Summarize the Time Domain
Analysis of Control System
Debam Kayal | Roll no. 13001622089
Introduction
Time domain analysis of control system ● First-order systems: Governed by a
involves studying system behavior over first-order differential equation, 1
time using linear differential equations. energy storage element.
There are two components of any system ● Second-order systems: Governed by
time response, which are: a second-order differential equation,
2 energy storage elements.
● Transient Response: This response is ● Used to model electrical, mechanical,
dependent upon the system poles thermal, and fluid systems.
only and not on the type of input
● Steady-State Response: This
response depends on system
dynamics and the input quantity.
Types of Test Signals
25% 50% 75%
Step Input Signal Ramp Function Parabolic Function
A sudden change from zero A signal that increases A parabolic input signal is a
to a constant value. Used linearly with time. Used to test signal used in control
to observe the system's test a system's ability to systems that represents a
transient and steady-state track a changing input. If constant acceleration. If
behavior. If input is R(s), input is R(s), then input is R(s), then
then
First-order systems:
Governed by a first-order differential equation, 1 energy storage element.
For a first-order system (e.g., an RC circuit), the response is characterized by a single
exponential curve.
● Time Constant (τ): The time required for the response to reach approximately 63.2% of its
final value. A smaller τ indicates a faster system.
● Rise Time (Tr): The time it takes for the response to go from 10% to 90% of its final value.
First-Order Transfer Function
Second-Order Systems: General Form
Second-Order Systems:
Second order system exhibits a wide range of responses that must
be analyzed and described.
The damping ratio (ζ) dictates the system's response to an input and
can be categorized into four types:
● Undamped (ζ=0): The system oscillates forever without decay.
● Underdamped (0<ζ<1): The system oscillates with decreasing
amplitude until it settles. This response is characterized by
overshoot, peak time, and settling time.
● Critically Damped (ζ=1): The system returns to its steady-state
value as fast as possible without any oscillations.
● Overdamped (ζ>1): The system returns to its steady-state
value slowly and without any oscillations.
Time Domain Characteristics
◆ Rise Time (Tr): The time required for the response to rise from
0% to 100% of its final value.
◆ Delay time (td): It is the time required for the response to reach
50% of the final value in first attempt.
◆ Peak Time (Tp): The time required to reach the first peak of the
overshoot.
◆ Maximum Overshoot (Mp): The maximum value of the
response curve minus the steady-state value, expressed as a
percentage.
◆ Settling Time (Ts): The time required for the response to settle
within a certain percentage (e.g., 2% or 5%) of the
steady-state value.
◆ Damping Ratio (ζ): A dimensionless parameter that describes
how oscillations in a system decay.
● ζ<1: Underdamped (oscillatory)
● ζ=1: Critically Damped (fastest response without
overshoot)
● ζ>1: Overdamped (slow, no oscillations)
Stability Analysis
● Definition: A system is stable if its output remains bounded for a bounded input.
● Key Concept: In time domain analysis, stability can be determined by observing the
transient response.
○ Stable System: The transient response decays to zero over time.
○ Unstable System: The transient response grows to infinity over time.
○ Marginally Stable: The transient response oscillates with a constant amplitude.
● Mathematical Tool: The location of the system's poles in the s-plane is crucial. For
stability, all poles must have negative real parts.
Conclusions
● Time domain analysis is a fundamental tool for understanding system
dynamics.
● By using standard test signals, we can characterize a system's transient and
steady-state behavior.
● Key performance metrics like rise time, settling time, and overshoot help us
quantify system performance.
● Stability is critical concept for designing reliable and accurate control systems.
Thank You!
