Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Topic Wise Important Short

Questions
STOICHIOMETRY
Q.1.Define stoichiometry. Give its origin and importance.
Ans: The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of quantitative relationship between
reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation is called stoichiometry.
Origin: Stoichiometry is originated from Greek word Stoicheion means element and metry means
measurement.
Importance:It gives the quantitative information about reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
Furthermore, it is important in predicting the yield of the products.
Q.2.Justify that law of conservation of mass has to be obeyed during stoichiometric calculations.
Ans: According to law of conservation of mass, the total mass of reactants is equal to the total mass of
products. This can be explained by considering the reaction when hydrogen burns in oxygen to
produce water;
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
It states that,
i. 2 moles of hydrogen react with 1 mole of oxygen to form 2 moles of water.
ii. 2 molecules of hydrogen react with 1 molecule of oxygen to produce 2 molecules of water.
iii. 4 g of hydrogen react with 32 g of oxygen to produce 36 g of water. Here total mass of reactants is
equal to the total mass of products. Thus it confirms the Law of conservation of mass.
MOLE
Q.3.Define mole with few examples.
Ans: The atomic mass, molecular mass and formula mass of a substance expressed in grams is called
Mole.
1 mole of O = 16 g
1 mole of O2 = 32 g
1 mole of H2O = 18 g
Q.4.Why the explaination of 1 mole of NaCl is quite different?
Ans: The explaination of 1 mole of NaCl is quite different as it is ionic in nature and 58.5 g is called
its formula mass. Therefore upon dissolution in water, it produces ions. Hence,
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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

1 mole of NaCl → 1 mole of Na+ ions+ 1 mole of Cl- ions

It shows that 6.02 x 1023 formula units of NaCl are dissolved in water to produce 6.02 x 1023 Na+1 and
6.02 x 1023 Cl-1.
Q.5.Describe how Avogadro’s number is related to a mole of any substance?
The number of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) in one mole of any substance is equal to 6.022x
1023. This number is known as Avogadro’s number. It is represented by symbol NA.
One mole of Water contains 6.022x 1023 molecules
One mole of NaCl contains 6.022x 1023 formula units
One mole of Oxygen (O) contains 6.022x 1023 atoms.
Q.6.Why mole ratios are constructed as a conversion factor in stoichiometric calculations?
Ans: Mole ratios act as conversion factors telling us the number of moles of reactants needed to form
a certain number of moles of product. In a balanced chemical equation, the coefficients can be used to
determine the moles of compounds that participate in the reaction. The coefficients in a balanced
equation can be used as mole ratios, which can act as conversion factors to relate the reactants to the
products. These conversion factors tell us the ratio of reactants that react but do not tell us how
much of each substance is actually involved in the reaction.
MOLE -MOLE CALCULATION
Q.7. If 3.50 moles of methanol are burnt in oxygen, calculate
a. How many moles of oxygen are used?
b. How many moles of water are produced?
2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O
Sol:
a. 2 Moles of methanol reacts with O2 = 3 moles
1 Mole of methanol reacts with O2 = 3/2 moles
3.50 moles of methanol reacts with O2 = 3/2 x 3.50 moles
= 5.25 moles
b. 2 Moles of methanol produces H2O = 4 moles
1 Mole of methanol produces H2O = 4/2 moles
3.50 moles of methanol produces H2O = 4/2 x 3.50 moles
= 7 moles
Q.8. How much MgO formed when 4 moles of Mg react with excess of O 2. Also calculate the
moles of O2 required?
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
Sol:
a. 2 Moles of Mg produces MgO = 2 moles
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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

1 Mole of Mg produces MgO = 2/2 moles

4 Moles of Mg produces MgO = 2/2 x 4
= 4 moles
b. 2 Moles of Mg reacts with O2 = 1 mole
1 Moles of Mg reacts with O2 = 1/2 moles
4 Moles of Mg reacts with O2 = ½ x 4 moles
= 2 moles
Q.9. How many moles of CO are needed to reduce 5 moles of Fe2O3.
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
Sol: 1 Mole of Fe2O3 is reduced from CO = 3 moles
5 Moles of Fe2O3 are reduced from CO = 3 x 5 moles
= 15 moles
Concept Assessment Exercise 3.1(Page#28, NBF)
NH3 is an important raw material in the manufacture of fertilizers. It is obtained by the combination of
N2 and H2 as shown by the following balanced equation.
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
How many moles of the following are required to manufacture 8 moles of NH3.
(a) Nitrogen (b) Hydrogen
Sol:
a. 2 Moles of NH3 are produced from N2 = 1 Mole
1 Mole of NH3 is produced from N2 = 1/2 Mole
8 Moles of NH3 are produced from N2 = ½ x 8 Mole
= 4 Moles
b. 2 Moles of NH3 are produced from H2 = 3 Moles
1 Mole of NH3 is produced from N2 = 3/2 Moles
8 Moles of NH3 are produced from N2 = 3/2 x 8 Mole
= 12 Moles

MOLE -MASS CALCULATION

Q.10. If 25g of KClO3 is decomposed, calculate the quantities of the following:
a. How many moles of O2 are produced?
b. How much mass in grams of O2 is produced.
Sol: a. 2KClO3→ 2KCl + 3O2
Mass of KClO3= 25 g
Molar mass of KClO3 = 39 + 35.5 + (16x3)
= 39 + 35.5 + 48
= 122.5 g/mole

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

No.of moles= Mass/Molar mass

= 25/122.5
= 0.204
So,
2 moles of KClO3 gives moles of O2 = 3
1 mole of KClO3 gives moles of O2 = 3/2
0.204 mole of KClO3 gives moles of O2 = 3/2 x 0.204
= 0.306 moles
b. Mass of O2 evolved = No.of moles x Molar mass
= 0.306 x 32
= 9.79 g
Q.11. Calculate the amount of PH3 that can be prepare when 1 mole of Ca3P2 reacts with excess
of H2O.
Ca3P2 + 6H2O → 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3
Sol: 1 Mole of Ca3P2 produces PH3 = 2 Moles
So, Amount of PH3 produced (Mass) = Moles x Molar mass
= 2 x 34 = 68 g
MASS -MASS CALCULATION
Q.12. Iron can be produced from iron ore Fe2O3 by reacting the ore with carbon monoxide (CO).
What mass of iron can be formed from 425g of iron ore?
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
Sol: Mass of Fe2O3 = 425g
Molar mass of Fe2O3 = (56x2)+(16x3) = 160 g.mol-1
No. of Moles = Mass/Molar mass
No. of Moles = 425/160 = 2.66
1 mole of Fe2O3 produces Fe = 2 moles
2.66 moles of Fe2O3 produces Fe = 2 x 2.66
= 5.32 moles
So,
Mass of Fe = Moles X Molar Mass
= 5.32 x 56
= 297.33 g
Q.13. Calculate the mass of O2 produced by thermal decomposition of 49 grams of KClO3.
2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2
Sol: Mass of KClO3 = 49g
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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Molar mass of KClO3 = 39+35.5+(16x3) = 122.5 g.mol-1

No. of Moles = Mass/Molar mass
No. of Moles = 49/122.5 = 0.4
2 moles of KClO3 produces O2 = 3 moles
1 mole of KClO3 produces O2 = 3/2 moles
0.4 moles of KClO3 produces Fe = 3/2 x 0.4 moles
= 0.6 moles
So,
Mass of O2 = Moles X Molar Mass
= 0.6 x 32
= 19.2 g
Concept Assessment Exercise 3.2(Page#29, NBF)
Hydrogen burns with oxygen according to the following equation.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
How many grams of oxygen are needed to burn 100g of hydrogen completely?
Sol:
a. Mass of H2 = 100g
Molar mass of H2 = 1x2= 2 g.mol-1
No. of Moles = Mass/Molar mass
No. of Moles = 100/2 = 50
2 moles of H2 needed O2 = 1 mole
1 mole of H2 needed O2 = 1/2 moles
50 moles of H2 needed O2 = 1/2 x 50 moles
= 25 moles
So,
Mass of O2 needed = Moles x Molar mass
= 25 x 32
= 800 g

MOLAR VOLUME
Q.14.What is molar volume?
Ans: The volume occupied by one mole of a gas at RTP is called as molar volume. It is 24 dm3.
Hence,
24 dm3 of any gas at RTP = 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023molecules
RTP stands for room temperature and pressure which is 250C and 1 atm respectively.

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Q.15. 2 g of H2 and 17 g of NH3 occupy separately the volumes of 24 dm3 at RTP although sizes
and masses of molecules of these gases are very different from each other.
Ans: 1 mole of an ideal gas at RTP occupies a volume of 24 dm3. Sizes and masses of molecules of
different gases don’t affect the volume. Normally is known that in the gaseous state, the distance
between molecules is 300 times greater than their diameters. Hence,
2g of H2 = 1 mole = 24 dm3
17 g of NH3 = 1 mole = 24 dm3
Q.16. What is the relationship between mass and volume of a gas at R.T.P?
Ans: The volume occupied by a 1 mole of gas at RTP is 24 dm3. Whereas, 1 mole of a gas contains
the mass in grams (gram molecular mass). Hence, we can convert the mass at RTP into volume and
vice versa.
2g of H2 = 22.414 dm3
17 g of NH3 = 22.414 dm3
Q.17. What volume does 2.5 mole of Cl2 gas occupy at R.T.P?
Ans: 1 mole of Cl2 occupy volume at R.T.P = 24 dm3
2.5 moles of Cl2 occupy volume at R.T.P = 24 x 2.5 dm3
= 60 dm3
Q.18. How many moles are there in 20 dm3 of oxygen at RTP?
Ans: 24 dm3 of oxygen gas at R.T.P = 1 mole
1 dm3of oxygen gas at R.T.P = 1/24
20 dm3of oxygen gas at R.T.P = 1/24 x 20
= 0.83 moles
Concept Assessment Exercise 3.3(Page#29, NBF)
a. How many moles of oxygen molecule are there in 50 dm3 of oxygen gas at R.T.P?
Sol: 24 dm3 of oxygen gas at R.T.P = 1 mole
1 dm3 of oxygen gas at R.T.P = 1/24
50 dm3of oxygen gas at R.T.P = 1/24 x 50
= 2.08 moles
b. What volume does 0.80 mole of N2 gas occupy at S.T.P?
Sol: 1 mole of N2 occupy volume at R.T.P = 24 dm3
0.80 mole of N2 occupy volume at R.T.P = 24 x 0.80 = 19.2 dm3

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
Q.19. What do you know about percentage composition? How will you determine the percentage
of each element in the substance?

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Ans: Percentage composition is the determination of percentage of each element in a compound by

mass. The percentage composition of a compound is determined by using mole concept.
Determine the percentage composition of an element
1. Calculate the molar mass of the compound.
2. Calculate the percentage of each element in one mole of a compound. This is done by dividing the
mass of each element in one mole of the compound by the molar mass multiplied by 100.
% of an element= Mass of an element in compoundx 100
Molar mass of the compound
Q.20. Calculate the percentage composition of MgO.
Ans: Mass of MgO = 24 + 16
= 40 g
Hence,

% of Mg = Mass of Mg x 100
Mass of MgO
= 24/40 x 100
= 60.3 %
% of O = Mass of O x 100
Mass of MgO
= 16/40 x 100
= 39.7 %
Concept Assessment Exercise 3.4(Page#30, NBF)
Determine the percentage composition of the following compounds.
1. Water 2. Sulphuric acid 3. Glucose 4. Ammonium nitrate
Sol:
1. Mass of H2O = (1x2) + 16
= 18 g
Hence,

% of H = Mass of H x 100
Mass of H2O
= 2/18 x 100
= 11.11%
% of O = Mass of O x 100
Mass of H2O
= 16/18 x 100
= 88.89 %
2. Mass of H2SO4 = (1x2) + 32 + (16x4)
= 2 + 32 + 64
= 98 g
Hence,
% of H = Mass of H x 100
Mass of H2SO4
= 2/98 x 100
= 2.04%

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

% of S = Mass of S x 100
Mass of H2SO4
= 32/98 x 100
= 32.65 %
% of O = 100-(% of H + % of S)
= 100-(2.04 + 32.65)
= 100 – 34.69
= 65.31%
3. Mass of Glucose (C6H12O6) = (12 x 6) + (1 x 12) + (16 x 6)
= 72 + 12 + 96
= 180 g
Hence,

% of Carbon = Mass of carbon x 100

Mass of the glucose
= 72/180 x 100
= 40 %
% of Hydrogen = Mass of hydrogenx 100
Mass of the glucose
= 12/180 x 100
= 6.66 %
% of an Oxygen = Mass of oxygenx 100
Mass of the glucose
= 96/180 x 100
= 53.33 %
4. Mass of NH4NO3 = 14 + (1x4) + 14 + (16x3)
= 80 g
% of N = Mass of N x 100
Mass of NH4NO3
= 28/80 x 100
= 35%

% of H = Mass of H x 100
Mass of NH4NO3
= 4/80 x 100
=5%
% of O = 100-(% of N + % of H)
= 100-(35 + 5)
= 100 – 40
= 60%

LIMITING & NON-LIMITING REACTANTS

Q.21. What is limiting reactant? How you will determine it?
Ans: The Limiting reactant is the reactant which is consumed earlier and completely and produces the
least number of moles of products in a chemical reaction.

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Identification of a limiting reactant: A limiting reactant can be recognized by calculating the

number of moles of products from each reactant using a balanced chemical equation. The reactant,
which produces the least amount of product, is the limiting reactant.
Q.22. Concept of limiting reactant is not applicable to the reversible reactions. Explain.
Ans: In the case of reversible reactions, certain amounts of the reactants are left behind at the
equilibrium stage. It is applied in the case of reactions having one of the substances is limiting and has
to be consumed completely. So, the concept of limiting reactant is not applicable to the reversible
reactions.
Q.23. Differentiate between limiting and non-limiting reactant.
Ans: Limiting reactant is the reactant which is consumed earlier and completely and produces the least
number of moles of products in a chemical reaction. The amount of reactant left un-used or un-reacted
after the completion of reaction is called non-limiting reactant or excess reactant.
Q.24. Calculate the mass of Ca3N2 prepared from 54.9 g of Ca and 43.2 g of N2.
3Ca + N2 → Ca3N2
Sol:
Mass of Ca = 54.9 g
Molar mass of Ca = 40 g/mole
No of moles = Mass/Molar mass
= 54.9/40
= 1.37
Mass of N2 = 43.2 g
Molar mass of N2 = 32 g/mole
No of moles = Mass/Molar mass
= 43.2/28
= 1.54
According to balanced chemical equation,
3 Moles Ca produces Ca3N2 = 1 Mole
1 Mole Ca produces Ca3N2 = 1/3 Mole
1.37 Moles Ca produces Ca3N2 = 1/3 x 1.37
= 0.45 Moles
1 Mole N2 produces Ca3N2 = 1 Mole
1.54 Moles N2 produces Ca3N2 = 1 x 1.54 Moles
= 1.54 Moles
As, Ca gives the least moles of Ca3N2 , hence Ca is a limiting reactant.

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Therefore,
Mass of Ca3N2 produced = No of moles x Molar mass
No of moles = 0.45
Molar mass of Ca3N2 = (40x3) + (14x2) =148 g/mol
So, Mass of Ca3N2 produced = 0.45 x 148
= 66.6 g
Q.25. How much silver chloride will be formed by mixing 120 g of silver nitrate with a solution
of 52 g of NaCl?
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
Sol: Mass of AgNO3 = 120 g
Molar mass of AgNO3 = 107+ 14 + (16 x 3)
= 107 + 14 + 48
= 169 g/mole
No of moles = Mass/ Molar mass
= 120/169
= 0.71 moles
Mass of NaCl = 52 g
Molar mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5
= 58.5 g/mole
No of moles = Mass/ Molar mass
= 52/58.5
= 0.88 moles
According to balanced chemical equation,
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
1 mole of AgNO3gives moles of AgCl = 1
0.71 moles of AgNO3gives moles of AgCl = 0.71
Also,
1 mole of NaCl gives moles of AgCl = 1
0.88 moles of NaClgives moles of AgCl = 0.88
Hence, AgNO3 is a limiting reactant as it gives the least moles of AgCl.
Where,
Mass of AgCl = No.of Moles x Molar mass
No.of Moles of AgCl = 0.71
Molar mass of AgCl = 107 + 35.5

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

= 142.5 g/mole
Therefore,
Mass of AgCl = 0.71 x 142.5
= 101.175 g
Concept Assessment Exercise 3.5(Page#31, NBF)
1. Magnesium metal reacts with Sulphur to produce MgS. How many grams of magnesium sulphide
(MgS) can be made from 1.50 g of Mg and 1.50 g of S by the reaction?
Mg + S → MgS
Sol: Mass of Mg = 1.50 g
Molar mass of Mg = 24 g/mole
No of moles = Mass/Molar mass
= 1.50/24
= 0.0625
Mass of S = 1.50 g
Molar mass of S = 32 g/mole
No of moles = Mass/Molar mass
= 1.50/32
= 0.0468
According to balanced chemical equation,
1 mole of Mg gives moles of MgS = 1
0.0625 moles of Mg give moles of MgS = 0.0625
Also,
1 mole of S gives moles of MgS = 1
0.0468 moles of S give moles of MgS = 0.0468
As S gives the least moles of MgS, hence S is a limiting reactant.
Mass of MgS produced = No of moles x Molar mass
No of moles = 0.0468
Molar mass of MgS = 24 + 32 =56 g/mole
So, Mass of MgS produced = 0.0468 x 56
= 2.625 g
2. Zinc and Sulphur react to form Zinc sulphide according to the following balanced chemical equation,
Zn + S → ZnS
If 10.0 g of Zinc and 10.0 g of Sulphur are available for reaction, then determine.
(a) The limiting reactant
(b) The mass of Zinc sulphide produced
Sol: Mass of Zn = 10 g
Molar mass of Zn = 65 g/mole
No of moles = Mass/Molar mass
= 10/65
= 0.153
Mass of S = 10 g
Molar mass of S = 32 g/mole
No of moles = Mass/Molar mass
= 10/32
= 0.312
According to balanced chemical equation,
1 mole Zn gives mole of ZnS = 1
0.153 mole Zn gives mole of ZnS = 0.153
Also,
1 mole S gives mole of ZnS = 1
0.312 mole S gives mole of ZnS = 0.312
a) As Zn gives the least moles of ZnS, hence Zn is a limiting reactant.
b) Mass of ZnS produced = No of moles x Molar mass

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

No of moles = 0.153
Molar mass of ZnS = 65 + 32 =97 g/mole
So, Mass of ZnS produced = 0.153 x 97
= 14.841 g
3. Aluminium reacts with bromine to form Aluminium bromide, as shown by the balanced chemical
equation, 2Al + 3Br2 → 2AlBr3
If 54 g of Al and 200 g of Br2 are available for reaction, then determine
(a) The limiting reactant (b) The mass of AlBr3 produced
Sol: Mass of Al = 54 g
Molar mass of Al = 27 g/mole
No of moles = Mass/Molar mass
= 54/27
=2
Mass of Br2 = 200 g
Molar mass of Br2 = 80 x 2 =160 g/mole
No of moles = Mass/Molar mass
= 200/160
= 1.25
According to balanced chemical equation,
2 moles Al gives mole of AlBr3 = 2
1 moles Al gives mole of AlBr3 = 2/2
2 moles Al gives mole of AlBr3 = 2/2 x 2
=2
Also,
3 moles Br2 gives moles of AlBr3 = 2
1 mole Br2 gives moles of AlBr3 = 2/3
1.25 mole Br2 gives moles of AlBr3 = 2/3 x 1.25
= 0.83
As Br2 gives the least moles of AlBr3, hence Br2 is a limiting reactant.
Mass of AlBr3 produced = No of moles x Molar mass
No of moles = 0.83
Molar mass of AlBr3 = 27 + (80 x 3)
= 27 + 240 = 267 g/mole
So, Mass of AlBr3 produced = 0.83 x 267
= 221.61 g

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

THEORETICAL YIELD, ACTUAL YIELD & PERCENTAGE YIELD

Q.26. Define actual yield and theoretical yield.
Ans: Actual yield: The amount of product actually produced in a chemical equation is known as the
actual yield.
Theoretical yield: The amount of product as calculated from a balanced chemical equation is known
as the theoretical yield of chemical reaction.
Q.27. How will you calculate the theoretical yield in a balanced chemical equation?
Ans: Calculating the theoretical yield: Theoretical yield is the quantity of product calculated to be
obtained from given quantities of initial reactants.
Q.28. How will you explain the percent yield of a substance with the help of actual yield and
theoretical yield?
Ans: The efficiency of a chemical reaction can be expressed by the percentage of a chemical reaction.
It depends upon the ratio of actual yield which is the quantity of product that is actually produced in a
chemical reaction and theoretical yield which is the quantity of product calculated to be obtained from
given quantities of initial reactants. Hence,
% yield = Actual yieldx 100
Theoretical yield
Q.29. Why actual yield is lesser than theoretical yield?
Ans: The actual yield is less than theoretical yield due to following reasons;
1. Side reactions may produce by-products.
2. Reactions are reversible.
3. Mechanical loss takes place due to filtration, distillation, separation by separating funnel, washing
and crystallization etc.
Q.30. The following reaction never goes to completion. Therefore, less amount of NH3 is
obtained than expected theoretically,
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
42 g of H2 produces 120.2 g of NH3. Calculate the percentage yield of NH3.
Sol: Mass of H2 = 42 g
Mass of NH3 (Actual yield) = 120.2 g
Molar mass of H2= 2 g/mole
No.of Moles of H2 = Mass/Molar mass
=42/2 = 21 moles
According to balanced chemical equation,
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
3 moles of H2 produces moles of NH3 = 2
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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

1 mole of H2 produces moles of NH3 = 2/3

21 moles of H2 produces moles of NH3 = 2/3 x 21
= 14 moles of NH3
So,
Mass of NH3 (Theoretical yield) = No.of Moles x Molar mass
Mass of NH3 (Theoretical yield) = 14 x 17 = 238 g
Therefore,
% yield = Actual yield/Theoretical yield x 100
= 120.2/238 x 100
= 50.5%
31. The overall balanced equation for the production of ethanol (C2H5OH) from the sugar is as
follows;
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH+ 2CO2
a) What is the theoretical yield of ethanol available from 10.0g of sugar?
b) If a particular experiment 10.0g of sugar produces 0.664g of ethanol, what is the
percentage yield?
Sol: Mass of ethanol(Actual yield) = 0.664g
Mass of sugar (C6H12O6) =10 g
Molar mass of sugar (C6H12O6) = (12 x 6) + (1 x 12) + (16 x 6)
= 72 + 12 + 96 = 180 g/mole
No of moles = 10/180
No of moles = 0.05
According to balanced chemical equation,
1 mole of C6H12O6gives mole of C2H5OH = 2
0.05 moles of C6H12O6give moles of C2H5OH = 2 x 0.05
= 0.11 moles
a) Mass of C2H5OH (theoretiocal yield) = No of moles x Molar mass
No of moles of C2H5OH= 0.11
Molar mass of C2H5OH = (12 x 2 ) + (1 x 5) + 16 + 1
= 24 + 5 + 16 + 1
= 46 g/mole
Mass of C2H5OH (theoretiocal yield) = 0.11 x 46
= 5.11 g
b)Hence,

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Percentage yield = Actual yield/Theoretical yield x 100

= 0.664/5.11 x 100
= 13 %
Q.32. Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) may be used for refrigeration. Some of this carbon dioxide is
obtained as a by-product when hydrogen is produced from methane in the following reaction.
CH4 +2H2O → CO2 + 4H2
a) What mass of CO2 should be obtained from the complete reaction of 1250 g of methane?
b) If actual yield obtained is 3000 g then what is the percentage yield?
Sol: Mass of CO2(Actual yield) = 3000g
Mass of CH4 =1250 g
Molar mass of CH4= 12 + (1 x 4)
= 12 + 4 = 16 g/mole
No of moles = 1250/16
No of moles = 78.125
According to balanced chemical equation,
1 mole of CH4gives mole of CO2 = 1
78.125 moles of CH4 give moles of CO2 = 78.125 moles
a) Mass of CO2 (theoretiocal yield) = No of moles x Molar mass
No of moles of CO2 = 78.125
Molar mass of CO2 = 12 + (16 x 2)
= 12 + 32 = 44 g/mole
Mass of CO2 (theoretiocal yield) = 78.125x 44
= 3437.5 g
b) Hence,
Percentage yield = Actual yield/Theoretical yield x 100
= 3000/3437.5 x 100
= 87.27 %
Concept Assessment Exercise 3.6 (Page#33, NBF)
1. In a reaction, 2 moles of CH4 were reacted with an excess of Cl2. As a result, 177g of CCl4 is
obtained. What is the:
a. Theoretical yield
b. Actual yield
c. %age yield
CH4 + 4Cl2 → CCl4 + 4HCl
Sol:
a. 1 Mole of CH4 Produced CCl4 = 1 Mole
2 Mole of CH4 Produced CCl4 = 1x2 Mole
= 2 Moles
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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Mass of CCl4 = Moles x Molar mass

= 2 x 154
= 308 g
So,
Theoretical Yield = 308 g
b. Actual yield = 177 g
c. Percentage yield = Actual yield x 100
Theoretical yield
= 177 x 100
308
= 57.46 %
2. Phosphorous reacts with bromine to form phosphorous tribromide. When 35g of bromine is
reacted with 27.9g of phosphorous tribromide is produced. What is the (a) theoretical yield
(b) actual yield (c) %yield of this reaction?
2P + 3Br2 → 2PBr3
Sol:
a. Mass of Br2 =35 g
Molar mass of Br2= 80 x 2
= 160 g/mol
No of moles = 35/160
No of moles = 0.218
According to balanced chemical equation,
3 moles of Br2 gives moles of PBr3 = 2
1 mole of Br2 gives moles of PBr3 = 2/3
0.218 moles of Br2 gives moles of PBr3 = 2/3 x 0.218
= 0.145
So,
Mass of PBr3 (theoretical yield) = No of moles x Molar mass
No of moles of PBr3 = 0.145
Molar mass of PBr3 = 31 + (80 x 3)
= 271 g/mole
Mass of PBr3 (theoretical yield) = 0.415 x 271
= 112.465 g
b. Actual Yield = 27.9 g
c. Percentage yield = Actual yield x 100
Theoretical yield
= 27.9 x 100
112.465
= 24.80 %

PARADIGM ACADEMY || G-6 M.Haris Hashmi

Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

DETERMINING EMPIRICAL & MOLECULAR FORMULAS

Q.33. Write down the steps involved in the empirical formula of compound.
Ans: 1. Find the no. of moles of each element from its mass or percentage composition.
2. Divide each element’s molar amount by the smallest or least molar amount to get the simplest
whole-number ratio of the compound.
3. Write empirical formula using the simplest ratio as subscript.
Q.34. Write down the steps involved in the molecular formula of compound.
Ans: 1. Find the molar mass of the empirical formula.
2. Divide the compound’s molar mass by the empirical formula’s molar mass. This will give you a
whole number (n).
3. Multiply all the subscripts in the empirical formula by n to get the molecular formula.
Q.35. A compound has the following composition: Carbon = 40%, hydrogen = 6.7% & oxygen =
53.3%. The molar mass of the compound is 180 g/mol. Determine its empirical and molecular
formulas.
Ans: Moles of elements
C = 40/12 = 3.33
H = 6.7/1 = 6.7
O = 53.3/16 = 3.33
Mole ratio
C:H:O
3.33 : 6.7 : 3.33
3.33/3.33 : 6.7/3.33 : 3.33/3.33
1:2:1
Empirical Formula
Empirical formula = C₁H₂O₁ = CH₂O
Molecular Formula
Molar mass of empirical formula = 1×12 + 2×1 + 1×16
= 12 + 2 + 16
= 30 g/mol
n = Molar mass / Empirical formula molar mass
= 180 / 30
=6
Therefore molecular formula = (CH₂O)₆
= C₆H₁₂O₆
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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Concept Assessment Exercise 3.7 (Page#34, NBF)

1. Determine the empirical and molecular of a compound from the following data.
26.4 % Carbon 7.3 % Hydrogen 70.3 % Oxygen, Molar Mass: 91.0 g/mol.
Sol: Moles of elements
C = 26.4/12 = 2.2
H = 7.3/1 = 7.3
O = 70.3/16 = 4.3
Mole ratio
C:H:O
2.2 : 7.3 : 4.3
2.2/2.2 : 7.3/2.2 : 4.3/2.2
1 : 3.3 : 1.9≅ 2
1 : 3.3 : 2
To convert mole ratio into simplest whole number, multiply the ratio by 3.
3( 1: 3.3 : 2)
3 : 9.9 : 6
3 : 9.9 ≅ 10 : 6
3 : 10 : 6
Empirical Formula
Empirical formula = C3H10O6
Molecular Formula
Molar mass of empirical formula = 3×12 + 10×1 + 6 ×16
= 36 + 10 + 96
= 142 g/mol
n = Molar mass / Empirical formula molar mass
= 91/ 142
= 0.6
Since, n <1
So, M.F = E.F
Therefore,
Molecular Formula = C3H10O6
2. Determine the empirical and molecular formula of a compound composed of 18.24 g Carbon,
0.51 g Hydrogen, and 16.91 g Fluorine, which has a molar mass 562.0 g/mol
Sol:

PARADIGM ACADEMY || G-6 M.Haris Hashmi

Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Moles of elements
C = 18.24/12 = 1.52
H = 0.51/1 = 0.51
F = 16.91/19 = 0.89
Mole ratio
C:H:F
1.52 : 0.51 : 0.89
1.52/0.51 : 0.51/0.51 : 0.89/0.51
2.98 ≅ 3 : 1 : 1.74
3:1:2
Empirical Formula
Empirical formula = C3H1O2
Molecular Formula
Molar mass of empirical formula = 3×12 + 1×1 + 2×16
= 36 + 1 + 32
= 69 g/mol
n = Molar mass / Empirical formula molar mass
= 562 / 69
=8
Therefore,
Molecular formula = (C3H1O2)8
= C24H8O16
PERCENTAGE PURITY
Q.36.What is meant by percentage purity? How can you determine it?
Ans: The amount of the pure substance in a sample represented as a percentage of the sample’s total
mass is known as percentage purity.
We can determine the purity of a compound by comparing the amount of pure compound compared to
the total mass of the sample. The formula for percentage purity is:
Percentage purity = (Actual mass of compound × 100) / Total mass of sample
Q.37. A student synthesized a compound and obtained a sample weighing 6.3 g. Then he
performed chemical analysis and found that the sample contains 4.2 g of pure compound.
Calculate the percentage purity of the compound.
Ans: Actual mass of compound = 4.2 g
The total mass of the sample = 6.3 g

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Percentage purity of compound = Actual mass of compound × 100

Total mass of sample
= 4.2/6.3 x 100
= 66.67 %
Concept Assessment Exercise 3.8 (Page#34, NBF)
An impure sample of calcium carbonate has a mass of 70 g. After purification, 56 g of calcium
carbonate is recovered. What is the percentage purity of calcium carbonate?
Sol:
Actual mass of compound = 56 g
The total mass of the sample = 70 g
Percentage purity of compound = Actual mass of compound × 100
Total mass of sample
= 56/70 x 100
= 80 %

CONCENTRATION UNITS
Q.38. What is meant by concentration of solution? Name some concentration units.
Ans: The quantity of solute present in given amount of solvent or solution is called concentration
units. Some important concentration units are:
a. Molarity
b. Strength
MOLARITY
Q.39. Define molarity.
Ans: Molarity (M) (mol/dm³): Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per
dm³ of solution.
Molarity is the concentration unit in which the amount of solute is expressed in moles and the quantity
of solution in dm³.
Mathematically,
Molarity (M) = Moles of solute
dm3 of solution
Q.40. What is meant by dilute solution and concentration solution?
Dilute solution: A solution that contains a relatively small amount of dissolved solute is called dilute
solution.
Concentrated solution: A solution that contains a relatively large amount of dissolved solute is called
concentrated solution.
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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Q.41. Knowing the molarity of a solution is more meaningful than knowing whether a solution is
dilute or concentrated. Explain.
Ans: Because by knowing molarity we know the actual amount of solute and solvent of the solution.
Q.42. Urea is a white solid used as fertilizer and starting material for synthetic plastic. A solution
contains 40g urea dissolved in 500 cm³ of solution. Calculate the molarity of this solution.
Ans: Mass of urea =40 g
Molar mass of urea = 14 +1×2+12+16+14+1×2
= 60 g/mol
Moles of urea = 40/60 = 0.667
Volume = 500 cm3 = 500/1000 = 0.5 dm3
So,
Molarity = Moles of Solute
Volume of solution
Molarity = 0.667/0.5
= 1.334 M
Q.43. A solution contains 0.05 moles of KMnO4 in 600 cm3 of solution. Calculate the molarity of
this solution.
Ans: Moles of KMnO4= 0.05
Volume = 600 cm3 = 600/1000 = 0.6 dm3
So,
Molarity = Moles of Solute
Volume of solution
Molarity = 0.05/0.6
= 0.083 M
Q.44. What is the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 1.25g of HCl into enough water
to make 30cm3of solution?
Ans: Mass of HCl = 1.25 g
Molar mass of HCl = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 g / mole
Volume of solution = 30 cm3
Molarity = ?
Molarity = Mass of solute x 1000
Molar mass of solute volume of solution in cm3

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Molarity = 1.25 x 1000

36.5 30
Molarity = 1.14 M
Q.45. Formaline is an aqueous solution of formaldehyde (HCHO) used as a preservative for
biological specimens. A biologist wants to prepare 1 dm3of 11.5M formalin solution. What mass
of formaldehyde he requires?
Ans: Mass of formaldehyde (HCHO) = ?
Molar mass of formaldehyde (HCHO) = 1 + 12 + 1 + 16 = 30 g / mole
Volume of solution = 1dm3 = 1000 cm3
Molarity = 11.5 M
Molarity = Mass of solute x 1000
Molar mass of solute volume of solution in cm3
11.5 = Mass of formaldehyde (HCHO) x 1000
30 1000
Mass of formaldehyde (HCHO) = 345 g
Q.46. A solution of Ca(OH)2 is prepared by dissolving 5.2 mg of Ca(OH)2 to a total volume of
1000cm3.Calculate the molarity of this solution.
Ans: Mass of Ca(OH)2 = 5.2 mg = 5.2 = 0.0052 g
1000
Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 = 40 + 32 + 2 = 74 g / mole
Volume of solution = 1000 cm3
Molarity = Mass of solute x 1000
Molar mass of solute volume of solution in cm3
Molarity = 0.0052 x 1000
74 1000
Molarity = 7 x 10-5 M
Q.47. Calculate the number of moles of solute present in 1.25 cm3 of 0.5M H3PO4 solution.
Solution: Moles of H3PO4 = ?
Volume of solution = 1.25 cm3 = 0.00125 dm3
Molarity = 0.5 M
Molarity = Number of moles
Volume of solution in dm3
0.5 = Number of moles_
0.00125
Number of moles = 0.5 x 0.00125

PARADIGM ACADEMY || G-6 M.Haris Hashmi

Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

= 6.3 x 10-4 moles

Concept Assessment Exercise 3.9 (Page#3, NBF)

KClO3 is a white solid. Calculate the molarity of solution that contains:
a. 1.5 moles of this compound dissolves in 250cm3 of the solution.
Solution: Volume of solution = 250 cm3 = 0.25dm3
Moles = 1.5
Molarity = Number of moles________
Volume of solution in dm3
Molarity = 1.5
0.25
Molarity = 6M
b. 75g of this compound dissolved in 250cm3 of solution.
Solution: Mass of KClO3 = 75g
Molar mass of KClO3 = 39 + 35.5 +(16x 3) = 122.5 g / mole
Volume of solution = 250 cm3= 0.25dm3
Molarity = Mass of solute x 1_
Molar mass of solute volume of solution in dm3
Molarity = 75 x 1
122.5 0.25
Molarity = 0.48 M
c. What is the molarity of a 50cm3 KClO3 solution that yields 0.25g residue after evaporation of
the water?
Solution: Mass of KClO3 = 0.25g
Molar mass of KClO3 = 39 + 35.5 +(16x 3) = 122.5 g / mole
Volume of solution = 50 cm3= 0.05dm3
Molarity = Mass of solute x 1
Molar mass of solute volume of solution in dm3
Molarity = 0.25 x 1
122.5 0.05
Molarity = 0.04 M

STRENGTH OF SOLUTION
Q.48. What is meant by Strength of a solution and how it can be expressed?
Ans: The strength of a solution refers to the concentration of solute in a given volume of solution.
PARADIGM ACADEMY || G-6 M.Haris Hashmi
Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

It is expressed in terms of grams of solute per unit volume of solution. It is typically represented as:

i. g/dm³ (grams per cubic decimeter)

ii. g/cm³ (grams per cubic centimeter).
These units express how much solute is dissolved in a specified volume of solution.
Mathematically:
Strength of solution = Mass of solute (g)
Volume of solution (dm3 or cm3)
Q.49. A solution contains 20 g of salt dissolved in 2 dm³ of solution. Calculate the strength of the
solution.
Ans: Mass of solute (g) = 20 g
Volume of solution = 2 dm3
Strength of solution = Mass of solute (g)
Volume of solution (dm3)
Strength of solution = 20 g
2 dm3
Strength of solution = 10g/dm3
Q.50. A solution contains 25 g of sugar dissolved in 500 cm³ of solution. Calculate the strength of
the solution.
Ans: Mass of solute (g) = 25 g
Volume of solution = 500 cm3
Strength of solution = Mass of solute (g) x 1000
Volume of solution (cm3)
Strength of solution = 25 g x 1000
500 cm3
Strength of solution = 50g/cm3
INTERCONVERSION OF UNITS
Q.51. A solution has a strength of 50 g/dm3. Express this strength in g/cm3.
Ans: 1 g/dm3 = 0.001 g/cm3
50 g/dm3 = 50 x 0.001
= 0.05 g/cm3
Q.52. A solution of NaOH has concentration 0.25 M. Calculate the mass of NaOH in g/dm3 in
this solution.
Ans: Mass of NaOH = ?
Molar mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 +1 = 40 g / mole
Volume of solution = 1dm3
Molarity = 0.25 M

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Molarity = Mass of solute x 1

Molar mass of solute volume of solution in dm3

0.25 = Mass of NaOH x 1

40 1
Mass of NaOH = 0.25 x 40 = 10g
Q.53. An analyst makes up a solution by dissolving 5.8 g of KOH in one dm 3 of solution.
Calculate the molarity of this solution.
Ans: Mass of KOH = 5.8g
Molar mass of KOH = 39 + 16 +1 = 56 g / mole
Volume of solution = 1 dm3
Molarity = Mass of solute x 1
Molar mass of solute volume of solution in dm3
Molarity = 5.8 x 1
56 1
Molarity = 0.1 M

Concept Assessment Exercise 3.10 (Page#39, NBF)

1. Sodium hydroxide solutions are used to neutralize acids and in the preparation of soaps
and rayon. (Self-Assessment Exercise 6.5)
1. If you dissolve 25g of NaOH to make 1dm3 of solution, what is the molarity of this
solution?
Solution: Mass of NaOH = 25g
Molar mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 +1 = 40 g / mole
Volume of solution = 1dm3
Molarity = Mass of solute x 1
Molar mass of solute volume of solution in dm3
Molarity = 25 x 1
40 1
Molarity = 0.625 M
2. A solution of NaOH has concentration 1.2M. Calculate the mass of NaOH in g/dm3 in this
solution.
Solution: Mass of NaOH = ?
Molar mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 +1 = 40 g / mole
Volume of solution = 1dm3
Molarity = 1.2 M

PARADIGM ACADEMY || G-6 M.Haris Hashmi

Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Molarity = Mass of solute x 1

Molar mass of solute volume of solution in dm3

1.2 = Mass of NaOH x 1

40 1
Mass of NaOH = 1.2 x 40 = 48g
3. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10g of haemoglobin in enough water to make
up 1dm3 in volume. Calculate molarity of this solution. Molar mass of haemoglobin is
6.51x104 g/mole.
Solution: Mass of haemoglobin = 10g
Molar mass of haemoglobin = 6.51x104 g / mole
Volume of solution = 1dm3

Molarity = Mass of solute x 1__________

Molar mass of solute volume of solution in dm3

Molarity = 10 x 1
6.51x104 1

Molarity = 1.5 x 10-4 M

Volume of solution = 50 cm3= 0.05dm3
Molarity = Mass of solute x 1
Molar mass of solute volume of solution in dm3
Molarity = 0.25 x 1
122.5 0.05
Molarity = 0.04 M

DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS
Q.54. What is meant by dilution of solution? Give an example of daily life.
Ans: Dilution is a process by which you make a solution less concentrated by adding more of the
liquid (usually water).
Example: Suppose we have a cup of strong lemonade. If we add more water, the lemonade becomes
weaker or less strong. This means that dilution reduces the strength or concentration of a solution.

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

Q.55. Write down the formula to determine the dilution of solution.

Ans: By using the dilution formula, you can determine how much of a concentrated solution is to be
mixed with water to get the desired concentration and volume. To understand how to dilute a solution,
we use a simple formula:
M₁ × V₁ = M₂ × V₂
Where:
M₁ is the concentration of the original (concentrated) solution.
V₁ is the volume of the original solution you use.
M₂ is the concentration you want after dilution.
V₂ is the total volume of the final solution.
Q.55. Prepare 250 cm³ solution of 0.1M from concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Ans: Steps
1. Concentrated HCl is 12M. Using formula calculate the volume of Conc. HCl required to be
diluted to 250 cm³.
M₁ × V₁ = M₂ × V₂
2. Molarity of Conc. HCl × its volume to be diluted = Required molarity of HCl × required
volume of HCl solution.
12 × V₁ = 0.1 × 250
V₁ = 0.1 × 250 / 12
= 2.08 cm³
3. Transfer 2.08 cm³ of conc. HCl with the help of a graduated pipette into a 250 cm³
volumetric flask.
4. Add distilled water up to the mark and shake well. This is required 0.1M HCl solution.
Q.56. If we have 150 cm³ of a 4 M potassium nitrate (KNO₃) solution, what volume of this
solution will be needed to prepare 500 cm³ of a 1 M potassium nitrate solution?
Ans: The formula for dilution is:
M₁ × V₁ = M₂ × V₂
Where:
M₁ is the concentration of the initial (concentrated) solution of KNO₃ = 4 M
V₁ is the volume of the initial solution of KNO₃ that you need to find.
M₂ is the concentration of the final (diluted) solution = 1 M
V₂ is the volume of the final solution = 500 cm³
Substitute the known values into the formula:
4 × V₁ = 1 × 500 cm³

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

V₁ = 1 × 500
4
V₁ = 125 cm³
To prepare 500 cm³ of a 1 M potassium nitrate solution, we need to use 125 cm³ of the 4 M potassium
nitrate solution. Mix 125 cm³ of the 4 M solution with enough water to make a total of 500 cm³ to
achieve the desired concentration.
Concept Assessment Exercise 3.11 (Page#42, NBF)
1. When 10 cm³ solution of NaOH solution is titrated against 9.8 cm³ of 0.1M HCl solution for
complete neutralization.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)
Calculate (i) The molarity of NaOH solution (ii) The amount of NaOH present per cm³ of
solution.
Ans: i. M1 (HCl) = 0.1
V1 (HCl) = 9.8 cm3
N1 (HCl) = 1
M2 (NaOH) = ?
V2 (NaOH) = 10 cm3
n2 (NaOH) = 1
As we know that,
M1V1 = M2V2
n1 n2
So,
0.1 x 9.8 = M2 x 10
1 1
M2 = 9.8 x 0.1
10
M2 = 0.098 M
ii. Molarity = Mass x 1
Molar mass dm3 of soln.
0.098 = Mass x 1
40 1
Mass = 0.098 x 40 = 3.92 g
So, Amount per cm3 = 3.92 = 0.00392 g/cm3
1000

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Ch#03: Stoichiometry Chemistry-X FBISE

2. A chemist has a 200 cm³ solution of hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 6 M (molar). He
wants to dilute it to a concentration of 2 M. How much of the original solution should be mixed
with water to achieve the desired concentration?
Ans: M1 = 6M
V1 = ?
M2 = 2M
V2 = 200 cm3
So,
M1 x V1 = M2 x V2
6 x V1 = 2 x 200
V1 = 2 x 200
6
V1 = 66.7 cm3
Mix 66.7 cm³ of the 6 M solution with enough water to make 200 cm³ total.

PARADIGM ACADEMY || G-6 M.Haris Hashmi