Biology Notes - Cell Structure
1. Introduction to Cells
- Cells are the basic unit of life.
- Two main types: Prokaryotic (bacteria) and Eukaryotic (plants, animals, fungi,
protists).
2. Prokaryotic Cells
- No nucleus, DNA floats in the cytoplasm.
- Simple structure, usually smaller in size.
- Examples: E. coli, Streptococcus.
3. Eukaryotic Cells
- Contain a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
- Larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
- Contain membrane-bound organelles.
4. Important Organelles
- Nucleus: Control center of the cell, stores DNA.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP energy.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
* Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, makes proteins.
* Smooth ER: Makes lipids and detoxifies toxins.
- Golgi Apparatus: Packages and ships proteins and lipids.
- Lysosomes: Break down waste and worn-out cell parts (mainly in animal cells).
- Chloroplasts: Found in plant cells, responsible for photosynthesis.
- Cell Membrane: Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
- Cell Wall: Provides support and structure in plant cells.
5. Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
- Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.
- Animal cells have lysosomes and centrioles.
- Both share nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi, etc.
6. Summary
- Cells are the building blocks of life.
- Organelles each perform specific functions to keep the cell alive and working.
