OPERATING SYSTEM UNIT I 19CS613
DEFINITION OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating System is system software which acts as an
interface between user and computer hardware.
Example: MS-DOS, UNIX, LINUX, WINDOWS,
ANDROID, OS/2 etc.,
KERNEL
The vital portion of the operating system is called as
kernel.
Since the capacity of the RAM is very less when
compared to the capacity of the hard disk loading the entire
Operating System (OS) inside the RAM is not possible. So, it
is enough to store the vital information present inside the OS.
That vital portion is called kernel of the Operating System
which is close to the hardware and controls the actual
hardware. It is also called as the HEART of the Operating
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System.
Figure 2.
BOOTING
Booting is the process of loading the Operating System
(kernel) from the Hard Disk to the main memory.
The Boot Program (Boot block) is stored in one or two
sectors on the disk with a
predetermined address. This portion is normally called as Boot
Block.
Before Booting (The hardware loads the Boot program
from the hard disk to the main memory automatically).
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ROM contains a minimum set of program (BIOS) which
loads the Boot Block from the Hard Disk to the main memory
with the control of the Hardware. In turn the Boot program
loads the kernel from the Hard Disk to the Main Memory and
it is called as Boot Strapping (pulling oneself up) or Booting.
After Booting
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TYPES OF BOOTING
There are two types of Booting. They are
Cold Booting (Hard Booting)
Warm Booting (Soft Booting)
I. COLD BOOTING
The Cold Booting is a situation when all the computer
peripherals are off and start it by switching on the power
button.
II. WARM BOOTING
The Warm Boot is a situation when the computer and its
related peripherals are already switched on. The system is
restarted by pressing the reset button or pressing
Ctrl+Alt+Delete keys from the keyboard.
SERVICES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
(OR)
FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM
There are three different services of Operating System.
i. Information Management (IM)
ii. Process Management (PM)
iii. Memory Management (MM)
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i. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT (IM)
Information Management is used for storing, retrieving
and modifying of information from various devices.
The different system calls for Information
Management are:
Create a file
Create a Directory
Change a Directory
Open a file
Close a file
Read a file from any device
Write a file through any device
Create a pipe
Create a link
ii. PROCESS MANAGEMENT (PM)
In a multi programming environment more than
one process can be executed scheduling of these
process is done with the help of Process
Management.
At a given time, a Processor (CPU) can execute
only one instruction. The function of the Operating
System is to keep track of the process. Scheduling
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of these process to the CPU is done by Process
Management.
The different system calls for Process Management are
Create a Child Process for the Parent Process
Dispatch a Process
Run a Process
Ready a Process
Block a Process
Suspend a Process
Resume a Process
Terminate a Process
Delay a Process
Fork Process
iii. Memory Management (MM)
The Memory Management takes care of
allocation and deallocation of memory
chunks.
The Operating System keeps a list of memory
locations before the program is loaded in the
memory from the disc.
The memory management consult this free list and
then allocate the memory into the process.
The different system calls for memory
management are:
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Allocate a chunk of memory to a process.
Deallocate (free or release) a chunk of memory
from the process
HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS
I. Zeroth Generation (1732 to 1871) - Mechanical Parts
II. First Generation(1945 to 1955)- Electronic Parts
(Vacuum Tubes)
III.Second Generation (1955 to 1965) - Transistors
IV.Third Generation (1965 to 1980) - Integrated Circuits
(IC)
V. Fourth Generation (1980 to 1990) - Large Scale
Integrated Circuits (LSI)
VI.Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) - ULSI (Ultra
Large Scales Integrated)
I. Zeroth Generation (1732 to 1871)
The first digital computer was designed by Charles
Babbage.
This was designed using mechanical parts like
Wheels, Gears, Cogs etc.,
This computer was slow and unreliable
There was no Operating System and languages
II. First Generation (1945 to 1955)
Vacuum tubes were used as an electronic
component which occupies large space and
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generates more heat.
The Vacuum tubes used to get burst very fast for
executing a single instruction (10000 – 20000) tubes
could be wasted.
The Programming was done only in machine
language which is the first- g e n e r a t i o n language.
There was no high-level language or assembly level
language.
There was no Operating System for these machines.
These were single user machine which were
unfriendly to the programmer.
III. Second Generation (1955 – 1965)
Transistors was introduced and the size, cost of the
machine became less.
System analyst, Designers, Programmers and
Operators exists.
Assembly language as a second-generation Language
and FORTRAN high level language emerged.
Magnetic tapes & Punch cards are used for I/O
operations.
In IBM 1401 computers the operators were busy
loading or unloading cards and tapes before and
after the job. At a given time only one job could
run.
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The Operator performs two types of operations to
run a job
i. Set up operation
ii. Tear down operation
i. Set up operation
Load the card and mount the tapes for the new job.
ii. Teardown Operation
Dismount the tapes and take out the cards.
Note: In this method lot of CPU times was wasted.
Batch system was introduced
IBM 7094 a faster and larger computer was used with IBM
1401 and named as ‘Satellite Computer’.
SCHEME OF WORK
There are three types of cards. They are
i. Control cards
ii. Program cards
iii. Data cards
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i. Control Cards
It gives the information about the job and the
user’s name
Load
What should be loaded in the main memory
using cards?
ii. Program Cards
The program card holds either FORTRAN program
or assembly program.
iii. Data Cards
This card holds the input data.
Advantage
The Advantage of stacking cards is to avoid set up and tear
down operation and it therefore saves CPU time.
All these cards are read one by one and copied into a tape
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using “card to tape utility program”.
TAPE J It holds all the jobs.
CONTROLS It holds the total number of cards
The prepared tape – J is taken to the main 7094 computers
and processed.
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Tape A = Input tape
Tape B = Output
tape Tape P =
Print image tape
Tape J = All the
jobs
Tape P is moved to the slower 1401 computer and does
the final printing because 7094 computers are faster and
more expensive.
Advantage
The CPU time is saved.
IBM 7094 introduced two operating systems IBSYS and
FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS)
DBMS concept was introduced and the mode of operation
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was sequential.
Master Control Program (MCP) Operating System
was introduced which has many features of today’s
Operating System like Multi Programming, Multi
processing and Virtual storage.
Third Generation
IBM announced System/360 series of computers
“Family of Computers” concept came into
existence.
IBM- 370, IBM – 43XX, IBM – 30XX belongs to
the same family
IBM faced the problem of converting the existing
1401 users to system/360 series of computers. So,
it provides two utility programs such as
“Simulators” (It is a software driven and so it is
slow and less cost) and “Emulators” (It is based
on the hardware and therefore the cost and the
speed is high) which converts 1401 to system/360
series of computers.
IBM delivered four Operating Systems for
System / 360 series of computers.
CP – 67 / CMS (For virtual storage)
OS/MVT (For bigger 360 systems)
OS/MFT (For medium 360 systems)
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DOS/360 (For smaller 360 systems)
Advantages and Disadvantages of the above Operating
System are as follows:
i. Integrated Circuits
ii. Portability
iii. Job Control Language
iv. Multi Programming
v. Spooling
vi. Time Sharing
i. Integrated Circuits
System/360 was based on Integrated Circuits (IC’s), the
cost and the size of the computer shrunk.
ii. Portability
The Operating System for system/360 was written in
assembly language for a specific machine, so it was not
easily portable, with a different architecture.
iii. Job Control Language (JCL)
JCL is allowed to communicate between user or
programmer, the computer and its operating system.
JCL performs certain task like creating a file, running a
job or sorting a file.
Note:
JCL is invented in-order to reduce the set up and teardown
operation.
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iv. Multi Programming
If a single Processor executes more than one process at a
time, then it is called as multi programming.
The physical memory is divided into many partitions, each
holding a separate program and one of these partitions is
holding the operating system.
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The Advantage of this multi programming is increasing in
throughput (i.e) when the I/O for one program is going on, the
CPU switches to another program, so that the CPU is not idle
in Multi Programming.
v. Spooling (Simultaneous Peripherals Operations
Online)
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a - All the jobs from the cards are read into the
Disk first
b - The OS loads as many jobs in the memory one
after the other until the available memory would
accommodate them and process it.
c - The Disk image of the report is written onto the
Disk
d - The actual print from the disk takes place.
Advantages
OPERATING SYSTEM UNIT I
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It solves the problem of carrying the tapes to and
from the machine 1401 and
7094
It allows multi programming
vi. Time Sharing
System/360 does not support time sharing
IV. FOURTH GENERATION
Large Scale Integration (LSI) circuits was
designed using silicon chips.
A computer is made up of many units such as
CPU, memory and I/O interfaces. Each of these is
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further made up of registers, Multiplexers,
Decoders, and other Digital circuits.
The size of the chip was very small and it was
very hard to design these circuits, so they
introduced Computer Aided Design (CAD)
technique to design the circuits easily and
accurately
Micro computers and personnel computers
were introduced.
“Control Program for Micro computers”
(CP/M) was the first Operating System on the
micro computers platform and it was developed
by Intel 8080 and it uses PL/M Programming
Language for Micro Computers instead of
assembly language.
It was very simple, single user operating system
and user friendly.
CP/M went through a number of versions and
became very popular because of its user
friendliness.
MP/M – a time sharing operating system was
introduced.
In 1980 CP/NET was released to provide
Networking facilities with the
MP/M as the server and CP/M as the Client.
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MSDOS a single user- and user-friendly
operating system was introduced by Microsoft.
Later MS-DOS introduced D – Base (A
Database system), Wordstar (A Word
Processing System), Lotus 1-2-3 (A
Spreadsheet)
High Level Language such as BASIC, COBOL,
and C compilers was developed.
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UNIX operating system was introduced by
Microsoft. IBM and Microsoft joined and
introduced OS/2 Operating System.
UNIX and OS/2 provides multi-tasking
GUI concept was introduced. MS-Windows user
friendly operating system was introduced and
later Windows – NT operating system was also
introduced.
Network Operating System and Distributed
Operating System was introduced.
Text Books:
1. A.S.Godbole-Operating Systems-TMH-1999.
2. A. Silberschatz and P.B.Galvin- Operating
system concepts-Addision-Wesley Publishing
company, Fifth Edition, 1998.
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