MODULE 3
THE
STRUCTURE OF
THE ATOM
Learning Points
1. Differentiate among atomic number, mass
number, and isotopes and which of these
distinguished one element from another;
2. explain relative atomic mass or average atomic
mass;
3. write isotopes notations;
Learning Points
4. compute for relative atomic mass or selected
isotopes;
5. differentiate among atoms, molecules, ions,
give examples; and
6. represent compounds using chemical formulas,
structural formulas, and models.
What are atoms?
ATOM – basic unit of an element that can
take part in a chemical reaction.
DALTON – did not attempt to describe the
structure and composition of an atom.
Subatomic -
Particles
Atoms are made up of + +
three subatomic particles:
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons -
-
Nucleus
Nucleus
The nucleus is the centre of
+ +
the atom. It is where all of the
mass of the atom is
contained.
-
-
Electrons
Electrons are negatively
charged subatomic
+ + particles.
Mass = 9.11 x 10-28 g
J.J Thomson (1856-
1940) Cathode ray
-
tube experiment.
CATHODE RAY TUBE EXPERIMENT
He noticed that the ray
produced at the
negative electrode (the
cathode ray) was
repelled by the negative
pole of an existing
electric field when high
voltage was applied to a
vacuum tube.
-
Protons
Protons are positively
charged subatomic particles.
Mass = 1.6726 x 10-24 g
+ +
Located at the center of
atom called the nucleus
Ernest Rutherford (1871-
-
1931) - Gold Foil
Experiment
GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT
Rutherford’s observation
1. Most alpha particles
passed through the gold
foil wihout defelction
2. Few alpha particles were
strongly deflected.
3. Some alpha particles
slightly deflected to
more than
Neutron -
Neutron are electrically
neutral subatomic
particles.
+ +
Mass = 1.6749 x 10-24 g
James Chadwick (1871-
1931) - Beryllium Foil
Experiment -
BERYLLIUM FOIL EXPERIMENT
He noticed that there was
less deflection of
particles, implying the
existence of neutral
particles in the nucleus
together with the protons.
Thus, the mass of the
protons and neutrons
account for the atomic
mass.
Summary
Mass
Symbol Mass (g) Charge
(amu)
Proton p+ 1.6726x10-24 1.00728 +
Electron e- 9.11x10-28 0.00055 -
Neutron n0 1.6749x10-24 1.00867 no charge
ATOMIC STRUCTURE OVER TIME
ATOMIC NUMBER
AND
MASS NUMBER
ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER
An atom contains a nucleus composed of
protons and neutrons and electrons moving
around a nucleus.
ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER
There are two ways to describe an
atom quantitatively based on the
number of specific subatomic
particles: the atomic number and
the atomic mass
Atomic Number & Mass Number
Atomic Number (Z) = to the number of protons in
an atom.
Also equal to number of electrons in the same
atom.
Mass number (A) is the total amount of particles
(i.e, the number of protons and neutrons) found in
the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic Number & Mass Number
Atomic Number & Mass Number
APE MAN
Atomic number (A), Protons (P), Electrons
(E), and Mass number (M) minus Atomic
number equals Neutrons (N).
1. ATOMIC NUMBER = P = E
2. MASS NUMBER - ATOMIC NUMBER = N
3. PROTON + NEUTRON = MASS NUMBER
COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART
ISOTOPES
ISOTOPES
When you deal with atoms of
the same number of protons
but different number of
neutrons, you are dealing with
isotopes.
Isotopes Hydrogen-1
Isotopes are atoms of the same
element with different numbers
of neutrons. For example, Hydrogen-2
hydrogen has three isotopes with
the same number of protons and
electrons, but different numbers
of neutrons. Hydrogen-3
Atomic Structure of Oxygen Isotopes
Relative Atomic Mass
3 Atomic (proton) number = the number of
protons (also the number of electrons). -
Li
Mass number = the sum of protons and
+
7 neutrons. + -
+
Relative atomic mass = average of the masses of the
naturally existing isotopes relative to the mass of carbon- -
12.
Is the average mass of all the isotopes for that
element.
Relative Atomic Mass
3
7
Relative Atomic Mass
3
7
Relative Atomic Mass
3
7
Relative Atomic Mass
3
7
Relative Atomic Mass
3
7
Relative Atomic Mass
3
7
Relative Atomic Mass
3
7
Relative Atomic Mass
3
7
IONS
IONS
A neutral atom has the same number of
electrons and protons. Neutrality is lost
during chemical changes in which atom
may either lose or gain an electron to
give electrically charged species called
ions.
1. ANION
ANION - When an atom gains an
electron it becomes negatively
charged.
Nonmetals such as chlorine tend
to gain electrons to yield anions.
1. ANION
2. CATION
CATION - When an atom gives off
electron its charge becomes
positive.
Metals tend to give up electrons
to yield cations.
2. CATION
CATION & ANION
MOLECULES
MOLECULES
A collection of two or more atoms held in a
specific arrangement due to sharing of
electrons and acts as single unit.
DIATOMIC MOLECULES - Molecules that can
be a combination of the same element.
Or can be aggregate of 2 or more types of
atoms such as simple sugars (C6H12O6)
MOLECULES
MOLECULES
DIFFERENT MODELS
& FORMULAS
1. MOLECULAR FORMULA
Shows the type of atom and the number
constituting a certain molecule.
2. STRUCTURAL FORMULA
Shows the order in which the atoms in the
molecule are bonded. It can show either the
three-dimensional array of atoms or not.
3. BALL & STICK MODEL
Is the type of perspective of atom and the
number constituting a certain molecule.
4. SPACE-FILLING MODEL
Is similar to the ball and stick model; however,
the line that denotes the sharing of electrons is
omitted. Instead, atoms are fused together.
5. PERSPECTIVE FORMULA
Represents three
dimensions and is
used primarily to
distinguish among
optical isomers.
6. CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA
Is the formula where the symbols of atoms are
listed in order as they appear in the molecule’s
structure.
7. NATTA PROJECTION
Uses solid or dashed
wedged bonds to
depict the
orientation of atoms
in a molecule.
8. SKELETAL FORMULA
Represents bonds using solid lines.
9. LEWIS STRUCTURE
Also called electron dot structure; dots represent
bonding of electrons and unpaired electrons.
The structure is not 3-dimensional.
10. FISCHER PROJECTION
Is used to illustrate
structures of linear
monosaccharides; vertical
lines denote projection
away from the viewer,
whereas horizontal lines
denote that atoms are
directed toward the viewer.
11. CYCLOHEXANE CONFORMATION
Is a chair-like conformation commonly used to
view structures of sugars.
12. HAWORTH PROJECTION
Is used to represent structures of cyclic
sugars.
13. NEWMAN AND SAWHORSE PROJECTION
Is used to illustrate a single bond between two
carbon atoms; best used to visualize conformers
CHEMICAL
FORMULA
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
MOLECULAR FORMULAS – Denotes the
exact number of atoms present in a
molecule
EMPERICAL FORMULA – Does not provide
exact number of atoms composing the
molecules, but rather the type of atoms and
their simplest whole-number.
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
For examples, glucose = C6H12O6, that is
glucose’s molecular formula because it shows
the exact number of atoms constituting glucose.
On the other hand, notice that the subscript can
be simplified, therefore we can take the
simplest ratio among the atoms, CH20 =
empirical formula of glucose.
Thank you
for listening!
Model of the Atom
