What is a File
A group of organized data (records) which
are assembled for one particular purpose
and considered as one unit
Stored in permanent storage like hard
disk, diskettes, etc.
Types of Files
Files can broadly be categorized into two
types:
◦ Executable Files
◦ Non-Executable Files (Data Files)
What are EXE Files
◦ Program files that run or execute themselves
◦ Have either COM or EXE or BAT as
extension
What are Data Files
Non- executable files that contain only
the data that we produce
Cannot execute themselves
Need application program to run
What is a Command
A command is a set of instructions used
to perform a specific work
Interpreted by the OS interpreter to a
machine language
◦ E.g. <md Ram>,<cd Ram>,etc.
Windows
In windows it is very easy to do any
action like creating a file or copying,
moving, deleting, etc.….
Because the instructions are executed by
clicking on icons and windows unlike Dos
operating system.
Now create a folder and practice all
instruction mentioned before ?
Types of DOS Commands
◦ Internal
◦ External
Directory
◦ Root Directory
◦ Parent Directory
Types of Command
Internal Command
◦ Those commands which are already loaded in the
Command.COM file while switching to the MS
DOS
◦ E.g. CLS,VER, DEL, etc.
External Command
◦ Those commands which are not loaded when
loading the Program but are available in the Disk
and can be invoked whenever necessary
◦ E.g. FORMAT,TREE, XCOPY, etc.
What is a Directory
A directory is a list of file which is itself a
file stored in the computer’s memory so
that users can reference it as it is
required
Also called a catalog of files
Root Directory
The Root directory is that directory that
is automatically created when the disk is
formatted
It is the current drive that we have been
working
◦ E.g. A:\, B:\ (for Floppy Disk Drive)
◦ C:\,D:\ etc. (for Hard Disk Drive)
Current directory is that directory in
which you are currently working
Parent directory is that directory which is
one level up of the current directory
◦ E.g. C:\Ram\Hari>
Current directory
Parent directory
Root directory
To start MS DOS, click
on the Start button
and choose Run
In the Run dialog box,
type CMD or
COMMAND which
is the EXE file for MS
DOS
Click on the OK
button
MS DOS
For listing the Sub-directories and Files
within a directory, we use the DIR
command
Syntax :
◦ DIR/ [Directory_name]
◦ E.g. C:\>DIR/ NCIT
Displays all the directories/files within the directory
NCIT
1. Dir/ah :-Display all hidden files and directories.
2. Dir/a-d : - Display only files.
3. Dir/ad :- Display only Directories.
4. Dir/a/s:-Display all directory and file with
subdirectory.
5. Dir/a :- Display All Hidden And Non hidden file
and directories.
6. Dir n*.* :Display all file and directory starting
with ‘ n ’ alphabet.
Creating a Directory in MS DOS
For creating the Directory in MS DOS, we
use the MD (Make Directory)command
Syntax:
◦ C:\> MD NCIT
Changing a Directory in MS DOS
For changing the directory in MS DOS,
we use the CD (Change Directory) command
Syntax:
◦ C:\>CD NCIT
Now it appears as:
◦ C:\NCIT>
For switching between the directories we
use the CD.. Or CD\ commands
CD.. Command switches from the current
directory to the Parent directory
CD\ command switches from the current
directory to the Root directory
Creating Files in MS DOS
For creating the files in DOS, the command
COPY CON is used
Syntax:
◦ COPY CON filename
Note: File name should not exceed eight characters excluding three
characters for extension
◦ E.g. College1.txt
◦ To save the file press Ctrl+z then Enter
Reading Files in MS DOS
For reading the Pre-created files in MS
DOS, we use the TYPE command. It
displays all the contents that are in the
file.
Syntax :
◦ TYPE Filename
Renaming Files
For renaming the files in MS DOS we use
the REN Command
Syntax:
◦ REN oldfilename newfilename
Deleting Files in MS DOS
For deleting files in MS DOS we use the
DEL command
Syntax :
◦ DEL Filename
Deleting directories in MSDOS
For deleting the directories in MS DOS
we use the RD command
Syntax :
◦ RD Directoryname
Note : For removing the directory first the directory should be
empty
For checking the date from the system in MS
DOS, we use the DATE command. It returns the
current system date.
Similarly, the TIME command returns the current
time from the system.
Syntax :
◦ C:\>DATE
E.g. C:\>DATE
External Commands
Those commands which are not loaded when
loading the Program but are available in the
Disk and can be invoked whenever necessary
E.g. FORMAT,TREE, XCOPY, etc.
The FORMAT Command
The FORMAT command prepares a new disk
for use by organizing the disk into magnetic
tracks and sectors
Syntax :
◦ A:\>FORMAT [Drive_name]
E.g.
◦ C:\>FORMAT A:
The TREE Command
The TREE command is used to display all
directory pathnames on the specified disk
Syntax :
◦ C:\>TREE [disk_name]
E.g.
◦ C:\>TREE A:
The EDIT Command
The EDIT command in MS DOS is used to edit
the files. It provides a different full screen Editor
window with a few menu options.
Syntax :
◦ C:\>EDIT [filename]
E.g.
◦ C:\>EDIT file1
The PRINT Command
The PRINT Command in MS DOS is
used to print the text files
Syntax :
◦ PRINT Filename
E.g.
◦ PRINT File1.txt
