DATABASE

MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
 Data vs. information:
DATA INFORMATION
⚫ Data is a collection of facts, such ⚫ Information is data that have
as values or measurements. been organized and
⚫ It can be numbers, words, communicated in a coherent
measurements, observations or and meaningful manner.
even just descriptions of things. ⚫ Data is converted into
information, and information is
converted into knowledge.
⚫ Knowledge; information
evaluated and organized so that
it can be used purposefully.
Data is also stored in excel sheets.
Is it different from database?
 DATABASE
A collection of related pieces of data:
⚫ Representing/capturing the information about a real-world enterprise or part
of an enterprise.
⚫ A database is designed ,built ,populated with data for a specific purpose.
It has intended group of users and preconceived application.
⚫ Activities of the enterprise are supported by the database and continually
update the database.

Example: University Database

⚫ Data about students, faculty, courses, laboratories, course
registration/enrollment etc.
⚫ Purpose: To keep an accurate track of the academic activities of the
university.
What is a DBMS?
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a software package designed
to store and manage databases.

DBMS tasks:
⚫ Managing large quantity of structured data
⚫ Efficient retrieval and modification: query processing and optimization
⚫ Sharing data: multiple users use and manipulate data
⚫ Controlling the access to data: maintaining the data integrity

Database Applications:
⚫ Banking: all transactions
⚫ Airlines: reservations, schedules
⚫ Universities: registration, grades
⚫ Sales: customers, products, purchases
⚫ Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
⚫ Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
Drawbacks of old File methods
⚫ Uncontrolled Duplication: Data redundancy
⚫ Wastes space
⚫ Hard to update all files
⚫ Inconsistent data
⚫ Inflexibility
⚫ Hard to change data
⚫ Hard to change programs
⚫ Limited data sharing
⚫ Poor enforcement of standards: Integrity Problems
⚫ Concurrent-access anomalies
⚫ Security Problems

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The Advantages of a DBMS
⚫ Minimal data redundancy.
⚫ Data consistency.
⚫ Integration of data.
⚫ Sharing of data.
⚫ Enforcement of standards.
⚫ Ease of application development.
⚫ Uniform security, privacy and integrity.
⚫ Data independence
 SQL Queries

Data

Database Tables
Forms, Reports,
Programs Database Server

Application Server

Users
Developers and Application Forms
Administrators

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Data Models
⚫ A data model is a collection of concepts(tools and languages) for describing
data.
⚫ Data Models define underlying structure of DBMS.
⚫ Contains Description of data, data relationship ,data semantics , data
integrity constraints.
Data Models cont.
⚫ The relational model of data is the most widely used
model today.
Main concept: relation, basically a table with rows
and columns.
Every relation has a schema, which describes the
columns, or fields.
Instances and Schemas
⚫ Schema – A schema is a description of a particular collection of data, using the a
given data model.
Schema is the overall design of database.
In RDBMS context:
Schema – table names, attribute names with their data types for each table and
constraints etc.
Name Roll Class Subject

⚫ Data in a database at particular moment is called database state or snapshot.

⚫ It is sometimes called the current state or instances in database. Eg. Entry in student
table.
⚫ DBMS stores description of schema construct and constraints known as Metadata.
⚫ The Schema is sometimes called Intension and instance is called extension of
schema
Levels of Abstraction: Three-schema Architecture
⚫ Physical level:
describes details of how data is stored: files, indices, etc. on the random
access disk system
It also typically describes the record layout of files and type of files (hash,
b-tree, flat).

⚫ Conceptual level(logical):
Describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data.
Hides details of the physical level.
In the relational model, the conceptual schema presents data as a set of tables
type customer = record
name : string;
street : string;
city : integer;
end;

⚫ View level :
Each view describes an aspect of the database relevant to a particular
group of users.
Portions of stored data should not be seen by some users and implement a
level of security .
For instance, in the context of a library database:
Books Purchase Section
Issue/Returns Management Section
Three Level Architecture
Roles for people
⚫ Application programmers – interact with system through DML calls
⚫ Sophisticated users – form requests in a database query language
⚫ Specialized users – write specialized database applications that do not fit into
the traditional data processing framework
⚫ Naive users – invoke one of the permanent application programs that have
been written previously
⚫ E.g. people accessing database over the web, bank tellers, clerical staff

DBA (Database Administrator)

⚫ Designing the logical schema
⚫ Creating the structure of the entire database
⚫ Monitor usage and create necessary index structures to speedup query
execution
⚫ Grant / Revoke data access permissions to other users etc
Data Independence
Capacity to change schema at one level of database system
without having to change schema at next higher level.

⚫ Physical data independence: The ability to modify

physical level schema without affecting the logical or view
level schema.
Performance tuning – modification at physical level
creating a new index etc.
Logical data independence: The ability to change the
logical level scheme without affecting the view level schemes
or application programs

Adding a new attribute to some relation

⚫ no need to change the programs or views that don’t require to
use the new attribute

Deleting an attribute
⚫ no need to change the programs or views that use the remaining
data
 Summary
⚫ DBMS used to maintain, query large datasets.
⚫ Benefits include recovery from system crashes, concurrent
access, quick application development, data integrity and
security.
⚫ Levels of abstraction give data independence.
⚫ A DBMS typically has a layered architecture.