DËß K‡i †gjvgvBb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
N
H2 N NH2 H2 N NH2
C C
TiO2 ,∆
C → N N + 3 H2 O
∥
O C
BDwiqv NH2
g¨vjvgvBb (C3 H6 H6)
2. cieZ©x †gjvgvB‡bi mv‡_ wg_vb¨vj †hvM Kiv n‡j cyb:cwjgviKiY cÖwµqvq †gjvgvBb cwjgvi bvgK bZzb cwjgvi MwVZ nq, hv
†gjvgvBb ev †gjvWzj bv‡g cwiwPZ|

H2 N N NH2 H2 N N NHCH2 OH [−HN N NHCH2 −]n

C C C C C C
∥  + HCHO ⟶ ∥  cyb:cwjgviKiY ∥ ∥
N N N N N N
C C C
  
NH2 NH2 NH−
‡gjvgvBb ga¨eZ©x †hŠM †gjvgvBb cwjgvi
e¨envi : Kvc, †cøU cÖf…wZ †µvKvix mvgMÖx cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z †gjvgvBb e¨eüZ nq| †gjvgvBb Lye k³ e‡j gvwU‡Z co‡j fv‡½ bv|
‡n·vwgb Gi cÖ¯‘wZ I e¨envi
‡n·vwgb : †n·vwgw_wjb †UUªvwgb ev BD‡ivUªwcb bvgK mv`v e‡Y©i `vbv`vi PvwµK A¨vwgb‡K †n·vwgb ejv nq|
cÖ¯‘wZ : digvwjb (wg_vb¨v‡ji 40% Rjxq `ªeY) Ges Mvp A¨v‡gvwbqv `ªeY‡K 1:1Abycv‡Z DËß Kiv n‡j NYxfeb wewµqvi gva¨‡g
PvwµK †n·vwgb Drcbœ nq|
CH2
N N
CH2 CH2
∆
6H − CHO + 4NH3 → 6H2 O + (CH2 )6 N4 ev, N
wg_vb¨v‡ji 40% †n·vwgb CH2 CH2
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 143
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Rjxq `ªeY CH2
N
e¨envi : evZR¡i Ges g~Îvk‡qi †iv‡ai Jlya cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z †n·vwgw_wjb †UUªvwgb ev †n·vwgb e¨eüZ nq|
ev‡qvcwjgvi
cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvYx I Dw™¢`‡`‡n Dcw¯’Z wewfbœ cÖKvi cwjgvi Zv‡`i †`‡ni MVb, Lv`¨, eskMZ aviv msiÿY, †`‡ni ˆRweK wewµqvq
AbyNUKiæ‡c wµqv m¤úv`b Ges †`‡ni cÖwZiÿvg~jK cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Dw™¢` I cÖvYx‡`‡n Dcw¯’Z G mKj ˆRe
cªvK…wZK cwjgvi‡K ev‡qvcwjgvi ejv nq|
D`vniY : ÷vP©, †mjy‡jvR, wbDwK¬‡qv‡cÖvwUb, †MøvweDjvi †cÖvwUb, ivB‡ev wbDwK¬K GwmW (RNA), wWAw·ivB‡ev wbDwK¬K GwmW
(DNA) cÖf…wZ|

Møy‡KvR imvq‡b D I L †kÖYx Ges d I l cÖZxK

Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU imvq‡b e¨eüZ wdkvi Awf‡ÿc ms‡KZ Kve©bvBj g~jK (A¨vjwWnvBW ev wK‡Uvb g~jK) †K kx‡l© †i‡L wb¤œZi ev
me‡P‡q `~ieZ©x AcÖwZmg Kve©‡b mshy³ nvBWªw·j (−OH) g~jK hLb Wvbw`‡K _v‡K ZLb G‡K D-†kÖYx †hŠM; Avi evgw`‡K _vK‡j
G‡K L-†kÖYx †hŠM e‡j| D I L-†kÖYx mgvYy¸‡jv ci¯úi `c©Y cÖwZwe¤^ nq| †hgb, Møy‡Kv‡Ri wdkvi Awf‡ÿc ms‡K‡Z kxl©¯’
A¨vjwWnvBW (−CHO) g~j‡Ki Kve©b‡K 1bs Kve©b (C1 )aiv nq Ges me‡P‡q `~ieZ©x AcÖwZmg Kve©b nj 5bs Kve©b (C5 )| myZivs
Møy‡Kv‡Ri D-†kÖYx I L-†kÖYx nj wb¤œiæc| †hgb,
1 1
CHO CHO
 
(CHO)3 (CHO)3
 
H−5C−OH HO−5C−H
 
6 6
CH2 OH CH2 OH
D-Møy‡KvR L-Møy‡KvR
Kve©nvB‡WªU imvq‡b wewfbœ g‡bvm¨vKvivBW †hgb, A¨vj‡WvR I wK‡UvR Gi bv‡gi c~‡e© Bs‡iwR eo nv‡Zi Aÿi D-A_ev L-‡jLv
Øviv †÷wiI mgvYy KbwdMv‡ikb †evSv‡bv nq Ges Gi cv‡k Bs‡iwR †QvU nv‡Zi ev (+) wPý wj‡L †hŠMwU Av‡jvK mwµq Ges Gi
N~Y©‡bi w`K `wÿYveZ© †evSv‡bv nq| Abyiæcfv‡e, †QvU nv‡Z l ev (-) wPý wj‡L †hŠMwU Av‡jvK mwµq Ges Gi N~Y©‡bi w`K evgveZ©
†evSv‡bv nq|

cwjm¨vKvivBW
hw` D”PZi AvYweK fiwewkó Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU Av`©ª we‡kølY A‡bK¸‡jv g‡bvm¨vKvivBW AYy Drcbœ K‡i, Z‡e Zv‡`i cwjm¨vKvivBW
e‡j| cwjm¨vKvivBW nj Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU †kÖYxi cÖvK…wZK cwjgvi ev mvaviY GKk †_‡K K‡qK nvRvi ch©šÍ g‡bvm¨vKvivBW GKK
(g‡bvgvi) wb‡q MwVZ|
mvaviY ms‡KZ : †h cwjm¨vKvivBW¸‡jv †n‡·vR GKK n‡Z D™¢yZ Zv‡`i AvYweK ms‡KZ (C6 H10 O5 )n |
HCl
(C6 H10 O5 )n + nH2 O → nC6 H12 O6
g‡bvm¨vKvivBW
α-MøvB‡KvmvBW I β- MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb
`ywU g‡bvm¨vKvivBW AYyi g‡a¨ NYxfeb wewµqvi d‡j GK AYy cvwb AcmvwiZ n‡q WvBm¨vKvivBW AYy MwVZ nq| ZLb Drcbœ
WvBm¨vKvivBW AYy‡Z Dfq g‡bvm¨vKvivBW eÜb `yÕcÖKvi| †hgb,
1. α-MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb I
2. β- MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb
1. α-MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb : `yB AYy α-D Mø‡Kv‡Ri GKwUi C1 Ges AciwUi C4 Gi `ywU −OH g~jK †_‡K GK AYy cvwb Acmvi‡Yi
gva¨‡g NYxfeb wewµqvq C−O−C bZzb eÜb m„wó nq, Zv‡K α-MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb e‡j| †hgb,

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wPÎ: α-MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb MVb cÖwµqv

2. β- MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb : `yB AYy β-D Mø‡Kv‡Ri GKwUi C1 Ges AciwUi C4 Gi `ywU −OH g~jK †_‡K GK AYy cvwb Acmvi‡Yi
gva¨‡g NYxfeb wewµqvq C−O−C bZzb eÜb m„wó nq, Zv‡K β-MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb e‡j| †hgb,

wPÎ: β-MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb MVb cÖwµqv

‡mjy‡jvR
Dw™¢` †Kv‡li cÖvPxi †mjy‡jvR Øviv MwVZ| Dw™¢‡`i Kv‡Ûi †ewki fvMB †mjy‡jvR| gvbyl I wewfbœ Rš‘ †mjy‡jvR nRg Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| †mjy‡jR‡K Av`©ªwe‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq GbRvBg †Kej Miæ QvM‡ji ÿz`ªv‡š¿I e¨vK‡Uwiqv †_‡K Drcbœ nq|
‡mjy‡jv‡Ri MVb : †mjy‡jvR m¤ú~b© Av`ª©we‡køwlZ n‡j 300 †_‡K 3000 Møy‡KvR AYy Drcbœ nq| G me 𝛽-D-Møy‡KvR GK‡Ki GKwUi
𝐶1 Gi m‡½ AciwUi 𝐶4 Gi gva¨‡g 𝛽-MøvB‡KvmvBW eÜb Øviv Ave× n‡q †mjy‡jv‡Ri mij wkKj MVb K‡i|

wPÎ: †mjy‡jv‡Ri mij wkKj MVb

[𝛽-MøvB‡KvmvBW (𝐶1 − 𝐶2 ) eÜb ]
†cÖvwUb
‡cÖvwUb n‡jv bvB‡Uªv‡Rb hy³ RwUj ˆRe †hŠM hv AmsL¨ ÿz`ª A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW GK‡Ki †ccUvBW e܇b MwVZ|
‡cÖvwUb mg~n cwj A¨vgvBW| †cÖvwU‡bi g‡bvgvi GKK n‡jv A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW mg~n| Dw™¢` I cÖvYx †`‡n A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW mg~n †_‡K
†cÖvwUb ms‡køwlZ n‡q _v‡K| A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi mvaviY ms‡KZÑ
H

H2 N − C − COOH

R
A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW A¤ø I ÿvi Dfqiæ‡c wµqv K‡i
A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW AYy‡Z ci¯úi we‡ivax GwmW g~jK (‡hgbÑ COOH) I ÿviK g~jK (‡hgbÑNH3 ) hy³ _vKvq Zviv Dfag©x|
wb‡R A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi A¤ø I ÿvi ag© D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ †`Lv‡bv njÑ
(K) A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi A¤ø ag© : A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi mv‡_ A¤øiæ‡c wewµqv K‡i †mvwWqvg jeY Drcbœ K‡i|
NH2 − CH2 −COOH + NaOH ⟶ NH2 − CH2 −COONa + H2 O
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 145
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‡mvwWqvg A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwm‡UU
(L) A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi ÿviag© : A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW kxZj ÿvixq `ªe‡Y GwmW †K¬vivB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i N-A¨vwmUvBj A¨vgvB‡bv
GwmW Drcbœ K‡i| GLv‡b A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi ÿviag© cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q|
base
CH3 −CH−COOH + CH3 −COCl → CH3 −CH−COOH + HCl
 
NH2 NH−CO−CH3
Gjvwbb A¨vwmUvBj †K¬vivBW N-A¨vwmUvBj Gjvwbb
RyBUvi Avqb
‡Kvb cÖ_g A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi Rjxq `ªe‡Y H GwmW AYy‡Z abvZ¥K FYvZ¥K Avavb GKB mv‡_ Dcw¯’Z _vK‡j Drcbœ Avqb‡K RyBUvi
Avqb e‡j|
e¨vL¨v : A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW AYy‡Z ci¯úi we‡ivax GwmW g~jK (‡hgb,−COOH) Ges ÿvi g~jK (‡hgb,−NH2 ) hy³ _vKvq Giv
Dfag©x| G Dfag©x A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW I Rjxq `ªe‡Y Gi Kve©w·j g~jK (−COOH) †_‡K GKwU †cÖvUb †Q‡o w`‡j Zv ÿviag©x
A¨vgvB‡bv (−NH2 ) g~jK MÖnY K‡i AšÍ:A¤ø-ÿvi wewµqv Øvi AšÍ:jeY MVb K‡i| ZLb GKB AYy‡Z abvZ¥K I FYvZ¥K we`y¨r
PvR© weivR| Giæc Dfag©x AvqbB nj RyBUvi Avqb|
O
∙∙ ∙∙
R−CH−C−O−H ⇌ R−CH− C−O:−
∙∙ ∙∙
: NH2 +NH
3 O
α -A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW RyBUvi Avqb
GwmW I ÿvi gva¨‡g AvPiY : RyBUvi Avqb A¤øxq `ªe‡Y H + Avqb Gi mv‡_ weµqv K‡i abvZ¥K Ges ÿvixq `ªe‡Y O− Avq‡bi
mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i FYvZ¥K Avqb m„wó K‡i|
O O
∙∙
A¤øxq `ªe‡Y : R− CH− C−O:− + H + ⟶ R−CH− C−OH
∙∙
+NH +NH
3 3
abvZ¥K Avqb
O O
∙∙
ÿvixq `ªe‡Y : R− CH− C− O:− + OH − ⟶ R−CH− C− O(−) + H2 O
∙∙
+NH NH2
3
FYvZ¥K Avqb
‡ccUvBW eÜb
Kve©w·wjK g~jK (−COOH) gy³ †hŠM I A¨vwg‡bv g~jK (−NH2 ) †hŠ‡Mi wewµqvq Drcbœ ‡hŠM‡K A¨vgvBW e‡j| myZivs A¨vgvBW
†hŠ‡Mi g~jK nj −CONH−| †hgb,

O H O
∥  ∥
R−C−OH + H −N− R′ ⟶ R−C− NH− R′ + H2 O

Kve©w·wjK GwmW A¨vwgb A¨vgvBW

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GKwU A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi Kve©w·wjK g~jK I Aci GKwU A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi 𝛼-A¨vgvB‡bv g~j‡Ki mv‡_ wewµqvq cvwb AYy Acmvi‡Yi
ci hy³ n‡q †h A¨vgvBW eÜb MwVZ nq Zv‡K †ccUvBW eÜb e‡j| `ywU wfbœ A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW GKwU †ccUvBW eÜb Øviv GKwU
WvB‡ccUvBW MVb K‡i| †ccUvBW eÜb nj w؇hvRx A¨vgvBW eÜb (−CONH−)|
R O H R′ R O R′
 ∥    ∥ 
NH2 − CH − C −OH + H− N−CH −COOH ⟶ 𝑁𝐻2 − CH − C −NH−CH−COOH + H2 O
‡ccUvBW eÜb (GKwU WvB‡ccUvBW)

O H CH3 O H CH3
∥   ∥  
D`vniY : H2 N − CH2 − C − OH + H − N − CH −COOH ⟶ NH2 − CH − C −N−CH−COOH + H2 O
MøvBmb Gjvwjb WvB‡ccUvBW
Abyiæcfv‡e wZbwU A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW †ccUvBW e܇b hy³ n‡q UªvB‡ccUvBW MVb K‡i| PviwU A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW †_‡K †UUªv‡ccUvBW
MwVZ nq| wewfbœ A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi cÖvq 50wU AYy †ccUvBW eÜb Øviv Ave× n‡q cwj‡ccUvBW m„wó K‡i| A¨vgvB‡bv Gwm‡Wi
GKkZ ev Z‡Zvw_aK AYy †ccUvBW eÜb Øviv Ave× n‡j Zv‡K †cÖvwUb e‡j| A_©vr †cÖvwUb nj †ccUvBW †hŠM|
Exclusive
‡cÖvwfUvwgb : †h mKj ˆRe †hŠM wfUvwg‡bi gZ AvPiY K‡i Ges hv‡`i‡K Lye mn‡R wfUvwg‡b iæcvšÍi Kiv hvq Zv‡`i†K
†cÖvwfUvwgb e‡j| †hgb, MvR‡iÑDcw¯’Z β-K¨v‡ivwUb mn‡RB †f‡½ wfUvwgb A Drcbœ nq|
CH3 CH3 CH3
CH2 OH
+H2 O
MvRi →

β-K¨v‡ivwUb wfUvwgb A ev 𝐴1

✓ KwZcq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ms‡KZ :

SO3 Na CH3 NH2
N N

N
C17 H35 COONa C9 H19 (CH3 )2C−OH NH2 NH2
Na w÷qv‡iU:mvevb 4-‡bvbvBj- Na-‡ebwRb Zviwcb †gjvgvBb (cøvw÷K)
mvj‡dU (A¨vbvqwbK wWUvi‡R›U)
O S
∥
CH3 CH(CH3 )2 H2 N NH2 R−C−NH−CH−CH C(CH3 )2
  
OH O = C − N − CH − COOH
‡gb_j p-wdbvBwjb WvBA¨vwgb ‡cwbwmwjb
C8 H17
CH3
OH O OH O CH3

 ∥ OH ∥ CONH2

OH OH

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HO CH3 OH N(CH3 )2 K‡j‡÷ij
‡UivgvBwmb (Aw· †UUªvmvBwK¬b)
H

O N
O C CH2
∥  
H2 C CH2
H2 C CH2 HO
mvB‡K¬v‡n·v‡bvb K¨vc‡iv j¨vKUvg β-b¨vc_j

CH3
HO3 S− −N = N− NaO3 S− −N = N− −N
CH3
HO
A‡iÄ Uz (GwU iÄK c`v_©) wg_vBj A‡iÄ
÷vP© n‡jv gvby‡li Lv`¨ Avi †mjy‡jvR n‡jv QvMj I Miæi Lv`¨
÷v‡P©i α-MøvB‡KvmvBwWK eÜb mn‡R A¤øØviv wewkøó nq, wKš‘ †mjy‡jv‡Ri β-MøvB‡KvmvBwWK eÜb wewkøó Kiv KóKi| β-A¨vgvB‡jR
bvgK GbRvBg Øviv ÷vP© wewkøó nq| †mjy‡jR GbRvBg KZ©„K ‡mjy‡jvR β-Møy‡KvR I Ab¨vb¨ ÿz`ª GKK †hgb,‡mjyev‡qv‡R cwiYZ
nq| ZvB Z„Y‡fvRx cÖvYx Zv‡`i Aš¿¯’ AbyRxe β-MøvB‡Kvwm‡WR bvgK GbRvB‡gi Øviv †mjy‡jvR‡K β-Møy‡Kv‡R cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i
e‡jB †mjy‡jvR Z…Y‡fvRx cÖvYxi Lv`¨| wKš‘ gvby‡li cvK¯’wj‡Z Møy‡Kvwm‡WR bvgK †Kvb GbRvB‡gi wb:m„Z nq bv e‡j gvbyl Nvm
nRg Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨B Miæ Nvm Lvq, wKš‘ gvbyl Nvm †L‡Z cv‡i bv|
Zvc w`‡j wW‡gi mv`v Ask k³ nq
Zv‡ci cÖfv‡e †MøvweDjvi †cÖvwUb¸‡jv Zv‡`i wÎgvwÎK AvYweK MVb nvivq Ges RgvU e× n‡q A`ªebxq Zš‘gq mij ˆiwLK cÖvBgvwi
†cÖvwU‡b cwiYZ nq| Gfv‡eB wW‡gi mv`v Ask k³ nq| G NUbv‡K †cÖvwU‡bi ¯^fvePz¨wZ ev Denaturation e‡j|
IR eY©vjxi mvnv‡h¨ Kvh©Kixg~jK kYv³KiY
IR ev Ae‡jvwnZ eY©vjx n‡jv g~jZ K¤úb eY©vjx| †Kvb †hŠ‡M we`¨gvb cigvYy‡Z IR †iwW‡qkvb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j Zv GK kw³i K¤úb¯Íi
n‡Z D”P kw³¯Í‡i cwiYZ K‡i| d‡j K¤úb †kvlY N‡U Ges K¤úb eY©vjx Drcbœ nq|
‡m‡nZz cÖ‡Z¨KwU c`v‡_©i AvYweK MVb wfbœ ZvB Zv‡`i g‡a¨ we`¨gvb eÜb¸‡jvi `„pZv wfbœ nIqvq K¤úbgvÎvI wfbœ Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU
c`v‡_©i ˆewkó¨g~jK IR eY©vjx _v‡K|
✓ Ae‡jvwnZ (IR) eY©vjx‡Z cÖvß wmMb¨vj‡K e¨vÛ ejv nq|
cÖ‡Z¨KwU †hŠ‡M we`¨gvb eÜb wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y A_©vr GKK eÜb, wØeÜb I wÎe܇bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Av‡jvi †kvlY nq wfbœ gvÎvq| d‡j
e܇bi ms‡KvPb, cÖmviY I †KŠwYK cwieZ©b Gi Rb¨ kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| GKwU eÜb GKwU wbw`©ó Zi½‰`‡N©¨i kw³ †kvlY K‡i IR
e¨vÛ Drcbœ K‡i|
D`vniY: −OH g~j‡Ki kYv³KiYÑ
Kvh©Kixg~jK OH m¤^wjZ ˆRe †hŠM n‡jv A¨vj‡Kvnj I †dbj|
A¨vj‡Kvnj Avevi cÖwZ¯’vcK Abymv‡i 10 , 20 I 30 †kÖYx‡Z wef³ IR eY©vjxi gva¨‡g G‡`i c„_K Kiv m¤¢e|
‡hŠM cÖmviY e¨vÛ
A¨vj‡Kvnjxq −OH 3200−3350 cm−1
‡dbj OH 3590−3612 cm−1
0
1 R−OH 1050 cm−1
20 R−OH 1110 cm−1
30 R−OH 3612 cm−1
>C = O (Kve©wbj MÖæc) Gi wØeÜb C = O Gi †kvlY e¨v‡Ûi cwimi n‡jv :
𝑣̅ (C = O) = 1800−1600 cm−1| >C = O MÖæ‡ci ‡kvl‡Yi GKwU ZvwjKv wb‡P †`Lv‡bv n‡jvÑ

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X = Cl GwmW †K¬vivBW ‡kvlY e¨vÛ 𝑣̅ (C = O) = 1810 cm−1

X = OH Kve©w·wjK GwmW ‡kvlY e¨vÛ 𝑣̅ (C = O) = 1760 cm−1
X=H A¨vjwWnvBW ‡kvlY e¨vÛ 𝑣̅ (C = O) = 1730 cm−1
O X = CH3 wK‡Uvb ‡kvlY e¨vÛ 𝑣̅ (C = O) = 1715 cm−1
∥ X = NH2 A¨vgvBW
CH3 −C−X ‡kvlY e¨vÛ 𝑣̅ (C = O) = 1715 cm−1
X = Ph A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb
‡kvlY e¨vÛ 𝑣̅ (C = O) = 1795 cm−1
X = O Ph G÷vi (A¨v‡iv‡gwUK)
X = OR ‡kvlY e¨vÛ 𝑣̅ (C = O) = 1760 cm−1
G÷vi (A¨vwj‡dwUK)
‡kvlY e¨vÛ 𝑣̅ (C = O) = 1745 cm−1
(GLv‡b, R= A¨vjKvBj MÖæc Ges pH = wdbvBj MÖæc)

NCTB Aby‡gvw`Z I wm‡jev‡mi Av‡jv‡K cÖYxZ eBmg~‡ni AYykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi t

 mwÄZ Kzgvi Myn m¨v‡ii eB‡qi AYykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi t
1. C6 H3 Cl3 ms‡KZ Øviv m¤¢ve¨ mgvYy‡¼i msL¨vÑ
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6 Ans: (B)
2. †dbj kYv³KiY Kiv nqÑ
i) FeCl3 `ªeY Øviv ii) wjevig¨vb cixÿvq iii) †eªvwgb cvwbi cixÿvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i (B) ii (C) i I ii (D) i, ii I iii Ans: (D)
3. g¨v‡µv AYy wKš‘ cwjgvi bq †KvbwU ?
(A) e¨v‡KjvBU (B) ‡gjvWyi (C) bvBjb 6,6 (D) †K¬v‡ivwdj Ans: (D)
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
O
∥
[H+ ],H2 O
R−MgX+A ⟶ R−C−O−MgX → B+Mg(OH) X
4. A wewµqKwU Kx n‡Z cv‡i ?
(A) COCl2 (B) H−COOH (C) CO (D) CO2 Ans: (D)
5. B †hŠMwU †Kvb †kÖYxi n‡Z cv‡i ?
(A) wK‡Uvb (B) Kv‡e©vw·wjK GwmW (C) G÷vi (D) A¨vjwWnvBW Ans: (B)
[Link] †gvt Avnmvbyj Kexi I W.‡gvt iweDj Bmjvg m¨v‡ii eB‡qi AYykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËit
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6. K¨vwbhv‡iv wewµqv g~j kZ© n‡jv Kve©wbj †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z 𝛼-nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi Abycw¯’wZ| †m †cÖwÿ‡Z K¨vwbhv‡iv wewµqv †`q wb‡¤œi †Kvb
†hŠMwU ? Ans: (A+D)
(A) H−CHO (B) CH3 −CHO (C) CH3 − CH2 −CHO (D) −CHO
7. wb‡P GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK cÖvBgvix A¨vwgb †`qv n‡jv :
NH2
|

G †hŠMwUÑ
i. Kvwe©j A¨vwgb wewµqv †`q| ii. m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i| iii. Wvqv‡hvwbqvg jeY MVb K‡i|

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?

(A) ii (B) i I ii (C) ii I iii (D) i I iii Ans: (D)
8. wb‡¤œi †hŠMwUi KvVv‡gv †`L|
−CH2 -OH

(1) cÖ`Ë †hŠMwUi †ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œi †KvbwU mwVK ?

(A) GwU ZvrÿwYKfv‡e jyKvm weKvi‡Ki m‡½ wewµqv K‡i|
(B) GwU‡K RvwiZ Ki‡j GwmW Drcbœ nq|
(C) GwU −OH Gi mg‡MvÎK|
(D) ‡hŠMwU CH3 − CH2 − OH Gi mg‡MvÎK| Ans: (B)
(2) Dc‡i cÖ`Ë †hŠMwU GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vj‡Kvnj KviYÑ
i. Gi KvVv‡gv‡Z A¨v‡iv‡gwUK Pµ Av‡Q| ii. G †hŠ‡Mi cvk¦© wkK‡j −OH g~jK we`¨gvb|
iii. GwU RvwiZ n‡q Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i I ii (B) i I iii (C) iii (D) ii I iii Ans: (D)
9. wb‡¤œi †Kvb †hŠ‡M Kve©‡bi 𝑠𝑝2 msKiY N‡U ?
(A) H2 C = CH2 (B) CH3 − CH2 (C) (D) CH3 −C ≡ CH Ans: (A+C)
10. B‡jKUª‡bi wW‡jvKvjvB‡Rkb ‡`Lv hvq †KvbwU‡Z ? Ans: (C+D)
(A) H2 C = CH2 (B) H2 C = CH−CH = CH2 (C) (D)
O
11. C4 H8 m‡¼Zwewkó †hŠM n‡Z cv‡iÑ Ans: (A+C)
(A) GKwU A¨vjwKb (B) GKwU A¨vj‡Kb (C) GKwU mvB‡K¬vA¨vj‡Kb (D) GKwU mvB‡K¬vA¨vjwKb
12. CH3 −CH(OH)− CH2 −CHO ‡hŠMwU †Kvb ai‡bi mgvYyZv †`Lvq ? Ans: (B)
(A) R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv (B) Av‡jvK mgvYyZv (C) MvVwbK mgvYyZv (D) ‡÷wiI mgvYyZv
13. `ywU GbvbwmIgvi mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvK Zj‡K AveZ©b K‡iÑ
(A) GKB gvÎvq wecixZ w`‡K (B) wfbœ wfbœ gvÎvq GKB w`‡K
(C) wfbœ wfbœ gvÎvq wecixZ w`‡K (D) GKB gvÎvq GKB w`‡K Ans: (A)
14. wb¤œmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Kx wel‡q cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq ?
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
C=C C=C
H H H H
(A) MvVwbK ms‡KZ (B) AvYweK ms‡KZ (C) wÎgvwÎK web¨v‡m (D) ivmvqwbK a‡g© Ans: (C)
15. nv‡Kj ZË¡ Abym„Z nq bv †Kvb †hŠ‡M ?

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(A) (B) (C) −OH (D) Ans: (D)

16. Kvwe©j A¨vwgb MVb K‡i †Kvb †hŠ‡M ?

(A) A¨vwbwjb (B) ‡dbj (C) cÖvBgvwi A¨vwgb (D) †m‡KÛvix A¨vwgb Ans: (C)
0
17. †KvbwU 1 A¨vwgb bq ? Ans: (C)
CH3
(A) CH3 − CH2 − NH2 (B) CH3 −CH−NH2 (C) −NH−CH3 (D) (CH3 )3C−NH2
18. wb‡¤œi †Kvb †hŠM RvwiZ n‡j wK‡Uvb Drcbœ nq ?
(A) 10 A¨vj‡Kvnj (B) 20 A¨vj‡Kvnj (C) 30 A¨vj‡Kvnj (D) ‡KvbwUB bq Ans: (B)
∆
19. CH3 −CO− NH2 + Br2 + KOH → CH3 − NH2 wewµqvwUi bvg wK ?
(A) ndg¨vb wW‡MÖ‡Wkb (B) ‡iv‡RbgvÛ wewµqv (C) wWKve©w·‡jkb (D) DUR© wdwUM wewµqv Ans: (A)
20. BDwiqvi MVb H2 N−CO−NH2 | GwU Kx ?
(A) GKwU G÷vi (B) GKwU A¨vgvBW (C) GKwU A¨vbnvBWªvBW (D) Kve©wbj †hŠM Ans: (B)
W.m‡ivR KvwšÍ wmsn nvRvix I nvivab bvM m¨v‡ii eB‡qi AYykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËit
21. n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb (R-X) G cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvi †KŠkj ev †gKvwbRg n‡jvÑ
(A) wbDwK¬IwdwjK (B) B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK (C) RviY-weRviY (D) wd«-‡iwW‡Kj Ans: (A)
22. KvBivj †K›`ªwewkó A¨vj‡Kvnj n‡jvÑ Ans: (B+C)
(A) 2-wg_vBj-2-weDUvbj (B) 2-wg_vBj-1-weDUvbj (C) weDUvbj-2 (D) 2-wg_vBj weDUvbj-1
23. CH3 CHO Ges CH3 COCH3 Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨m~PK cixÿvq e¨vüZ nqÑ
(A) K 2 Cr2 O7 /H + (B) 2;4-DNP (C) [Ag(NH3 )2 ]+ (D) PCl3 Ans: (C)
24. AwZwi³ Lv`¨ †_‡K wjfv‡i mwÂZ myMvi n‡jvÑ
(A) Møy‡KvR (B) d«z‡±vR (C) MøvB‡Kv‡Rb (D) my‡µvR Ans: (C)
25. †MøvweDjvi ev eZ©yjvKvi †cÖvwUb n‡jvÑ
(A) cÖvBgvix MVb (B) ‡m‡KÛvix MVb (C) Uviwmqvix MVb (D) mij wkKj Ans: (C)
 eûc`x mgvwßm~PK eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ :
26. wb‡¤œv³ avZe Kve©vBW †_‡K Av`©ª we‡køl‡Y B_vBb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq ?
i. Na2 C2 ii. Al4 C3 iii. CaC2
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i I ii (B) ii I iii (C) i I iii (D) i, ii I iii Ans: (C)
27. g‡bvnvBwWªK A¨vj‡Kvnj kYv³Ki‡Y e¨eüZ nqÑ
i. Na avZz ii. PCl2 iii. m¨vjwjmvBwjK GwmW
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i I ii (B) ii I iii (C) i I iii (D) i, ii I iii Ans: (A)
28. Kvwe©wbj-A¨vwgb cixÿv Øviv kYv³ Kiv m¤¢e nq †KvbwU ?
i. A¨vwbwjb ii. ‡K¬v‡ivdig iii. 10 A¨vwgb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i I ii (B) ii I iii (C) i I iii (D) i, ii I iii Ans: (D)
 Awfbœ Z_¨ wfwËK eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ :
1-‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb I [Link] `ªe‡Yi wewµqvi mgxKiYwU wb¤œiæc :
CH3 − CH2 − CH2 Br+[Link] → CH3 CH = CH2 +KBr+H2 O
G wewµqvwfwËK wb‡¤œv³ (29) I (30) bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
29. Drcbœ nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi †ejvq †Kvb Z_¨wU mwVK n‡e ? Ans: (A)

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(A) AcÖwZmg A¨vjwKb (B) ‡PBb mgvYyZv †`Lvq (C) R¡vjvwbi M¨vm (D) A¨vjKvBb m`m¨
30. Drcbœ nvB‡WªvKve©b †hŠMwUi †ejvq cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡eÑ
(A) HBr mn B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK ms‡hvRb (B) R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i
(C) wbDwK¬IwdwjK hyZ wewµqv †`q (D) PVC cwjgvi ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e Ans: (A)
wb‡Pi Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K 31-33 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
60%Kve©b, 13.33%nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wewkó GKwU ˆRe †hŠM X, hvi AvYweK fi 60| †hŠMwU GKwU mgvYy Y Mvp mvjwdDwiK mn‡hv‡M
DËß Ki‡j Z Drcbœ nq|
31. X Gi AvYweK ms‡KZ †KvbwU ?
(A) C2 H4 O (B) C2 H6 O (C) C3 H6O (D) C3 H8O Ans: (D)
32. Y ‡hŠMwUÑ
i. B_vi mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i ii. ‡K `nb Ki‡Z 132g CO2 iii. mbv³Ki‡Y PCl3 e¨envi Kiv nq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i I ii (B) i I iii (C) ii I iii (D) i, ii I iii Ans: (D)
33. Z ‡hŠMwUÑ
i. ‡K `nb Ki‡Z 132g CO2 cvIqv hvq
ii. Am¤ú„³Zvi cixÿvi eY© cwieZ©b K‡i bv|
iii. ms‡hvRb wewµqvq Ask †bq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i I ii (B) i I iii (C) ii I iii (D) i, ii I iii Ans: (B)
 gvneye nvmvb wjsKb, W.‡gvt Avãyj Kwig I †gvt byiæj Bmjvg m¨v‡ii eB‡qi AYykxjbxi eûwbe©vPbx cÖ‡kœvËit
34. CH3 − CO− O− CO− CH3 †hŠMwUi IUPAC bvg Kx ? Ans: (A)
(A) B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW (B) A¨vwmwUK A¨vbnvBWªvBW (C) A¨vwmUvBj B_v‡bv‡qU (D) WvB A¨vwmUvBj B_vi

35. 1-nvBWªw·-4-wg_vBj-3-‡c›Uv‡bvb Gi MvVwbK ms‡KZ †KvbwU ? Ans: (B)

(A) CH3 − CH2 −CO−CH(CH3 ) − CH2 −OH (B) CH3 −CH(CH3 ) −CO−CH2 − CH2 OH
(C) CH3 −CH(CH3 ) −COCH2 CH3 (D) (CH3 )2CHCH2 COCH2 OH
H3 O+
36. CH3 CHO+HCH → CH3 CH(OH)CN → X; wewµqvwU‡Z X †hŠMÑ
i. GKwU nvB‡Wªvw· A¨vwmW ii. 50%(+) Ges 50%(-) AvB‡mvgvi iii. Av‡jvK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i I ii (B) i I iii (C) ii I iii (D) i, ii I iii Ans: (D)
37. GKwU †hŠM X (C4 H10 O) RvwiZ n‡q Aci GKwU Y (C4 H8 O) Drcbœ K‡i| Y †hŠMwU 2,4 DNP Ges (I2 /NaOH) Dfq
weKv‡ii mv‡_ wewµqvq njy` e‡Y©i Aa:‡ÿc m„wó K‡i| A †hŠM †KvbwU ? Ans: (C)
(A) CH3 − CH2 CH2 CH2 OH (B) CH3 −CH(CH3 ) −CH2 OH
(C) CH3 CH(OH) CH2 CH3 (D) CH3 CH2 −O−CH2 CH3
AwjDjøvn †gv: AvRgZMxi, W.‡gv: BKevj †nv‡mb m¨v‡ii eB‡qi AYykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËit
38. wb‡Pi †KvbwU G÷v‡ii Kvh©Kix g~jK ? Ans: (B)
 
(A) −C−CO−C− (B) −CO−OR (C) −COOH (D) −CO−O−CO−
 
39. wb‡Pi †KvbwU DUR© wewµqvi g~j Drcv` ? Ans: (B)
(A) CH4 (B) CH3 − CH3 (C) CH3 I (D) CH3 − CH2 I
40. wb‡P `ywU †hŠM‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡QÑ
CH3 − CH2 −CH2 − CH3 CH3 − CH − CH3

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
CH3
‡hŠM `ywUi †Kvb ˆewkó¨wU Abyiæc ? Ans: (B)
(A) ùzUbvsK (B) AvYweK fi (C) MjbvsK (D) MvVwbK ms‡KZ
41. weDwUb-1 R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i bv, KviYÑ
i. 1 bs Kve©‡bi mv‡_ `yBwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb hy³ ii. 2 bs Kve©‡bi mv‡_ `ywU wfbœ g~jK hy³
iii. weDwUb-1 Gi `c©b cÖwZwe¤^ Av‡jvK mgvYy|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? Ans: (A)
(A) i (B) i I ii (C) ii I iii (D) i, ii I iii
CH3 CH2 O+Q CH2 COOC2 H5
DÏxcK †_‡K 42 I 43 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
42. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Q †hŠM ? Ans: (B)
(A) CH3 −O−CO− CH2 (B) CH3 −COOH (C) HCOOH (D) CH3 CH2 −COOH
43. Drcv`wUi bvg †KvbwU ? Ans: (A)
(A) B_vBj B_vb‡qU (B) B_vBj wg_vb‡qU (C) wg_vBj B_vb‡qU (D) wg_vBj wg_vb‡qU
Rqbyj, †Zvdv‡qj, †iqvRyj I AvdRvj m¨v‡ii eB‡qi Abykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi t
44. (CH3 )3C−OH †hŠMwUi IUPAC bvg n‡”QÑ Ans: (B)
(A) 2, 2 WvBwg_vBj B_vbj (B) 2-wg_vBj †cÖvcvbj-2 (C) weDUvbj-1 (D) weDUvbj-2
Al2 O3
45. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH → A + H2 O ; Drcbœ A †hŠMwU n‡eÑ Ans: (A)
(A) weDwUb-1 (B) weDwUb-2 (C) weDUvBb-1 (D) weDUvb¨vj

wewµqvwU jÿ¨ K‡iv Ges wb‡¤œi cÖkœ `ywUi DËi `vIÑ

CH3 CH2 COONa + NaOH(CaO) ⟶ A + Na2 CO3
46. A †hŠMwU n‡eÑ Ans: (D)
(A) ‡cÖv‡cb (B) wg‡_b (C) Bw_b (D) B‡_b
47. DÏxc‡Ki msNwUZ wewµqvwU‡K ejv nqÑ Ans: (B)
(A) DU©R wewµqv (B) wW-Kve©w·‡jkb wewµqv (C) DBwjqvgmb wewµqv (D) DU©R wdwUM wewµqv
48. GKwU ˆRe †hŠM 2,4-WvBbvB‡UªvwdbvBj nvB‡WªvwR‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i njy` e‡Y©i Aat‡ÿc m„wó K‡i| Avevi †hŠMwU‡K U‡jb
weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ Zvcw`‡j wmjfvi `c©b m„wó nq| ˆRe †hŠMwU n‡jv GKwUÑ
i. Kve©bvBj †hŠM ii. A¨vjwWnvBW iii. wK‡Uvb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? Ans: (C)
(A) i (B) i I iii (C) i I iii (D) ii
49. ˆRe Gwm‡Wi Kvh©Kix g~jK †KvbwU Ñ
(A) −OH (B) −COOR (C) −CONH2 (D) −COOH
50. we‡ùviK c`v_© ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nqÑ
i. ‡WUj ii. [Link] iii. bvB‡UªvwMømvwib
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? Ans: (C)
(A) i I ii (B) i I iii (C) ii I iii (D) i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cieZ©x `ywU cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

kvšÍ imvqb e¨envwiK K¬v‡m †U÷wUD‡e †bqv mvgvb¨ bgybv †hŠ‡M Aí Ag(NH3 )2OH †hŠM K‡i mveav‡b wgkÖYwU‡K DËß K‡i|
c‡i cixÿv b‡ji Mv‡q Avqbvi m„wó nq| Zv ch©‡eÿY Ki‡jv|
51. DÏxc‡Ki cixÿvq wb‡Pi †Kvb Kvh©Kvix g~j‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq ? Ans: (D)
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(A) −OH (B) −COOR (C) −CONH2 (D) −CHO
52. DÏxc‡Ki cixÿvwU‡Z e¨eüZ weKviK n‡”QÑ
i. U‡jb weKviK ii. ‡dwjs weKviK iii. jyKvm weKviK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? Ans: (A)
(A) i (B) ii (C) iii (D) i, ii I iii

 cÖ‡dmi †gv. gwni DwÏb, †gv. Avmv`yj Bmjvg, †gv. Avãyj jwZd I cÖvK…ZR kvwggiæwg wUUb m¨v‡ii
eB‡qi AYykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËit
53. 30 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Kvh©Kix g~jK †KvbwU ? Ans: (B)

(A) −OH (B) −C−OH (C) −CH−OH (D) − CH2 OH
 
54. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e ? Ans: (C)
(A) CH2 =CH2 (B) CH3 − CH3 (C) CH3 −CH = CH−CH3 (D) CH3 − CH2 −CH = CH2
55. Am¤ú„³ ˆRe †hŠM n‡”QÑ
i. C6 H6 ii. C2 H2 iii. C2 H5 −OH
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? Ans: (A)
(A) i I ii (B) i I iii (C) ii I iii (D) i, ii I iii
56. CH3 −CO− CH3 Gi †h MvVwbK mgvYyZv m¤¢eÑ
i. U‡UvgvwRg ii. Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv iii. Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? Ans: (B)
(A) i I ii (B) i I iii (C) ii I iii (D) i, ii I iii
57. †h mKj †hŠ‡Mi Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv m¤¢eÑ
i. ‡cÖvwcb ii. ‡cÖvcvbj iii. weDUvBb

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ? Ans: (B)

(A) i I ii (B) i I iii (C) ii I iii (D) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi MvVwbK ms‡KZwU jÿ¨ K‡iv I 58- 60 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
CH−CH(OH)−CO−CH(CH3 )2
58. †hŠMwUi IUPAC bvg n‡eÑ Ans: (B)
(A) 2-nvB‡Wªvw·-4-wg_vBj‡c›Uv‡bvb (B) 4-wg_vBj‡c‡›Ub-3-Ib-2-Aj
(C) 2-nvB‡Wªvw·-4-wg_vBj‡c›Uv‡bvb-2 (D) 2-nvB‡Wªvw·-4-wg_vBj‡c›Uv‡bvb-3
59. †hŠMwUi 4 bs Kve©bwU KZ wWwMÖ Kve©b ? Ans: (B)
(A) 40 (B) 30 (C) 20 (D) 10
60. †hŠMwUi 3bs Kve©‡b Kx ai‡bi msKixKiY N‡U ? Ans: (B)
(A) SP (B) SP 2 (C) SP 3 (D) SP 4

For Practice
1. BbWvKwUf G‡d± (Av‡ekxq dj)ÑG AskMÖnY K‡iÑ
(A) 𝜎-B‡j±ªb (B) 𝜋- B‡j±ªb (C) 𝜎 Ges 𝜋- B‡j±ªb (D) †KvbwUB bv
2. CH3 -CH(CH3 )CONH2 ‡hŠMwUi IUPAC bvg n‡jvÑ
(A) 2,2-WvB wg_vBj B_vb¨vgvBW (B) 2-wg_vBj †cÖvcvb¨vgvBW (C) weDUvb¨vgvBW (D) 𝛼-A¨vwg‡bv wK‡Uvb

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3. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡e bvÑ
(A) CH3 CH = C(CH3 )2 (B) CH3 CH = HCCH3
(C) CH3 CH2 CBr=CClCH3 (D) 1,2-WvB wg_vBj mvB‡K¬v‡cÖv‡cb
4. Av‡jvK Zv‡ci cÖfv‡e A¨vj‡K‡bi m‡½ †K¬vwi‡bi wewµqvwU GKwUÑ
(A) AcmviY wewµqv (B) hyZ wewµqv (C) c~Y©web¨vm wewµqv (D) cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv
5. AvjKvZivi AvswkK cvZ‡b cÖvß jNy †Zj †_‡K †h DòZvq †ebwRb cvwZZ nq Zv n‡jvÑ
(A) 70 − 720 C (B) 80 − 820 C (C) 90 − 920 C (D) 100 − 1020 C
6. wd«-‡iwW‡Kj †Kvb wewKªqvi †gKvwbR‡g Ask †bq ?
(A) cÖwZ¯’vcb (B) hyZ (C) cyYwe©b¨vm (D) meKwU
7. C5 H12 ‡hŠ‡Mi KqwU mgvYy Av‡Q ?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
8. wK †_‡K PVC Gi wk‡ívrcv`b Kiv nq ?
(A) CH3 − CH3 (B) CH2 = CH2 (C) CH2 − CH=CH2 (D) CH ≡CH
9. wb‡Pi †Kvb cÖwZ¯’vcK †ebwRb P‡µ A‡_©v I c¨viv wb‡`©kK ?
(A) −N+ R+ (B) −CONH2 (C) −CN (D) −Cl
10. †KvbwU wbDwK¬IdvBj weKviK bq ?
(A) BF3 (B) RMgX (C) R-OH (D) R-NH2
11. n¨v‡jv‡Rb evnK mg~nÑ
(A) jyBm GwmW (B) jyBm ÿvi (C) DfqB n‡Z cv‡i (D) †KvbwUB bv
12. A¨vj‡K‡bi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi mwµqZvÑ
(A) 10 > 20 > 30 (B) 30 > 20 > 10 (C) 20 > 30 > 10 (D) 20 > 10 > 30
13. ‰Re wewµqv‡K Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q ?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
1600 C
14. CH3 − CH2 − OH + H2 SO4 (conc) → H2 C = CH2 + H2 O wewµqvwUÑ
(A) ms‡hvRb (B) cÖwZ¯’vcb (C) AcmviY (D) cybweb¨vmKiY
0
15. Kve©b g‡bv·vBW I nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wgkÖY‡K 300 C Zvc-gvÎvq DËß wb‡Kj P~‡Y©i Pvjbv Ki‡j Drcbœ nqÑ
(A) B‡_b (B) wg‡_b (C) AK‡Ub (D) ‡cÖv‡cb
0 0
16. m~h©v‡jv‡K 120 − 130 C ZvcgvÎvq †cÖv‡c‡bi m‡½ †eªvwg‡bi wewµqvq cÖavb Drcv`b n‡jvÑ
(A) H3 C-CH2 -CH2 Br (B) H3 CCHBr-CH2 Br (C) H3 C-CHBr-CH3 (D) BrCH2 -CH2 -CH2 Br
17. †K¬vwib A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK nIqv m‡Ë¡I †ebwRb ejq‡K wbw¯Œq K‡i| KviY GiÑ
(A) +I−M (B) −M>+I (C) −I>+M (D) +M>+I
18. †cÖvwcb I‡Rv‡bi mv‡_ wb‡¤œi †Kvb †hŠM Drcbœ K‡i ?
(A) wg_vb¨vj (B) B_vb¨vj (C) ‡cÖvcvb¨vj (D) A + B
19. C6 H4 (OH)2Øviv KqwU mgvby m¤¢e ?
(A) 2wU (B) 3wU (C) 4wU (D) 5wU
20. m~h©v‡jv‡K A¨vj‡K‡bi mv‡_ †Kvb n¨v‡jv‡Rb m`m¨ cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †`qbv ?
(A) F2 (B) Cl2 (C) Br2 (D) I2
21. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM ?
(A) 2-‡K¬v‡iv weD‡Ub (B) 2-weDUvbj (C) 2-wg_vBj weDUvbj (D) me¸‡jv
22. wb‡Pi †Kvb wewµqvi †ÿ‡Î gvK©wbK‡fi m~Î cÖ‡h¨R¨ ?
CCl4
(A) CH3 −CH = CH2 +Br2 → (B) CH3 −CH = CH−CH2 −CH3 +HCl→
H2 O 2
(C) CH3 −CH = CH2 +Br2 → (D) ‡KvbwUB bv

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23. B_vBb I cvwbi ms‡hvR‡b (cÖfveKxq) Drcbœ nq †KvbwU ?
(A) wg_vbj (B) B_vbj (C) B_vb¨vj (D) B‡_b
24. ÔcÖvY kw³ gZev`ÕG cÖKvwkZ fzj wek¦vm wPiZ‡i `~ixf~Z K‡ibÑ
(A) ev‡R©wjqvm (B) ‡d«WwiK Dn&jvi (C) I‡qR (D) GBP †Kve
25. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †gUv wb‡`©kK ?
(A) −CHO (B) −OH (C) −NH2 (D) −R
26. mvB‡K¬v‡cÖvwcb K¨vUvq‡b n-Gi gvb KZ ?
(A) 0 (B) 1.5 (C) 2 (D) 3
27. cvB‡ivj GKwU †nUv‡iv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM; Gi †nUv‡iv cigvYy †KvbwU ?
(A) Aw·‡Rb (B) bvB‡Uªv‡Rb (C) mvjdvi (D) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4, 𝐾𝑂𝐻
28. CH ≡ CH + [O] → ?
(A) HOOC-COOH (B) HO-CH2 -CH2 -OH (C) CH3 COOH (D) CH3 CHO
29. †Kvb †hŠMwU cUvwkqvg cvig¨v½v‡b‡Ui ms‡½ wewµqv K‡i bv ?
(A) C2 H6 (B) C2 H4 (C) C2 H2 (D) C3 H6
30. n -†cÖvcvB‡ji A¨vj‡Kvnj I iso-‡cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj †Kvb †kÖYxi mgvYyZvi D`vniY ?
(A) Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv (B) ‡gUvgvwiRg (C) Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv (D) A + B
31. †KvbwU wg_¨v ?
(A) ‡ebwRb ej‡q−OH g~jK FYvZ¥K A‡ekxq dj †`Lvq (B) ‡ebwRb ej‡q−OH g~jK abvZ¥K †g‡mvgvwiK dj †`Lvq (C)
‡ebwRb ej‡q −Cl FYvZ¥K A‡ekxq dj †`Lvq (D) †KvbwUB bv
32. †KvbwU †ebwR‡bi ag© ?
(A) mn‡RB cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †`q (B) Bnv AwaKZi ¯’vqx †hŠM
(C) meKwU (D) ÿvixq KMnO4 Øviv RvwiZ nq bv
33. CH ≡ CH Gi wewµqvq †Kvb †hŠM Drcbœ nq ?
(A) CH2 ICH2 I (B) CH3 CHI2 (C) CH3 CH2 I (D) C2 H6

34. 3-‡K¬v‡iv-2-weDUvb‡j †÷wiI mgvYyi msL¨v KZ ?

(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 16
0
35. UjyBb‡K AwaK cwigvY AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 100 C ZvcgvÎvq CH3 Cl Gi mv‡_ wewµqvq wb‡¤œi †KvbwU Drcbœ nq ?
(A) A_© RvBwjb (B) c¨viv RvBwjb (C) ‡gUv RvBwjb (D) A + B
36. †Kvb ‡hŠMwU DUR© wewµqv Øviv ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e bq ?
(A) wg‡_b (B) B‡_b (C) weD‡Ub (D) AK‡Ub
37. b¨vc_vwjb I A¨vb_ªvwmb AYy‡Z cvB B‡jKUªb _v‡K h_vµ‡gÑ
(A) 10,14 wU (B) 11,13 wU (C) 6,10 wU (D) 2,6 wU
38. cvi A·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¨vjwK‡b HBr †hvM Ki‡j Zv AbymiY Ki‡eÑ
(A) wd«-i¨vwW‡Kj ms‡hvRb (B) wbDwK¬IwdwjK ms‡hvRb
(C) B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK ms‡hvRb (D) wbDwK¬IdvBj cÖwZ¯’vcb
0
39. †cÖvwcwjb †_‡K cwj‡cÖvwcwjb cwjgvi MV‡bi mgq wb‡¤œi KZ C ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvRb n‡e ?
(A) 140 (B) 120 (C) 160 (D) 180
∆H2 O H2 O
40. CH3 − C ≡ C− CH3 + O3 ⟶?→ A→ BA I B bx‡Pi †KvbwU ?
(A) MøvB A·vj, wg_v‡bvwqK GwmW (B) 2,3-weDUvbWvBIb, weDUv‡bvwqK GwmW
(C) 2,3- weDUvbWvBIb,B_v‡bvwqK GwmW (D) MøvB A·vj, A·vwjK GwmW
41. †Kvb †hŠMwU A¨vwj‡dwUK I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK Dfq ai‡bi ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i ?

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(A) UjyBb (B) ‡ebwRb (C) mvB‡K¬v †n‡·b (D) †K¬v‡iv †ebwRb
42. A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW †_‡K A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nqÑ
(A) jNy H2 SO4 (B) Rjxq NaOH (C) A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH (D) †K¬v‡iv †ebwRb
43. avZe †mvwWqv‡gi mv‡_ wb‡Pi †KvbwU wewµqv K‡i bv ?
(A) CH3 CH(OH)CH3 (B) CH3 CH2 OH (C) CH3 COOH (D) CH3 OCH3
44. CH3 -X ‡hŠ‡M C-X e܇bi we‡qvRb kw³i mwVK µg njÑ
(A) CH3 − Cl > CH3 − Br > CH3 − I (B) CH3 − Cl > CH3 − I > CH3 − Br
(C) CH3 − I > CH3 − Br > CH3 − Cl (D) CH3 − I > CH3 −Cl > CH3 − Br
H2 O
45. CH3 Cl + NaOH → CH3 OH + NaCl wewµqvwU GKwUÑ
1
(A) SN wewµqv (B) SN2 wewµqv (C) E1 wewµqv (D) E 2 wewµqv
46. wb‡¤œi †KvbwUi m‡½ CH2 MgI Gi wewµqvq wg‡_b Drcbœ nq bv ?
(A) (CH3 )3N (B) (CH3 )3NH (C) CH3 NH (D) NH3
47. wMømvij m¤ú‡K© bx‡Pi †Kvb e³e¨ mwVK bq ?
(A) wMømvij GKwU eY©nxb RjvKl©x Zij (B) wMømvi‡j wZbwU cÖvBgvix −OH MÖæc Av‡Q
(C) wMømvij wgó ¯^v`hy³ (D) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb e܇bi Rb¨ wMømvij R‡j `ªve¨
48. ‡Kvb weKvi‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ †dbj I B_vb‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv hv‡e bv ?
(A) C6 H5 N2 Cl `ªeY (B) FeCl3 (C) Br2 /H2 O (D) Na
49. CH3 I cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z †KvbwU AcÖ‡qvRbxq ?
(A) CH3 OH (B) KI (C) I2 (D) jvj P
50. B‡_vw· B‡_bÑ
(A) WvB wg_vBj B_vi (B) B_vBj wg_vBj B_vi (C) WvB B_vBj B_vi (D) wg_vBj B_vi
51. †K¬v‡ivdi‡gi weï×Zv cixÿvq wewµqv N‡U, wb‡¤œv³ †Kvb wewµq‡Ki g‡a¨Ñ
(A) CHCl3 + AgNO3 (B) HCl + AgNO3 (C) HCl + Ba(NO3 )2 (D) CHCl3 + Ba(NO3 )2
52. wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ †hwU wewµqv K‡i Uviwmqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ K‡iÑ
(A) digvjwWnvBW (B) wg_vb¨vj (C) B_vb¨vj (D) wK‡Uvb
53. WvI c×wZ‡Z †dbj Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq ZvcgvÎvÑ
(A) 150 − 2500 C (B) 350 − 4500 C (C) 300 − 4000 C (D) 450 − 5000 C
54. wb‡¤œi †Kvb wewµqvwU mgxKiY g‡Z mwVK bq ?
(A) CH3 CH2 CH2 Br + KOH(aq) ⟶ CH3 CH2 CH2 OH + KBr
(B) CH3 CH2 CH2 Br + KOH(alc) ⟶ CH3 CH2 CH2 OH + KBr
∆
(C) CHCl3 + HNO3 (conc) → CCl3 NO2 + H2 O
H+ ,H2 O
(D) CH3 I + KCN (alc) ⟶ KI + CH3 CN → CH3 COOH + NH3
55. †KvbwU‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk mwµq nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Av‡Q ?
(A) A¨vwmwUK GwmW (B) wMømvij (C) wg‡_b (D) wg_vbj
56. ‡mvwWqvg wd‡bv·vBW I wg_vBj †eªvgvB‡Wi wgkÖY‡K DËß Ki‡j Drcbœ nqÑ
(A) WvB wdbvBj B_vi (B) WvB wg_vBj B_vi (C) A¨vwbmj (D) ‡Kvb wewµqv N‡U bv
57. C4 H10O AvYweK ms‡KZ GKwU ˆRe †hŠM avZe †mvwWqv‡gi m‡½ wewµqv K‡i bv wKš‘ PCl5 Gi m‡½ ev HI-Gi m‡½ 1000 C
DòZvq wewµqv NwU‡q †Kej gvÎ GK cÖKvi A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW Drcbœ K‡i| †hŠMwU n‡jvÑ
(A) wg_vBj AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj B_vi (B) weDUvbj (C) wg_vBj †cÖvcvBj B_vi (D) WvB B_vBj B_vi
0
58. 15 − 25 C DòZvq †db‡ji m‡½ Mvp H2 SO4 -Gi wewµqvq Drcbœ nqÑ
(A) A‡_©v-‡dbjmvj‡dvwbK GwmW (B) c¨viv-‡dbjmvj‡dvwbK GwmW
(C) ‡gUv-‡dbjmvj‡dvwbK GwmW (D) †ebwRb †gUv-WvBmvj‡dvwbK GwmW
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59. A¨vj‡Kb AYyi cvkvcvwk Kve©b cigvYy‡Z `ywU n¨v‡jv‡Rb hy³ _vK‡j Zv‡K ejv nqÑ
(A) A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW (B) n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb (C) ‡Rg WvB n¨vjvBW (D) wfm& WvB n¨vjvBW
60. A¨vj‡Kvnj I Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq †KvbwU Drcbœ nq ?
(A) wMømvwib (B) G÷vi (C) B_vi (D) wK‡Uvb
61. jNy NaOH Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †K¬v‡ivdg© I A¨vwm‡Uv‡bi wewµqv Øviv †K¬vwi‡Uvb Drcbœ K‡i| wewµqvwUÑ
(A) ÿvixq we‡kølY (B) cÖwZ¯’vcb (C) Nbxfeb (D) ‡KvbwUB bv
62. MuvRb cÖYvjx‡Z B_b‡ji wk‡ívrcv`‡b e¨eüZ cÖfve‡Ki bvgÑ
(A) gë (B) C÷ (C) g¨v‡ëm (D) A + B
63. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU wKDwg‡bi ms‡KZ ?
(A) C6 H5 -CH(CH3 )2 (B) C6 H5 -CH(CH3 )2COOH
(C) C6 H5-CH(OH)2 (D) C6 H5 -CH(CH3 )(OH)
64. jyKvm weKviK wewµqvq cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i †K ?
(A) HCl (B) R-Cl (C) R-OH (D) ZnCl2
65. †KvbwU n¨v‡jvdig wewµqv †`q ?
(A) CH3 -CO-CH3 (B) CH3 -CHO (C) CH3 -CH2 -CH(OH) CH3 (D) meKwU
66. WvB †dwiK †n·vwd‡bU bvgK RwUj †hŠ‡Mi eY© †Kgb ?
(A) jvj (B) meyR (C) ‡e¸bx (D) bxj
67. IqvU© Kv‡K e‡j ?
(A) g‡ëvR `ªeY (B) ‡ebwRb (C) wPwbi `ªeY (D) A¤øxq `ªeY
68. bx‡Pi †KvbwU †WUj ?
(A) 3-‡K¬v‡iv-4,5-WvBwg_vBj †dbj (B) 4-‡K¬v‡iv -3,5- WvBwg_vBj †dbj
(C) 5-‡K¬v‡iv-3,4-WvBwg_vBj †dbj (D) †KvbwUB bv
69. †K›`ªvKl©x hyZ wewµqvq †KvbwU AwaK mwµq ?
(A) wg_vb¨vj (B) B_vb¨vj (C) A¨vwm‡Uvb (D) mevi mwµqZv mgvb
70. wmd ÿviK mgyn †Kvb ai‡bi †hŠM ?
(A) Kve©b-bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wØeÜbhy³ †hŠM (B) Kve©b-bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wÎeÜbhy³ †hŠM
(C) Kve©b-Kve©b wØeÜbhy³ †hŠM (D) bvB‡Uªv‡Rb-bvB‡Uªv‡Rb wØeÜbhy³ †hŠM
71. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU cwjgvi wewµqv †`q bv ?
(A) HCHO (B) CH3 CHO (C) CH3 COCH3 (D) A + B
72. Kve©wbj †hŠM mbv³Ki‡Y †h weKviK e¨eüZ nqÑ
(A) Ag(NH3 )2OH (B) 2,4-DNPH (C) ‡dnwjs `ªeY (D) jyKvm weKviK
73. c¨vivjwWnvBW wK‡mi cwjgvi ?
(A) wg_vb¨vj (B) B_vb¨vj (C) ‡ebRvjwWnvBW (D) Gwm‡Uvb
74. K¨vjwmqvg A¨vwm‡UU‡K cvZb Ki‡j †KvbwU Drcbœ nq ?
(A) A¨vwm‡Uvb (B) digvjwWnvBW (C) A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW (D) A¨vwmwUK GwmW
75. †KvbwUi ÿviZ¡ †ekx ?
(A) A¨v‡gvwbqv (B) A¨vwbwjb (C) wg_vBj A¨vwgb (D) WvB wg_vBj A¨vwgb
76. †KvbwU K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv cÖ`k©Y K‡i ?
(A) C6 H5 CH2 CHO (B) CH3 CHO (C) (CH3 )2CHCHO (D) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bv
77. wb‡Pi †KvbwUi mvnv‡h¨ digvjwWnvBW †K A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW †_‡K cv_©K¨ Kiv hvq ?
(A) ‡dwjs `ªeY cixÿv (B) U‡jb weKviK cixÿv (C) wK¬‡gbmb cixÿv (D) Av‡qv‡Wvdig wewµqv
78. wg_vBj mvqvbvB‡Wi Av`ª©we‡køl‡Yi d‡j cvIqv hvqÑ
(A) diwgK GwmW (B) A¨vwmwUK GwmW (C) A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW (D) dig¨vjwWnvBW

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79. C7 H9N Gi mgvby KqwU ?
(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) †KvbwUB bv
80. K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv‡Z N‡UÑ
(A) RviY (B) weRviY (C) DfqB (D) †KvbwUB bv
81. A¨vgvBW eÜb _v‡K †Kvb mvs‡køwlK cwjgvi †hŠ‡M ?
(A) bvBj‡b (B) wWUvi‡R‡›U (C) ‡Uwiwj‡b (D) †Wµ‡b
82. †KvbwU ˆRe Gwm‡Wi RvZ‡Ki m`m¨ bq ?
(A) A¨vmvBj †K¬vivBW (B) G÷vi (C) GwmW A¨vgvBW (D) A¨vjKvBj mvqvbvBW
83. †cÖvwUb RvZxq Lv`¨ cwicv‡Ki ci me©‡kl wK‡m cwiYZ nq ?
(A) Møy‡KvR (B) d¨vwU GwmW (C) A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW (D) wMømvij
84. ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi weï×Zv †KvbwUi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv hvq ?
(A) `nb (B) `ªve¨Zv wbY©q (C) Mjbv¼ wbY©q (D) mv›`ªZv wbY©q
85. †U·UvBj `ªe¨ †Uwiwj‡bi ivmvqwbK bvg wK ?
(A) cwj A¨vgvBW (B) cwj‡q÷vi (C) cwj B_vi (D) cwj A¨vbnvBWªvBW
86. A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb‡K LiAlH4 weRvwiZ Ki‡j †KvbwU Drcbœ n‡e ?
(A) ‡dbj (B) B_vBj †ebwRb (C) ‡eÄvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (D) 1-wdbvBj-1-B_vBj
87. ÿv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ‡Z evqyi Øviv wKDwgb‡K RvwiZ K‡i wgkÖYwU‡K A¤øvwqZ Ki‡j cvIqv hvqÑ
(A) ‡dbj I †cÖvcvbj (B) ‡dbj I A¨vwm‡Uvb (C) ‡dbj I †cÖvcvb¨vj (D) A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb I wg_vbj
88. bx‡Pi †KvbwU †_‡K evwYwR¨Kfv‡e †dbj wb®‹vkb Kiv nq ?
(A) jvBU A‡qj (B) wgWj A‡qj (C) ‡nwf A‡qj (D) wMªb A‡qj
89. K‡j÷j wK RvZxq c`v_© ?
(A) A¨vj‡Kvnj (B) A¨vwgb (C) GwmW (D) B_vi
90. AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji `ªve¨ZvÑ
(A) e„w× cvq (B) n«vm cvq (C) AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K (D) ‡h †KvbwU n‡Z cv‡i
91. avZe †mvwWqv‡gi mv‡_ wb‡Pi †KvbwU wewµqv K‡i bv ?
(A) CH3 CH(OH)CH3 (B) CH3 CH2 OH (C) CH3 COOH (D) CH3 OCH3
92. B_vi‡K wK ejv nq ?
(A) A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji A¨vbnvBWªvBW (B) A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi A¨vbnvBWªvBW
(C) Gwm‡Wi A¨vbnvBWªvBW (D) †KvbwUB bv
93. B_vbj I Bw_wjb MøvBK‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv hvqÑ
(A) jyKvm cixÿv Øviv (B) Av‡qv‡Wvdg© cixÿv Øviv (C) ‡eªvwgb `ªeY cixÿv Øviv (D) †KvbwUB bv
94. Kve©w·wjK MÖæc †bB Giæc GKwU ˆRe GwmW njÑ
(A) wf‡bMvi (B) A·vwjK GwmW (C) UviUvwiK GwmW (D) wcKwiK GwmW
2
95. †Kvb A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBWwU 𝑆𝑁 wewµqvq wbw¯Œq _v‡K ?
(A) CH3 Cl (B) (CH3 )2CHCl (C) CH3 CH2 Cl (D) (CH3 )3CCl
96. ˆRe wewµqvi cÖKvi‡f`mg~n jÿ¨ Ki|
(i) cªwZ¯’vcb (ii) AcmviY (iii) mnAe¯’vbKiY
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i I ii (B) i I iii (C) ii I iii (D) i, ii I iii
97. A¨vj‡Kb‡K ms‡kølY Kiv hvq|
(i) Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b †_‡K| (ii) A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW †_‡K (iii) Kve©w·wjK GwmW n‡Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i I ii (B) i I iii (C) iii (D) i, ii I iii
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98. digvwj‡bi e¨enviÑ
(i) kw³kvjx weRviK (ii) Avqbv cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z (iii) e¨v‡KjvBU cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i I ii (B) i I iii (C) ii I iii (D) i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi wewµqvwU jÿ¨ Ki Ges 99 - 101 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|

C4 H8 + HBr ⟶ A + B
90% 10%
99. wewµqvq Drcbœ A- †hŠMwU n‡jvÑ
(A) 1-‡eªv‡gvweD‡Ub (B) 2-‡eªv‡gvweD‡Ub (C) 1,3-WvB ‡eªv‡gvweD‡Ub (D) 1,2-WvB ‡eªv‡gvweD‡Ub
100. DÏxc‡Ki A¨vjwKbwUi MVb †Kgb n‡j I‡RvbxKiY wewµqvi gva¨‡g cÖvß 1wU Drcv` A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv †`q ?
(i) (CH3 )2C = CH2 (ii) CH3 CH = CHCH3 (iii) CH3 -CH2 -CH = CH2
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i (B) i I ii (C) ii I iii (D) i, ii I iii
101. DÏxc‡K D‡jøwLZ wewµqKwUÑ
(A) R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i bv| (B) U‡jb weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ wewµqv †`q|
(C) ‡hŠMwU A¤øag©x (D) PviwU mgvYy Drcbœ K‡i
102. bx‡Pi Z_¨mg~n jÿ¨ K‡ivÑ
(i) RviY Øviv 10, 20, 30 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji gv‡S cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv hvq|
(ii) ‡ebwR‡bi mv‡_ †cÖvwc‡bi mv‡_ Kvcwjs wewµqv Øviv wKDwgb cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
(iii) AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvbj GKwU 20 A¨vj‡Kvnj|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
(A) i (B) i I ii (C) i I iii (D) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi wewµqvwU jÿ¨ K‡iv Ges 103-105 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI t
A + FeCl3 ⟶ (C6 H5 )6 Fe2 + HCl
103. D³ wewµqvwU †KvbwU mbv³Ki‡Y e¨eüZ nq ?
(A) A¨vwbwjb (B) UjyBb (C) ‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb (D) ‡dbj
104. Drcbœ †hŠMwUi eY© †Kgb ?
(A) Kv‡jv (B) bxj (C) ev`vwg (D) †e¸bx
105. bx‡Pi †KvbwU A- †hŠMwUi †ÿ‡Î mwVK bq ?
(A) cøvw÷K Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq (B) ‡WUj ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq
(C) Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cixÿv †`q (D) ‡Kve wewµqv †`q
106. wb‡Pi †Kvb e³e¨wU mwVK ?
(A) +I MÖæc Kv‡e©v-A¨vbvqb‡K w¯’wZkxj K‡i (B) -I MÖæc Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb‡K w¯’wZkxj K‡i
(C) +I MÖæc Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb‡K w¯’wZkxj K‡i (D) -I MÖæc Kv‡e©v-A¨vbv‡bi w¯’wZkxjZv n«vm K‡i
107. B‡jK‡UªvdvBj m¤ú‡K© bx‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK bq ?
(A) B‡jK‡UªvdvBj¸wj B‡j±ªb NvUwZm¤úbœ weKviK
(B) B‡jK‡UªvdvBj gvÎB abvZ¥K PvR©hy³
(C) B‡jK‡UªvdvBj¸wj‡K jyBm A¨vwmW wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq
(D) B‡jK‡UªvdvBj¸wj B‡j±ªb mg„× AYy ev A¨vbvqb †_‡K B‡jKUªb †Rvo MÖnY K‡i Zvi m‡½ mg‡hvRx e܇b Ave× nq|
wb‡Pi wewµqvwU jÿ¨ K‡iv Ges 108-110 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
2RX + 2Na = R + 2NaX
108. Dc‡iv³ wewµqvwUi bvg wK ?
(A) DU©R wdwMU (B) DU©R (C) ivBgvi UvBg¨vb (D) wMÖMbvW©
109. Dc‡iv³ wewµqvwU †Kvb gva¨‡g N‡U ?

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(A) A¨vj‡Kvnjxq (B) A¤øxq (C) ÿvixq (D) B_vixq
110. D‡jøwLZ wewµqvwU wK Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq ?
(A) A¨vj‡Kvnj cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z (B) D”PZi A¨vj‡Kb cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z (C) B_vi cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z (D) D”PZi A¨vjwKb cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
wb‡Pi wewµqvwU jÿ¨ K‡iv Ges 111-113 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
R − CH2 − CH2 Br + KOH ⟶ R − CH = CH2 + H2 O + KBr
111. Dc‡iv³ wewµqvwUi bvg wK ?
(A) hyZ wewµqv (B) cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv (C) AcmviY wewµqv (D) mgvYyKiY wewµqv
112. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mZ¨ ?
(A) Dc‡iv³ wewµqvq GKwU 𝜋 eÜb †f‡½ `yBwU 𝜎 eÜb ˆZwi nq| (B) Dc‡iv³ wewµqvq GKwU 𝜋 eÜb ˆZwi nq|
(C) Dc‡iv³ wewµqvq GKwU 𝜋 eÜb †f‡½ `yBwU 𝜎 eÜb ˆZwi nq| (D) Dc‡iv³ wewµqvq ïay 𝜋 eÜb fv‡½|
113. wewµqvwU NUvi Rb¨ †Kvb gva¨g `iKvi ?
(A) Rjxq (B) A¤øxq (C) ÿvixq (D) A¨vj‡Kvnjxq

DËigvjv
1 A 13 C 25 A 37 A 49 B 61 C 73 B 85 B 97 D 109 D
2 B 14 C 26 A 38 A 50 C 62 D 74 A 86 D 98 D 110 B
3 A 15 B 27 B 39 B 51 C 63 A 75 D 87 B 99 B 111 C
4 D 16 C 28 A 40 C 52 B 64 D 76 D 88 B 100 C 112 B
5 B 17 C 29 A 41 A 53 C 65 D 77 D 89 A 101 A 113 D
6 D 18 D 30 A 42 B 54 B 66 C 78 B 90 B 102 C
7 B 19 B 31 D 43 D 55 B 67 A 79 B 91 D 103 D
8 D 20 D 32 D 44 A 56 C 68 B 80 C 92 A 104 D
9 D 21 D 33 B 45 B 57 D 69 A 81 A 93 B 105 C
10 A 22 D 34 B 46 A 58 A 70 A 82 D 94 D 106 C
11 A 23 C 35 C 47 B 59 D 71 C 83 C 95 D 107 B
12 B 24 D 36 A 48 D 60 B 72 B 84 C 96 A 108 B

weMZ eQi¸‡jv †gwW‡Kj, BwÄwbqvwis Ges wek¦we`¨vj‡q Avmv cÖkœmg~‡ni GKvsk t

‡g ‡gwW‡Kj
1. ˆRe I A‰Re †hŠ‡Mi cÖeZ©K n‡”QbÑ D. 04-05
(A) †fvjvi (B) ivBwj (C) kx‡j (D) ev‡R©wjqvm
2. weÁvbx †KKzj Gi Ae`vb †KvbwU ? M. 03-04
(A) ‡ebwR‡bi KvVv‡gv ZË¡ (B) ivmvqwbK e܇b B‡jKUªbxq ZË¡
(C) cªvYkw³ gZev` (D) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq
3. bx‡Pi †KvbwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I ˆRe †hŠM ? M. 89-90; RU G 11-12
(A) ‡K¬v‡ivwcwµb (B) mvB‡K¬v‡n·vbj (C) M¨vgvw·b (D) Av‡qv‡Wvdg
 fwZ© cixÿvi Rb¨ Important Av‡iv wKQz nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wenxb ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi bvg I ms‡KZ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv t
(1) cvBwib: CCl4 / Kve©b †UUªv †K¬vivBW (2) wd«qb- 12: CCl2 F2 (3) wmjfvi GwmwUjvBUW: AgC ≡ CAg
(4) Kcvi GwmwUjvBW: CuC ≡ CCu (5) K¨vjwmqvg A·v‡jU: CaC2 O4 (6) ‡n·v‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb:C6 Cl6
4. †KvbwU A¨vjwWnvBW mg~‡ni Kvh©Kix g~jK ? M.97-98, 88-89; D. 08-09; ChU 06-07
(A) −CHO (B) −CO− (C) −OH (D) −COOH
5. A¨vwg‡bi Kvh©Kix g~jK wK ? M.+ D. 04-05
(A) −NH2 (B) −NH3 (C) −OH (D) −CH3
6. A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Kvh©Kix g~jK n‡”QÑ M. 04-05

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(A) −NH2 (B) −COOH (C) −OH (D) −OR
7. wb‡Pi †Kvb ˆRe †hŠMwUi bvgKiY AvšÍRv© wZK cÖYvjx Abyhvqx Kiv n‡q‡Q ? D. 99-00
(A) B_vBj UªvB wg_vBj wg‡_b (B) wg_vBj †cÖvcvBj Kvwe©bj
(C) WvB wg_vBj Bw_wjb (D) 5-B_vBj-2,3-WvBwg_vBj AK‡Ub
8. †d«WwiK Dnjvi BDwiqv cÖ¯‘wZi mgq wb‡¤œi †Kvb `ªeY †hvM K‡ib ? M. 09-10
(A) nHCHO (B) CH3 CH2 Br (C) Pb(CNO)2 (D) 2NH3
9. C6 H4 Cl2 Gi KqwU mgvYy m¤¢e ? D.04-05
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1
10. C6 H4 (OH)2 Gi mgvYyi msL¨vÑ M. 91-92
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
11. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU KvVv‡gvMZ mgvYyZvi cÖKvi‡f` bq ? M. 03-04
(A) †gUvgvwiZv (B) U‡UvgvwiZv (C) Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv (D) ‡÷wiI mgvYyZv
12. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU KvVv‡gvMZ mgvYyZv bq ? M. 02-03
(A) ‡K›`ªxq mgvYyZv (B) Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv (C) Kvh©Kixg~jK mgvYyZv (D) Av‡jvK mgvYyZv
13. CH3 OCH3 Ges C2 H5OH ‡hŠM `yBwUÑ M. 89-90
(A) mgvK…wZ †Kjvm (B) mgvYyK (C) ÿvi ag©x (D) c~Y© jeY
14. (C3 H8 O) GB AvYweK ms‡KZ Øviv KqwU mgvYyK †hŠM cÖKvk Kiv hvq ? M. 90-91; BUET 07-08
(A) 2wU mgvYyK †hŠM (B) 3wU mgvYyK †hŠM (C) 4wU mgvYyK †hŠM (D) ‡Kvb mgvYyZv m¤¢e †hŠM
15. mwVK DËi wPwýZ KiÑ M. 89-90
(A) wPwb Av‡jvK mwµq I WvbN~Y©x (B) Møy‡KvR Av‡jvK mwµq I evgN~Y©x
(C) d«z‡±vR Av‡jvK mwµq I WvbN~Y©x (D) mgcwigvb Møy‡KvR I d«z‡±v‡Ri wgkÖY WvbN~Y©x
 Av‡jvK mwµqZv t `ªexf~Z Ae¯’vq †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi mgewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj Nyivevi ag©‡K Av‡jvK mwµqZv ejv nq| Avi †h me c`v_© GB
ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i Zv‡`i‡K Av‡jvK mwµq c`v_© ejv nq|
D`vniYt my‡µvRt WvbN~Y©x (A_©vr Av‡jvK Zj‡K Wvbw`‡K Nyivq) N~Y©‡bi gvb +66.50
Møy‡KvRt WvbN~Y©x| N~Y©‡bi gvb +52.70
d«z‡±vRt evgN~Y©x| N~Y©‡bi gvb -92.40
 BbfvU© myMvi t my‡µvR‡K Av`©ª we‡kølY Ki‡j A_©vr my‡µv‡Ri cvwbi `ªeY‡K DËß Ki‡j Dnv ZLb mgcwigvY Møy‡KvR I d«z‡±v‡R
cwiYZ nq| ZLb Dnv‡`i mgcwigvY wgkÖYwU evgN~Y©x nq| †Kbbv d«z‡±v‡Ri N~Y©bgvb -92.40 Møy‡Kv‡Ri N~Y©bgvb +52.70 myZivs
wgkª‡Yi PzovšÍ N~Y©bgvb (-92.40 + +52.70 ) = -39.70 A_©vr evgN©Y©x|
 Av`©ª we‡køl‡Yi d‡j WvbN~Y©x wPwb evgN~Y©x wPwb‡Z cwiYZ nq e‡j| mgcwigvY Møy‡KvR I d«z‡±v‡Ri wgkÖY‡K BbfvU© myMvi ejv nq|
(Invert = wecixZ)
16. BDwiqvi AvB‡mvgvi †KvbwU ? M. 90-91; DU. 00-01
(A) KCNO (B) C6 H6 (C) NH4 NO3 (D) NH4 CNO
2
17. sp m¼wiZ AiweUv‡ji eÜb †KvY KZ ? M. 02-03; D. 04-05
(A) 1800 (B) 1090 (C) 1200 (D) 1070
18. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU Kve©bvBj †hŠ‡Mi mgvYyZvi mwVK D`vniY bq ? M. 07-08; PD 09-10
(A) wK‡Uv Bbj U‡UvgvwiRg: †cÖvcvb¨vj (B) ‡PBb mgvYyZv : 2-wg_vBj †cÖvcvb¨vj
(C) Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv : 3-‡c›Uv‡bvb (D) Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv : A¨vjKvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
19. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU ˆRe ˆhŠ‡Mi Rb¨ mZ¨ bq ? D.06-07;M.07-08;PD 09-10
(A) cÖavbZ AvqwbK eÜb Øviv MwVZ nq| (B) B_vi I †ebwR‡b `ªeYxq|
(C) `n‡bi ci †Kvb Aewkó _v‡K bv| (D) wewµqvi †KŠkj RwUj I gš’i|
20. †KvbwU gy³ †iwWK¨vj wewµqvi ˆewkó¨ bq ? D. 06-07

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(A) mylg wefvR‡bi gva¨‡g m„ó gy³ †iwWK¨vj Øviv N‡U| (B) A‡cvjvi `ªve‡K N‡U|
(C) mvaviYZ wkKj wewµqv bq| (D) Av‡jv Øviv Giv cÖfvweZ n‡Z cv‡i|
21. K¨vwU‡bkb g~jZ †`LvqÑ M. 04-05
(A) Aw·‡R‡b (B) ‡mvwWqv‡g (C) Kve©‡b (D) †ewiqv‡g
22. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU ˆRe wewµqvi †kÖYxwefvM bq ? M. 02-03; 13-14
(A) ms‡hvRb (B) cÖwZ¯’vcb (C) c~Ywe©b¨vm (D) mne¯’vb
23. ivmvqwbK fv‡e BDwiqv‡K ejv nqÑ M. 01-02
(A) A¨v‡gvwbqvg Kve©‡bU (B) WvB A¨vwg‡bv Kve©b g‡bv·vBW
(C) A¨vwg‡bv Gwm‡Wi A¨vgvBW (D) Kve©wbK Gwm‡Wi WvB A¨vgvBW
24. CH3 - CH - CH - CH2 - CH3 ‡hŠMwUi bvg wK ? D. 94-95
 
CH3 CH3
(A) 2,3-WvB wg_vBj †c‡›Ub (B) B_vBj wg_vBj †c‡›Ub
(C) 3,4-WvB wg_vBj †c‡›Ub (D) 2,3-wg_vBj †c‡›Ub
25. B_vb‡ji AvB‡mvgvi n‡jvÑ M. 94-95
(A) WvB wg_vBj B_vi (B) A¨vwm‡Uvb (C) WvB B_vBj B_vi (D) wg_vbj
26. wb‡¤œi †Kvb ˆRe †hŠMwUi ms‡KZ mwVK bq ? D. 06-07; PD 09-10
(A) A¨vwmwUK GwmWÑ CH3 COH (B) wg‡_bÑ CH4
(C) wg_vBj †K¬vivBWÑ CH3 -Cl (D) wg_vBj A¨vj‡KvnjÑ CH3 -OH
27. ˆRe †hŠM m¤ú‡K© †KvbwU mwVK bq ? M. 08-09
(A) K¨v‡U‡bkb (B) PZz‡h©vR¨Zv (C) mgvYyZv (D) gš’i AvqwbZ wewµqv
28. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU D³ ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Rb¨ mwVK D`vniY bq ? PD 09-10
(A) m¤ú„³ ˆRe †hŠM: B_vbj, †cÖv‡cb (B) Am¤ú„³ ˆRe †hŠM: Bw_wjb, A¨vwmwUwjb
(C) e×wkKj ˆRe †hŠM : Bw_wjb A·vBW, _v‡qvwdb (D) A¨vwjmvBwK¬K ˆRe †hŠM : †dbj, b¨vc_vwjb
29. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU Kve©w·wj‡Ki Kvh©Kix g~jK ? M & D 11-12
(A) −OH (B) −OR (C) −NH2 (D) −COOH
30. ˆRe †hŠM ˆZwi‡Z wb‡¤œi †Kvb †gŠwjK c`v_© jv‡M bv ? M & D 11-12
(A) Kve©b (B) mvjdvi (C) dmdivm (D) ‡K¬vwib
31. bx‡Pi †KvbwU Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©bÑ M. 93-94
(A) CH2 = CH− CH3 (B) C3 H8 (C) H3 C − CH3 (D) C4 H10
32. c¨vivwdb wK ? M. 89-90
(A) 40% digvjwWnvBW (B) 95% B_vbj (C) m¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b (D) Dc‡ii meKwU
33. †mvWvjvBg n‡jvÑ M. 89-90, 94-95
(A) Ca(OH)2 I KOH Gi wgkÖY (B) NaOH I CaO Gi wgkÖY
(C) NaOH I KOH Gi wgkÖY (D) Mg(OH)2 I CaO Gi wgkÖY
34. ‡eqvi weKviK n‡jvÑ M. 90-91, 99-00
(A) ‡eªvwg‡bi Rjxq `ªeY (B) wbi‡cÿ cvig¨v½v‡bU `ªeY
(C) A¤øxq cvig¨v½v‡bU `ªeY (D) ÿvixq cvig¨v½v‡bU `ªeY
35. Bw_wjb M¨vm‡K KMnO4 Gi jNy `ªe‡Y Pvjbv Ki‡j ˆZwi nqÑ M. 95-96
(A) B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (B) digvjwWnvBW (C) Bw_wjb A·vBW (D) Bw_wjb MøvBKj
36. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nv&B‡WªvKve©b †ebwR‡bi cÖavb Dr‡mi g‡a¨ †hwU co‡e bv| M. 00-01
(A) B_vB‡bi cwjgvi (B) cÖvK„wZK M¨vm (C) AvjKvZiv (D) ‡c‡Uªvwjqvg ˆZj
 ‡ebwR‡bi cªavb Drm ¸‡jv wb¤œiæc t

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(1) AvjKvZiv ev †KvjUvi (2) †c‡Uªvwjqvg ˆZj (3) B_vBb (cwjgviKi‡Yi gva¨‡g) (4) Kqjv ev †Kvj M¨vm
 cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Drm n‡jv wg‡_b CH4 | ZvB cÖvK…wZK M¨vm †ebwR‡bi Drm bq|
37. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU jNy †Zj wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ ? M. 03-04
(A) wd‡bvj (B) A¨vb_ªvwmb (C) RvBwjb (D) wµ‡mvj
38. `¯Ív P~‡Y©i mv‡_ †dbj cvwZZ Ki‡j Drcbœ nqÑ M. 94-95, 95-96
(A) ‡ebwRb (B) UjyBb (C) RvBwjb (D) A¨vwbwjb
39. †Kvb wewµqvi d‡j UjyBb Drcbœ Kiv m¤¢e ? M. 99-00
(A) ivBgvi UvBg¨vb wewµqv (B) ‡Kve wewµqv (C) K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv (D) DU©R-wdwUM wewµqv
40. wd«‡Wj µ¨vdU wewµqvq †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq ? M. 89-90
(A) Sn/HCl (B) Conc HNO3 (C) Na/Ether (D) Abv`©ª AlCl3
41. ﮋ B_v‡i A¨vivBj I wg_vBj Av‡qvWvBW `ªeY‡K †mvwWqvg avZzmn wid¬v· Ki‡j UjyBb Drcbœ nq| A¨vjKvBj †ebwRb ˆZwii GB
c×wZ‡K e‡jÑ M. 00-01
(A) mvj‡dv‡bkb (B) n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb (C) wd«‡Wj µ¨vdU wg_vB‡jkb (D) DU©R-wdwMU wewµqv
42. UjyBb Drcbœ Kiv hvq †Kvb wewµqv Øviv ? M. 94-95
(A) DU©R wewµqv (B) ndg¨vb wewµqv (C) wd«‡Wj µ¨vdU wewµqv (D) Kvwe©j A¨vwgb wewµqv
43. M¨vgvw·‡bi ms‡KZÑ M. 89-90,92-93; D 08-09
(A) C6 H6 (B) C6 H6 Cl6 (C) C6 Cl6 (D) C6 H12
44. †Kvb g~jKwU †gUv wb‡`©kK ? M.+ D. 04-05; M. & D. 11-12
(A) −NH2 (B) − NHCOCH3 (C) − Br (D) −NO2
45. UjyB‡bi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨ ? M. 01-02
(A) Bnv MÜhy³ Zij c`v_©| (B) bvB‡Uªkb wewµqvq UjyBb †ebwRb A‡cÿv 25 ¸Y AwaK mwµq|
(C) ‡ebRvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ms‡køl‡Y UjyBb e¨eüZ nq| (D) Dc‡ii me¸‡jvB|
 UjyB‡bi †ÿ‡Î †KvbwU cÖ‡hvR¨ ? M. 01-02
(1) UjyBb GKwU eY©nxb MÜhy³ Zij c`v_©| (2) Gi Mjbv¼ I ùzUbv¼ h_vµ‡g 980 C I 1100 C
(3) UjyBb cvwb A‡cÿv nvjKv (Avt¸t 0.866) (4) GwU cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq wKš‘ A¨vj‡Kvnj I B_v‡i †ek `ªeYxq
 UjyB‡b −CH3 g~jK Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y Bnvi †ebwRb P‡µ B‡jKUªY NbZ¡ e„w× cvq| d‡j †ebwR‡bi Zzjbvq UjyB‡bi B‡jKUªYvKl©x
cwZ¯’vcb wewµqv A‡bK mn‡R I `ªæZ N‡U| ZvB bvB‡Uªkb wewµqvq UjyBb †ebwRb A‡cÿv 25 ¸Y AwaK mwµq|
 UjyB‡bi e¨envi t
(1) †ebR¨vjwWnvBW, †eb‡RvwqK GwmW, UªvBbvB‡Uªv †ebwRb, UªvBbvB‡Uªv UjyBb, m¨vKvwib [A‡_©v mvj‡dv †ebRvgvBW, C6 H4 (-CO-
NH-SO2 cÖf…wZ cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z UjyBb e¨eüZ nq|
(2) ‡iwRb, evwb©k, cøvw÷K cÖf…wZ `ªveK wn‡m‡e|
(3) ckg e¯¿vw`I WªvB Iqvwms Kv‡R ev ﮋ cwi®‹viK iæ‡c UjyBb e¨eüZ nq|
46. dyUšÍ UjyB‡b †K¬vwib Pvjbv Ki‡j Drcbœ nqÑ M. 97-98
(A) †ebRvj ‡K¬vivBW (B) ‡eb‡Rv UªvB †K¬vivBW (C) ‡ebRvBj †K¬vivBW (D) Dc‡ii meKwUB
47. ‡KvbwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨ bq ? M. 94-95; D. 95-96, 06-07
(A) e× wkKj wewkó (B) GK Kve©b wewkó n‡Z cv‡i
(C) mn‡R bvB‡Uªkb Kiv hvq (D) n¨v‡jv‡R‡bk‡bi Rb¨ n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq|
48. C6 H5-CONH2 Øviv Avgiv eywSÑ M. 03-04
(A) †ebRvgvBW (B) A¨vwbwjb (C) A¨vgvBW (D) B_vb¨vgvBW
49. (H3 C)2 = CH2 + H2 SO4 ⟶ ? M. 03-04
(A) (2CH3 CHO) (B) (H2 C)2-CH2 OH (C) (H3 C)2CHO-CH3 (D) (H3 C)2CHO
0
50. wb‡Pi †Kvb `ywU wgkÖY‡K 170 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j Bw_wjb M¨vm Drcbœ nq ? M. 96-97
(A) B_vbj, Møvwm‡qj A¨vwmwUK GwmW Ges Nb H2 SO4 (B) B_vbj, Nb HCl Ges A¨vbnvBWªvm ZnCl2
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(C) B_vbj, Møvwm‡qj A¨vwmwUK GwmW (D) B_vbj, Nb H2 SO4
51. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU Bw_wj‡bi mwVK e¨envi bq ? M. 07-08; D. 06-07
(A) eZ©gv‡b B_v‡ii cwie‡Z© Zij Bw_wjb †PZbv bvkK wn‡m‡e cÖPzi e¨üZ nq|
(B) K…wÎg Dcv‡q KuvPv d‡j †hgb, U‡g‡Uv cvKv‡bvi Kv‡R Bw_wjb e¨eüZ nq|
(C) Bw_wjb †Udjb bvgK myZv ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
(D) Bw_wjb evwYwR¨K c×wZ‡Z A¨vwm‡Uvb I A¨vjKvBj †K¬vivBW cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
52. †h wewµqvq Mvp H2 SO4 (wbiæ`K) Gi cÖfv‡e 1700 C Zvc gvÎvq B_vbj †_‡K Am¤ú„³ †hŠM Bw_b Drcbœ nqÑM. 06-07
(A) hyZ wewµqv (B) cvigvYweK c~Ywe©b¨vm (C) cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv (D) AcmviY wewµqv
53. ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Am¤ú„³Zv cixÿvi Rb¨ `iKviÑ M. 88-89
(A) jyKvm weKviK (B) ‡dn&wjs `ªeY (C) CCl4 hy³ †eªvwgb cvwb (D) †KvbwUB bv
54. wb‡¤œ D‡jøwLZ †Kvb A¨vjwK‡bi myÎwU fzj ? M. 08-09
(A) Bw_b : CH2 = CH2 (B) ‡cÖvwcb : CH3 - CH = CH2
(C) 1weDwUb : CH3 - CH2 -CH = CH2 (D) 2-weDwUb : CH3 - CH = CH2 = CH2
55. Bw_wjb †_‡K hyZ cwjgviKiY cÖwµqvq †Udjb cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mgq wb‡¤œi †Kvb cÖfveK e¨envi Kiv nq ? M. 09-10
(A) Fe2 O3 (B) Cr2 O3 (C) AlCl3 (D) FeSO4 .H2 O2
 ‡UUªv‡d¬v‡iv Bw_wjb †_‡K hyZ cwjgvi cÖwµqvq †Udjb ev cwj‡UUªv‡d¬v‡iv BwZwjb (PTFE) cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| GLv‡b cÖfveKiæ‡c †divm
mvj‡dU I H2 O2 e¨eüZ nq|
cwjgviKiY
n(CF2 = CF2 ) → (−CF2 − CF2 −)n
FeSO4 .H2 O2

56. Aijb, Gwµj¨vb- Gi g‡bvgvi wb‡¤œi †KvbwU ? M. 09-10

(A) ‡cÖvwcwjb (B) ‡cªvwcb bvBUªvBj (C) ‡Udjb (D) cwjwfbvBj A¨vwm‡UU
57. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU nvB‡WªvKve©‡bi Rb¨ mwVK bq ? M. 09-10
(A) A¨vjKvB‡bi eÜb †KvY 1800 (B) A¨vj‡K‡bi cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z ‰Re Gwm‡Wi jeY cÖ‡qvRb nq
(C) A¨vjKvBb Kg mwµq (D) A¨vjwKb AYyi MVb w·KvYxq mgZjxq
0
58. †ebwR‡bi mvj‡dv‡bk‡b wb‡¤œi KZ C ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvRb nq ? M. 09-10
(A) 110 (B) 80 (C) 100 (D) 90

SO3 H
SO3 
+ HO − SO3 H → + H2 O
1000 C
‡ebwRb †ebwRb mvj‡dvwbK GwmW
59. Bw_wj‡bi e¨envi wb‡¤œi †KvbwU ? M. 09-10
(A) AvB‡mv-‡cÖvcvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj ˆZwi‡Z (B) ‡PZbv bvkKiæ‡c (C) cøvw÷K wk‡í (D) A¨vwm‡Uvb ˆZwi‡Z
60. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU †cÖvwcqb¨vjwWnvB‡Wi ms‡KZ ? D. 09-10
(A) CH3 − CH2 −CHO (B) CH3 − CH2 −COOH
(C) CH3 − CH2 − CH3 (D) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 −CHO
61. †cÖvwcwjb †_‡K cwj‡cÖvwcwjb cwjgvi MV‡bi mgq wb‡¤œi KZ atm Pv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb n‡e ? D. 09-10
(A) 140 (B) 120 (C) 160 (D) 180
62. cvi‡¯ú·, †cøw·Møvm-Gi g‡bvgvi wb‡¤œi †KvbwU ? D. 09-10
(A) wfbvBj A¨vwm‡UU (B) wg_vBj 2-wg_vBj †cÖvwc‡bv‡qU (C) cwj÷¨vwib (D) B_vBj †ebwRb
0
63. cÖvq 150 C ZvcgvÎvq wb‡¤œi †Kvb cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z B_vBb †_‡K Bw_b Drcbœ nq ? D. 09-10
(A) wb‡Kj (B) A¨vwmwUwjb (C) H2 SO4 (D) wfbvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj
64. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU AvjKvZivi Rb¨ mwVK bq ? D. 09-10
(A) jNy †Z‡j _v‡qvwdb cvIqv hvq (B) gva¨g †Z‡ji cwigvY 7.5%

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(C) fvix †Z‡ji cvZb ZvcgvÎv 231 − 2700 C (D) meyR †Zj †_‡K KzB‡bvwjb cvIqv hvq|
65. UjyB‡bi mvj‡dv‡bk‡bi Rb¨ wb‡¤œi KZ 0C ZvcgvÎvi cÖ‡qvRb ? D. 09-10
(A) 30 (B) 20 (C) 10 (D) 0
66. wb‡¤œi †Kvb †hŠMwU AK‡U‡bi gvb Dbœq‡b e¨eüZ nq ? M. 10-11
(A) Pb(C2 H5 )4 (B) Na2 SiO3 (C) Na2 SnO3 (D) SiMe4
0
67. wb‡¤œi †Kvb wbiæ`‡Ki cÖfv‡e 150 C ZvcgvÎvq B_vbj †_‡K Am¤ú„³ †hŠM Bw_wjb Drcbœ nq ? M & D. 11-12
(A) H3 PO4 (B) H2 SO4 (C) HCl (D) HNO3
68. wZZvm M¨v‡m wK Av‡Q ? M & D. 11-12
(A) B_vi (B) A¨v‡gvwbqv (C) wg‡_b (D) digvjwWnvBW
69. wb‡¤œi †Kvb ivmvqwbK `ªe¨wU dj cvKv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq ? M & D. 11-12
(A) B‡_v‡db (B) A¨vmKiweK GwmW (C) digvwjb (D) BDwiqv
Hints: B‡_v‡db GKwU cøv›U ni‡gvb, Bnv dj cvKv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
70. Uviwkqvix n¨vjvBW †KvbwU ? M. 04-05; D. 02-03; RU 07-08
(A) R 2 CHX (B) R 3 CX (C) RCH2 X (D) R 2 X
71. wMÖMbvW© weKviK †KvbwU ? M. 88-89; RU Mts 09-10
(A) CH3 I (B) CH3 MgI (C) NaOH + CaO (D) CH3 CH2 I
72. wb‡Pi †KvbwU weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW I A¨vwm‡Uvb mn‡RB wewµqv NUvq ? M. 99-00
(A) U‡jb weKviK (B) wmd&m weKviK (C) wMÖMbvW© weKviK (D) ‡dnwjs weKviK
73. †K¬v‡ivd‡g©i e¨enviÑ M. 89-90
(A) cvwbi †kvl‡bi Rb¨ (B) i³ cwi‡kva‡b (C) ‡PZbv bvkK wn‡m‡e (D) `ªveK wn‡m‡e
 wb‡¤œ †K¬v‡ivd‡g©i K‡qKwU e¨envi D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
(i) ‡PZbv bvkK wn‡m‡e
(ii) cPb wbeviK iæ‡c
(iii) `~M©Ühy³ Jla‡K myMÜgq Ki‡Z
(iv) ‰Re `ªveK wn‡m‡e
(v) Kuv`y‡b M¨vm cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
74. UªvB‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b wb‡¤œi †Kvb Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq ? M. 02-03
(A) RxevYy bvkK (B) nxgKviK (C) ‡PZbv bvkK (D) AwMœwbe©vcK
75. †K¬v‡ivdg©‡K msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Dnvi mv‡_ wK †hvM Kiv nq ? M. 98-99
(A) A¨vwm‡Uvb (B) WvB B_vBj B_vi (C) B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (D) A¨vwbwjb
76. †K¬v‡ivdg©‡K Av‡jv I evqyi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z ivL‡j †KvbwU Drcbœ nq ? M. 92-93, 96-97, 97-98
(A) wg‡_b I HCl (B) wgw_wjb †K¬vivBW I HCl (C) dmwRb M¨vm I HCl (D) †KvbwUB bv
77. CCl3 -NO2 n‡”QÑ M. 94-95, 95-96; CUET 10-11
(A) dmwRb M¨vm (B) gvk© M¨vm (C) gv÷vW© M¨vm (D) wUqvi M¨vm
78. wd«qÝ-12 Gi AvYweK ms‡KZ n‡”QÑ M. 02-03
(A) CF2 Cl2 (B) CHCl3 (C) CClF2 CClF2 (D) CH3 Cl
79. [Link] Gi ivmvqwbK bvgÑ M. 88-89; RU 07-08
(A) c¨viv c¨viv WvB‡K¬v‡iv WvB wdbvBj UªvB †K¬vi B‡_b (B) c¨viv c¨viv WvB‡K¬v‡iv WvB wdbvBj UªvB †K¬vi wg‡_b (C) c¨viv
c¨viv WvB‡K¬v‡iv WvB †eªv‡gv UªvB †K¬v‡iv B‡_b (D) ‡gUv c¨viv WvB‡K¬v‡iv WvB wdbvBj UªvB †K¬v‡iv wg‡_b
80. A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW‡K CN − Øviv cÖwZ¯’vcb NUv‡jÑ M. 01-02
(A) A¨vjKvBj mvqvbvB‡W 1wU Kve©b msL¨v n«vm cvq| (B) AvB‡mv mvqvbvB‡W Kve©b msL¨v wbw`©ó _v‡K|
(C) A¨vjKvBj mvqvbvB‡W 1wU Kve©b msL¨v e„w× cvq| (D) AvB‡mv mvqvbvB‡W 1wU Kve©b msL¨v n«vm cvq|
81. †h ivmvqwbK wewµqvwU A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi †ejvq cÖ‡hvR¨ bq ? M. 00-01
(A) A¨vj‡Kvnjxq KOH Gi mv‡_ Acmvib wewµqvq A¨vjwKb Drcbœ nq|
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(B) ‡mvwWqvg/A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji mv‡_ †Kvb wewµqv nqbv|
(C) Av`©ª NaOH Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i −OH g~jK X †K cÖwZ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g A¨vj‡Kvnj Drcbœ K‡i|
(D) Mvp NH3 `ªe‡Y −NH2 , X †K cÖwZ¯’vwcZ K‡i A¨vwgb Drcbœ K‡i|
82. †KvbwU n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb ? D. 00-01
(A) Kve©b †UUªvn¨vjvBW (B) n¨v‡jvdig (C) wgw_wjb n¨vjvBW (D) wg_vBj n¨vjvBW

83. n¨v‡jv‡Rb A¨vj‡Kb Gi ùzUbvs‡Ki †h µgwU mwVKÑ D. 00-01

(A) RF>RBr>RCl>RI (B) RI>RBr>RCl>RF
(C) RCl>RF>RI>RBr (D) RF>RCl>RBr>RI
NH2 N=C
 
∆
84. + CHCl3 + 3KOH → + 3KCl + 3H2 O GwU †Kvb ai‡bi wewµqv ? D. 01-02

(A) wK¬‡gbmb weRviY (B) DBwjqvgmb weRviY (C) Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cixÿv (D) DU©R-wdwUM wewµqv
85. †KvbwU wg_¨v ? M. 01-02
(A) cvwb‡Z A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wgkÖY‡K A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Rjxq `ªeY e‡j|
(B) CH3 Cl G C Gi RviY msL¨v-2|
(C) GKB ZvcgvÎv I Pv‡c mg AvqZ‡bi †gŠwjK I †hŠwMK M¨v‡m mgmsL¨K AYy _v‡K|
(D) ‡evi‡bi 1g AvqwbKiY wefe †ewiwjqvg A‡cÿv †ekx|
86. RCN ‡K RCH2 NH2 ‡Z cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h weKviK jv‡M Zv n‡”QÑ M. 02- 03
(A) CH3 COCl (B) LiAlH4 (C) KMnO4 (D) KCN
 A¨vjKvBj mvqvbvBW ev A¨vjKvBj bvBUªvBj‡K weRvwiZ Ki‡j cÖvBgvix A¨vwgb Drcbœ nq| weRviK wn‡m‡e wb‡K‡ji Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
H2 ev LiAlH4 A_ev †mvwWqvg I A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wgkÖY e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ
Na + CH3 − CH2 −OH ⟶ CH3 − CH2 − ONa + [H]
CH3 − CH2 − CN + 4[H] ⟶ CH3 − CH2 − CH2 NH2
87. A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvB‡Wi mv‡_ Rjxq ÿv‡ii wewµqvq A¨vj‡Kvnj cvIqv hvq| Bnv GKwUÑ M. 01-02
(A) cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv (B) hyZ wewµqv (C) AcmviY wewµqv (D) ms‡hvRb wewµqv
88. B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj I weøwPs cvDWvi †c÷‡K DËß Ki‡j wK cvIqv hvq ? M. 94-95
(A) Bw_wjb †K¬v‡ivnvBwWªb (B) ‡K¬vivj (C) B_vBj †K¬vivBW (D) †K¬v‡ivdg©
89. Mvp mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †K¬v‡iv †ebwRb‡K †K¬vivj Gi mv‡_ DËß Ki‡j wK cvIqv hvq ? M. 94-95, 00-01
(A) [Link] (B) Mvb KUb (C) ‡mjy‡jvR (D) [Link]
90. †KvbwU Kvwe©j A¨vwgb cixÿv ? M. 90-91
(A) CHCl3 : C6 H5 NH2 I NaOH `ªe‡Yi wewµqv| (B) CHCl3 : C6 H5 OH I NaOH `ªe‡Yi wewµqv|
(C) CHCl3 I HNO3 Gi wewµqv| (D) wMømvwib I KHSO4 Gi wewµqv|
91. wb‡Pi †Kvb ivmvqwbK c`v_© †dbj‡K †K¬v‡iv‡ebwR‡b iæcvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i ? M. 00-01
(A) 𝑃𝐶𝑙5 (B) KCl (C) 𝐶𝑙2 (D) HCl
92. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw³wU mwVK bq ? M. 06-07
(A) Rjxq `ªe‡Y †dwiK †K¬vivBW Av`©ª we‡køwlZ n‡q †dwiK nvB‡Wªv·vBW I jNy HCl GwmW Drcbœ K‡I ZvB †dwiK †K¬vivB‡Wi
Rjxq `ªeY A¤øag©x nq|
(B) WvB †K¬v‡iv WvB †d¬v‡iv wg‡_b‡K Freon-21 e‡j|
(C) ‡PZbv bvkK CHCl3 weï× wKbv Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ GwU e¨env‡ii c~‡e© Gi 2-1 †duvUv‡K AgNO3 `ªe‡Y †hvM Kiv nq|
(D) ‡iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU n‡jv 95.6% B_vbj I 4.4% cvwbi wgkÖY|

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93. CFC M¨vm m¤ú‡K© wb‡¤œi †KvbwU mwVK bq ? M. 08-09
(A) A`vn¨ M¨vm (B) mvgvb¨ Pv‡c Zij nq
(C) ‡iwd«Rv‡ikb I kxZvZc wbqš¿‡Yi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| (D) ùzUbv¼ 1000 C
CFC Gi ag© t Giv A`vn¨ M¨vmxq c`v_© Ges mvgvb¨ Pvc cÖ‡qv‡MB Zij Kiv hvq| Giv wb¤œ ùzUbv¼ wewkó wd«qbm& -11 Gi ùzUbv¼
240 C Ges wd«qbm&-12 Gi ùzUbv¼ 300 C|
CFC Gi e¨envi t †iwd«Rv‡iUi, Gqvi KwÛkbvi BZ¨vw` wngvqb hš¿ kxZj ivLvi Rb¨ Bnv me©vwaK cwigvY e¨envi Kiv nq| GQvov
GwU G‡ivmj I cøvw÷K †dvg ˆZwi‡Z I `ªveK iæ‡c e¨eüZ nq|
 AvYweK fi e„w×i mv‡_ Ôf¨vÛvi Iqvjm& ejÕ e„w× cvIqvq n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡K‡bi ùzUbv¼ e„w× cvq| G‡`i ùzUbv‡¼i µg:
RI>RBr>RCl>RF
94. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU DËg AwMœ wbe©vcK ? M. 10-11
(A) 𝐶𝐵𝑟2 ClF (B) CHCl = 𝐶𝐶𝑙2 (C) 𝐶𝐶𝑙4 (D) CH𝐶𝑙2 CH𝐶𝑙2
95. MÖxY nvDm M¨v‡mi kZKiv nvi (%) wb‡¤œi †KvbwU mwVK ? M. 10-11
M¨vm kZKiv (%)
(A) Kve©b WvB A·vBW 70
(B) wm. Gd. wm 14
(C) Ab¨vb¨ 25
(D) bvBUªvm A·vBW 10
96. cÖwZ 1% I‡Rvb ¯Íi nviv‡bvi d‡j AwZ we¸bx iwk¥i ÿwZKviK cÖfve †e‡o hv‡e wb‡¤œi kZKiv (%) KZ ? D. 10-11
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 2
97. MÖxY nvDm M¨v‡m me‡P‡q †ewk Abycv‡Z _v‡K wb‡¤œi †KvbwU ? M & D 11-12
(A) Kve©b WvB-A·vBW (B) [Link] (C) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cviA·vBW (D) bvBUªvm A·vBW
98. Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq wb‡¤œ †KvbwUi †fŠZ Ae¯’v Zij ? M & D 13-14
(A) CH3 Cl (B) CH3 Br (C) CHCl3 (D) H3 C − CH2 F
99. UªvB‡K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡ivwg‡_b M¨v‡mi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ag© bq †KvbwU ? M & D 13-14
(A) myw¯’Z (B) welv³ (C) A`vn¨ (D) cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq

100. A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wngv¼ KZ wWMÖx †mt ? D. 05-06

(A) 138 (B) 135 (C) 130 (D) 133
101. dvi‡g‡›Uk‡bi gva¨‡g Drcbœ nqÑ M. 90-91
(A) digvjwWnvBW (B) digvwjb (C) A¨vj‡Kvnj (D) c¨vivjwWnvBW
102. †KvbwU jyKvm weKviK ? M. 98-99;D. 96-97; RU 06-07; ChU 08-09; RUET 10-11
(A) wg_vBj g¨vM‡bwmqvg Av‡qvWvBW| (B) Mvp HCl G `ªexf~Z wbiæw`Z ZnCl2 `ªeY|
(C) Ag(NH3 )OH (D) g¨v‡R›Uvi †Mvjvcx `ªeY +SO2 |
103. jyKvm weKvi‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb `ywUi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv hvq ? M. 96-97
(A) cÖvBgvix A¨vwgb I †m‡KÛvix A¨vwgb| (B) cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvnj I Uviwmqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj|
(C) A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uvb| (D) A¨vjKvBb I A¨vjwKb|
Ag,2500 C
104. 2CH3 CH2OH + O2 → ? wewµqvq †hwU Drcbœ n‡e ? M. 96-97
(A) †ebRvBj A¨vj‡Kvnj (B) B_vb¨vj (C) wg_vb¨vj (D) †cÖvcv‡bvb
105. B_vi ms‡køl‡Y e¨envi †hvM¨ weKviKÑ D. 04-05
(A) RONa + RX (B) ROH + RCOOH (C) RMgX + H + (D) ROH
0
106. 100 †m. ZvcgvÎvq Mvp H2 SO4 †K mgcwigvY C2 H5 OH w`‡q wewµqv Ki‡j ˆZwi nqÑ M. 94-95
(A) Bw_wjb (B) WvB B_vBj B_vi (C) B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU (D) B‡_b

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107. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji Rb¨ mwVK bq ? D. 06-07; M. 07-08
(A) cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvnj Rvi‡Y cÖ_‡g A¨vjwWnvBW I †k‡l Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i|
(B) ‡m‡KÛvix A¨vj‡Kvnj Rvi‡Y cÖ_‡g wK‡Uvb I †k‡l AwaK Rvi‡Y Kve©w·wjK GwmW Drcbœ K‡i|
(C) Uviwmqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj mn‡R RvwiZ n‡Z Pvq bv|
(D) Uviwmqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj ev®ú‡K DËß Kcvi cÖfve‡Ki Dci w`‡q Pvjbv Ki‡j H2 M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i|
108. wb‡Pi †Kvb Dw³wU mZ¨ bq ? M. 06-07
(A) RviY cÖwµqvq 10 , 20 , 30 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cv_©K¨ Kiv hvq|
(B) Mvp mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ †dbj D”P ZvcgvÎvq (1000 𝐶) A‡_©v †dbj mvj‡dvwbK GwmW MVb K‡i|
(C) Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq I n¨v‡jv‡Rb evn‡Ki Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †db‡j jvj e‡Y©i †eªvwgb cvwb †hvM Ki‡j 2,4,6-UªvB †eªv‡gv †dbj MVb
K‡i|
(D) A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji A¤øag©xZv cvwb A‡cÿv Kg|
109. B_vi m¤ú‡K© wb‡Pi †Kvb Z_¨wU mwVK bq ? M. 08-09
(A) R-O-R + PCl5 → RCl + POCl3 + HCl (B) ‡PZbvbvkK
(C) ‡Z‡ji Rb¨ wkí`ªveK (D) ‡iwd«Rv‡iUi
110. jyKvm weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ wb‡¤œi †KvbwU wewµqv K‡i ˆZjv³¯Íi m„wó K‡i ? P.M 09-10
(A) (CH3 )3C-OH (B) (CH3 )3CH-OH (C) CH3 CH2 -OH (D) CH3 CH2-COH
111. Avjy †_‡K B_vbj Drcv`‡bi mg‡q wb‡¤œi †Kvb GbRvB‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq ? M. 10-11
(A) Wvqv‡÷R (B) g¨vj‡Um (C) Bbfvi‡Um (D) RvB‡gm
112. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU B_vBj B_v‡bv‡qU ? D. 10-11
(A) C2 H5 OH (B) CH3 CO2 C2 H5 (C) CH3 CO2 H (D) CH3 COONa
113. hvbevn‡b †c‡Uªvj e¨envi mxwgZ ivLvi Rb¨ †c‡Uªv‡ji mv‡_ B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj Ges Z…Zxq †Kvb c`v_© wgwk‡q †gvU‡ii R¡vjvwb
wn‡m‡e e¨envi nq| wb‡¤œi †KvbwU D³ Z…Zxq c`v‡_©i AšÍf©y³ bq ? M & D 13-14
(A) ‡ebwRb (B) UjyBb (C) ‡UUªvwjb (D) B_vi
114. †KvbwU B_vb‡ji †fŠZ ag© bq ? M & D 13-14
(A) wgwó A¨vj‡Kvnjxq MÜhy³ (B) DØvqx Zij (C) cvwb‡Z A`ªeYxq (D) cvwb‡Z m¤ú~Y© `ªeYxq
115. A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW‡K †dn&wjs `ªeYmn Mig cvwb‡Z DËß Ki‡j wK N‡UÑ M. 97-98
(A) jvj Aat‡ÿc c‡o (B) bxj Aat‡ÿc c‡o (C) njy` Aat‡ÿc c‡o (D) meyR Aat‡ÿc c‡o
116. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU †dn&wjs `ªeY‡K weRvwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibv ? M. 99-00
(A) A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW (B) digvjwWnvBW (C) A¨vwmwUK GwmW (D) diwgK GwmW
117. digvwjb n‡jvÑ M. 88-89, 05-06
(A) digvjwWnvB‡Wi 40% Rjxq `ªeY (B) 95.6% B_vbj (C) 6-10% A¨vwmwUK GwmW (D) 30% H2 O2
118. †n·vwgb ˆZwi nqÑ M + D. 03-04, 11-12
(A) digvwjb †_‡K (B) Bw_wjb †_‡K (C) A¨vwgb †_‡K (D) digvjwWnvBW
119. wb‡Pi †KvbwU K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡ibv ? M. 97-98,99-00; DU 97-98
(A) digvjwWnvBW (B) A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW (C) ‡ebRvjwWnvBW (D) UªvBwg_vBj A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW
120. †KvbwU A¨v‡gvwbqvhy³ wmjfvi bvB‡Uª‡Ui ms‡½ wewµqv K‡i ? M. 90-91; RU BiChem 09-10
(A) Bw_wjb (B) A¨vwmwUwjb (C) B‡_b (D) B_vBj Av‡qvWvBW
121. †KvbwU U‡jb weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i? M. 89-90
(A) A¨vjwKb (B) B_vi (C) A¨vjwWnvBW (D) A¨vj‡Kvnj
122. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vjwWnvB‡Wi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i ? M. 89-90
(A) mvjdvwbwjK GwmW (B) A¨v‡Rv wis (C) wmdm& †em (D) †eb‡RvKzB‡bvb
123. †KvbwU mZ¨ ? M. 90-91
(A) A¨vjwWnvBW †m‡KÛvix A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cÖ_g RvwiZ †hŠM|

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(B) A¨vjwWnvBW cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cÖ_g RvwiZ †hŠM|
(C) wg_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj †µvwgK GwmW Øviv RvwiZ n‡q cÖ_‡g A¨vjwWnvB‡W cwiYZ nq|
(D) †m‡KÛvix A¨vj‡Kvnj mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq jyKvm weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bv|
124. cøvw÷K ˆZwii KuvPvgvj n‡jvÑ M. 04-05; D. 08-09
(A) CH3 COCl (B) H2 N-CO-NH2 (C) CH3 CHO (D) H2 CONH
125. †d›Ub weKviK †KvbwU ? M. 89-90, 98-99, 99-00
(A) CuSO4 Ges NH4 OH Gi wgkÖY `ªeY| (B) 20% H2 O2
(C) FeSO4 Ges H2 O2 Gi wgkÖY `ªeY| (D) FeSO4 Ges aygvwqZ H2 O2 Gi wgkÖY|
126. wb‡¤œi †Kvb cixÿvi mgq †U÷wUD‡ei Zjvq Cu2 O Gi jvj njy` Aat‡ÿc c‡o ? M. 09-10
(A) wjUgvm cixÿv (B) ‡dwjsm `ªeY cixÿv (C) FeCl3 `ªeY cixÿv (D) NaHCO3 `ªeY cixÿv
127. B_vb¨vj wb‡¤œi †KvbwUi mv‡_ wewµqvi d‡j Kgjv e‡Y©i Aat‡ÿc m„wó K‡i ? D. 09-10
(A) †dwjs `ªeY (B) U‡jb weKviK (C) 2,4-WvBbvB‡Uªv wdbvBj nvB‡WªvwRb (D) GwmW A¨vgvBW
128. MVb Abymv‡i A¨vwgb KZ cÖKvi ? M. 03-04; 11-12
(A) 2 cÖKvi (B) 3 cÖKvi (C) 4 cÖKvi (D) 5 cÖKvi
129. A¨vgvBW‡K Br I KOH Gi Rjxq `ªeYmn DËß Ki‡j 10 A¨vwgb Drcbœ nq| G wewµqv Kve©b wkKj †_‡K GK GKK Kve©b
Kgv‡Z e¨eüZ nq| G wewµqv‡K e‡jÑ M. 00-01
(A) ndg¨vb wW‡MÖ‡Wkb wewµqv (B) A¨vjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv
(C) K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv (D) ‡nj-‡fvjnvU© †Rwjb¯‹x wewµqv
130. bx‡Pi †KvbwU B_vBj A¨vwgbÑ M. 94-95
(A) CH3 − NH2 (B) (CH3 )2 − NH2 (C) CH3 − CH2 − NH2 (D) CH3 − OH
131. A¨vwmUvgvBW‡K c„_K c„_K fv‡e wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠ‡Mi ‡KvbwUi m‡½ wgwkÖZ Ki‡j wg_vBj A¨vwgb cvIqv hvq ? M. 99-00
(A) DËß H2 SO4 (B) †mvWvjvBg (C) KOH + Br (D) PCl5
132. m~² KcviP~‡Y©i mvwbœ‡a¨ Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeb‡K DËß Ki‡j Dnv we‡qvwRZ nq| GB wewµqv‡K e‡jÑ M. 95-96
(A) M¨vUvig¨vb wewµqv (B) m¨vÛ‡gqvi wewµqv (C) DU©R wewµqv (D) ivBgvi UvBg¨vb wewµqv
133.CH3 NH2 I C6 H5 -NH2 Gi g‡a¨ cv_©KxKi‡Y †h weKviKwU e¨eüZ n‡e Zv n‡”QÑ M. 04-05
(A) NaNO2 + HCl (B) HNO3 (C) H2 SO4 (D) CH3 COCl
134. A¨vwbwjb ÿviag©x KviYÑ M. 91-92
(A) Bnv wjUgv‡mi eY© cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| (B) Bnv Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ jeY ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(C) Bnv A¨vj‡Kvnj B_v‡i A`ªebxq| (D) Bnvi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z cigvYy‡Z GK‡Rvov gy³ B‡jKUªY Av‡Q|
135. A¨vwgbmg~n A‡bK ˆRe †hŠM ms‡køl‡Y wK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq ? M. 01-02
(A) wbDwK¬‡qvwdwjK (B) wbDwK¬‡qvdvBj (C) wbDwK¬‡qvUvBW (D) †KvbwUB bv
136. A¨vwgb mg~n †h `ªe‡K `ªexf~Z nq ZvÑ D. 04-05
(A) 6% Na2 CO3 (B) 5% Na2 CO3 (C) 5% HCl (D) 50% NaOH
137. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU WvB wg_vBj A¨vwg‡bi ms‡KZ ? M. 08-09
(A) CH3 NH2 (B) C2 H5 NH2 (C) C2 H5OH (D) (CH3 )2NH
138. A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwg‡bi mvavib bvgKiY c×wZ‡Z CH3 -CH2 -NH-CH3 A¨vwg‡bi bvg njÑ M. 06-07
(A) B_vBj A¨vwgb (B) AvB‡mv †cÖvcvBj A¨vwgb (C) UªvB wg_vBj A¨vwgb (D) B_vBj wg_vBj A¨vwgb
139. A¨vwg‡bi Rb¨ wb‡¤œi †KvbwU mwVK ? D. 08-09
(A) A¨vwbwjb n‡jv A¨vwj‡dwUK A¨vwgb| (B) MVb Abymv‡i A¨vwgb wZb cÖKvi|
(C) wg_vBj wdbvBj A¨vwgb n‡jv cÖvBgvix A¨vwgb| (D) wg_vBj A¨vwgb n‡jv A¨v‡iv‡gwUK A¨vwgb|
140. Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY †_‡K †ebwRb Kv‡e©vbvBUªvBj Drcbœ Kivi mg‡q wb‡¤œi †Kvb cÖfve‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq ? D. 09-10
(A) cUvwmqvg mvqvbvBW (B) ‡mvwWqvg mvqvbvBW (C) Kcvi mWqvbvBW (D) ‡eªvwgb mvqvbvBW
141. DMÖ MÜhy³ Kvwe©j A¨vwgb wb‡¤œi †Kvb Kvh©Kix MÖæc kYv³Ki‡Yi mg‡q Drcvw`Z nq ? D. 10-11
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(A) GwmW n¨vjvBW (R− COX) (B) A¨vjKvBj A¨vwgb (R−NH2 )
(C) A¨vjwWnvBW (−CHO) (D) GwmW A¨vgvBW (R−CONH2 )
142. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU kw³kvjx wel ? M & D 11-12
(A) _v‡qvmvqv‡bU (B) mvqvbvBW (C) ‡eªvwgb (D) †K¬vwib

143. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU g‡bvKve©w·j GwmW bq ? D. 03-04

(A) CH3 COOH (B) CH3 -(CH2 )2COOH (C) CH3 -(CH2 )3COOH (D) COOH-COOH
144. H-COOH Gi Drm †KvbwU ? D. 03-04
(A) diwgKv (B) GwmUvg (C) cÖcvqbvm (D) weDUvBivg
 K‡qKwU g‡bvKve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi bvg I Zv‡`i Drm t
ms‡KZ bvg Drm
H-COOH diwgK GwmW L. Formica = wcucov
CH3 -COOH A¨vwmwUK GwmW L. Acetum = wf‡bMvi
CH3 -CH2 -COOH ‡cÖvwcqwbK GwmW (Propionic acid) Gr. Proton = cÖ_g
Pion = Pwe©
CH3 (CH2 )2COOH weDUvwiK GwmW L. Butyram = evUvi
CH3 (CH2 )14COOH cvwgwUK GwmW L. Palm oil = cvg‰Zj
CH3 (CH2 )16COOH w÷qvwiK GwmW Gr. Stear = Pwe©

145. †KvbwU †cÖvcvqwbK GwmW ? M. 94-95

(A) HCOOH (B) CH3 COOH (C) 𝐶𝐻3 -𝐶𝐻2 COOH (D) HOOC-COOH
146. cvKv d‡ji myM‡Üi g~j KviYÑ M. 05-06; SUST 06-07; RU Fr 08-09
(A) G÷vi (B) A¨vj‡Kvnj (C) wfUvwgb (D) wgbv‡ij
147. ˆZj ev Pwe© n‡jvÑ M. 90-91
(A) wMømvij I D”P d¨vwU Gwm‡Wi G÷vi| (B) wMøvmvij I D”P ÿvi‡Ki G÷vi|
(C) wMømvij I D”P d¨vwU je‡Yi G÷vi| (D) †KvbwUB bv|
148. bx‡Pi †KvbwUi mv‡_ diwgK Gwm‡Wi wewµqv N‡Ubv ? M. 97-98
(A) †dwjs `ªeY (B) Cl2 (C) A¨v‡gvwbqvhy³ AgNO3 (D) KMnO4
149. C6 H5 COOH ˆZwii KuvPvgvj n‡jvÑ D. 02-03
(A) C6 H5 CN (B) CH3 I (C) (C6 H5 )2C=O (D) CH3 Cl
150. mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq mwµq avZz †hgbÑ Na, K, Ca BZ¨vw` Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi AvqwbK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i avZe je‡bi
mv‡_ †hwU Drcbœ K‡i †mwU n‡jvÑ M. 00-01
(A) cvwb (B) cvwb I Kve©b WvB A·vBW (C) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb (D) Kve©b WvB A·vBW
151. bvBjb 6.6 cÖ¯‘wZi mgq wb‡¤œi †KvbwU cÖ‡qvRb ? M. 09-10
(A) A¨vwg‡bv Db-‡W‡Kv‡bvwqK GwmW (B) mvB‡K¬v †n·vbj (C) A¨vwWwcK GwmW (D) †mevwmK GwmW
152. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU K¨vUvqwbK wWUvi‡R›U ? D. 09-10
(A) †mvwWqvg jivBj mvj‡dU (B) A¨vj‡Kvw· cwjBw_wjb A·vBW
(C) A¨vjKvB‡j‡UW †dbw· cwjw_wjb (D) Uviwmqvix A¨vwgb †eªvgvBW
153. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU cvwgwUK GwmW ? D. 09-10
(A) C15 H31 CO2 H (B) C17 H35 CO2 H (C) C15 H35 CO2 H (D) C17 H31 CO2 H
154. wb‡¤œi †Kvb Gwm‡Wi pka = 3.74 ? M. 10-11
(A) A¨vwmwUK (B) UªvB‡K¬v‡iv A¨vwmwUK (C) diwgK (D) †eb‡RvwqK
155. Kve©w·wjK (−COOH) Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki mbv³Kvix weKviK wb‡¤œi †KvbwU ? D. 10-11
(A) PCl5 (B) 20% NaOH, ∆ (C) Na (D) 5% NaHCO3 `ªeY
−2
156. wb‡¤œi †Kvb Gwm‡Wi Ka = 5.5 × 10 D. 10-11
(A) WvB †K¬v‡iv A¨vwmwUK (B) diwgK (C) A¨vwmwUK (D) †eb‡RvwqK
 WvB †K¬v‡iv A¨vwmwUK, diwgK, A¨vwmwUK Ges †eb‡RvwqK Gwm‡Wi Ka h_vµ‡g 5.5 × 10−2 , 1.8 × 10−4,
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1.8 × 10−5, 5.5 × 10−5,
157. KvBivj †K›`ª wewkó A¨vj‡Kvnj n‡jvÑ RU Fr 09-10; Bi Chem 09-10; JUST 11-12; M & D 14-15
(A) 2-wg_vBj-2-weDUvbj (B) 2-wg_vBj-1-weDUvbj (C) weDUvbj-2 (D) 3-wg_vBj-weDUvbj-1

DËigvjv
1 D 17 C 33 B 49 C 65 D 81 B 97 A 113 B 129 A 145 C
2 A 18 D 34 D 50 D 66 A 82 D 98 C 114 C 130 C 146 A
3 A 19 A 35 D 51 D 67 B 83 B 99 B 115 A 131 C 147 A
4 A 20 C 36 B 52 D 68 C 84 C 100 C 116 C 132 A 148 B
5 A 21 C 37 C 53 C 69 A 85 D 101 C 117 A 133 A 149 A
6 C 22 D 38 A 54 D 70 B 86 B 102 B 118 A 134 D 150 C
7 D 23 D 39 D 55 D 71 B 87 A 103 B 119 B 135 A+B 151 C
8 C 24 A 40 D 56 B 72 C 88 D 104 B 120 B 136 C 152 D
9 C 25 A 41 D 57 C 73 C,D 89 D 105 A 121 C 137 D 153 A
10 B 26 A 42 C 58 C 74 C 90 A 106 C 122 C 138 D 154 C
11 D 27 B 43 B 59 B+C 75 C 91 A 107 D 123 B 139 B 155 D
12 D 28 D 44 D 60 A 76 C 92 B 108 B 124 B 140 C 156 A
13 B 29 D 45 D 61 A 77 D 93 D 109 A 125 C 141 B 157 C
14 B 30 B,C,D 46 D 62 B 78 A 94 A 110 A 126 B 142 B
15 A 31 A 47 B 63 A 79 A 95 B 111 A,B,C 127 C 143 D
16 D 32 C 48 A 64 D 80 C 96 D 112 B 128 B 144 A

wek¦we`¨vjqt
1. wb‡¤œi †Kvb †hŠMwUi GKwU eÜb 𝑠𝑝3 − sp nvBweªW AiweUv‡ji Awaµg‡Yi d‡j m„wó n‡q‡Q ? DU 06-07
(A) CH3 − C ≡ C−H (B) CH3 CH = CHCH3 (C) H−C ≡ C−H (D) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
2. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i ? DU 06-07
(A) CH3 −CH−CH3 (B) CH3 CH(OH)COOH (C) CH3 CH=CHCH3 (D) CH3 CH2 CH = CH2
3. wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸wji †KvbwU‡Z Kve©b-Kve©b wÎ-eÜb _vK‡Z cv‡i ? DU 05-06
(A) C2 H4 (B) C4 H6 (C) C4 H8 (D) C5 H10
4. GwmwUwjb (B_vBb) AYy‡Z Kve©b-Kve©b wÎe܇b †h eÜb mg~n i‡q‡Q : DU 05-06; JU 08-09
(A) 1𝜎 + 2𝜋 (B) 2𝜎 + 2𝜋 (C) 3𝜎 (D) 3𝜋
5. IUPAC c×wZ Abyhvqx wb‡¤œi †hŠMwUi bvg : DU 05-06
H3 C−CH− CH2 − CH− CH2 − CH3
 
CH3 CH2 − CH2 − CH3
(A) 2-Methyl-4-n-popyl hexane (B) 2-n-popyl-4-Methy hexane
(C) 4-Ethyl-6-methyl hepatane (D) 4-Ethyl-2-methyl hepatane
6. IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb‡Pi †hŠ‡Mi bvgÑ DU 04-05; 97-98
Br
NO2

Cl
(A) 1-bromo-4-Chloro-2-nitro benzene (B) 1-chloro-3-nitro-4-bromo benzene
(C) 1-nitro-2-bromo-5-chloro benzene (D) 1-chloro-4-bromo-5-nitro benzene
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7. wb‡Pi †hŠM¸wji †KvbwU †n‡·‡bi mgvYy bq ? DU 04-05
(A) 2-dimethyl butane (B) 2,2-dimethyl butane
(C) 2-methyl pentane (D) 2,2- dimethyl propane

8. wb‡Pi †hŠMwUi †KvbwU †n‡Þ‡bi mgvYy bq ? DU 02-03

(A) 2-methyl hexane (B) 2,2-dimethyl pentane
(C) 2,3-dimethyl butan (D) 2,3-dimethyl pentane
9. wb‡Pi †hŠM¸wji †KvbwUi wmm&-UªvÝ mgvYy m¤¢e ? DU 02-03
(A) CH3 −CH = CH2 (B) CH3 CH = CHCH3 (C) CH3 − CH3 (D) H3 C− −CH3
10. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwUi bvg IUPAC c×wZ‡Z mwVK fv‡e wjLv nqwb ? DU 02-03
(A) CH3 CHClCHClCH2 OH : 2-chloro propane-1- ol
(B) CH3 CH2 CHClCH2 OH : 3-chloro propane-1- ol
(C) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH − CH3 : 2- methyl pentane

CH3
(D) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH − CH2 − CH3 : 3-methyl hexane

CH3
11. †Kvb Kvh©Kix g~jKwU †gUv wb‡`©kK ? DU 01-02; 08-09
(A) −𝑁𝐻2 (B) −OH (C) −Cl (D) −𝑁𝑂2
12. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i ? DU 01-02, 08-09; ChU 06-07
(A) ClCH = CHCl (B) CH3 CH = CH2 (C) CH2 = CH2 (D) CH2 − CH2
13. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠ‡Mi c~bwe©b¨v‡mi d‡j BDwiqv cvIqv hvq ? DU 00-01; M. 90-91
(A) NH4 COH (B) NH4 CNS (C) NH4 COO (D) NH4 CNO
14. CH3 − C = HC − CH3 GB †hŠMwUi bvgÑ DU 00-01

CH2 − CH3
(A) 1-ethyl-2-butene (B) 3-methyl-2-pentene
(C) 3-methyl-3-pentene (D) 3-ethyl-2-butene
15. 3,4-WvB wg_vBj †cw›Ub-2-AYy‡Z wg_vBj MÖæ‡ci msL¨v n‡jvÑ DU 98-99
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
16. A¨vwmUvBwjb †hŠ‡M Kve©b-Kve©b wÎ-eÜbxi g‡a¨ wmMgv eÜb Gi msL¨v n‡jvÑ DU 98-99
(A) wZb (B) GK (C) `yB (D) k~b¨
17. IUPAC cÖYvjx‡Z 4,5-WvB wg_vBj †n·vBb-2 Gi MvVwbK ms‡KZ †jLv nqÑ DU 97-98
CH3 CH3
 
(A) CH3 − CH − CH − CH2 − C ≡ CH (B) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH − C ≡ CH

CH3
(C) CH3 − CH − CH − C ≡ C − CH3 (D) CH3 − CH − C ≡ C − CH2 − CH3
  
CH3 CH3 CH3
18. IUPAC wm‡÷g AYyhvqx †hŠMwUi bvgÑ CH ≡ C − CH2 − CH − CH3 DU 96-97

CH2 CH3
(A) 4-B_vBj †c›UvBb-1 (B) 3-wg_vBj †n·vBj-5 (C) 2-wg_vBj †c›UvBb-4 (D) 4-wg_vBj †n·vBb-1

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19. IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb‡¤œi †hŠMwUi bvg wjL : (CH3 )2CH − CH2 − CH2 Br DU 07-08
(A) 1-methyl-3-bromo propane (B) 1-bromo propane
(C) 2-methyl-4-bromo propane (D) 1-bromo-3-methyl butane
20. †Kvb Kvh©Kix g~jKwU †gUv wb‡`©kK ? JtU 08-09
(A) −NH2 (B) −OH (C) −CH (D) −OR
21. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU R¨vwgwZK mgvYy cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ? JtU 08-09
(A) CH3 CH2 CH = CH2 (B) CH3 CH = C(Br)C2 H5
(C) CH3 -CH = CH-CH2 -CH3 (D) C2 H5 CH = CHCH3
22. B‡jK‡UªvdvB‡ji D`vniYÑ RU Fr 08-09
(A) BF3 (B) FeCl3 (C) NO+ (D) me¸wj
23. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avq‡bi ¯’vwq‡Z¡i mwVK µg ? RU Fr 08-09; Chem 07-08
(A) R 3 C + > R 2 CH + > RCH2 + > CH3 + (B) R 2 CH + > R 3 C+ > RCH2 + > CH3 +
(C) CH3 + > RCH2 + > R 2 CH + > R 3 C + (D) R 2 CH + > R 3 C+ > RCH2 + > CH3 +
24. IUPAC c×wZ‡Z 𝐶𝐻3 −COOH Gi bvg wK ? RU ACCT 08-09
(A) A¨vwmwUK GwmW (B) wf‡bMvi (C) wg_v‡bvwqK GwmW (D) B_v‡bvwqK GwmW
25. B‡_vw· †cÖv‡c‡bi ms‡KZÑ RU Chem 08-09
(A) CHOCHOCH2 CH3 (B) CH3 CH2 OCH3
(C) CH3 CH2 CH3 OCH2 CH3 (D) CH3 CH2 CH2 OCH2 CH3
26. †n‡·‡bi KqwU mgvYy Av‡Q ? ChU 0708
(A) GKwU (B) `yBwU (C) wZbwU (D) PviwU (E) cuvPwU
 ‡Kvb †hŠM †_‡K KqwU mgvYyK cvIqv hvq Gi †Kvb m~Î †bB| wKQzUv PP©v Ges gyL¯Í Kiv Qvov Dcvq †bB|
(1) wg‡_b (CH4 ), B‡_b (CH3 − CH3 ) I †cÖv‡cb (CH3 − CH2 − CH3 ) †Kvb mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i bv|
(2) weD‡Ub (C4 H10 ) Gi mgvYyK msL¨v 2wU (3) †c‡›Ub (C5 H12 ) Gi mgvYyK msL¨v 3wU
(4) †n‡·b (C6 H14 ) Gi mgvYyK msL¨v 5wU (5) †n‡Þb (C7 H16 ) Gi mgvYyK msL¨v 9wU
(6) A‡±b (C8 H18 ) Gi mgvYyK msL¨v 10wU (7) b‡bb (C9 H20 ) Gi mgvYyK msL¨v 35wU
(8) †W‡Kb (C10 H22 ) Gi mgvYyK msL¨v 75wU
 nvB‡WªvKve©b e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ †hŠ‡Mi mgvYyKt
(1) C2 H6 O Gi mgvYyK msL¨v t 2wUt B_vbj, WvB wg_vBj B_vi; (2) C5 H10 O †hŠ‡Mi m¤¢ve¨ mgvYy 6wU
(3) C3 H8 O Gi mgvYyK msL¨v t 3wUt †cÖvcv‡bvb, AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvbj, wg_vBj B_vBj B_vi
 ‡ebwRb ej‡qi mv‡_ mswkøó mgvYyKt
‡ebwR‡bi GKK cÖwZ¯’vwcZ †hŠ‡Mi †Kvb mgvYyK †bB †hgb, C6 H5 − NO2 , C6 H5 − Cl BZ¨vw`i †Kvb mgvYyK †bB|
(1) †ebwRb ej‡q 2wU GKB ai‡bi g~jK _vK‡j mgvYyK msL¨v = 3, †hgbÑ C6 H4 Cl2 mgvYyK = 3
GBiæ‡c C6 H4 (CH3 )2, C6 H4 (NO)2, C6 H4 (OH)2 Gi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki 3wU K‡I mgvYyK Av‡Q|
27. Av‡jvK mwµqZv cwigvcK h‡š¿i bvg wK ? JtU 07-08, 10-11
(A) ‡cvjvwiwgUvi (B) e¨v‡ivwgUvi (C) g¨v‡bvwgUvi (D) Uª¨v‡KvwgUvi
0
28. Rjxq `ªe‡Y 20 C ZvcgvÎvq wPwbi Av‡cwÿK AveZ©bÑ RU 07-08
(A) +66.50 (B) −66.50 (C) +65.50 (D) −66.50
29. MwZkxj Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv ej‡Z eySvqÑ RU 07-08
(A) ‡gUvgvwiRg (B) U‡UvgvwiRg (C) ‡÷wiI mgvYyZv (D) Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv
30. (CH3 )2CH-CH2 OH GwU wK‡mi ms‡KZ ? RU 07-08
(A) 2-wg_vBj †cÖvcvbj-2 (B) 3-wg_vBj weDUvbj (C) 2-wg_vBj †cÖvcvbj (D) 2-B_vBj †cÖvcvbj-2
31. wbDwK¬IdvBj †KvbwU ? RU 07-08

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(A) AlCl3 (B) BF3 (C) NO2 (D) NH3
32. †KvbwU wbDwK¬IdvBj weKviK bq ? RU 07-08
(A) BF3 (B) RMgX (C) R-OH (D) R-NH2
33. CH3 -CO-CH2 -CH2 -CH3 †hŠMwUi bvgÑ RU 07-08
(A) ‡c›Uv‡bvb -3 (B) ‡cÖvcvbj-2 (C) ‡c›Uv‡bvb -2 (D) †c›Uvbj-2
34. †KvbwU A¨vjwWnvBW mg~‡ni Kvh©Kix g~jK ? M. 97-98, 88-89; ChU 06-07
(A) −CHO (B) −CO− (C) −OH (D) −COOH
35. G÷v‡ii Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki MvVwbK ms‡KZ †KvbwU ? ChU 07-08
O O O O O
∥ ∥ ∥ ∥ ∥
(A) −C−H (B) −C−O−R (C) −O− (D) −C−O−C− (E) −C−O−H
36. CH3 CH = CHCH2 CH3 †hŠMwUi bvg wK ? RU 06-07
(A) †c‡›Ub (B) 2-‡cw›Ub (C) 3-‡cw›Ub (D) 2-‡c›UvBb
37. †KvbwU Kv‡e©vmvBwK¬K †hŠMÑ RU 06-07
(A) ‡ebwRb (B) wcwiwWb (C) wdDivb (D) B_vbj
38. GKB †gŠ‡ji cigvYymg~‡ni g‡a¨ eÜb m„wói gva¨‡g wewfbœ ˆ`‡N©¨I wkKj MV‡bi ag©‡K wK e‡j ? RU 06-07
(A) A¨vbvqb (B) K¨v‡U‡bkb (C) ‡nv‡gvmvBwK¬K (D) †nUv‡ivmvBwK¬K
39. †KvbwU Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM ? RU 06-07
(A) A¨vwmwUK GwmW (B) diwgK GwmW (C) j¨vKwUK GwmW (D) mvjwdDwiK Gwm
40. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU Av‡jvK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i ? SUST 06-07
CH3 CH3
 
(A) C(Cl)(Br)(H)(CH3 ) (B) CH3 − CH3 (C) CH3 −CH(OH) (D) CH3 − C − CH3

CH3
41. †KvbwU ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi D`vniY bq ? SUST 06-07
(A) CH3 Cl (B) CH3 OH (C) H2 NCONH2 (D) ZnCO3
42. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kv‡e©vwbqvg Avq‡bi ¯’vwq‡Z¡i mwVK µg ? RU Fr 08-09
(A) R 3 C + > R 2 CH + > RCH2 + > CH3 + (B) R 2 CH + > R 3 C+ > RCH2 + > CH3 +
(C) CH3 + > RCH2 + > R 2 CH + > R 3 C + (D) RCH2 + > R 3 C+ > RCH2 + > CH3 +
43. A¨vjvBj Av‡qvWvB‡Wi ms‡KZ wb‡`©k K‡ivÑ DU 09-10
(A) CH3 CH = CH2 I (B) CH2 = CH−CH2 I (C) CH ≡ CH−CH2 I (D) CH2 I-CHI-CH3
 A¨vjvBj g~jK t CH2 = CH− CH2 −;  GKB fv‡e wfbvBj g~jK t CH2 = CH−
44. A¨vgvB‡Wi Kvh©Kix g~jK †KvbwU ? JtU 09-10
(A) −CH (B) −CONH2 (C) −(CO)2O (D) −CO−
45. Kvh©Kixg~jK wn‡m‡e −CH2 -OH group wK wK ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) 10 A¨vj‡Kvnj g~jK (B) 20 A¨vj‡Kvnj g~jK (C) 30 A¨vj‡Kvnj g~jK (D) wgw_wjb nvB‡Wªv·vBW
46. ˆRe imvq‡bi fvlvq −CH2 -O-CH2 - MÖæcwU wK bv‡g cwiwPZ ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) G÷vi g~jK (B) A·vBW (C) Kv‡e©vwbj g~jK (D) B_vi
47. Kve©wbqvg Avqb ej‡Z wK eyS ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) abvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©b (B) FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ Kve©b (C) Kve©‡bi mshyw³KiY (D) Kve©‡bi wehy³KiY
48. B‡j‡±ªvdvBj m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi aviYv wK ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) hv B‡jKUªb †Q‡o †`q (B) hv B‡jKUªb AvKl©x (C) hv B‡jKUªb enb K‡i (D) hv B‡jKUªb weKl©x
49. GKeY©x Av‡jvi mwVK DËi †KvbwU ? RU ACCT 09-10

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(A) GKwU Zi½ wewkó Av‡jv (B) GKvwaK Zi½ wewkó Av‡jv
(C) GK mgZjxq Av‡jv (D) GKvwaK eY© wewkó Av‡jv

50. AcÖwZmg Kve©b Kv‡K e‡j ? RU ACCT 09-10

(A) hv Kve©‡bi mv‡_ hy³ nq (B) hv †gUv‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nq
(C) hvi mv‡_ PviwU wfbœ g~jK ev cigvYy hy³ nq (D) hv Kve©vBW ˆZwi K‡i
51. †iwmwgK wgkÖY ej‡Z wK eyS ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) `ywU mgvYyi wgkÖY (B) d I l mgvYyi mgZzj wgkÖY (C) `ywU mgvYyi Amg wgkÖY (D) `ywU mgvYyi wfbœ wgkÖY
52. CH2 = CH-COOH Gi AvšÍR©vwZK bvg wK ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) cÖwcb Kve©w·wjK GwmW (B) 2-cÖwc‡bvwqK GwmW (C) wfbvBj GwmwUK GwmW (D) †cÖvcv‡bvwqK GwmW
53. Cn H2n Øviv wK †evSv‡bv nq ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) A¨vj‡Kb (B) A¨vjwKb (C) A¨vjKvBb (D) †KvbUvB bv
54. CHCl3 Gi AvšÍRv© wZK bvg wK ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) ‡K¬v‡ivdg© (B) n¨v‡jvdg© (C) wg‡_b †K¬vivBW (D) UªvB‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b
55. †Kvb A¨vjKvBj wd«-‡iwWK¨vjwUi ¯’vwqZ¡ me©vwaK ? RU Chem 09-10
(A) H3 C (B) RH2 C (C) R 2 HC (D) R 3 C
56. Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq C12 H22 O11 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Yi Av‡cwÿK AveZ©b †KvbÑ RU Chem 09-10
(A) 65.50 (B) 66.50 (C) 66.20 (D) 600
57. `ywU GbvbwmIgv‡ii mgZzj wgkÖY‡K e‡jÑ RU Chem 09-10
(A) `ªeY (B) ‡iwmwgK wgkÖY (C) mg‡MvÎxq wgkÖY (D) KvBivj wgkÖY
58. CH3 (CH2 )2CHClCH2 CH(NH2 )COOH ‡hŠ‡Mi bvgÑ IUPAC c×wZ‡ZÑ RU Fr 09-10
(A) 4-‡K¬v‡iv-3-Gwg‡bv †nÞv‡bvwqK GwmW (B) 2-Gwg‡bv †K¬v‡iv †nÞv‡bvwqK GwmW
(C) 2-Gwg‡bv-4-‡K¬v‡iv A±v‡bvwqK GwmW (D) 2-Gwg‡bv-4-‡K¬v‡iv †nÞv‡bvwqK GwmW
59. KvBivj †K›`ª wewkó A¨vj‡Kvnj †KvbwU ? RU Fr 09-10; Bi Chem 09-10; JUST 11-12; M & D 14-15
(A) 2-wg_vBj-2-weDUvbj (B) weDUvbj-2 (C) 2-wg_vBj-1-weDUvbj (D) n-weDUvbj
60. BDwiqvi ms‡KZ †KvbwU ? RU Crop.S 09-10
(A) CO(NH4 )2 (B) CO(NH4 )4 (C) CO(NH2 )2 (D) CO(NH3 )2
61. WvB †K¬v‡iv A¨vwmwUK Gwm‡Wi ms‡KZ †KvbwU ? RU Crop.S 09-10
(A) ClCH2 COOH (B) Cl2 CHCOOH (C) Cl3 CCOOH (D) C6 H5 COOH
62. Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq C12 H22 O11 Gi Rjxq `ªe‡Yi Av‡cwÿK AveZ©b †KvY t RU Chem 09-10
(A) 65.50 (B) 66.50 (C) 66.20 (D) 600
63. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU AcwUK¨vj AvB‡mvgvi w`‡e bv ? DU 10-11
(A) CH3 -CH = CH-C2 H5 (B) CH3 CHOHCOOH
(C) C6 H5 -CH = CHCHOHCOOH (D) C6 H5 CHBrCH3
Cl 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝐻3
64. C = C ‡hŠ‡Mi IUPAC bvg wK ? ChU 10-11
𝐶𝐻3 I
(A) UªvÝ-3-Av‡qv‡Wv-4-‡K¬v‡iv-3-‡cw›Ub (B) UªvÝ-2-‡K¬v‡iv-3-Av‡qv‡Wv-2-‡cw›Ub
(C) 1-‡K¬v‡iv-1-wg_vBj-2-Av‡qv‡Wv-2-weDwUb (D) wmm-2-‡K¬v‡iv-3-Av‡qv‡Wv-2-‡cw›Ub
65. dzjvwib wK ? RU H 10-11
(A) †mvbvi Lye cvZjv cvZ (B) Kve©‡bi GKwU iæc‡f`
(C) dmdiv‡mi GKwU AvKwiK (D) ‡d¬vwi‡bi GKwU †hŠM
66. wb‡Pi †KvbwU w¯úwmmwU AwaKZi w¯’wZkxj ? JtU 10-11; IU 11-12; RUET 04-05
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(A) H3 C + (B) CH3 − CH2 + (C) Me3 C+ (D) (Ph)3 C+
67. C6 H14 †hŠ‡Mi KqwU mgvYy Av‡Q ? SUST 10-11, RU C-1 10-11
(A) 3 wU (B) 4 wU (C) 5 wU (D) 6 wU
68. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU A¨vbnvBWªvBW ? SUST 10-11
O O O O CH3 O
∥ ∥ ∥ ∥  ∥
(A) H3 C −C−OC2 H5 (B) H3 C −C−O−C − CH3 (C) H3 C −C− C2 H5 (D) H3 C −CH−C−H
69. mKj wbDwK¬IdvBj n‡”QÑ RU C-1 10-11
(A) Avi‡nwbqvm ÿviK (B) eªY‡÷W ÿviK (C) jyBm A¤ø (D) jyBm ÿviK
70. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb ? NU 10-11
(A) C6 H6 (B) C2 H6 (C) CO2 (D) CH4
71. C5 H12 †hŠ‡Mi KqwU mgvYy Av‡Q ? NU 10-11
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
72. wb‡¤œi †hŠM¸wji g‡a¨ †KvbwU R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i ? DU 11-12
(A) CH3 CH2 CH = CH2 (B) (CH3 )2C = CHCH3 (C) CHCH3 = C(Cl)Br (D) CH3 C(Cl)=CBr2
73. C5 H10 O KqwU m¤¢ve¨ mgvYy KZwU ? JtU 11-12
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 4
74. CH3 OCH3 Ges CH3 CH2 OH Gi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb mgvYyZv n‡”Q ? ChU 11-12
(A) Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv (B) ‡÷wiI mgvYyZv (C) ‡gUvgvwiRg
(D) Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv (E) MwZkxj Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv
75. †hŠMwUi IUPAC bvg wK ? ChU 11-12
OH
(A) ‡c›U-2-Bb-1-Aj (B) 1-nvBWªw· †c›U-2-Bb (C) 4-nvBWªw· †cw›Ub-3
(D) 1-nvBWªw· †c›U-2-Bb (E) ‡c›U-1-Bb-1-Aj
76. U‡UvgvwiRg Gi Ab¨ bvgÑ JUST 10-11
(A) Ae¯’vb mgvYyZv (B) ‡PBb mgvYyZv (C) Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv (D) MwZkxj Kvh©Kix g~jK mgvYyZv
77. dzjvwi‡bi Kve©b cigvYyi msL¨v KZ ? MBUST 11-12
(A) 66 (B) 60 (C) 55 (D) 50
78. wb‡Pi †KvbwU wbDwK¬IdvBj ? MBUST 11-12
(A) H2 O (B) +CH3 (C) NO2 (D) Cl+
79. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Ô‡g‡mvÕ †hŠ‡Mi ag© ? MBUST 11-12
(A) WvbN~Yx© (B) evgN~Yx© (C) Av‡jvK wbw¯ŒqZv (D) Dc‡ii me¸‡jv
80. A¨vbnvBWªvBW g~jK †KvbwU ? MBUST 11-12
(A) −CO−O−CO− (B) −COOR (C) −CO𝑁𝐻2 (D) −COX
81. dzjvwibm †Kvb †gŠ‡ji iæc‡f` ? BRUR 11-12
(A) d¬zwib (B) dmdivm (C) mvjdvi (D) Kve©b
82. IUPAC c×wZ‡Z neo-Pentane Gi bvg †KvbwU ? BRUR 11-12
(A) 2,2-WvB wg_vBj †cÖv‡cb (B) iso-weD‡Ub (C) 2,3- WvB wg_vBj †cÖv‡cb (D) 3-B_vBj-2-wg_vBj †c‡›Ub
83. †Kvb ‰Re †hŠ‡M nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Abycw¯’Z ? RU G 11-12; M. 89-90
(A) †K¬v‡ivwcwµb (B) M¨vgvw·b (C) mvB‡K¬v‡n·vbj (D) ‡KvbwUB bq
84. B‡_vw· B‡_bÑ IU 11-12
(A) WvB wg_vBj B_vi (B) B_vBj wg_vBj B_vi (C) WvB B_vBj B_vi (D) wg_vBj B_vi
85. me©cÖ_g cixÿvMv‡i cÖ¯‘ZK…Z ivmvqwbK c`v_© n‡jvÑ RU F2 11-12

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(A) wm‡µwUb (B) wµ‡qwUb (C) BDwiqv (D) UjyBb
86. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM, C6 H4 Cl2 KqwU mgvYy w`‡e ? NU 11-12
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
87. †Kvb ms‡KZwU A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji ? RU C-1 12-13
(A) CH4 O (B) CH2 O (C) C6 H7O (D) CO2 H2
88. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †ebwRb ej‡q Kve©b-Kve©b eÜb `~iZ¡ KZ ? RU C-1 12-13
(A) 0.0139 nm (B) 0.139 nm (C) 0.139 × 101 nm (D) 1.39 nm
89. Kve©b †hŠ‡Mi fvÛvi AdyišÍ nIqvi KviY Kx ? RU C-1 12-13
(A) cwjgvivB‡Rkb (B) K¨v‡U‡bkb (C) AvB‡mvgvivB‡Rkb (D) †KvbwUB bq
90. †KvbwU Av‡jvK mgvYyZv †`q ? RU C-1 12-13
(A) CH3 CH2 COOH (B) CH3 −CH(OH)COOH
(C) COOH − CH2 COOH (D) C2 H5 COC2 H5
91. KwVb A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvqv‡bU ˆZwi Ki‡Z wM‡q AvKw¯§Kfv‡e BDwiqv Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib †Kvb weÁvbx ? RU C-1 12-13
(A) F. Wholer (B) Emil Fischer (C) Clemmensen (D) Eric Huckel
92. †cÖvcvBj B_vb‡qU Gi ms‡KZ †KvbwU ? RU H 12-13
(A) C3 HCOOCH3 (B) C2 H2COOC3 H7 (C) CH3 COOC2 H5 (D) CH3 COOC3 H7
93. C4 H10 O Gi m‡e©v”P KZwU B_vi †hŠ‡Mi mgvYy cvIqv hvq ? DU 13-14
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 6
Hints : CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − O − CH3 , CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − O− CH2 − CH3 ,
CH3 −CH(CH3 ) −O− CH3
94. IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb‡¤œi †hŠMwUi bvg wK ? (CH3 )3 − C − CH2 − CH − (CH2 )2 DU 13-14
(A) 2, 2, 4- Trimethylp en tan e (B) 2, 4, 4- Trimethylpen tan e
(C) Isopentan e (D) Neooc tan e
95. IUPAC c×wZ‡Z CH2 = CHCH(CH)3 CH2 CH3 –Gi bvgKiY Ki| JtU 13-14
(A) 3−methyl−1−pentene (B) 3−methyl−4−pentene
(C) 3−ethyl−1− butene (D) 2−ethyl−3− butene
96. cixÿvMv‡i me©cÖ_g ms‡køwlZ ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi bvg Kx ? JtU 13-14
(A) B‡_b (B) BDwiqv (C) A¨v‡mwUK GwmW (D) A·vwjK GwmW
97. wb‡Pi †hŠM¸‡jvi (Compounds) g‡a¨ †KvbwU‡Z KvBivj †K›`ª (Chiral center) Av‡Q ? JtU 13-14
(A) CH3 − C(CH3 )2 − OH (B) CH3 − CH2 − COOH
(C) CH3 − CHCl − CHO (D) CH3 − CO − CH3
98. GKwU †g‡mv †hŠM n‡jvÑ RU H 13-14
(A) j¨vKwUK GwmW (B) UviUvwiK GwmW (C) Møy‡KvR (D) d«zK‡UvR
99. C4 H9Cl -Gi †PBb mgvYy KZwU ? RU F 13-14
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
100. †KvbwU Av‡jvK mwµq †hŠM ? RU F 13-14
(A) A¨vwmwUK GwmW (B) diwgK GwmW (C) j¨vKwUK GwmW (D) mvjwdDwiK GwmW
101. IUPAC bvgKiY Abymv‡i CH3 -CH(C2 H5 ) − CH2 -CHBr-CHCl-CH3 Gi bvg n‡jvÑ RU F 13-14
(A) 2-chloro 3-bromo-5ethyl hexane (B) 2-chloro 3-bromo-5methyl heptane
(C) 3-bromo 2-chloro 5-ethyl hexane (D) 3-bromo 2-chloro 5methyl heptanes
102. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠ‡M wK‡Uv-B‡bvj U‡UvgvwiRg m¤¢e ? BRUR 13-14
(A) C6 H5CHO (B) C6 H5 COC6 H5 (C) C6 H5COCH3 (D) †KvbwUB bq
103. †KvbwU †K›`ªvKl©x (nucleeophilic) weKviK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i ? BRUR 13-14

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(A) R+ (B) H2 O (C) H3 O+ (D) BF3
104. C3 H8O Gi KqwU mgvby m¤¢e ? BRUR 13-14
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 3
105. †ebwR‡bi bvB‡Uªk‡b †Kvb wewµqK †mUwU e¨eüZ nq ? DU 07-08
(A) NaNO3 & dil. HNO3 (B) dil. HNO3 & dil. H2 SO4
(C) NaNO2 & dil. HCl (D) Conc. HNO3 & Conc. H2 SO4
106. 1-butene Gi mv‡_ cvi-A·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z HBr wgkv‡j cÖZ¨vwkZ Drcv`wU n‡jvÑ DU 07-08
(A) n- Butyl bromide (B) Isobutyl bromide
(C) 2,2-Dibromo butane (D) Perbromo butane
0
107. B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji ev®ú‡K mwµq A¨vjywgbvi Dci w`‡q 350 C Zv‡c cwiPvjbv Ki‡j cvIqv hvqÑ DU 07-08
(A) CH4 (B) H3 C-CH3 (C) H2 C = CH2 (D) HC ≡ CH
108. (CH3 )3CCH2 CH(CH3 )2 Gi IUPAC bvg wK ? DU 08-09
(A) 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (B) Isopentane (C) 2,4,4-Trimethylpentane (D) Neooctane
109. †Kvb Kvh©Kix g~jKwU †gUv wb‡`©kK ? DU 01-02, 08-09
(A) −NH2 (B) −OH (C) −Cl (D) −NO2
110. C6 H12 ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi I‡Rv‡bvwjwmm Kivi ci wRsK Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cvwb †hvM Kiv n‡j †h `ywU Drcv` nq Zvi GKwU A¨vwm‡Uvb|
C6 H12 Gi dg©~jv †KvbwU ? DU 08-09,11-12
(A) (H3 C)2CHCH = CH2 CH3 (B) (H3 C)2C = C(CH3 )2
(C) CH3 CH2 CH = C(CH3 )2 (D) CH3 CH2 C(CH3 ) = CHCH3
111. †Kvb ARvbv A¨vjwK‡b I‡Rvb Pvjbv Ki‡j I‡RvbvBW bvgK †hŠM Drcbœ nq| Drcvw`Z I‡RvbvB‡Wi Av`©ª we‡køl‡Y B_vb¨vj I
A¨vwm‡Uvb cvIqv hvq| wewµqvmn ARvbv A¨vjwKbwUi MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL| RUBiChem 01-02
Ans: ARvbv A¨vjwKbwUi MVb wb¤œiæc:
H3 C CH3
C=C
H CH3
H3 C CH3 H3 C CH3
O
H2 O,∆
wewµqvt C=C + O3 ⟶ C C → CH3 −CHO + CH3 −CO−CH3 + ZnO
  Zn B_vb¨vj A¨vwm‡Uvb
H CH3 H O O CH3
112. B_v‡ii `ªe‡Y A¨vjKvBj Av‡qvWvB‡Wi mv‡_ †mvwWqvg avZzi wewµqvi d‡j A¨vj‡Kb cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx‡K ejv nqÑ DU 08-09;JtU 06-07
(A) Grignard reaction (B) Wurtz reaction (C) Markovnikov (D) Wolf s reaction
1800 𝐶
113. wb‡Pi wewµqvq cÖavb Drcv` wK ? CH3 CH2 OH + H2 SO4 (excess) → DU 08-09; ChU 07- 08
(A) CH3 CH2 -O-CH2 CH3 (B) H3 C-CH3 (C) H2 C = CH2 (D) CH3 CHO
114. wb‡¤œi †Lvjv wkKj †hŠM¸wji †KvbwU‡Z me¸‡jv eÜbB 𝜎(wmMgv) ? DU 06-07
(A) C10 H20 (B) C10 H22 (C) C10 H18 (D) C10 H20 O
115. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU IRwbKiY I Av`ª©we‡køl‡bi d‡j ïaygvÎ GKwU Drcv` †`‡e ? DU 06-07
(A) CH3 CH = CH-CH(CH3 )2 (B) (H3 C)2C = C(CH3 )2
(C) CH3 CH2 CH = C(CH3 )2 (D) CH3 CH2 C(CH3 ) = CHCH3
𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙3
116. wb‡¤œi wewµqvwUi bvg wK ? DU 03-04 𝐶6 𝐻6 + RX → 𝐶6 𝐻5 -R + HX
(A) DU©R wewµqv (B) DU©R-wdwUM wewµqv (C) wd«‡Wj µvdU wewµqv (D) ‡Kve wewµqv
117. Kÿ ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi mv‡_ K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vB‡Wi wewµqvi d‡j †KvbwU Drcbœ nq ? DU 03-04; RU ACCT 08-09
(A) Bw_wjb (B) wg‡_b (C) A¨vwmwUwjb (D) B‡_b

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118. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU cwjgvi MVb K‡i ? DU 01-02
(A) C6 H5CH = CH2 (B) H3 C-CH2 OH (C) CH3 COOH (D) CH3 COCH3

119. wd«‡Wj µvdU wewµqvq wb‡Pi †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq ? DU 00-01

(A) Sn/HCl (B) conc. HNO3 (C) anhydrous AlCl3 (D) Na/ether
120. Bw_wjb ÿvixq cUvwmqvg cvi g¨v½v‡bU `ªe‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ Ki‡j GUv wb‡Pi ‡Kvb †hŠ‡M cwiYZ nq ? DU 97-98
(A) CH3 COOH (B) HOCH2 − CH2 OH (C) H2 C−CH2 (D) CH3 CHO
O
121. cwjw_b ˆZwi‡Z †h †hŠMwU jv‡M Zv n‡”QÑ DU 97-98; RU 07-08
(A) C6 H5CH = CH2 (B) H2 C = CHCl (C) CH2 = CH2 (D) CH3 CH = CH2
122. †ebwRb †_‡K C6 H5CO𝐶𝐻3 cÖ¯‘wZi mwVK wewµqvÑ DU 96-97
(A) C6 H5+ CH3 COOH (B) C6 H6 + CH3 COCl (C) C6 H6 + PCl3 (D) C6 H6 +(CH3 CO)2 O
Zn/H2 O
123. CH3 CH = CH2 + O2 → ? ChU 08- 09
(A) CH3 CH2 CH3 + ZnO (B) CH3 CHO + CO2 + Zn(OH)2
(C) CH3 COOH + CO2 + H2 O (D) CH3 CHO + HCHO (E) CH3 CH2 OH + CH3 OH
124. dzUšÍ UjyB‡bi g‡a¨ †K¬vwib M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j wK Drcbœ nq ? ChU 08-09
(A) ‡K¬v‡iv †ebwRb (B) o-‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb (C) p-‡K¬v‡iv UjyBb (D) †eb‡Rv‡K¬vivBW (E) ‡ebRvjwWnvBW
125. wg‡_b Ges †K¬vwib M¨v‡mi wgkÖY mivmwi m~‡h©i Av‡jv‡Z wb‡j †h we‡ùviY N‡U Zv‡Z Drcv`¸wj njÑ ChU 08-09
(A) CH3 Cl + HCl (B) CH2 Cl2 + HCl (C) CHCl3 + HCl (D) CCl4 + HCl (E) C + HCl
126. †Kvb Kvh©Kix g~jKwU †gUv wb‡`©kK ? JtB 08-09
(A) −NH2 (B) −OH (C) −CH (D) −OR
127. jNy bvBwUªK GwmW †hv‡M UjyBb‡K RvwiZ Ki‡j Drcbœ nqÑ RU Chem 08-09
(A) †eb‡RvwqK GwmW (B) ‡eÄvwgb (C) UjyBK GwmW (D) nvB‡Wªv·vBW GwmW
128. M¨vgvw·‡bi ms‡KZÑ RU Chem 08-09
(A) C6 H6 Cl6 (B) C6 H5 Cl (C) C6 H5 NO2 (D) C6 H3 (O3 )3
129. C6 H5 - CH3 Drcbœ Kiv hvq †Kvb wewµqv Øviv ? Ch U 08-09
(A) DU©R wewµqv (B) nd&g¨vb wewµqv (C) wdª‡Wj µ¨vdU wewµqv (D) Kvwe©j A¨vwgb
0
130. 400 †m. ZvcgvÎvq DËß b‡ji wfZi w`‡q GwmwUwjb Pvjbv Ki‡j Drcbœ nqÑ RU Chem 07-08, 08-09
(A) UjyBb (B) ‡K¬v‡ivdg© (C) n¨v‡jv‡Rb (D) †ebwRb
131. CH3 CH2 −COONa + NaOH (CaO) wewµqvi g~j Drcv` n‡jvÑ RU ACCT 08-09
(A) Na2 CO3 (B) CH3 -COOH (C) CH3 − CH3 (D) CH4
132. †Kvb Kvh©Kix g~jKwU †gUv wb‡`©kK ? ChU 07-08; JtU 09-10
(A) −NH2 (B) −OH (C) −CH3 (D) −OCH3 (E) −NO2
133. A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cÖfveKxq wbiæ`‡b wK Drcbœ nq ? RU 07-08
(A) A¨vj‡Kb (B) A¨vjwWnvBW (C) A¨vjwKb (D) wK‡Uvb
0
134. C6 H6 ev®ú‡K 600 − 800 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß avZe b‡ji wfZi Pvjbv Ki‡j wK Drcbœ nq ? RU 07-08
(A) WvB wdbvBj (B) UjyBb (C) A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb (D) RvBwjb
0
 WvB wdbvBjt 600 − 800 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß b‡ji ga¨ w`‡q †ebwRb ev®ú Pvjbv Ki‡j WvB wdbvBj Drcbœ nq|
−H + H− ⟶ − + H2
WvB wdbvBj
135. †Udj‡bi g‡bvgvi †KvbwU ? RU 07-08
(A) wfbvBj †ebwRb (B) ‡UUªv †d¬v‡iv Bw_b (C) wfbvBj †K¬vivBW (D) Bw_wjb
136. A¨vjwK‡bi wØe܇bi Ae¯’vb wbY©‡q †Kvb wewµqvwU cÖ‡hvR¨ ? DU 10-11; RU 07-08
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 180
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(A) mvj‡dv‡bkb (B) I‡Rv‡bvjvBwmm (C) n¨v‡jv‡R‡bkb (D) bvB‡Uªkb

137. Cn H2n mvaviYZ ms‡KZwU wK ai‡bi †hŠM wb‡`©k K‡i ? RU 07-08

(A) A¨vj‡Kb (B) A¨vjKvBb (C) A¨vjwKb (D) ‡KvbwUB bv
138. GKwU †hŠ‡Mi ms‡KZ C6 H12| GwU‡K I‡Rv‡bvjvBwmm K‡I cÖvß †hŠ‡Mi g‡a¨ GKwUi ms‡KZ CH3 CH2 -(CH3 )C = O n‡j
†hŠMwUi ms‡KZ n‡eÑ RU 07-08
(A) CH3 CH = CH-CH(CH3 )2 (B) (H3 C)2C = C(CH3 )2
(C) CH3 CH2 CH = C(CH3 )2 (D) CH3 CH2 C(CH3 ) = CHCH3
139. RX Gi mv‡_ Na, Mg avZzi wewµqvKv‡j `ªveKiæ‡c e¨envi Ki‡Z nqÑ RU 07-08
(A) ‡K‡ivwmb (B) ﮋ B_vi (C) A¨vj‡Kvnj (D) wg_vbj
140. †Udjb Gi ivmvqwbK bvg wK ? SUST 07-08, RU F 13-14
(A) cwj †UUªv †d¬v‡iv B‡_b (B) ‡K¬v‡iv †d¬v‡iv B‡_b (C) UªvB †K¬v‡iv †dbj (D) WvB †K¬v‡iv wg‡_b
141. wb‡¤œi wewµqvq X wK ? CH3 − CH2 − CH = CH2 + HBr ⟶ X SUST 07-08
(A) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 Br (B) CH3 CH2 CHBrCH3
(C) CH3 −CH = CH− CH3 (D) CH3 CH2 CHBrCH2 Br
142. `¯Ív P~‡Y©i mv‡_ †dbj cvwZZ Ki‡j wK Drcbœ nq ? ChU 08-09
(A) UjyBb (B) RvBwjb (C) A¨vwbwjb (D) †ebwRb (E) wdbvBj A¨vwgb
143. B_vbj I mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi wewµqvq †Kvb †hŠMwU MwVZ nq bv ? RU 06-07
(A) C2 H5OC2 H5 (B) C2 H4 (C) C2 H5 OSO3 H (D) CH3 COOH
144. †Kvb †hŠMwU A¨v‡gvwbqv hy³ wmjfvi bvB‡Uª‡Ui mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i Aat‡ÿc †`q ? RU 06-07
(A) C2 H6 (B) C2 H2 (C) C2 H4 (D) C3 H6
145. M¨vmxq †cÖvwcb hLb †eªvwg‡bi Rjxq `ªe‡Y †cÖiY Kiv nq 1,2-WvB‡eªv‡gv‡cÖv‡cb, CH2 BrCHBrCH3 Ges Ab¨ GKwU Drcv`
Drcbœ nq| †mwU wK ? DU 09-10
(A) CH3 CHOHCH2 OH (B) CH3 CHBrCH2 OH (C) CH3 CH2 CH3 (D) CH3 CHOHCH2 Br
 CH2 = CH-CH3 + 2Br2 + H2 O ⟶ CH2 BrCHBrCH3 + CH3 CHOHCH2 Br + HBr
CCl4
CH2 = CH-CH3 + Br2 → CH3 BrCHBrCH3
146. C6 H12 AvYweK ms‡KZ wewkó GKwU A¨vjwKb‡K I‡Rv‡bvjvBwmm Kivi ci wRs‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Av`©ªwe‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡¤œi †Kvb
†hŠMwU Drcbœ nq ? DU 09-10
(A) CH3 CHO (B) CH3 COCH3 (C) HCHO (D) CH3 CH2 CHO
 ms‡KZwU (CH3 )2C = C(CH3 )2 n‡j Ans: B; CH3 -CH2 -CH = CH-CH2 -CH3 n‡j Ans: D
147. Abv`©ª AlCl3 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z GwmUvBj †K¬vivB‡Wi mv‡_ †ebwRb mvgvb¨ DËß Ki‡j †h `ªe¨ Drcbœ nq Zv n‡”QÑ DU 09-10
(A) Acetone (B) Acetophenone (C) Phenol (D) Benzyl chloride
AlCl3
C6 H6 + CH3 − COCl → C6 H5 COCH3 + HCl
148. 1-weDUvBb I 2-weDUvBb Gi cv_©K¨Ki‡Y †Kvb wewµqKwU e¨eüZ nq ? DU 09-10
(A) Br2 /CCl4 (B) H2 /Pt (C) I2 /KOH (D) Cu2+ /OH −
149. wb‡¤œi wewµqvi Drcv`K wK ? CH3 -CH = CH2 + HBr ⟶ JtU 09-10
(A) CH3 − CH2 − CH2Br (B) CH3 −CHBr − CH2 Br
(C) CH3 −CHBr − CH3 (D) †KvbwUB bv
150. ˆRe imvq‡bi fvlvq Kve©‡bi K¨v‡U‡bkb Kv‡K e‡j ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) Kve©‡bi mv‡_ †gUv‡ji mshyw³ (B) Kve©‡bi mv‡_ Aw·‡R‡bi mshyw³
(C) Kve©‡bi mv‡_ Kve©‡bi mshyw³ (D) Kve©‡bi mv‡_ bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi mshyw³
151. [Link] ej‡Z wK eyS ? RU ACCT 09-10

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(A) Zij †c‡Uªvwjqvg M¨vm (B) ZijxK…Z ‡c‡Uªvwjqvg M¨vm (C) jvBU ‡c‡Uªvwjqvg M¨vm (D) Zij †c‡Uªvj M¨vm

152. †Udjb wK ? RU ACCT 09-10

(A) ‡UUªv‡d¬v‡iv B‡_b (B) ‡d¬v‡iv Bw_wjb (C) ‡UUªv‡d¬v‡iv cÖwcwjb (D) cwj †UUªv‡d¬v‡iv Bw_wjb
153. wcwiwWb wK ai‡bi ˆRe †hŠM ? RU Fr 09-10
(A) A¨v‡iv‡gwUK (B) A¨vwj‡dwUK (C) ‡nUv‡ivmvBwK¬K (D) A¨vwjmvBwK¬K
154. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †Udj‡bi ms‡KZ ? RU Fr 09-10
(A) n(CF2 = CF2 ) (B) (−CF2 − CF2 −)n (C) (C2 F4 )n (D) B I C `ywUB
155. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †ebwRb ej‡qi Kve©b-Kve©b e܇bi `~iZ¡ KZ ? RU Fr 09-10
(A) 0.139 nm (B) 0.154 nm (C) 0.112 nm (D) ‡KvbwUB bv
156. DU©R wewµqvq †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq ? RU BiChem 09-10
(A) Na/Ether (B) Sn/HCl (C) K 2 Cr2 O7 /H2 SO4 (D) Cu2 Cl2 /HCl
157. Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b †Kvb wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡ibv ? RU BiChem 09-10
(A) I‡RvbvBW MVb (B) hyZ wewµqv (C) Zwor we‡kølY (D) RviY-weRviY
158. †KvbwU A¨v‡gvwbqvhy³ wmjfvi bvB‡Uª‡Ui mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i ? RU BiChem 09-10
(A) Bw_wjb (B) A¨vwmwUwjb (C) B‡_b (D) B_vBj Av‡qvWvBW
159. wb‡¤œi †Kvb Am¤ú„³ nvB‡WªvKve©b‡K I‡Rv‡bvjvBwmm Ki‡j 2 AYy A¨vwm‡Uvb cvIqv hvq ? RU BiChem 09-10
(A) (CH3 )2C=C(CH3 )2 (B) CH3 CH = CHCH3
(C) (CH3 )2C = CHCH3 (D) CHCH3 = C(CH3 )2
160. ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi Am¤ú„³Zv mbv³Ki‡Y †Kvb e܇bi Dcw¯’wZ wb‡`©k K‡i ? RU BiChem 09-10
(A) 𝜎 eÜb (B) 𝜋 eÜb (C) 𝜎 I 𝜋 eÜb (D) †KvbwUB bv
161. wK †_‡K PVC Gi wk‡ívrcv`b Kiv nq ? RU Mts 09-10
(A) CH3 − CH3 (B) CH2 = CH2 (C) CH3 -CH = CH2 (D) CH ≡ CH
162. †KvbwU ˆRe †hŠM ? RU Mts 09-10
(A) CO3 (B) CO (C) CCl4 (D) Fe3 C
163. A¨vwmwUwjb‡K CCl4 `ªe‡Y †i‡L Zv‡Z †eªvwgb M¨vm Pvjbv Ki‡j †h Drcv` nqÑ DU 10-11
(A) Br2 CH-CHBr2 (B) BrCH-CHB (C) Br2 CH-CHCl2 + CHCl2 (D) Cl2 CH-CHBr2 +CHBr3
164. Ethylene ‡_‡K polyethylene ˆZwi wK ai‡bi wewµqv ? DU 10-11
(A) synthesis (B) neutralization (C) pyrolysis (D) polymerization
165. ÿvixq KMnO4 `ªe‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡¤œi †Kvb †hŠMwU mbv³ Kiv hvq ? ChU 10-11
(A) CH3 CHO (B) CH3 -O-CH3 (C) CH2 = CH2 (D) C2 H5-O-C2 H5 (E) CH2 COOH
166. GKwU ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi I‡Rv‡bvjvBwmm K‡i digvjwWnvBW I A¨vwm‡Uvb cvIqv ‡Mj| ˆRe †hŠMwU wK ? RU H 10-11
(A) 2-wg_vBj weDwUb (B) 2-wg_vBj ‡cÖvwcb (C) 2-weDwUb (D) 1-weDwUb
167. cvi A·vB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †cÖvwc‡bi m‡½ HBr Gi wewµqvq gvK©wbKf wbq‡gi e¨wZµg N‡U Ges cÖavb Drcv` nq 1-
†eªv‡gv‡cÖv‡cb| KviY 1- †eªv‡gv‡cÖv‡cbÑ SUST 10-11
(A) 20 Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb (B) 10 Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb (C) 10 wd« i¨vwWK¨vj (D) 20 wd« i¨vwWK¨vj Gi gva¨‡g m„wó nq
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒
168. CH3 CH = CH2 + HBr → wewµqvwUi cÖavb Drcv` †KvbwU ? NU 10-11
(A) CH3 CH2 CH2 Br (B) CH3 CHBrCH3 (C) BrCH2 CH2 CH2 Br (D) CH2 = CH2
169. †ebwR‡bi mwnZ CH3 Cl Ges AlCl3 Gi wewµqvq wb‡¤œi †KvbwU GKwU AšÍe©Zx ? DU 11-12
H H H H + H
  
H C H C− H C+
   

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 Chemistry
H H H H H H
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Hints: CH3 −Cl + AlCl3 ⇌ CH3 + AlCl− 4 A_©vr †ebwR‡bi mwnZ CH3 Cl Ges AlCl3 Gi wewµqvq CH3 + GKwU AšÍe©Zx|
+

H2 O
170. wb‡¤œi wewµqvwUi cÖavb Drcv` wK ? CH2 = CH2 + KMnO4 → ? DU 11-12
(A) ethanoic acid (B) ethylene glycol (C) ethyl alcohol (D) ethylene oxide
171. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq wb‡¤œi †Kvb MÖæcwU A‡_©v-c¨viv wb‡`©kK ? DU 11-12
(A) −COOH (B) −OH (C) −NO2 (D) −CHO
172. bx‡Pi †Kvb cÖwZ¯’vcKwU †ebwRb P‡µ A‡_©v I c¨viv wb‡`©kK ? JtU 11-12
(A) −N+ R 3 (B) −CONH2 (C) −CN (D) −Cl
173. R¡vjvbx †Z‡ji bwKs (Knocking) n«vm Kivi Dcvq †KvbwU ? JtU 11-12
(A) ‡UUªvB_vBj †jW †hvM Kiv (B) Zvcxq fv½b (C) A¨vjKvB‡jkb (D) me¸‡jv
Zn/H2 O
174. CH3 − CH = CH2 + O3 → ? ChU 11-12
(A) CH3 CH2 CH2 + CO2 (B) CH3 CHO + CO2 (C) CH3 COOH + CO2
(D) CH3 COOH + Zn(OH)2 (E) CH3 CHO + HCHO
175. A¨vj‡K‡bi mvaviY m s‡KZÑ ChU 11-12
(A) Cn H2n (B) Cn H2n−1 (C) Cn H2n+1 (D) Cn H2n−2 (E) Cn H2n+2
176. mvB‡K¬vweDUvWvBb, RU C 11-12
(A) myifx †Kw›`ªK †hŠM (B) ms‡hvRb wewµqv †`q bv (C) ms‡hvRb wewµqv †`q (D) †KvbwUB bv
177. †ebwRb UªvBI‡RvbvBW‡K Av`©ªwe‡kølY Ki‡j wK cvIqv hvq ? RU H 11-12
(A) A·vwjK GwmW (B) MøvB A·vj (C) digvjwWnvBW (D) A¨vwmwUK GwmW
178. †Kvb †hŠMwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK †hŠM bq ? SUST 11-12
(A) A¨vb_ªvwmb (B) UjyBb (C) _v‡qvwdb (D) b¨vc_vwjb (E) mvB‡K¬v‡n·vUªvBb
179. †KvbwU †nUv‡ivmvBwK¬K †hŠM ? SUST 11-12
(A) bvB‡Uªv †ebwRb (B) A¨vwbwjb (C) RvBwjb (D) wcwiwWb (E) Wvqv‡Rvwbqvg jeY
180. DU©R wdwUM wewµqvq †Kvb avZz e¨eüZ nq ? ChU F 11-12
(A) K (B) Ca (C) Ni (D) Mg (E) Na
H2 O
181. CaC2 → A + Ca(OH)2, GLv‡b A = ? MBUST 11-12
(A) Ca = C = C = Ca (B) Ca = CH-CH = Ca (C) H-C ≡ C-H (D) H2 C = CH2
182. †KvbwU fvj bwKs †ivaK ? MBUST 11-12
(A) C(C2 H5 )4 (B) Pb(C2 H5 )4 (C) Si(C2 H5 )4 (D) Ge(C2 H5 )4
183. †Udjb Gi g‡bvgvi †KvbwU ? BRUR 11-12
(A) CH2 = CH2 (B) CH2 = CHCl (C) CF2 = CF2 (D) C6 H5CH = CH2
184. iso- weD‡Ub‡K †eªvwg‡bkb Ki‡j †Kvb †hŠMwU Drcbœ nq ? SUST 11-12
(A) t- weDUvBj †eªvgvBW (B) n- weDUvBj †eªvgvBW (C) sec- weDUvBj †eªvgvBW
(D) iso- †cÖvcvBj †eªvgvBW (E) n- weDUvbj
0
185. B_vbj‡K 170 C ZvcgvÎvq AwZwi³ Mvp mvjwdDwiK GwmW Øviv wewµqv Ki‡j Kx Drcbœ nq ? DU 12-13
(A) C2 H5 HSO4 (B) C2 H4 SO4 (C) CH2 = CH2 (D) CH3 CHO
186. A¨v‡iv‡gwUK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq wb‡¤œi †Kvb MÖæcwU †gUv wb‡`©kK ? DU 12-13
(A) −NO2 (B) −OH (C) −Cl (D) −CH3
187. CH3 Gi mwnZ Cl2 Gi wewµqv GKwUÑ RU C 12-13
(A) i¨vwW‡Kj wewµqv (B) Av‡qvwbK wewµqv (C) hyZ wewµqv (D) †KvbwUB bq

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KMnO4 ,H2 SO4 NaOH NaOH,CaO+Heat

188. UjyBb → I→ II → III , Drcv` I, II Ges III n‡jv h_vµ‡gÑ SUST 12-13
(A) ‡ebRwqK GwmW,‡mvwWqvg †ebR‡qU,‡ebwRb (B) ‡ebRwqK GwmW,‡dbj,‡ebwRb
(C) ‡dbj, †ebRwqK GwmW,‡ebwRb (D) ‡ebRvjwWnvBW,‡ebRwqK GwmW,‡ebwRb
(E) ‡ebRwqK GwmW, †dbj, †ebwRb
5000 C,𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3
189. n-‡n‡Þb → I PvwµKiY II wePz¨wZ III , Drcv` I, II Ges III n‡jv h_vµ‡gÑ SUST 12-13
Zvc we‡hvRb
(A) n-‡nÞvbj,wg_vBj mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b I †ebwRb (B) ‡nwÞb-1,wg_vBj mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b, UjyBb
(C) ‡ebwRb, UjyBb, RvBwjb (D) mvB‡K¬v‡n‡Þb ,mvB‡K¬v‡n‡·b, UjyBb
(E) 1,3-‡nwÞb,mvB‡K¬v‡n‡Þb,RvBwjb
190. 1400 C ZvcgvÎvq AwaK B_vbj I mvjwdDwiK GwmW wewµqv K‡i †KvbwU Drcbœ K‡i ? PUST 12-13; RU C 13-14
(A) GwmwWK GwmW (B) WvB B_vBj B_vi (C) B_vBj Gwm‡UW (D) B_vBj mvj‡dv‡bU
191. †ebwR‡b 𝜋 B‡jKUª‡bi msL¨vÑ IU Kustia 12-13
(A) 6 wU (B) 4 wU (C) 3 wU (D) 2 wU
192. M¨v‡mvwj‡bi Kve©b mshyw³Ñ IU Kustia 12-13
(A) C1 − C4 (B) C5 − C11 (C) C12 − C15 (D) C15 − C18
193. wb‡¤œv³ †Kvb g~jKwU cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡j †ebwRb P‡µi mwµqZv n«vm cvq ? ChU 12-13
(A) OR (B) NO2 (C) NH3 (D) OH (E) CH3
194. DU©R wewµqvq ‡KvbwU e¨eüZ nq ? ChU 12-13
(A) Na (B) Sn (C) K 2 Cr2 O7 (D) Cu2 Cl2 (E) CaO
195. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †ebwRb ejq mwµqKvix g~jK bq ? BRUR 12-13
(A) −CH3 (B) −NH2 (C) −OH (D) −NO2
196. †eªvwgb Bw_‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i|wewµqvwUi †KŠkj wK ? DU 13-14
(A) †K›`ªvKl©x hyZ (B) †K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb (C) B‡j±ªMÖvnx hyZ (D) B‡j±ªMÖvnx cÖwZ¯’vcb
197. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU †Udj‡bi g‡bvgvi ? DU 13-14
(A) CH2 = CH2 (B) CHCl = CHCl (C) C6 H5 − CH = CH2 (D) CF2 = CF2
20%𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ,1%𝐻𝑔𝑆𝑂4 ,600 𝐶
198. wb‡Pi wewµqvi cÖavb Drcv` wK ? CH ≡ CH + 𝐻2 O → ? DU 13-14
(A) CH3 CHO (B) CH3 COOH (C) CH3 CH2OH (D) CH3 COCH3
199. R¡vjvbx †Z‡ji AK‡Ub e„w×i Rb¨ †Kvb c`v_© e¨envi Kiv nq ? RU H 13-14
(A) †UUªv-B_vBj †jW (B) Avqib †c›UvKve©wbj (C) UjyBb (D) me¸‡jvB e¨envi Kiv hvq
[Link]‡bi Ab¨ bvgÑ RU F 13-14
(A) wg_vBj Gwgb (B) wg_vBj †ebwRb (C) ‡eb‡RvwqK GwmW (D) mvj‡dvbvBj †ebwRb
201. GKwU ˆRe †hŠM‡K I‡RvbvBwmm Ki‡j †cÖvcvb¨vj I weDUvb¨vj Drcbœ nq, †hŠMwU wK ? SUST 13-14
(A) n †n‡Þb (B) 1-‡nwÞb (C) 2-‡nwÞb (D) 3-‡nwÞb (E) iso-‡nwÞb
202. bvB‡Uªkb wewµqvq bvBwUªK GwmW (𝐻𝑁𝑂3 ) wK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i ? BRUR 13-14
(A) GwmW (B) ÿviK (C) jeY (D) †KvbwUB bq
203. DU©R wewµqvq †KvbwU Drcbœ nq ? BRUR 13-14
(A) A¨vjwKb (B) A¨vjKvBj n¨vjvBW (C) A¨vj‡Kb (D) B_vi
204. PVC cøvw÷KwU wb‡Pi †KvbwUi cwjgvivB‡Rk‡bi gva¨‡g Drcbœ nq ? BRUR 13-14
(A) CH2 = CH2 (B) ClCH = CH-Cl (C) CH2 = CCl2 (D) CH2 = CHCl
205. †Udj‡bi g‡bvgvi wb‡Pi †KvbwU ? BRUR 13-14
(A) wfbvBj †K¬vivBW (B) ÷vwib (C) Bw_wjb (D) ‡UUªv‡d¬v‡ivBw_b

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206. wb‡¤œi †Kvb †hŠMwUi †ÿ‡Î gviKwbKf Gi bxwZ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq ? BRUR 13-14
(A) CH3 CH = CH2 (B) CH3 CH = CHCH3 (C) CH3 CH2 CH = CH2 (D) CH3 CH2 CH = CH2
207. †ebwRb I GKvwaK †ebwRb ejq hy³ nvB‡WªvKve©b mg~n‡K GK‡Î e‡jÑ IU kostia 13-14
(A) †c‡Uªvwjqvg (B) A¨vwib (C) A¨vb_ªvwmb (D) wdDivb
0
208. 450 C ZvcgvÎvq HC≡CH †K DËß Ki‡j ˆZix nqÑ IU kostia 13-14
(A) C2 H4 (B) C6 H6 (C) C2 H6 (D) C3 H8
209. †evZj M¨vm ev Gj wc M¨v‡mi wmwjÛv‡i _v‡KÑ IU kostia 13-14
(A) CH4 (B) CH4 I C6 H6 (C) C3 H8 I C4 H10 (D) CH4 I N2
210. †eªvwgb Bw_‡bi mv‡_ wewµqv Kij| wewµqvwU njÑ NU 13-14
(A) hyZ (B) cÖwZ¯’vcb (C) RviY (D) wd«-i¨vwWK¨vj
I2 /OH−
211. wb‡¤œi wewµqvq Drcv` ÔP’Ges ÔQ’ †Kvb †m‡U we`¨gvb ? CH3 CH2 CHOHCH3 → P(aq) + Q (s) DU 06-07
−
(A) CH3 CH2 CH3 ; CH4 respectively (B) CH3 CH2 COO ; CHI3 respectively
(C) CH3 CH3 ; CH3 CH3 respectively (D) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 ; I3 respectively
212. wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ CH3 OH Gi wewµqvq wK nq ? DU 06-07
(A) Alkane (B) Ether (C) Ester (D) Aldehyde
H2 O
213. wb‡Pi wewµqvq Q wK ? HCHO + CH3 MgBr ⟶ P → Q DU 05-06
(A) CH3 CH2 OH (B) CH3 COOH (C) CH3 CHO (D) CH3 − O − CH3
214. PCl5 I B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqvi d‡j †KvbwU Drcbœ nq ? DU 04-05
(A) Acetyl (B) Ethyl chloride (C) Ethane (D) Diethyl ether
0
215. †K¬v‡iv †ebwRb I A¨v‡gvwbqv 200 C ZvcgvÎvq Ges D”P Pv‡c cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Drcbœ K‡iÑ DU 04-05
(A) Nitrobenzen (B) Chloroaminobenzene (C) Aminochloroaniline (D) Aniline
NaOH(aq)
216. R− CH2 X → RCH2 OH + NaX wewµqvwU GKwUÑ DU 04-05
(A) hyZ wewµqv (B) B‡jK‡UªvbvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv (C) AcmviY wewµqv (D) wbDwK¬IMÖvnx cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv
217. A¨vj‡K‡bi mv‡_ wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡Ki wewµqvq wK Drcbœ nq ? DU 03-04; ChU 06-07; Jt 06-07; IU 13-14
(A) A¨vjwKb (B) B_vi (C) A¨vj‡Kb (D) GwmW
218. Uviwmqvix n¨vjvBW †KvbwU ? RU 07-08; M. 04-05; D. 02-03
(A) R 2 CHX (B) R 3 CX (C) RCH2 X (D) R 2 X
219. PCl5 Ges C2 H5OH wewµqvq Drcbœ nqÑ RU 07-08
(A) CH3 COCl (B) C2 H5 Cl (C) POCl3 (D) C2 H5 -O-C2 H5
220. [Link] Gi ivmvqwbK bvgÑ RU 07-08; M. 88-89
(A) c¨viv c¨viv WvB‡K¬v‡iv WvB wdbvBj UªvB †K¬‡iv B‡_b (B) c¨viv c¨viv WvB‡K¬‡iv WvB wdbvBj UªvB †K¬v‡iv wg‡_b
(C) c¨viv c¨viv WvB‡K¬v‡iv WvB †eªv‡gv UªvB †K¬‡iv B‡_b (D) ‡gUv c¨viv WvB‡K¬‡iv WvB wdbvBj UªvB †K¬‡iv wg‡_b
221. ‡KvbwU MÖxY nvDm M¨vm bq ? RU 07-08
(A) [Link] (B) Kve©b WvB A·vBW (C) bvB‡Uªv‡Rb (D) bvBUªvm A·vBW
222. †Kvb M¨vm I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ `vqx ? RU 07-08; M. 04-05
(A) mvjdvi (B) ‡K¬‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b (C) Kve©b WvB A·vBW (D) Kve©b g‡bv·vBW
223. Kuv`y‡b M¨v‡m †KvbwU e¨eüZ nq ? ChU 06-07
(A) SO2 (B) ClF2 C-CClF2 (C) COCl2 (D) CCl3 -NO2 (E) NO2
224. (CH3 )3CBr I Rjxq NaOH Gi wewµqvwU †Kvb †kÖYxi ? KU 06-07
(A) SN1 (B) SN2 (C) E1 (D) E2
225. †K¬‡ivd‡g©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖgvY Kiv hvq †Kvb cixÿvi mvnv‡h¨ ? KU 06-07

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(A) AvB‡mvmvqvbvBW (B) ‡K¬vwi‡bkb (C) Av`©ªwe‡kølY (D) weRviY cixÿvi mvnv‡h¨
226. CHCl3 wec`gy³ ivLvi Rb¨ wK wgkv‡bv nq ? RU 07-08
(A) B_vbj (B) wg_vbj (C) H2 SO4 (D) NaOH
227. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU Av‡qv‡Wvdg© †U÷ w`‡e bv ? DU 08-09
(A) CH3 CH2 CH2 OH (B) CH3 COC6 H5 (C) CH3 CHOHCH3 (D) CH3 CH2 OH
228. †K¬v‡ivdg© I A¨vj‡Kvnjxq Kw÷K cUv‡mi mv‡_ †h‡Kvb cÖvBgvix A¨vwgb‡K Mig Ki‡j Drcbœ nqÑ RU 08-09
(A) B_vBj bvgK iÄK c`v_© (B) bvB‡Uªv‡R‡b †auvqv (C) Kvwe©j A¨vwgb (D) WvBwg_vBj bvgK iÄK
229. Mvp H2 SO4 Gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †K¬‡iv‡ebwRb †K †K¬viv‡ji mv‡_ Zvc w`‡j cvIqv hvqÑ RU 08-09
(A) T.N.T (B) D.D.T (C) ‡dbj (D) ‡K¬v‡ivwgb
230. wØ-AvYweK wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv n‡jvÑ RU 08-09
(A) SN1 (B) SNi (C) SN2 (D) SN3
231. evqygÛ‡ji †Kvb ¯Í‡i I‡Rvb ¯Íi Aew¯’Z ? DU 09-10; IU 11-12
(A) Troposphere (B) Thermospher (C) Mesosphere (D) Stratosphere
232. †Kvb wewµqKwU Av‡qv‡Wvdg© cixÿvq Ask †bq bv ? DU 09-10
(A) CH3 CH2 OH (B) CH3 CHOHCH3 (C) CH3 CH2 CH2 OH (D) CH3 COCH2 CH3
233. CH𝐶𝑙3 Gi AvšÍRv© wZK bvg wK ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) ‡K¬v‡ivdg© (B) n¨v‡jvdg© (C) wg‡_b †K¬vivBW (D) UªvB‡K¬v‡iv wg‡_b
234. †K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©‡bi evwYwR¨K bvg wK ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) [Link] (B) †K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv wg‡_b (C) WvB‡K¬v‡iv WvB‡d¬v‡iv wg‡_b (D) wd«qb
235. †Kvb †hŠM I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii Rb¨ ÿwZKviK ? RU Che 09-10
(A) CCl4 (B) CHCl3 (C) COCl2 (D) CFC
236. m¤úªwZ e¨vcK e¨eüZ n¨v‡jv‡R‡bv A¨vj‡Kb d¬z‡_b GKwUÑ RU Fr 09-10; D. 10-11
(A) KxUbvkK (B) ‡PZbvbvkK (C) wngvqK (D) AwMœwbe©vcK

 2-‡eªv‡gv-2-‡K¬v‡iv-1,1,1-UªvB‡d¬v‡iv B‡_‡bi (CH3 CHBrCl) Gi mv‡_ evwYwR¨K bvg †d¬v‡_b| eZ©gvb †PZbvbvkK iæ‡c
†K¬v‡ivd‡g©i Zzjbvq Bnv AwaK cwigv‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
237. cwi‡ek bóKvix MÖxY nvDm cÖfv‡ei R‡b¨ †Kvb M¨vm `vqx ? RU Fr 09-10
(A) CO2 (B) CFC (C) bv&BUªvm A·vBU (D) me¸‡jv
238. D.D.T Gi MjbvsK KZ ? RU G & M 09-10
(A) 1090 − 1100 C (B) 1100 − 1150 C (C) 1000 C (D) 1200 − 1220 C
239. †Kvb †hŠM A`ªvn¨, Awelv³ I MÜnxb ? RU Bi Che 09-10
(A) wd«qÝ (B) ‡K¬v‡ivdg© (C) Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW (D) †K‡ivwmb
240. MÖxY nvDm cÖfve‡Ki Rb¨ †ekx `vqx M¨vmÑ DU 10-11; IU 11-12
(A) CO (B) NOx (C) CH4 (D) CO2
241. wb‡Pi wewµqvi g~j Drcv` wK ? JtU 10-11 CH3 − CHBr− CH2 − CH3 + KOH (alc)⟶ ?
(A) CH3 − CH = CH − CH3 (B) CH2 = CH − CH2 − CH3
(C) CH2 − CH(OH)− CH2 − CH3 (D) CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 OH
242. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Av‡qv‡Wvdg© wewµqv cÖ`vb K‡i bv ? JtU 10-11
(A) CH3 COCH3 (B) CH3 CHOHCH3 (C) CH3 OCH2 CH2 (D) CH3 CH2OH
243. wb‡¤œi †Kvb †hŠMwU †K›`ªvKl©x cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv †`q ? DU 11-12
(A) cholorobenzene (B) ethylene (C) dimethylether (D) 2-chioro-2-methylpropane
244. †Kvb †hŠMwU n¨v‡jvdg© wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i ? JUST 11-12
(A) CH3 OH (B) HCOOH (C) CH3 COOH (D) CH3 CH2 OH

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245. evqygÛ‡j I‡Rvb ¯Íi aŸsm Ki‡QÑ JUST 11-12

(A) wd«qÝ bvgK †K¬v‡iv †d¬v‡iv †hŠM mg~n (B) wg‡_‡bi †hŠMmg~n
(C) wg‡_b I B‡_‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ †hŠMmg~n (D) B‡_‡bi †hŠM mg~n
246. †K¬‡ivdg© e¨eüZ nqÑ JUST 11-12
(A) ‡PZbvbvkKiæ‡c (B) `ªveKiæ‡c (C) cPb wbeviKiæ‡c (D) Dc‡ii meKwU
247. †K¬v‡ivdg© I A¨vwm‡Uvb‡K jNy KOH Øviv DËß Ki‡j wK Drcbœ nq ? RU H 11-12
(A) I‡q÷ªb (B) ‡K¬vwi‡Uvb (C) Kve©b †UUªv‡K¬vivBW (D) †K¬v‡ivwcwµb
248. wMÖMbvW© weKvi‡K cvwb †hvM Ki‡j †KvbwU Drcbœ nq ? MBUST 11-12
(A) A¨vj‡Kb (B) A¨vjwKb (C) Kve©w·wjK GwmW (D) A¨vj‡Kvnj
249. †d«qb bv‡g cwiwPZ †hŠMwU n‡”QÑ MBUST 11-12
(A) CCl2 F2 (B) CH2 F2 (C) CF2 (D) CHCl2
2
250. SN wewµqvi MwZ e„w× cvqÑ MBUST 11-12
(A) 10 RX > 20 RX > 30 RX (B) 10 RX < 20 RX < 30 RX
(C) 10 RX > 30 RX > 20 RX (D) 20 RX > 30 RX > 10 RX
251. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU Av‡qv‡Wvdg© wewµqv w`‡e bv ? NU 11-12
(A) CH3 CH2 CH2 OH (B) CH3 CHOHCH3 (C) CH3 CH2 OH (D) CH3 COCH3
252. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU wd«qÝ- 12 (From-12) bv‡g cwiwPZ ? Jtu 12-13
(A) CF2 Cl2 (B) CFCl3 (C) CHF2 Cl (D) CHFCl2
253. CH3 MgBr Gi mv‡_ cÖcv‡bvb-2 Gi wewµqvq Drcbœ †hŠM‡K Av`ª© we‡kølY Ki‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU cvIqv hvq ? JUST 12-13
(A) CH3 − CH2 − COOH (B) (CH3 )C − OH
(C) CH3 −CH(OH) − CH3 (D) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH2 − OH
254. †Kvb †hŠMwU Av‡qv‡Wvdg© wewµqv †`q bv ? BRUR 12-13
(A) B_vbj (B) B_vb¨vj (C) wg_vb¨vj (D) A¨vwm‡Uvb
255. wMÖMbvW© weKviK ˆZwi‡Z †KvbwU AcÖ‡qvRbxq ? RU H 13-14
(A) R - X (B) Na (C) ﮋ B_vi (D) Mg
256. 2-‡eªv‡gv †cÖv‡cb A¨vj‡KvnwjK KOH `ªe‡Y wK Drcbœ K‡i ? SUST 13-14
(A) n-‡cÖvcvbj (B) iso-‡cÖvcvbj (C) 2-‡eªv‡gv ‡cÖvcvbj (D) †cÖvwcb (E) iso-weD‡Ub
257. Av‡qv‡Wvdg© wewµqv †`q bvÑ IU 13-14
(A) wg_vb¨vj (B) GwmUb (C) B_vb¨vj (D) B_vbj
258. wb‡Pi †KvbwU ZvrÿwbKfv‡e jyKvm wewµqv †`q ? DU 07-08
(A) CH3 OH (B) CH3 CH(OH)CH3 (C) CH3 C(CH3 )2OH (D) CH3 COCH3
259. B_vbj‡K GKwU kw³kvjx RviK Øviv RvwiZ Ki‡j wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU ˆZwi n‡e ? DU 07-08
(A) CH3 CHO (B) CH3 COOH (C) CH3 CH2OOCCH3 (D) CH3 CH3
0
260. B_vb‡ji ev®ú‡K mwµq A¨vjywgbvi Dci 350 C Zv‡c cwiPvjbv Ki‡j cvIqv hvqÑ DU 07-08; KUET 05-06
(A) CH4 (B) CH3 CH3 (C) CH2 = CH2 (D) CH ≡ CH
261. C2 H5 OH RvwiZ n‡q ÔZ’ Drcbœ K‡i hv C2 H5 OH Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i G÷vi ˆZwi K‡i| Z wK ? DU 02-03,06-07;RUET 13-14
(A) HCOOH (B) CH3 COOH (C) CH3 − CH2 −COOH (D) CH3 COOC2 H5
262. `¯Ív P~‡Y©i mv‡_ †dbj cvwZZ Ki‡j Drcbœ nqÑ DU 01-02;M. 95-96; ChU 06-07; ChU 10-11
(A) UjyBb (B) ‡ebwRb (C) A¨vwbwjb (D) RvBwjb
263. B_vb‡ji mv‡_ Mvp mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi wewµqvi cÖavb Drcv` †KvbwU ? DU 00-01
(A) B_vi (B) WvB B_vBj mvj‡dU (C) B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU (D) Bw_wjb
264. wPUv¸o †_‡K B_vbj Drcv`‡bi cÖwµqvt RU 07-08

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(A) Av`©ª we‡kølY (B) RviY (C) weRviY (D) MuvRb
265. 10 , 20 Ges 30 A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji cv_©K¨ Ki‡Y e¨eüZ nqÑ SUST 07-08; D. 02-03; KUET 05-06
(A) ‡mvWvjvBg (B) †eªvwgb cvwb (C) jyKvm weKviK (D) ‡ewKs cvDWvi
266. A ‰Re †hŠM‡K RvwiZ K‡i GKwU A¨vjwWnvBW Drcbœ n‡j A wK ai‡bi ˆRe †hŠM ? SUST 07-08
(A) GwmW (B) cÖvBgvix A¨vj‡Kvnj (C) ‡m‡KÛvix A¨vj‡Kvnj (D) Uviwmqvix A¨vj‡Kvnj
267. IqvU© Kv‡K e‡j ? ChU 06-07
(A) g‡ëvR `ªeY (B) ‡ebwRb (C) wPwbi `ªeY (D) A¤øxq `ªeY (E) weï× A¨vj‡Kvnj
268. jyKvm weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ cÖvBgvix, †m‡KÛvix I Uviwmqvix A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji wewµqvi mwµqZv µgÑ JtU 06-07
(A) 10 > 20 > 30 (B) 20 > 30 > 10 (C) 30 > 20 > 10 (D) 30 > 10 > 20
269. C4 H10O ‡hŠMwU PCl5 Gi m‡½ SuvSv‡jv M¨vm Drcbœ K‡i hv‡Z NH3 Øviv wm³ KvP`Û ai‡j mv`v †auvqv ˆZwi K‡i| ‡hŠMwU‡Z
jyKvm weKviK †hvM Ki‡j ZvrÿwYKfv‡e mv`v Aa:‡ÿc c‡o| †hŠMwU n‡jvÑ SUST 12-13
(A) n-weDUvbj (B) AvB‡mv-weDUvbj (C) UvU©-weDUvbj (D) WvB-B_vBj B_vi (E) ‡cÖvcvBj wg_vBj B_vi
270. A¨vwmU¨vjwWnvBW‡K wb‡K‡ji Dcw¯’wZ‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv weRvwiZ Ki‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU cvIqv hvq ? DU 08-09
(A) Methanol (B) Ethanol (C) Propanol (D) Butanol
271. wK¬‡gbmb weRviY wewµqvq †kl Drcv` wK ? RU Fr 08-09
(A) Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU (B) nvB‡WªvKve©b (C) A¨vj‡Kvnj (D) A¨vjwWnvBW
272. A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW‡K †K¬vwi‡bkb K‡i cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nqÑ RU 08-09
(A) ‡K¬vivj (B) ‡K¬vwib (C) ‡K¬v‡iv †d¬v‡iv †hŠM (D) ‡K¬vivBW
273. A¨vjwWnvBW‡K RvwiZ Ki‡j wK cvIqv hvq ? RU 08-09
(A) A¨vj‡Kvnj (B) GwmW (C) A¨vj‡Kb (D) A¨vjKvBb
274. 2,4-WvBbvB‡UªvwdbvBj nvBWªvwRb Øviv mbv³ Kiv hvq ? RU 08-09
(A) C6 H5OH (B) −COOH (C) R-OH (D) >C = O
275. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU ‡dn&wjs `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i jvj Aat‡ÿc †`q ? DU 04-05,07-08; PSTU 08-09
(A) RCH2 X (B) RCOOH (C) RCH2 OH (D) RCH2 CHO
276. R-CO-R ⟶ R-CH2 -R ivmvqwbK wewµqvi Rb¨ †Kvb weKviKwU cÖ‡qvRb ? DU 06-07,08-09
(A) H2 SO4 (B) K 2 Cr2 O7 (C) NaBH4 (D) Zn/Hg. Conc HCl
277. Gwm‡Uvb weRvwiZ n‡q wb‡Pi †KvbwU Drcbœ K‡i ? DU 00-01,06-07
(A) Propyl Alcohol (B) Butyl Alcohol (C) Isopropyl Alcohol (D) Amyl Alcohol
278. †Kvb A¨vjwWnvBWwU A¨vjWj wewµqvq mvov †`‡e ? DU 98-99; ChU 06-07, 07-08
(A) HCHO (B) C6 H5 CHO (C) CH3 CH2 CHO (D) (CH3 )2CCHO
279. †Kvb A¨vj‡KvnjwU Av‡qv‡Wvdig wewµqvq mvov †`‡e ? DU 97-98
(A) CH3 OH (B) CH3 CH2 OH (C) CH3 CH2 CH2 CHO (D) C6 H5 CH2 OH
280. wb‡Pi †KvbwU K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i bv ? DU 97-98; M. 97-98, 99-00
(A) digvjwWnvBW (B) A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW (C) ‡ebRvjwWnvBW (D) UªvBwg_vBj A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW
281. Kve©wbj †hŠ‡Mi mv‡_ wMÖMbvW© wi‡q‡R‡›Ui wewµqvq ˆZwi nq ? DU 96-97
(A) A¨vjwWnvBW (B) A¨vj‡Kvnj (C) A¨vj‡Kb (D) A¤ø
282. †dn&wjs `ªe‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wbwðZ cixÿv Kiv hvqÑ DU 96-97
(A) my‡µvR (B) Møy‡KvR (C) ÷vP© (D) Kcvi (I) A·vBW
283. †Kvb †hŠMwU Av‡qv‡Wvdg© MVb K‡i ? JtU 06-07
(A) CH3 CH2 CH2 CHO (B) CH3 CHOHCH3 (C) CH2 OHCH2 CH2 OH (D) C6 H5 CH2OH
284. wb‡Pi †Kvb wgkÖYwU †dn&wjs `ªeY wgkÖY ? KU 06-07
(A) ÿvixq †mvwWqvg cUvwmqvg UviUv‡iU I Kcvi mvj‡dU `ªe‡Yi wgkÖY|
(B) A¤øxq †mvwWqvg cUvwmqvm UviUv‡iU I Kcvi mvj‡dU `ªe‡Yi wgkÖY|

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(C) ÿvixq †mvwWqvg cUvwmqvg UviUv‡iU I †mvwWqvg mvj‡dU `ªe‡Yi wgkÖY|
(D) A¤øxq †mvwWqvg cUvwmqvm UviUv‡iU I †mvwWqvg mvj‡dU `ªe‡Yi wgkÖY|
285. 2,4-WvBbvB‡UªvwdbvBj nvBWªvwRb wewµq‡Ki mv‡_ wb‡¤œi †KvbwU wewµqv K‡i Kgjv i‡½i Aat‡ÿc †`q ? RU 07-08
(A) CH3 CH2 OH (B) CH2 CONH2 (C) CH3 COOH (D) CH3 CHO
286. K¨vjwmqvg B_v‡bv‡qU I K¨vjwmqvg wg_v‡bv‡qU Gi wgkÖY‡K ﮋ cvZb Ki‡j wK Drcbœ nq ? RU 06-07
(A) wg_vb¨vj (B) B_vb¨vj (C) ‡cÖvcvb¨vj (D) weDUvb¨vj
287. wK‡Uvb †_‡K mvqv‡bvnvBwWªj MV‡bi D`vniY n‡”QÑ SUST 06-07
(A) B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK hyZ wewµqv (B) wbDwK¬IwdwjK hyZ wewµqv
(C) wbDwK¬IwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv (D) B‡jK‡UªvwdwjK cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqv
288. cÖwcIbvjwWnvB‡Wi mv‡_ jNy †mvwWqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW `ªeY hy³ Ki‡j GjWj Nbxfeb wewµqv N‡U Ges ˆZwi nqÑ DU 08-09
(A) CH3 CH2 COOCH2 CH2 CH3 (B) CH3 CH2 CH(OH)CHCH3 CHO
(C) CH3 CH2 CHOHCH2 CH2 CHO (D) CH3 CH2 COCHCH2 CH2 CHO
289. G¨v‡gvwbqv wgwkÖZ wmjfvi bvB‡UªU `ªeY‡K ejv nqÑ Jt 09-10
(A) wMÖMbvW© weKviK (B) jyKvm weKviK (C) ‡dn&wjs weKviK (D) U‡jb weKviK
290. digvwjb Kv‡K e‡j ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) wg_vb¨v‡ji 30% Rjxq `ªeY (B) wg_vb¨v‡ji 20% Rjxq `ªeY
(C) wg_vb¨v‡ji 50% Rjxq `ªeY (D) wg_vb¨v‡ji 40% Rjxq `ªeY
291. †dwjs `ªeY cixÿv †`q bv †KvbwU ? RU BiChem 09-10
(A) wg_vbvj (B) B_vbvj (C) ‡cÖvcv‡bvb (D) †ebRvjwWnvBW
292. †KvbwU A¨v‡gvwbqvhy³ wmjfvi bvB‡Uª‡Ui ms‡½ wewµqv K‡i ? RU BiChem 09-10; M. 90-91
(A) Bw_wjb (B) A¨vwmwUwjb (C) B‡_b (D) B_vBj Av‡qvWvBW
293. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU Wolf-Kishner weRviY ? DU 10-11
(A) CH3 CH = O + Zn-Hg/conc. HCl ⟶ CH3 − CH3
(B) CH3 CH = O + NH2 − NH2 + (CH3 )3CONa ⟶ CH3 − CH3
(C) CH3 COCH3 + PCl5 ⟶ (CH3 )2CCl2 + POCl3
(D) CH3 CH2 CHO + 2Cu2+ + 3KHO ⟶ CH3 CH2 COOK + Cu2 O + 2H2 O
NaBH4
294. wb‡¤œi wewµqvwUi cÖavb Drcv` wK ? DU 10-11 CH2 = CH-CHO →
(A) CH3 CH(OH)CH2 OH (B) CH2 = CHCH2 OH (C) CH3 CHOHCHO (D) CH3 CH2 CHO
295. U‡jb weKviK Øviv †Kvb †hŠM¸‡jvi cv_©K¨ wbiæcY Kiv hvq ? JtU 10-11
(A) HCHO and CH3 CHO (B) CH3 CHO and CH3 COCH3
(C) CH3 COCH3 and C6 H5COCH3 (D) CH3 CH2 H and CH3 CO2 CH3
296. U‡jb weKvi‡Ki mv‡_ wb‡¤œi †Kvb †hŠMwU Avqbv Drcbœ K‡i ? ChU 10-11
(A) CH3 COCH3 (B) CH3 CHO (C) C6 H5 COOH (D) CH3 COOH (E) CH3 CONH2
297. U‡jb weKviK hv‡`i cv_©K¨Ki‡Y e¨eüZ nqÑ DU 10-11
(A) CH3 CH2 OH and CH3 CHOHCH3 (B) CH3 CH2 NH2 and CH3 CH2 NHCH3
(C) CH3 CH2 COCH3 and CH3 CHO (D) CH3 COOH and CH3 COOCH3
298. digvwjb njt ChU 11-12
(A) 40% diwgK GwmW (B) 40% digvjwWnvBW (C) 10% diwgK GwmW
(D) 10% digvjwWnvBW (E) 4% digvjwWnvBW
299. wg_vb‡ji 30-40% Rjxq `ªeY‡K wK e‡j ? JUST 11-12; IU 11-12; CUET 11-12
(A) [Link] (B) digvwjb (C) ‡n·vwgb (D) wK‡Uvb
300. †gjvgvBb Drcv`‡bi KuvPvgvj †KvbwU ? JUST 11-12
(A) CH3 CHO (B) NH2 CONH2 (C) CH3 COCH3 (D) CH3 COOC2 H5

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301. mvB‡K¬v‡n·v‡bvb‡K RvwiZ Ki‡j †KvbwU Drcbœ nq ? RU H 11-12; D. 02-03

(A) mvB‡K¬v‡n·vbj (B) A¨vwWwcK GwmW (C) j¨vKwUK GwmW (D) A¨vwmwUK GwmW
302. †dwjs `ªeY ev U‡jb weKviK w`‡q Møy‡KvR mbv³Ki‡Y Møy‡Kv‡Ri †Kvb ivmvqwbK ag© e¨eüZ nq ? SUST 11-12
(A) RviY (B) weRviY (C) A¤ø ag© (D) ÿvi ag© (E) Zwor we‡kølYx ag©
303. †KvbwU K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv w`‡e ? MBUST 11-12
(A) HCHO (B) CH3 CHO (C) CH2 COCH3 (D) CH3 CH2 CHO
304. †Kvb †hŠMwU K¨vwb‡Rv‡iv wewµqv †`q bv ? BRUR 11-12
(A) HCHO (B) C6 H5 CHO (C) (CH3 )3C-CHO (D) C6 H5 CH2 CHO
305. CH3 CHO Ges C6 H5CHO Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨Ki‡Y e¨eüZ nqÑ RU C-1 12-13
(A) K 2 Cr2 O7 /H + (B) I2 + NaOH (C) LiAlH4 (D) HCN
306. ‡Kvb A¨vjwWnvBW Ny‡gi Jla wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq ? RU C-1 12-13
(A) ‡gUvjwWnvBW (B) A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW (C) ‡gUvdigvjwWnvBW (D) c¨vivjwWnvBW
307. wb‡Pi †KvbwU K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv cÖ`k©b K‡i ? MBUST A 12-13
(A) CH3 − CH2 − CHO (B) CH3 COCH3 (C) CH3 − CHO (D) C6 H5 − CHO
308. wK¬‡gbkb weRviY Øviv wK Drcbœ nq ? MBUST A 12-13
(A) nvB‡WªvKve©b (B) ‰Re GwmW (C) A¨vwgb (D) A¨vjwWnvBW
309. †KvbwU Ny‡gi Jla wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq ? MBUST A 12-13
(A) c¨vivjwWnvBW (B) BD‡ivUªwcb (C) 4-nvBWªw·bwm‡UwbjvBW (D) wn÷vwmb
310. A¨vjwWnvBW I wK‡Uv‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv hvqÑ MBUST A 12-13
(A) wMÖm weKviK Øviv (B) FeCl3 Øviv (C) ‡bmjvi `ªeY Øviv (D) U‡jb weKviK Øviv
311. A¨vj‡Wvj Kb‡Wb‡mkb wewµqvq mwVK ZvcgvÎvÑ Kustia 12-13
(A) 20 − 300 C (B) 30 − 350 C (C) 10 − 200 C (D) 40 − 450 C
312. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU K¨vwbRv‡iv wewµqv ? DU 13-14
50%NaOH,20−300 C
(A) 2HCHO(l) → CH3 OH(aq) + HCOO− Na+ (aq)
[Link],20−300 C
(B) 2CH3 CHO(l) → CH3 CH(OH) + CH2 CHO(aq)
LiAlH4 ,[Link]
(C) CH3 CHO(l) → CH3 CH2 OH
Heat
(D) CH3 CONH2 (aq) + Br2 (aq) + 4NaOH(aq) → CH3 NH2 (aq) + 2NaBr(aq) + Na2 CO3(aq) + 2H2 O(l)
313. wb‡¤œi †Kvb ‰Re †hŠMwU Av‡qv‡Wvdg© cixÿv ‡`q bv ? DU 13-14
(A) CH3 COCl (B) CH3 CHOHCH3 (C) CH3 COCH3 (D) CH3 CH2 OH
314. HCHO AYy‡Z Kve©‡bi nvBweªWvB‡Rkb nj ? DU 13-14
(A) SP (B) SP 2 (C) SP 3 (D) ‡KvbwUB bq
315. jNy NaOH `ªe‡Y B_vb¨vj †Kvb †hŠ‡M iæcvšÍwiZ nq ? SUST 13-14
(A) 2-nvBWªw· weDUvb¨vj (B) 3-nvBWªw· weDUvb¨vj
(C) 1-wg_vBj 3-nvB‡Wªvw· †cÖvcv‡bvb (D) 1-wg_vBj 2-nvB‡Wªvw· †cÖvcv‡bvb
316. †Kvb wewµqKwU GwmwUK Gwm‡Wi wg_vBj MÖæc‡K AvµgY Ki‡e ? RU 06-07; ChU 07-08
(A) PCl3 (B) PCl5 (C) Cl2 (D) Na
317. cvKv d‡ji myM‡Üi g~j KviYÑ M. 05-06;SUST 06-07; RU Fr 08-09
(A) G÷vi (B) A¨vj‡Kvnj (C) wfUvwgb (D) wgbv‡ij
318. ivmvqwbK w`K †_‡K ˆZj I Pwe© wK RvZxq c`v_© ? RU ACCT 09-10; Bi Chem 09-10
(A) cwj A¨vwmW (B) GKB c`v_© (C) Df‡qB wMømvivBW (D) cwjIj
319. bvBjb ivmvqwbKfv‡e †Kvb c`v_© ? RU ACCT 09-10
(A) cwj A¨vgvBW (B) cwj‡q÷vi (C) cwj B_vi (D) cwj A¨vbnvBWªvBW
320. †Kvb cwjgv‡i A¨vgvBW eÜbx eZ©gvb ? RU H 10-11
(A) ‡Udjb (B) bvBjb (C) ‡Uwiwjb (D) cwjw_b
321. wb‡¤œi †hŠM¸‡jvi †KvbwU wbIwK¬IdvBj ? DU 14-15
(A) H2 O (B) AlCl3 (C) NH4+ (D) CH3+
weKviK
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(𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡) H+ /H2 O
322. Ar-CHO → → ArCH(OH)COOH wewµqKwUÑ DU 14-15
(A) RMgX (B) HCN (C) CH3 Cl (D) H2 CO3
323. CH3 CH = CHCH3 ‡hŠMwUi KqwU †÷wiImgvYy i‡q‡Q ? DU 14-15
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) None
324. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †eªvgvB‡Wi mv‡_ †cÖvwc‡bi wewµqvq cÖavb Drcv` n‡jvÑ DU 14-15
(A) 1-bromopropane (B) 2-bromopropane (C) 1,2-dibromopropane (D) 2-bromopropane
325. †Kvb †hŠMwU Gwjd¨vwUK I A¨v‡iv‡gwUK Dfq ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i ? DU 14-15
(A) Benzene (B) Cyclohexane (C) Toluene (D) Chlorobenzene
326. †KvbwU digvwjb ? DU 14-15
(A) 6 − 10% ethanoic (B) 96% ethanol
(C) 30% H2 O2 (D) 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde
DËigvjv
1 A 34 A 67 C 100 C 133 C 166 B 199 D 232 C 265 C 298 B
2 C 35 B 68 B 101 D 134 A 167 D 200 B 233 D 266 B 299 B
3 B 36 B 69 D 102 C 135 B 168 A 201 D 234 D 267 A 300 B
4 A 37 A 70 D 103 B 136 B 169 C 202 B 235 D 268 C 301 B
5 D 38 B 71 B 104 D 137 B 170 B 203 C 236 B 269 C 302 A
6 B 39 C 72 C 105 D 138 D 171 B 204 D 237 D 270 B 303 A
7 D 40 A 73 B 106 A 139 B 172 D 205 D 238 A 271 B 304 D
8 C 41 D 74 D 107 C 140 A 173 D 206 B 239 A 272 A 305 B
9 B 42 A 75 E 108 A 141 B 174 E 207 B 240 D 273 B 306 D
10 B 43 B 76 D 109 D 142 D 175 E 208 B 241 A 274 D 307 D
11 D 44 B 77 B 110 C 143 D 176 C 209 C 242 C 275 D 308 A
12 A 45 A 78 A 111 144 B 177 B 210 A 243 D 276 D 309 A
13 D 46 D 79 C 112 B 145 D 178 E 211 B 244 D 277 C 310 D
14 B 47 A 80 A 113 C 146 B/D 179 D 212 A 245 A 278 C 311 A
15 C 48 B 81 D 114 B 147 B 180 E 213 A 246 D 279 B 312 A
16 B 49 A 82 A 115 B 148 D 181 C 214 B 247 B 280 B 313 A
17 C 50 C 83 A 116 C 149 C 182 B 215 D 248 A 281 B 314 B
18 D 51 B 84 C 117 C 150 C 183 C 216 D 249 A 282 B 315 B
19 D 52 B 85 C 118 A 151 B 184 A 217 C 250 A 283 B 316 C
20 C 53 B 86 B 119 C 152 D 185 C 218 B 251 A 284 A 317 A
21 A 54 D 87 A 120 B 153 A 186 A 219 B 252 A 285 D 318 C
22 D 55 D 88 B 121 C 154 D 187 A 220 A 253 B 286 B 319 A
23 A 56 B 89 B 122 B 155 A 188 A 221 C 254 C 287 B 320 B
24 D 57 B 90 B 123 D 156 A 189 B 222 B 255 B 288 B 321 A
25 D 58 D 91 A 124 D 157 C 190 B 223 D 256 D 289 D 322 B
26 E 59 B 92 D 125 E 158 B 191 A 224 A 257 A 290 D 323 A
27 A 60 C 93 A 126 C 159 A 192 B 225 A 258 C 291 C 324 B
28 A 61 B 94 A 127 A 160 B 193 B 226 A 259 B 292 B 325 D
29 B 62 B 95 A 128 A 161 D 194 A 227 A 260 C 293 B 326 D
30 C 63 A 96 B 129 C 162 C 195 D 228 C 261 B 294 B
31 D 64 B 97 C 130 D 163 A 196 C 229 B 262 B 295 B
32 A 65 B 98 B 131 C 164 D 197 D 230 C 263 C 296 B
33 C 66 C 99 C 132 E 165 C 198 A 231 D 264 D 297 C

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BwÄwbqvwis
1. IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb‡Pi †hŠM `ywUi bvg wjL ? BUET 99-00
OH

(i) CH3 − CH − CH2 − CHO (ii) HOOC − COOH
Ans: (i) 3-nvBWªw· weDUvb¨vj (ii) 1,2-B‡_b WvB AwqK GwmW
2. C2 H2 Cl2 Øviv MwVZ mgvYy‡`i bvg I MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL| BUET 03-04
Ans: (i) Cl-C = CH2 1,1-WvB †K¬v‡iv Bw_b (ii) Cl-HC = CH-Cl 1,2- WvB †K¬v‡iv Bw_b

Cl
Cl Cl H Cl
C=C C=C
H H Cl H
wmm& mgvYy UªvÝ mgvYy
3. wb‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU Av‡jvK mwµq ? BUET 05-06 Ans:(D)
(A) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 OH (B) (CO2 C) (C) (CH3 )2CHOH (D) CH3 CH(OH)CH2 CH3
4. (a) weDwUb (C4 H8 ) †hŠMwUi wZbwU MvVwbK mgvYy I Gi ms‡KZ wjL| BUET 06-07
(b) weDwUb (C4 H8 ) †hŠMwUi GKwU wÎgvwÎK mgvYyZv cÖKvk K‡i| Zv‡`i MvVwbK ms‡KZ I bvg wjL| BUET 06-07
Ans: (a) weDwUb (C4 H8 ) †hŠMwUi mgvYy wb¤œiæcÑ
(i) H2 C = CH− CH2 − CH3 weDwUb-1
(ii) H3 C −CH = CH − CH3 weDwUb-2
(iii) H3 C −C = CH2 2-wg_vBj †cÖvwcb-1

CH3
(b) weDwUb (C4 H8 ) †hŠMwUi wÎgvwÎK mgvYyZv wb¤œiæcÑ
H3 C CH3 H3 C H
C=C C=C
H H H CH2
wmm& weDwUb-2 UªvÝ weDwUb-2
5. wb‡Pi †Kvb ˆRe †hŠMwU A¨vKvBivj ? BUET 05-06
(A) H2 NCH(CH3 )COOH (B) HOCH(CH3 )COOH
(C) (CH3 )2CHOH (D) CH3 CH(OH)CH2 CH2
 GKwU ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z †Kvb Kve©b cigvYyi m‡½ PviwU ci¯úi wfbœ GK‡hvRx cigvYy ev g~jK hy³ _vK‡j H Kve©b‡K AcÖwZmg ev
KvBivj Kve©b Ges H †hŠM‡K KvBivj †hŠM e‡j| Avi PviwU †hvRbxi `y Bev Z‡ZvwaK †hvRbx‡Z GKB g~jK ev Avqb _vK‡j Zv‡K
A¨vKvBivj e‡j|
6. wb‡Pi ˆRe †hŠM¸‡jvi c~Y© MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL| BUET 07-08
1-‡K¬v‡iv-2-wg_vBj weD‡Ub (AviI Av‡Q wKš‘ †m¸‡jv G Aa¨v‡q bv)
Ans: CH3 − CH2 − CH − CH2 Cl

CH3
7. (C3 H8 O) GB AvYweK ms‡KZ Øviv KqwU mgvYyK †hŠM cÖKvk Kiv hvq ? BUET 07-08; M. 90-91 Ans: (B)
(A) 2wU mgvYyK †hŠM (B) 3wU mgvYyK †hŠM (C) 4wU mgvYyK †hŠM (D) ‡Kvb mgvYyZv m¤¢e †hŠM

8. A¨v‡gvwbqv mvqv‡bU‡K DËß Ki‡j wK N‡U Zv wewµqvi mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI| BUET 03-04

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O
∥
∆
Ans: NH4 CNO → H2 N − C − NH2
9. Cn H2n ‡MvÎxq †hŠ‡Mi H−C−H eÜb †Kv‡Yi cwigvY ? KUET 06-07 Ans: (C)
(A) 109.50 (B) 1800 (C) 1200 (D) 1900
10. wb‡Pi †Kvb g~jKwU bvBUªvBj ? KUET 05-06 Ans: (C)
(A) −NOCl (B) −NH2 OH (C) −C ≡ N (D) −N = O
3
11. †KvbwU‡Z sp msKwiZ Kve©b ‡bB ? RUET 04-05 Ans: (C)
(A) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH3 (B) CH2 = CH− CH2 − CH3
(C) CH2 = CH−CH= CH2 (D) CH3 − CH2 − CH = CH2
12. wb¤œwjwLZ mg‡MvÎxq †kÖYx¸‡jvi Kvh©Kix g~j‡Ki MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL| CUET 05-06
A¨vjwKb, A¨vjKvBb, A¨vj‡Kvnj, A¨vjwWnvBW, G÷vi
13. BDwiqv wK ? BDwiqv mvaviY ms‡KZ I MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL| RUET 06-07
Ans: BDwiqv n‡”Q Kve©wbK Gwm‡Wi WvB A¨vgvBW| mvaviY ms‡KZt H2 N − CO − NH2
H O H
∥
MvVwbK ms‡KZ t N−C−N
H H
14. ms‡KZ wjLt (i) 2-wg_vBj-1-weDUvbj RUET 07-08
(ii) iso-‡cÖvcvBj wg_vBj B_vi RUET 07-08
O−CH3

Ans: (i) CH3 − CH2 −CH− CH2 − OH (ii) H3 C−CH−CH3

CH3
15. GKwU ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi cÖwZ AYy‡Z 9wU Kve©b cigvYy we`¨gvb Ges †hŠMwUi Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cigvYyi AYycvZ n‡jvÑ
C:H:N = [Link], ‡hŠMwUi AvYweK ms‡KZ n‡eÑ KUET 06-07
(A) C3 H9 N (B) CH3 N (C) C9 H27 N3 (D) C6 H18 N2 (E) C9 H27N
16. wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸‡jvi MvVwbK ms‡KZ wjL| KUET 06-07
(i) 3−methyl−1−butyne (ii) Ethylene Chloride
Ans: (i) CH3 −CH−C ≡ CH (ii) H2 C = CHCl

CH3
17. wb‡¤œv³ †hŠM¸‡jvi Kvh©Kix g~jK wjL| Tex 07-08
(K) weDUvbj (L) ‡eb‡RvwqK GwmW (M) digvjwWnvBW
Ans: (K) A¨vj‡Kvnjxq g~jK (−OH) (L) Kve©w·j g~jK (−COOH) (M) A¨vjwWnvBW g~jK (−CHO)
18. AcÖwZmg Kve©b Av‡Q †KvbwU‡Z ? RUET 04-05
a a a b
   
(A) b−C−b (B) b−C−b (C) b−C−d (D) a−C−a
   
a c c b
19. wb‡Pi †KvbwU me©vwaK w¯’wZkxj Kv‡e©vK¨vUvqb ? RUET 04-05; JtU 10-11; IU 11-12 Ans: (D)
+ + +
(A) H3 C (B) (CH3 )2 HC (C) CH3 H2 C (D) (CH3 )3 C+

20. IUPAC c×wZ‡Z wb‡Pi †hŠMwUi bvg wjL| RUET 04-05

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(CH3 )2 CH−CH2 −CHO Ans: 3-wg_vBj weDUvb¨vj
21. bx‡Pi Q‡K B_vi mg~‡ni bvg IUPAC I wUªwfqvj c×wZ‡Z wjL| RUET 05-06
B_vi IUPAC wUªwfqvj
CH3 -O-CH3 wg‡_vw· wg‡_b WvB wg_vBj B_vi
CH3 -O-C2 H5 wg‡_vw· B‡_b B_vBj wg_vBj B_vi
C2 H5 -O-C2 H5 B‡_vw· B‡_b WvB B_vBj B_vi
CH3 -O-C3 H7 wg‡_vw· †cÖv‡cb wg_vBj †cÖvcvBj B_vi
22. A¨vjwKb I A¨vjKvBb ‡kÖYxfz³ nvB‡WªvKve©b mg~‡ni mvaviY ms‡KZ wjL| KUET 04-05
Ans: Cn H2n ; Cn H2n−2
23. IUPAC bx‡Pi †KvbwUi mswÿß iæc t BUET 09-10
(A) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(B) International Union of Pharmacists and Applied Chemists
(C) International Union of Professionals of Applied Chemistry
(D) International Union of Pure and Advanced Chemistry
24. IUPAC c×wZ Abyhvqx bx‡Pi †hŠMwUi bvg t BUET 09-10
CH2
∥
CH3 − CH2 − C − CH − CH2 − CH3

CH2 − CH3
(A) 2,3− diethylpentene −1 (B) 3,4− diethylpentene −4
(C) 3,3− diethylpentene −1 (D) 2− ethyl-methyl butane −1
25. mvaviYZt †Kvb ag©wU GKwU ˆRe †hŠ‡Mi ˆewkó¨ wn‡m‡e aiv nq ? BUET 09-10 Ans: (A)
(A) wb¤œ MjbvsK (B) D”P MjbvsK (C) ‡cvjvi `ªve‡K `ªve¨Zv (D) A‡cvjvi `ªve‡K A`ªve¨Zv
26. bx‡Pi †KvbwU Av‡jvK mgvYyZvi kZ© bq ? KUET 08-09 Ans: (B)
(A) c`v_©‡K Av‡jvK mwµq n‡Z n‡e| (B) Cis I Trans GB iK‡gi mgvYyZv m„wó K‡i|
(C) Zj mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K wfbœ wfbœ w`‡K AveZ©b K‡i| (D) wfbœ KbwdMv‡ik‡bi `y‡Uv Av‡jvK mgvYy m„wó K‡i|
(E) KvBivj Kve©b _vK‡ZB n‡e|
27. G÷v‡ii Kvh©Kix g~jK wK ? Tex 10-11
Ans: −COOR
28. BDwiqvi ms‡KZ wjL| Tex 10-11
Ans: H2 N-CO-NH2
29. †KvbwU Av‡jvK mgvYyZvi kZ© bq ? Tex 10-11 Ans: (A)
(A) ‡g‡mv K¤úvDÛ ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e (B) KvBivj Kve©b _vK‡Z n‡e (C) mgvewZ©Z Av‡jvi Zj‡K AvewZ©Z K‡i
(D) Av‡jvK mwµq nq (E) `yÕ‡Uv Av‡jvK mgvYy ˆZwi K‡i
30. A‡±b Gi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ n‡jvÑ RUET 10-11 Ans: (E)
(A) C6 H14 (B) C6 H4 (C) C10 H22 (D) C3 H6 (E) C8 H18
31. WvB‡eªv‡gv‡ebwRb (C6 H4 Br2 )-Gi mgvYy KqwU ? BUET 11-12 Ans: (C)
(A) One (GKwU) (B) Two (`yÕwU) (C) Three (wZbwU) (D) Four (PviwU)
32. bx‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwUi R¨vwgwZK mgvYyZv i‡q‡Q ? BUET 11-12 Ans: (D)
(A) 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-WvB‡K¬v‡ivB‡_b) (B) 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-WvB‡K¬v‡ivBw_b)
(C) 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-WvB‡K¬v‡ivB‡_b) (D) 1,2-dichloroethene (1,2-WvB‡K¬v‡ivBw_b)
33. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Ester ? RUET 11-12 Ans: (A)
O O O
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 194
 Chemistry
∥ ∥ ∥
(A) R−C−O−R′ (B) R−C−O−R′ −R′ (C) R−C −R′′
(D) R−COOH−O (E) Neither of these
34. †KvbwU cis I trans AvB‡mvgvi cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i ? Tex 11-12 Ans: (B)
(A) A¨vj‡Kb (B) A¨vjwKb (C) A¨vjKvBb (D) †ebwRb
35. H3 C−CH = CH−CH3 (Butene-2) ‡hŠMwU †Kvb ai‡bi mgvYyZv cÖ`k©b K‡i ? BUTex 11-12 Ans: (C)
(A) Av‡jvK mgvYyZv (B) wkKj mgvYyZv (C) wmm& UªvÝ mgvYyZv (D) Ae¯’vb mgvbyZv
36. †ebwRb P‡µ Kve©b-Kve©b eÜb ˆ`N©¨ n‡eÑ BUTex 12-13 Ans: (D)
0 0 0
(A) 1.54A (B) 1.34A (C) 1.20A (D) 1.39A0
37. wW-j¨vKwUK Gwm‡Wi N~Y©b †KvY KZ ? BUTex 12-13 Ans: (A)
0 0 0
(A) +2.24 (B) −2.24 (C) +22.4 (D) −22.40
38. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU ÿvixq cUvwmqvg cvig¨v½v‡bU Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i bv| BUET 00-01 Ans: (C)
(A) CH2 = CH2 (B) HC ≡ CH (C) (D) CH3 CH = CH2

39. K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU‡K wKfv‡e A¨vwmwUwj‡b iæcvšÍi Ki‡e, wewµqvi gva¨‡g †`LvI| BUET 97-98, 01-02
10000 C 2000
Ans: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ; 5C + 2CaO → 2CaC2 + CO2
‰e`y¨wZK Pzwjø
CaC2 + 2H2 O → HC ≡ CH + Ca(OH)2
A¨vwmwUwjb
40. UjyBb‡K mivmwi †eªvwg‡bkb ev ‡eªv‡gv‡ebwRb‡K wd«‡Wj-µvdU A¨vjwK‡bkb K‡i †Kb †gUv †eªv‡gv UjyBb ˆZwi Kiv hvq bv ?
BUET 01-02
Ans: KviY †i‡Rv‡b‡Ýi Kvi‡Y UjyB‡bi ev †eªv‡gv‡ebwR‡bi A‡_©v I c¨viv Ae¯’v‡b B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ †ekx _v‡K d‡j B‡j‡±ªvwdwjK
weKviK H Ae¯’v‡b hy³ nq| †gUv Ae¯’v‡b bq|
+ + +
: CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 : CH3
- -

-
41. ¯’zj ms‡KZ 𝐶3 𝐻6 wb‡q A I B `ywU †hŠM i‡q‡Q| †hŠM A †eªvwg‡bi mv‡_ `ªæZ wewµqv K‡i eY©nxb Drcv` Drcbœ K‡i, wKš‘ †hŠM B
K‡i bv| A I B Gi MVb `ywU wK wK ? BUET 02-03
Ans: A → H2 C = CH − CH3 ; B → H2 C CH2

CH2
42. Abv`©ª A¨vjywgwbqvg †K¬vivB‡Wi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb Ges †eb‡Rv‡qj †K¬vivB‡K wid¬v· Ki‡j †h †hŠMwU cvIqv hvq, Zvi bvg wjL|
BUET 03-04
𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙3
Ans: + ClO− → −O− + HCl

WvB wdbvBj B_vi

43. wb‡Pi wewµqv¸‡jv c~Y© Kit BUET 06-07
Br2 +H2 O
(a) CH2 = CH2 → ?
CH3
O3 H2 O/Zn
(b) C = CH2 → ? → ?
CH3
2Br2 +H2 O
Ans: (a) CH2 = CH2 → BrCH2 − CH2 OH + BrCH2 − CH2 Br + HBr

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 195

 Chemistry
CH3 H3 C O
O3 H2 O/Zn
(b) C = CH2 → C CH2 → H3 C-CO-CH3 + HCHO + ZnO
CH3 H3 C
O O
44. P.V.C ? Pzbvcv_i †_‡K Zzwg Bnv wKfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡e ? mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ †`LvI| CUET 04-05;RUET 05-06;BUET 11-12
10000 C 2000
Ans: CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 ; 5C + 2CaO → 2CaC2 + CO2
ˆe`y¨wZK Pzwjø
CaC2 + 2H2 O ⟶ HC ≡ CH + Ca(OH)2
A¨vwmwUwjb
cwjgviKiY
2500 C
HC ≡ CH + HCl → CH2 = CHCl; n(CH2 = CHCl) −(CH2 − CHCl)−
HgCl2 wfbvBj †K¬vivBW P.V.C
45. c~Y© Kit RUET 06-07, 07-08
CaO
C6 H5 COOH + NaOH → ? + Na2 CO3 + H2 O;
CaO
Ans: C6 H5 COOH + NaOH → C6 H6 + Na2 CO3 + H2 O
46. wb‡¤œi wewµqv mg~n c~Y© Kit RUET 07-08
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
AlCl3
(i) 2 + 2CH3 I → + + 2HI

CH3
COCH3
AlCl3
(ii) + CH3 COCl → + HCl

47. wKfv‡e wb‡¤œv³ †hŠM mg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK iæcvšÍi nq; Zv mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wjL| RUET 07-08
(i) ‡mvwWqvg †cÖvcv‡bv‡qU †_‡K B‡_b|
(ii) Bw_b †_‡K wg_vbj|
(iii) Bw_wjb †_‡K GwmwUwjb|
(iv) ‡dbj †_‡K †ebwRb|
(v) ‡ebwRb †_‡K UjyBb|
48. wkí‡ÿ‡Î wKfv‡e IqvUvi M¨vm †_‡K wg_vbj ˆZwi Kiv hvq Zv wewµqv Øviv †`LvI ? KUET 06-07;RUET 05-06
13000 C CrO+ZnO
Ans: C + H2 O → (CO+H2 ); (CO+H2 ) + H2 → CH3 OH
IqvUvi M¨vm 3000 C, 300atm wg_vbj
49. c~Y© Kit Tex 07-08
CaC2 + 2H2 O ⟶
Ans: CaC2 + 2H2 O ⟶ HC ≡ CH + Ca(OH)2
50. D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki| RUET 04-05
(i) bvB‡Uªkb (ii) A¨vmvB‡jkb BUET 10-11
Ans: bvB‡Uªkb t †h wewµqvq †Kvb ˆRe †hŠM n‡Z GK ev GKvwaK nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy mgmL¨K bvB‡Uªv g~jK Øviv cÖwZ¯’vwcZ nq
Zv‡K bvB‡Uªkb e‡j|
NO2
conc.H2 SO4
+ HO-NO2 → + H2 O
bvB‡Uªv‡ebwRb
A¨vmvB‡jkbt †h c×wZ‡Z †ebwRb ej‡q A¨vmvBj g~jK mivmwi cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq; Zv‡K A¨vmvB‡jkb e‡j|
COCH3
Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 196
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AlCl3
+ CH3 COCl → + HCl
A¨vwm‡Uv‡d‡bvb
51. wb‡Pi wgkÖY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU †c‡Uªvj ? BUET 07-08 Ans: (B)
(A) A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©bmg~n (B) A¨vj‡Kbmg~n (C) A¨vjKvBbmg~n (D) A¨vjwKbmg~n
52. CH3 I Gi mv‡_ †mvwWqv‡gi wewµqvq wb‡¤œi †KvbwU Drcbœ nq ? BUET 00-01 Ans: (B)
(A) C3 H8 (B) C2 H6 (C) C2 H4 (D) C3 H6
53. GKwU A¨vjwK‡b IR‡bvjvBwmm wewµqvi d‡j GK AYy A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW Ges GK AYy djgvjwWnvBW MVb K‡i, A¨vjwKbwU mbv³
Ki Ges ivmvqwbK wewµqv wjL| BUET 99-00
Ans: A¨vjwKbwUÑ CH3 − CH = CH2
O
O3 H2 O/Zn
wewµqvt CH3 − CH = CH2 → CH3 − CH CH2 → CH3 −CHO + HCHO + ZnO
A¨vwmUvjwWnvBW djgvjwWnvBW
O O
54. wd«‡Wj-µvdU wewµqvq cÖfveK wn‡m‡e wK e¨envi Kiv nq ? BUET 97-98
Ans: Abv`©ª AlCl3
55. Cn H2n †MvÎxq †hŠ‡Mi H−C−H eÜb †Kv‡Yi cwigvY ? KUET 06-07 Ans: (D)
0 0 0 0
(A) 109.5 (B) 180 (C) 90 (D) 120 (E) 1900
56. Kve©b g‡bv·vBW I nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wgkÖY‡K 3000 C Zvc-gvÎvq DËß wb‡Kj P~‡Y©i Pvjbv Ki‡j Drcbœ nqÑ KUET 06-07
(A) B‡_b (B) wg‡_b (C) AK‡Ub (D) †cÖv‡cb (E) weD‡Ub
Ni
 CO + 6H2 → CH4 + H2 O
0
300 C
57. D”P ZvcgvÎv (≈ 1400 C) I wb¤œ ZvcgvÎvq (≈ 00 C) mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ B_vb‡ji wµqvq wK N‡U ? D”P ZvcgvÎv wewµqvq
mvjwdDwiK GwmW wKfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i| BUET 08-09
00 C
Ans: CH3 CH2 OH + H2 SO4 (Conc.) → CH3 − CH2 − OSO3 H + H2 O
1400 C
2CH3 CH2 OH + H2 SO4 (Conc.) → CH3 − CH2 − O−CH2 − CH3 + H2 O
0
D”P ZvcgvÎv wewµqvq cÖ_‡g Mvp mvjwdDwiK GwmW 100 C ZvcgvÎvq B_vb‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡q B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU Drcbœ
K‡i| c‡i D”P ZvcgvÎvq (≈ 1400 C) B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU AwaK cwigv‡Y B_vb‡ji mv‡_ hy³ n‡q B‡_vw· B‡_b Ges
B_vBj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvj‡dU AwaK cwigvY mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ 1700 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Ki‡j Bw_b Drcbœ nq|
1000 C
CH3 CH2 OH + H2 SO4 (Conc.) → CH3 − CH2 − OSO3 H + H2 O
1400 C
CH3 − CH2 − OSO3 H + OHCH2 CH3 → CH3 − CH2 − O−CH2 − CH3 + H2 SO4
1700 C
CH3 − CH2 − OSO3 H → CH2 = CH2 + H2 SO4
58. m~‡h©i Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †ebwRb I †K¬vwi‡bi wewµqvq ˆZix nq t BUET 09-10 Ans: (C)
(A) Chlorobenzene (B) Toulene and HCl gas (C) Gammaxine (D) Chlorobenzene and water
59. PTFE Gi evwbwR¨K bvg wK ? Tex 09-10
Ans: ‡Udjb
60. M¨vgvw·‡bi ms‡KZ wjL| Tex 09-10
Ans: C6 H6 Cl6
61. ‡Udjb wK ? RUET 09-10 Ans: (C)
(A) Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) (B) Poly prophylene (PP)
(C) Polytetrafluro ethylene (PTFE) (D) Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (E) None
62. wb‡¤œi mgxKiY¸‡jv‡Z k~Y¨¯’vb c~iY Ki| CUET 09-10

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 197

 Chemistry
(i) CH2 = CH2 + O3 ⟶

(ii) C6 H6 + −Cl ⟶ C6 H5 − + HCl

63. †Udj‡bi ivmvqwbK cwiwPwZ wK ? Tex 10-11

Ans: ‡Udjb n‡jv cwj‡UUªv‡d¬v‡iv Bw_wjb| ‡UUªv‡d¬v‡iv Bw_wjb †_‡K hyZ cwjgviKiY cÖwµqvq Bnv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
64. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU †Udjb ? BUET 10-11 Ans: (C)
(A) (−H2 C − CH −)n (B) (−HC − CH2 −)n
(C) (−F2 C − CF2 −)n (D) (−H2 C − CH2 −)n
0
65. 350 − 400 C ZvcgvÎvq DËß Al2 O3 cvDWv‡ii Dci w`‡q †cÖv‡cvb‡ji ev®ú‡K Pvjbv Ki‡j wK ˆZwi n‡e ? KUET 10-11
(A) CH3 −CH2 − CH3 (B) CH2 = CH2 (C) CH3 −CH = CHO
(D) CH3 − CH2 −OH (E) CH3 − CH = CH2 Ans: (E)
66. cwj÷vBwib cÖ¯‘wZi †KvbwU mwVK avc ? RUET 10-11
67. jvBg †óvb †_‡K wKfv‡e PVC ˆZwi Kiv nq Zv mgxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g †`LvI| RUET 11-12 Ans: c~‡e© `ªóe¨
68. M¨v‡mvwj‡b Kve©b wkK‡ji ˆ`N©¨ †KvbwU ? RUET 11-12 Ans: (D)
(A) C6 − C7 (B) C18 − C25 (C) C25 − C40 (D) C5 − C12 (E) C1 − C4
69. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…wZK M¨vm m¤¢v‡ii cÖvq KZUzKz CH4 ? RUET 11-12 Ans: (D)
(A) 20% (B) 50% (C) 80% (D) 95− 99% (E) None
70. DU©R wdwUM wewµqv‡Z wb‡Pi †Kvb Dcv`vbwU e¨eüZ nq bv ? Tex 11-12 Ans: (C)
(A) ﮋ B_vi (B) ‡mvwWqvg (C) ‡mvwWqvg †K¬vivBW (D) †eªv‡gv‡ebwRb
71. †KvbwU cwjgvi ? Tex 11-12 Ans: (D)
(A) ‡ebwRb (B) Møy‡KvR (C) A¨vj‡Kvnj (D) ‡Ud‡jvb
72. A¨vwmwUwj‡bi cwjgviKiY wK †`q ? BUTex 12-13 Ans: (C)
(A) UjyBb (B) ÷vBwib (C) ‡ebwRb (D) evB wdbvBj
73. bx‡Pi †KvbwU †gUv-wb‡`©kK bq hLb †mUv †ebwRb P‡µi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K ? BUET 12-13 Ans: (A)
(A) − C6 H5 (B) −NO2 (C) − C ≡ N (D) − CO2 H
74. b¨vc_wj‡b 𝜋 eÜb msL¨vÑ RUET 12-13 Ans: (E)
(A) 6 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 7 (E) 5
75. UjyBb‡K evqy Ges f¨vbvwWqvg †c›Uv·vBW (V2 O5 ) Øviv 5000 C ZvcgvÎv‡Z RvwiZ Ki‡j wK ˆZwi n‡e| KUET 12-13
(A) †ebRwqK GwmW (B) ‡ebwRb (C) ‡ebRvjwWnvBW
(D) wg_vBj †ebRwqK GwmW (E) B_vBj †ebwRb Ans: (A)
76. wb¤œwjwLZ †hŠM¸wj cvi¯úwiK iæcvšÍi nq Zvi mgxKiY wjL| KUET 12-13
(i) †ebwRb n‡Z UjyBb|
(ii) Bw_wjb n‡Z A¨vwmwUwjb|
(iii) Bw_b n‡Z wg_vbj|
(iv) †mvwWqvg †cÖvcv‡bv‡qU n‡Z B‡_b|
(v) †dbj †_‡K †ebwRb|
CH3

Ans: (i) + CH3 Cl Abv`©ª AlCl3 + HCl

†ebwRb UjyBb
CCl4 .Br2 2KOH
(ii) H2 C = CH2 → Br − CH2 − CH2 − Br → CH ≡ CH + 2KBr + 2H2 O
C2 H5 OH
O3 [O]
(iii) H2 C = CH2 → 2HCHO → CH3 OH

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 Chemistry
Zn, H2 O K 2 Cr2 O7

CaO
(iv) CH3 − CH2COOH + NaOH → CH3 − CH3 + Na2 CO3 + H2 O
OH

(v) + Zn cvZb + ZnO

‡dbj †ebwRb
77. Aw·-GwmwUwjb wkLv wKfv‡e Drcbœ nq ? ivmvqwbK wewµqvi gva¨‡g †`LvI| RUET 12-13
Ans: avZe b‡ji miæ gy‡L A¨vwmwUwjb M¨vm‡K Aw·‡R‡b `nb Ki‡j cÖvq 35000 C ZvcgvÎv m„wó nq| Bnv bxjvf Av‡jvmn R¡j‡Z
_v‡K| GB Drcbœ wkLv‡K Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb wkLv e‡j| Bnv SvjvB‡qi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|
2 CH ≡ CH + 5O2 ⟶ 4CO2 + 2H2 O + Zvc

78. wb‡¤œi †Kvb Dw³wU †ebwR‡bi (C6 H6 ) Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq ? BUET 13-14 Ans: (B)
(A) Bnv GKwU A¨v‡iv‡gwUK nvB‡WªvKve©b (B) Bnv `ywU mgvYyiæ‡c we`¨gvb
(C) Bnv cÖwZ¯’vcb wewµqvq Ask MÖnY K‡i (D) Bnv wewµqv K‡i (C6 H4 Cl2 ) ms‡K‡Zi wZbwU wfbœ †hŠM MVb K‡i
79. C6 H4 (NO2 )2 Øviv KZwU AvB‡mvgvi MwVZ nq ? BUTex 13-14 Ans: (B)
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
80. †WUj Gi ivmvqwbK bvg, MvVwbK ms‡KZ I ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM wjL| CUET 05-06
81. B_vb‡ji ev®ú‡K mwµq A¨vjywgbvi Dci w`‡q 3500 C Zv‡c cwiPvjbv Ki‡j wK cvIqv hvq mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ †`LvIÑ
KUET 05-06; DU 07-08
Al2 O3
Ans: CH3 CH2 OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2 O
0
350 C
82. CH3 CH = CHCHO ‡hŠMwUi bvg wjL| †hŠMwUi wØ e܇bi Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b bv K‡i wKfv‡e A¨vj‡Kvnj cwiYZ Kiv hvq ?
KUET 05-06
Ans: †hŠMwUi bvgt 2-weDwUb¨vj †hŠMwU‡K cøvwUbv‡gi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv weRvwiZ K‡i wØ-e܇bi Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b bv K‡i
A¨vj‡Kvn‡j cwiYZ Kiv hvq|
H2 /Pt
CH3 CH = CHCHO → CH3 CH = CHCH2 OH
83. B_vi wK ? KUET 05-06
Ans: `ywU nvB‡WªvKve©b g~jK w؇hvRx Aw·‡Rb cigvYyi m‡½ GKK e܇b hy³ †_‡K †hme †hŠM m„wó K‡i †kÖYxMZ fv‡e G‡`i B_vi
e‡j| †hgbÑ CH3 -O-CH3
84. 4- A¨vwg‡bv †dbj g~jK †_‡K c¨vivwmUvgj ms‡kølY wewµqv mgxKiYmn eY©bv Ki| CUET 05-06
Ans: 4-A¨vwg‡bv †dbj †K B_v‡bvwqK A¨vbnvBWªvBW Øviv A¨vwmUvBjKiY K‡i 4-(N-B_v‡bvwqj A¨vwg‡bv) †dbj ev c¨vivwmUvgj
cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
85. MuvRb cÖYvjx‡Z B_vb‡ji wk‡ívrcv`‡b e¨eüZ cÖfve‡Ki bvg| Tex 09-10
Ans: gë Ges C÷|
86. B_v‡ii e¨envi wjL| RUET 04-05
87. IqvUvi M¨vm wK ? IqvUvi M¨vm †_‡K wg_vbj ˆZwii ivmvqwbK mgxKiY wjL| RUET 04-05
Ans: IqvUvi M¨vm nj CO I H2 M¨v‡mi mg‡gvjvi wgkÖY|
ZnO,Cr2 O3
[CO + H2 ] + H2 → CH3 OH
0
350 C, 250atm
88. †jvwnZ Zß †Kv‡Ki Dci ÷xg Pvjbv Ki‡j Drcvw`Z M¨vm wgkÖY‡K ejv nq t KUET 05-06 Ans: (C)
(A) †Kvj M¨vm (B) ‡cÖvwWImvi M¨vm (C) IqvUvi M¨vm (D) wg‡_b M¨vm

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 199

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89. cvIqvi A¨vj‡Kvnj,‡iw±dvBW w¯úwiU I wgw_‡j‡UW w¯úwi‡Ui msÁv `vI| CUET 09-10
90. †dbj †_‡K wKfv‡e A¨vmwcwib ˆZwi Kiv hvq ïay wewµqvi gva¨‡g †`LvI| CUET 09-10
91. A¨vj‡Kvn‡ji G÷vwiwd‡Kkb Gi µg †KvbwU ? RUET 04-05 Ans: (A)
(A) 30 > 20 > 10 (B) 20 > 30 > 10 (C) 10 > 20 > 30 (D) 10 > 30 > 20 (E) None
92. †ebwRb I †cÖvwcb †Kvb wewµqv Øviv wKDwgb Drcbœ K‡i ? BUET 11-12 Ans: (B)
(A) Kvcwjs wewµqv (B) wd«‡Wj µvdU wewµqv (C) Nbxfeb wewµqv (D) ivBgvi-UvBgvb wewµqv
93. bx‡Pi †Kvb †hŠMwU †WUj wb‡`©k K‡i ? BUET 11-12 Ans: (D)
NH2 CH3 -CH-CH3 NHCOCH3 OH

(A) (B) (C) (D)

NO2 AvB‡mv‡cÖvcvBj †ebwRb wdbvBj B_vb¨vgvBW CH3 Cl CH3

4-bvB‡UªvwdbvBj A¨vwgb 4-‡K¬v‡iv-3,5 WvBwg_vBj †dbj
94. CH3 OH –Gi wk‡ívrcv`‡b †Kvb cÖfveK e¨eüZ nq ? BUET 11-12 Ans: (C)
(A) Pt (B) V2 O5 (C) ZnO + Cr2 O3 (D) ZnCl2 + CaO
95. 𝐶2 𝐻5 OH RvwiZ n‡q Z Drcbœ nq| Z, 𝐶2 𝐻5 OH Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i G÷vi ˆZix K‡i| Z Kx ?
RUET 13-14; DU 02-03, 06-07 Ans: (B)
(A) HCOOH (B) CH3 COOH (C) CH3 CH2 COOH (D) CH3 COOC2 H5 (E) None
0 0 0
96. bvBUªvm Gwm‡Wi mv‡_ 1 , 2 I 3 A¨vwg‡bi wewµqv †`LvI| BUET 10-11
Ans: NaNO2 (s) + HCl (aq) + NaCl (aq)
NaNO2. HCl
10 ⟶ CH3 -NH2 (aq) + HO-NO(aq) → CH3 OH(I) + N2 (g) + H2 O(I)
NaNO2. HCl
20 ⟶ (CH3 )2-NH(aq) + HO-NO(aq) → (CH3 )2N-NO(I) + H2 O(I)
NaNO2. HCl
30 ⟶ (CH3 )3N + HNO2 (aq) → (CH3 )3NHNO2
97. kw³kvjx GwmW cÖfve‡Ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z hLb GKwU A¨vj‡Kvnj I GKwU Kve©w·wjK Gwm‡Wi wgkÖY‡K DËß Kiv nq ZLb GKwU mij
AYy cwinvi K‡i GKwU bZzb †hŠM ˆZix nq| wewµqvwU‡K Kjv nq t BUET 09-10 Ans: (D)
(A) Elimination reaction (B) Addition reaction
(C) Hydrogenation reaction (D) Condensation reaction
98. cvBb Av‡c‡j †Kvb G÷vi we`¨gvb ? RUET 10-11 Ans: (B)
(A) Amyl Acetate (B) Ethyl Butanoate (C) Pentyl Ethylacetate
(D) Ethylacetate (E) None
99. wg_vBj mvqvbvBW Av`©ª we‡køwlZ n‡j wK Drcbœ nq ? BUET 11-12 Ans: (D)
(A) Methanol (wg_vbvj) (B) Methanoic acid (wg_vbwqK GwmW)
(C) Formic acid (diwgK GwmW) (D) Ethanoic acid (B_vbwqK GwmW)
H+ /H2 O
mgvavbt CH3 CN → CH3 COOH

100. bvBjb 6,6-Gi g‡bvgv‡ii Kve©b msL¨v _v‡KÑ BUTex 12-13 Ans: (A)
(A) 12 wU (B) 18 wU (C) 6 wU (D) 10 wU
101. Nylon 6,6 Kx ? GUvi KuvPvgvj Kx ? RUET 12-13
Ans: Nylon 6,6 GKwU ms‡køwlZ cwjA¨vgvBW|
Gi KuvPvgvjmg~n: A¨vwWwcK GwmW, HOOC-(CH2 )4-COOH; †n·vwgw_wjb WvB A¨vwgb, H2 N-(CH2 )6-NH2

Aa¨vq : 02 ‰Re imvqb (Organic Chemistry) 200