BEEE203L

Circuit Theory
Module : 2 Lecture :2
Module : 2 – Network Theorems

• Network theorems for a.c. circuits

• Superposition theorem

• Thevenin’s theorem

• Norton’s theorem

• Maximum power transfer theorem

• Reciprocity theorem and

• Millman’s theorem
 Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem.
• Two powerful circuit analysis techniques are Thevenin's theorem and Norton’s theorem.

• Both theorems convert a complex circuit to a simpler series or parallel equivalent circuit
for easier analysis.

• Analysis involves removing part of the circuit across two terminals to aid calculation, later
combining the circuit with the Thévenin or Norton equivalent circuit.

• Thevenin's theorem was independently derived in 1853 by the German scientist Hermann
von Helmholtz and in 1883 by Léon Charles Thevenin (1857–1926), an electrical engineer
with France’s national Postes et Telegraphs telecommunications organization.
 Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem.
Norton’s theorem is an extension of Thevenin's theorem and was introduced in 1926
separately by two people:

Hause-Siemens researcher Hans Ferdinand Mayer (1895–1980) and Bell Labs engineer
Edward Lawry Norton (1898–1983).

This topic explains both theorems, analyzing both d.c. and a.c. networks through
calculations.

At the end of this chapter you should be able to:

• understand and use Thevenin’s theorem to analyse a.c. and d.c. networks
• understand and use Norton’s theorem to analyse a.c. and d.c. networks
• appreciate and use the equivalence of Thevenin and Norton networks
Thevenin’s theorem
• In many practical applications, it is always not necessary to analyses the complete circuit.
• It requires that the voltage, current, or power in only one resistance (impedance) of
circuit be found.
• The use of this theorem provides a simple, equivalent circuit which can be substituted for
the original network.

• Thevenin’s theorem statement:-

• Thevenin’s theorem states that any two terminal
linear network having number of voltage current sources and impedances can be replaced
by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a
resistance (impedance ) , where the value of the voltage sources is equal to the open
circuit voltage across the two terminals of the network and resistance (impedance) is
equal to the equivalent resistance (impedance) measured between the terminals with all
the energy sources are replaced by their internal resistance(impedance).
Thevenin’s theorem- How to Thevenize a given circuit?

1. Temporarily remove the impedance ( called the load impedance, ZL) whose current is
required.

2. Find the open-circuit voltage VOC which appears across the two terminals from where
impedances has been removed. It is called Thevenin voltage, Vth.

3. Compute the impedance of the whose networks as looked into from these two
terminals after all voltage sources have been removed leaving behind their internal
impedance (if any) andy current sources have been replaced by open-circuit
i.e.infinite impedance. It is also called Thevenin’s impedance Zth.

4. Replace the entire network by a single Thevenin source, whose voltage is Vth or Voc
and whose internal impedance is Zth or ZL.
Thevenin’s theorem- How to Thevenize a given circuit?
5. Connect ZL back to its terminals from where it was previously removed.

6. Finally, calculate the current flowing through ZL by using the equation,

Vth
IL=
𝑍𝑡ℎ+𝑍𝐿

Problem no:-1. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-1.1

Figure-1.1
Problem no:-1. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-1.1

Solution
Step I, Calculation of VTh, fig-1.2

Applying KVL to the mesh,

50 ∠0° − (3 − j4) I − (4 + j6) I = 0

− (3 − j4) I − (4 + j6) I = - 50 ∠0° Figure-1.2

(3 − j4) I + (4 + j6) I = 50 ∠0°

Problem no:-1. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-1.1

Step II, Calculation of Zth, in fig-1.3

Zth = (j5 – j4) + (3-j4) ║(4+j6)

Figure-1.3
Problem no:-1. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-1.1

• Step III, Thevenin’s Equivalent Network in fig-1.4

Figure-1.4
Problem no:-2. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-2.1

Solution Figure-2.1

Step I, Calculation of Vth , in Figure-2.2

Applying KVL to Mesh 1,

10 ∠30° − (5 − j2) I1 − 3(I 1 − I2 ) = 0

− (5 − j2) I1 − 3(I 1 − I2 ) = -10 ∠30°

(5 − j2) I1 + 3(I 1 − I2 ) = 10 ∠30° Figure-2.2

(8 − j2) I1 − 3I2 = 10 ∠30° …(i)

Problem no:-2. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-2.1
• Applying KVL to Mesh 2, in Figure 2.2

−3 (I2 − I1 ) − j5 I2 − 5 I2 = 0

−3I2 +3 I1 − j5 I2 − 5 I2 = 0

− 3I1 + (8 + j5) I2 = 0 …(ii)

• Writing Equations (i) and (ii) in matrix form; Figure-2.2

• By Cramer’s rule,
Problem no:-2. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-2.1

• Step II , Calculation of ZTh in Figure-2.3

Figure-2.3

Step III , Thevenin’s equivalent Network in Figure-2.4

Figure-2.4
Problem no:-3. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-3.1

Figure-3.1
Solution
Step I Calculation of Vth in Figure -3.2
• Applying KVL to the mesh,
(2+j6-j4)I - 5∠90° = 0
(2+j2)I = 5∠90°
Figure-3.2
Problem no:-3. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-3.1

Vth = (−j4) I + 5 ∠90° − 10 ∠ 0°

= (4 ∠−90°) (1.77 ∠45°) + 5 ∠90° − 10 ∠0°
= 18 ∠146.31° V

Step II
Calculation of ZTh, in Figure-3.3

Figure-3.3
 Problem no:-3. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-3.1

• Step III
• Thevenin’s Equivalent Network in Figure-3.4

Figure-3.4
Problem no:-4. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-4.1

Figure-4.1
• Solution
• Step I, Calculation of Vth, in Figure-4.2

Figure-4.2
Problem no:-4. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-4.1

• Step II , Calculation of ZTh, in Figure-4.3

Figure-4.3
Problem no:-4. Obtain Thevenin’s equivalent network for the terminals A and B in Fig-4.1

Step III
Thevenin’s Equivalent Network, in Figure - 4.4

Figure-4.4