P3: CHAPTER 8 – COMPLEX NUMBERS

Exercise 1 – Operations on Complex Numbers

1. If z = 3 − 4i , find (a) Re (z) (b) Im (z) (c) z* (d) zz* (e) (zz)*

2. Simplify each of the following: 3. Simplify each of the following:

a) (3 + 4i) + (2 + 3i) a) (2 + i)(3 – i)
b) (2 – 4i) – 3(5 – 3i) b) (5 – 2i)(6 + i)
c) (2i)2 c) (4 – 3i)(1 – i)
d) i4 d) (3 + i)(2 – 5i)
1
e) i 2 e) (3 + 4i)(1 – 2i)

f) (2 + 3i)(2 – 3i) f) (2 + i)(2 – i)

1
g) g) (6 + 9i)(4 – 6i)
(1 + i )(1 − i )
1
h) − h) (2 + i)(1 – 2i)(1 + i)
i

4. Express each of the following in the form a + ib.

20 4 2i 1
a) b) c) d)
3+i 1+ i 1− i 1 - 2i

5i 5 2 + 3i 3−i
e) f) g) h)
1 + 2i 4 - 3i 1-i 1 + 2i

3 + 2i 4i - 3 a + ib
i) j) k)
3 − 2i 2 + 3i b − ai

5. If p = 2 + 3i and q = 2 − 3i , express the following in the form a + bi , where a and b are real
numbers.
a) p + q b) p − q c) pq d) ( p + q)( p − q)
e) p 2 − q 2 f) p 2 + q 2 g) ( p + q)2 h) ( p − q)2

6. Find the square roots of the following complex numbers.

a) 5 + 12i b) 15 + 8i c) 7 – 24i d) – 2i
e) −3 + 4i f) 8 − 6i

7. Given that z = 2 + 5i, express in the form a + ib the values of

z +1
a) ( z + 1)( z + 2i) b)
z + 2i
8. Given that z = 2 - 3i, express in the form a + ib the values of
a) ( z + i)( z + 2)
z
b)
1− z2

9. Given that z = 1 + 2i , express in the form a + ib the complex numbers

(i) (iz − 1) 2
z
(ii)
4 − z2

10. Simplify
(i) (3 + i)3 + (3 − i)3
3 + 4i 3 − 4i
(ii) −
3 − 4i 3 + 4i

Exercise 2 – Solving equations with complex roots

1. If p = 3 + 4i , q = 1 − i and r = −2 + 3i , solve the following equations for the complex number z.

a) p + z = q b) 2r + 3z = p c) qz = r d) pz + q = r

2. Solve the following quadratic equations, giving answers in the form a + bi , where a and b are
real numbers.
a) z 2 + 9 = 0 b) z 2 + 4 z + 5 = 0 c) z 2 − 6 z + 25 = 0 d) 2 z 2 + 2 z + 13 = 0

3. Find the quadratic equations having the following roots:

a) 3i, -3i d) 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i
b) 1 + 2i, 1 – 2i e) 3 + 4i, 3 – 4i
c) 2 + i, 2 – i f) 3 + 5i, 3 – 5i

4. Solve the following equations:

a) x3 − 7 x 2 + 19 x − 13 = 0
b) 2 x3 − 2 x 2 − 3x − 2 = 0
c) x3 + 3x 2 + 5 x + 3 = 0
d) 4 x 4 − 20 x3 + 37 x 2 − 31x + 10 = 0
e) 5 x 4 + 8 x3 − 8 x − 5 = 0

5. Prove that 1 + i is a root of the equation z 4 + 3z 2 − 6 z + 10 = 0 . Find all the other roots.

6. Prove that −2 + i is a root of the equation z 4 + 24 z + 55 = 0 . Find all the other roots.
7. Solve the following quadratic equations.
a) z 2 + z + (1 − i) = 0
b) z 2 + (1 − i)z + (−6 + 2i) = 0
c) z 2 + 4 z + (4 + 2i) = 0
d) (1 + i)z 2 + 2iz + 4i = 0
e) (2 − i)z 2 + (3 + i)z − 5 = 0

8. Find the complex roots of the equation z 2 − 3z + 3 = 0 . Give your answers in the form x + iy .

9. Find the complex roots of the equation z 2 − 3iz − 3 = 0 . Give your answers in the form x + iy .

10. Given that z is a complex number such that z + 3z* = 12 + 8i, find z.

11. Given that 3i is a root of the equation 3z 3 − 5 z 2 + 27 z − 45 = 0 , find the other two roots.

12. Two of the roots of a cubic equation, in which all the coefficients are real, are 2 and 1+3i. State
the third root and find the cubic equation.

13. It is given that 3 − i is a root of the quadratic equation z 2 − (a + bi) z + 4(1 + 3i) = 0 , where a and
b are real. In either order,
a) find the values of a and b,
b) find the other root of the quadratic equation, given that it is of the form k i, where k is real.

14. Find the roots of the equation z 2 = 21 − 20i .

15. Verify that (3 − 2i)2 = 5 − 12i . Find the two roots of the equation ( z − i)2 = 5 − 12i .

16. Given that ( x + iy ) 2 = –5 + 12i, where x and y are real. Find the set of possible values of x + iy .
By completion of the square, solve the equation z 2 + 4 z = −9 + 12i .
Exercise 3 – Argand Diagram – Modulus and Argument

1. Find the modulus and principal argument of the following complex numbers.
a) –2i b) –3 c) 1+ 3 i
d) 5 3 – 5i e) 3 – 4i f) –5 + 12i

2. Find the modulus and principal arguments of

1− i −1 − 7i 1+ i
a) b) c)
1+ i 4 + 3i 2−i
(3 + i) 2 1 + 7i
d) e) (1 − i)(4 + 3i) f)
1− i 1+ i

3. If z = 3 − i and w = 1 + 2i , find the modulus and argument of

a) 2 z + 3w
z
b)
2w

4. Write these complex numbers in the form a + bi . Where appropriate leave surds in your
answers, or give answers correct to 2 decimal places.
 1 1   3 3    1   1 
a) 2  cos  + i sin   b) 10  cos  + i sin   c) 5  cos  −   + i sin  −   
 3 3   4 4    2   2 
d) 3 ( cos  + i sin  ) e) 10 ( cos 2 + i sin 2 ) f) cos ( −3) + i sin ( −3)

5. Write these complex numbers in modulus-argument form. Where appropriate express the
argument as a rational multiple of  , otherwise give the modulus and argument correct to 2
decimal places.
a) 1 + 2i b) 3 – 4i c) −5 + 6i d) −7 − 8i e) 1
f) 2i g) −3 h) −4i i) 2 − 2i j) −1 + 3i

6. a) Find the exact modulus and argument of the complex number −4 3 − 4i .

b) Hence obtain the modulus and argument of (−4 3 − 4i)3 .


7. The complex number z1 has modulus 2 and argument .
3
a) Write z1 in the form a + bi, where a, b   .
1
b) Write down the modulus and argument of (i) z13 (ii)
z12
13 − 5i
8. Find the modulus and argument of the complex number z = and hence write down the
4 − 9i
complex number z 6 .
9. Given that z = −3 + 4i and zw = −14 + 2i , find

a) w in the form p + iq, where p and q are real

b) the modulus of z and the argument of z in radians to 3 significant figures
c) the values of the real constants m and n such that mz + nzw = –10 – 20i.

10. Express in the form rei

a) 1 + i b) i c) 2 − 2 3i d) −1 + i e) 4 f) 3 + 4i

11. Express in the form a + bi

 5 
−i i −i
a) e 3
b) 2e 6
c) 5e i
d) e 2
e) 4e−i

12. Determine the exact roots of the equation z 2 + z + 1 = 0 in the form rei , where −     .

13. Given that z = 1 + i 3 , find z and arg z. Hence show that z 5 − 16 z* = 0 .

3 i
e4
14. Evaluate, correct to three significant figures 1 i
e3

15. Show that 1 + ei 2 = 2ei cos 

i
16. Show that the modulus of the complex number, u, where u = 1 + e 3
is 3 and find its
argument.

2i
17. Find the modulus of the complex number , and show that the argument, in radians, is 2.5,
3 − 4i
correct to one decimal place. Hence, find, correct to one decimal place, the value of x and a
2i
value of y such that e x +iy =
3 − 4i
Exercise 4 – Geometrical Representation

1. The roots of the equation z 2 − 2 z + 2 = 0 are denoted by z1 and z 2 respectively.

(i) Obtain z1 and z 2 in the form x + iy , where x and y are real.
(ii) Obtain the modulus and argument of each root.
(iii) In an Argand diagram, the points A, B and C represent the complex numbers z1 , z 2 and
z1 + z2 respectively. Prove that OACB is a square.

2. The complex numbers 3 – 2i and 1 + 2i are denoted by u and v respectively.

(i) Express the complex number uv in the form x + iy .
(ii) In an Argand diagram, with origin O, the points A, B and C represent the numbers u, v
and uv respectively. State an equation relating the lengths OA, OB and OC.
(iii) By considering the argument of uv, or otherwise, prove that
4  2
tan −1   = tan −1  −  + tan −1 ( 2 )
7  3

3. The complex numbers 4 + 7i and 3 + 2i are denoted by u and v respectively.

u
(i) Express the complex number in the form x + iy .
v
(ii) In an Argand diagram, with origin O, the points A, B and C represent the numbers u, v
u
and respectively. State an equation relating the lengths OA, OB and OC.
v
u
(iii) By considering the argument of , or otherwise, prove that
v
1 7 2
tan −1   = tan −1   − tan −1  
2 4 3

4. The complex numbers 3 + i and 2 – i are denoted by u and v respectively.

u
(i) Find, in the form x + iy , the complex number .
v
u
(ii) State the argument of .
v
(iii) In an Argand diagram, with origin O, the points A and B represent the numbers u and v

respectively. Prove that angle AOB = .
4
5. Two complex numbers are given by u = −2 + i and v = 1 + 2i .
u
(i) Find, in the form x + iy , where x and y are real, the complex number .
v
u
(ii) State the argument of .
v
(iii) Sketch an Argand diagram showing u and v, labeling the origin O and the points
representing u and v as A and B respectively.
(iv) Given that w = u + v , mark the point C representing w and show that OACB is a square.

3−i
6. The complex number z is given by z =
1 + 2i
(i) Express z in the form x + iy , where x and y are real.
(ii) Show on a sketch of an Argand diagram, with the origin O, the points A, B and C
representing the complex numbers 3 − i , 1 + 2i and z.
(iii) State an equation relating the lengths OA, OB and OC.

7. The complex numbers 7 + 3i and 5 - 2i are denoted by u and v respectively.

u
(i) Find, in the form x + iy , where x and y are real, the complex numbers u – v and .
v
u
(ii) State the argument of .
v
In an Argand diagram, with origin O, the points A, B and C represent the numbers u and v and
u – v respectively.

(iii) State fully the geometrical relationship between OC and AB.


(iv) Prove that angle AOB = radians.
4

8. The complex number 4 + 3i is denoted by z. Its complex conjugate is denoted by z*.

z
(i) Express * in the form x + iy , where x and y are real.
z
z  24  3
(ii) By considering the argument of * , or otherwise, prove that tan −1   = 2 tan −1  
z  7  4

9. The complex numbers 2 + 9i and 4 + i are denoted by u and v respectively.

u
(i) Express in the form x + iy , where x and y are real.
v
u
(ii) By considering the argument of , or otherwise, prove that
v
9 1
tan −1 ( 2 ) = tan −1   − tan −1  
2 4
Exercise 5 – Locus Problems

1. The region R in an Argand diagram is defined by the inequalities

 
i) z + 2  2 and  arg( z + 2) 
4 2
ii) z  2 and z  z − 1

iii) z + 1  2 and  arg z  
6
Sketch, in separate diagrams, the region R for each of the above cases.

2. Sketch the locus defined by

i) z − 1 − i = 2
ii) z = z − 6 − 8i
iii) z − 1 = z + i

iv) arg( z − 1) =
2

v) arg( z + 1 − i) =
4

3. Sketch the locus defined by z − 1 − 3i = 2 .

Find the greatest value and the least value of arg z for points on the locus.

4. Sketch the locus defined by z + 4 − 5i = 2 .

Find the greatest value and the least value of z for points on the locus.

5. Sketch the locus defined by z = 3 .

If u = 5 + i , find the greatest and least values of z + u .

6. Illustrate clearly in an Argand diagram the region defined by

1 1
z − 6 − 8i  10 , −   arg z  
4 4

7. The region R in an Argand diagram is defined by the inequalities z  4 and z  z − 2 .

Draw a clearly labeled diagram to illustrate R.

8. The region R in an Argand diagram is defined by the inequalities z − 1  2 and

5
0  arg z   . Draw a diagram to illustrate R.
6
 1
9. Indicate in an Argand diagram the region R defined by z  3 ,   arg( z + 2)   .
6

10. The point P in an Argand diagram represents the variable complex number z, and the point
A in the first quadrant represents the fixed complex number a. Sketch, on separate diagrams,
the locus of P in each of the following cases, making clear the relationship between the
locus and the point A.
i) z = a
ii) z − a = 2 a
iii) z − a = z

11. Sketch the following loci, in separate Argand diagrams:

i) z − 1 − i = 2
2

ii) z − 1 = z − i

10 − 2i
12. The complex number u is given by u = .
2 − 3i
i) Express u in the form x + iy , where x and y are real.
ii) Sketch an Argand diagram showing the point representing the complex number u. Show
on the same diagram the locus of the complex number z such that z − u = 1 .
iii) Find the greatest and least values of arg z for points on the locus.

13. Sketch the locus of the complex number defined by z − 2 + 5i = 3 .

Find the greatest value and least value of z for points on the locus.

14. If z is the general complex number on an Argand diagram, sketch the Argand diagram and
shade the region in which 2  z − i  3 .

15. Show by shading on an Argand diagram the region that satisfies both z  4 and
z − 3 − i  z − 3 − 5i .
 ANSWERS
Exercise 1

1. a) 3
b) –4
c) 3 + 4i
d) 25
e) –7 + 24i

2. a) 5 + 7i 3. a) 7+i
b) –13 + 5i b) 32 – 7i
c) –4 c) 1 – 7i
d) 1 d) 11 – 13i
e) –1 e) 11 – 2i
f) 13 f) 5
1
g) g) 78
2
h) i h) 7 + i

4. a) 6 – 2i 5. a) 4
b) 2 – 2i b) 6i
c) –1 +i c) 13
1 2
d) + i d) 24i
5 5
e) 2 + i e) 24i
4 3
f) + i f) –10
5 5
1 5
g) − + i g) 16
2 2
1 7
h) − i h) –36
5 5
5 12
i) + i 6. a) (3 + 2i)
13 13
6 17
j) + i b) (4 + i)
13 13
k) i c) (4 − 3i)
d) (1 − i)
7. a) –29 + 31i e) (1 + 2i)
41 11
b) − i f) (3 − i)
53 53
8. a) 2 – 14i 9. i) 8 – 6i
2 7 1 18
b) − − i ii) − + i
15 30 65 65
48
10. i) 36 ii) i
25
Exercise 2

7 2 5 1 7 24
1. a) −2 − 5i b) − i c) − + i d) + i
3 3 2 2 25 25
1 5
2. a) 3i b) −2  i c) 3  4i d) −  i
2 2
3. a) x 2 + 9 = 0 4. a) x = 1 , 3  2i
1 1
b) x 2 − 2 x + 5 = 0 b) x=2,-  i
2 2
c) x 2 − 4 x + 5 = 0 c) x = −1 , -1  2i
1
d) x 2 − 4 x + 13 = 0 d) x = 1 , 2, 1  i
2
4 3
e) x 2 − 6 x + 25 = 0 e) x = 1 , -1, -  i
5 5
f) x 2 − 6 x + 34 = 0
5. 1 − i, − 1 + 2i, − 1 − 2i 6. −2 − i, 2 + 7i, 2 − 7i
7. a) i, −1 − i b) 2, −3 + i c) −1 − i , −3 + i d) −2i , −1 + i e) 1, −2 − i
3 3 3 3 3 3
8.  i 9. + i , − + i
2 2 2 2 2 2
5
10. 3 − 4i 11. −3i,
3
12. 1 − 3i, z − 4 z + 14 z − 20 = 0
3 2
13. 3, 3 ; 4i
14. 5 − 2i, − 5 + 2i 15. 3 − i, − 3 + 3i ; z − i = (3 − 2i)
16. 2 + 3i , –2 – 3i ; 3i , –4 – 3i

Exercise 3
 
1. a) 2, − 2. a) 1, −
2 2
3
b) 3,  b) 2, −
4
 10
c) 2, c) , 1.25
3 5

d) 10, − d) 5 2 , 1.43
6
e) 5, − 0.93 e) 50 , − 0.142
f) 13, 1.97 f) 5, 0.644

2
3. a) 97 , 24 or 0.418 b) , − 81.9 or − 1.43
2
4. a) 1 + 3i b) −5 2 + 5 2i c) 0 − 5i
d) −3 + 0i e) −4.16 + 9.09i f) −0.99 − 0.14i
5. r (cos  + i sin  ) where
a) r = 2.24,  = 1.11 b) r = 5,  = −0.93 c) r = 7.81,  = 2.27
1
d) r = 10.63,  = −2.29 e) r = 1,  = 0 f) r = 2,  = 
2
1 1
g) r = 3,  =  h) r = 4,  = −  i) r = 2,  = − 
2 4
2
j) r = 2,  = 
3
6. a) 8, −150 b) 512, −90
1 2
7. a) 1 + 3i b) i) 8,  ii) ,−
4 3

8. 2, , − 8i
4
9. a) 2 + 2i b) 5 , 2.21 c) m = –6 , n = 2
   3
i i −i i
10. a) 2e 4
b) e 2
c) 4e 3
d) 2e 4
e) 4e0i f) 5e0.93i
1 3
11. a) − i b) − 3 + i c) −5 d) −i e) −4
2 2
2
i
12. e 3
13. 2 , 60
14. 0.259 + 0.966i
16. 30
2
17. , x = −0.9 , y = 2.5
5

Exercise 4

1. i) 1 + i, 1 − i ii) 2, 45 ; 2, − 45

2. i) 7 + 4i ii) OC = OA  OB
OA
3. i) 2 + i ii) OC =
OB

4. i) 1 + i ii)
4
5. i) i ii) 90
1 7 OA
6. i) − i iii) OC =
5 5 OB

7. i) 2 + 5i, 1 + i ii) 45 or iii) OC AB , AB = OC
4
7 24
8. i) + i
25 25
9. i) 1 + 2i