KINEMATIC
Unit 2
SANAR FARJ SHMOON
MSC.PHYSICS
Queen Anne international School
you should cover all the following syllabus contents
2.1 Equations of motion
1 define and use distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration
2 use graphical methods to represent distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration
3 determine displacement from the area under a velocity–time graph
4 determine velocity using the gradient of a displacement–time graph
5 determine acceleration using the gradient of a velocity–time graph
6 derive, from the definitions of velocity and acceleration, equations that represent uniformly
accelerated motion in a straight line
7 solve problems using equations that represent uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line,
including the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field without air resistance
8 describe an experiment to determine the acceleration of free fall using a falling object
9 describe and explain motion due to a uniform velocity in one direction and a uniform
acceleration in a perpendicular direction
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2.1 motion in one dimension
Distance and displacement
Definition
distance: is the total length traveled by an object between two points.
displacement: the distance travelled in a particular direction.
If an object moves form point P to point Q following the doted path, then the length of this path
is distance while the shorted distance between theses tow points is the displacement.
Distance Q
Displacement
Speed and velocity
Definition
Speed is the distance travelled per unit time
Velocity is the rate of the change of displacement. / is displacement per unit time.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
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v is velocity in ms-1 Equation
s is displacement in m 𝑠
𝑣=
𝑡
t is time in s
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Q A submarine uses sonar to measure the depth of water below it. Reflected sound waves are
detected 0.40 s after they are transmitted. How deep is the water? (Speed of sound in water =
1500 ms-1.)
Q The Earth takes one year to orbit the Sun at a distance of 1.5 x 1011 m. Calculate its speed.
Explain why this is its average speed and not its velocity.
Acceleration
When the velocity of a moving object is changing, the object is accelerating.
Definition
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. / change of velocity per unit time
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
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Δv is velocity in ms-1 Equation
v is final velocity in ms- ∆𝑣
1 𝑎=
∆𝑡
u is initial velocity in 𝑣−𝑢
𝑎=
ms-1 ∆𝑡
a is acceleration in ms-2
t is time in s
If the object is speeding up, the object is accelerating.
If the object s slowing down, the object is decelerating.
Deceleration = - acceleration
Q A car accelerates from a standing start and reaches a velocity of 18ms-1 after 6.0s. Calculate
its acceleration.
Q A car driver brakes gently. Her car slows down from 23ms-1 to 11ms-1 in 20 s. Calculate the
magnitude (size) of her deceleration. (Note that, because she is slowing down, her acceleration is
negative.)
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2.2 Graphs of motion
The motion on an object can be represented by graphs.
Displacement-time graph
This graph represents change in displacement per unit time (velocity).
Gradient of displacement-time = velocity.
Since displacement is a vector quantity, this graph can be represented on negative and positive.
Examples of displacement-time graph
1- a student leaves his house at constant speed going to his school on a straight and stops
there for a while. Then he returns to his house to rest and he goes to his friend’s apartment.
5 1 2
4
3
A B
C
displacement
B 2
1
3
4
A A
time
5
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In line
1 he moves forward on positive direction at constant speed (zero acceleration). This is
represented by positive gradient (positive constant velocity).
2 he is at rest (stationary). This is represented by horizontal lines (gradient = 0)
3 he is moving backward to his initial position at constant speed. This is represented by negative
gradient (negative constant velocity).
4 at rest
5 moving on the opposite direction to initial position.
2- a car is accelerating forward
displaceme
The gradient is increasing (the
curve is getting steeper) which
means that the velocity is not
nt
constant and the car is speeding
up.
Time
3- a car is decelerating
displacement
The gradient is decreasing (the
curve is getting less steep) which
means that the velocity is not
constant and the car is slowing
down.
Time
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4- a bus is accelerating backward.
Displacement
The gradient is increasing (the
curve is getting steeper) which
means that the velocity is not
constant and the car is speeding
up.
Time
5- a van is decelerating backward.
The gradient is decreasing (the
Displacement
curve is less steep) which means
that the velocity is not constant and
the car is slowing down.
Time
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6- car A is faster than car B.
Displacement
Car A
The line of A is
steeper than B.
The gradient of A is
Car B greater that gradient
of B.
Time
To find the velocity on a certain time t of a moving object that is accelerating or decelerating,
a- draw a point on the curved line projected form time t.
b- draw a tangent on the curved line.
c- find the gradient of the tangent.
displacemen
t
Time
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Q1
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Distance-time graph
In this graph we don’t draw line on both sides of time axis. The distance either is on positive side
or negative side. Remember distance is not vector. If we take the previous example of student
going to school, the distance-time graph will be shown in the figure below.
5 1 2
4
3
A B
C
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distance
B 2 C
1
3 5
4
A A
time
Velocity-time graph
This graph represents change in velocity per unit time (acceleration).
The gradient of velocity-time graph = acceleration
Since velocity is a vector quantity, velocity time graph can be represented on positive and
negative directions.
Examples of velocity-time graphs
a- a school bus starts from rest from a building heading to school. After a while, the bus
continues moving with constant velocity. Suddenly a dinosaur attacks the bus and the bus driver
suddenly applies breaks and slows down to rest. The bus driver then turns back to the city with a
greater rate where the students were happy and scared. Then the bus slows down to stop on the
same building.
B C D E
A
H G
F
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Velocity
C
B
D
E
A
time
F H
In
A shows that bus start with velocity 0 at time = 0 ie. From rest
B sloping up (positive gradient) straight line shows the increase in velocity at constant rate i.e
constant positive acceleration.
C a horizontal line (zero gradient) shows the constant (unchanged) velocity i.e zero
acceleration.
D sloping down (negative gradient) straight line shows the decrease in velocity at constant rate
i.e constant negative acceleration = deceleration.
E a horizontal line on time axis shows the zero value of velocity i.e stationary (at rest)
F sloping down straight line on negative side shows the increase in velocity on opposite
direction.
G moving at constant velocity on opposite direction.
H sloping up straight line on negative side shows the slowing down on opposite direction.
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b- a car is speeding up, but in increasing rate (increasing in acceleration).
Velocity
The gradient of the graph is
increasing (getting steeper).
The acceleration is increasing.
Time
c- a car is speeding up but, in decreasing rate (decreasing in acceleration)
Velocity
The gradient of the graph is
decreasing (getting less steep).
The acceleration is decreasing.
Time
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d- a car is slowing down in increasing rate (deceleration is decreasing)
Velocity
The gradient of the graph is
increasing (getting steeper).
The deceleration is increasing.
Time
e- a car is slowing down in decreasing rate (deceleration is decreasing).
Velocity
The gradient of the graph is
decreasing (getting less steep).
The deceleration is increasing.
Time
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f- car A has acceleration greater than car B.
Velocity
Car The line of A is steeper
A than B.
The gradient of A is
Car greater that gradient of
B B.
Time
The area between straight line and time axis in velocity-time graph represents displacement
travelled by moving body.
For regular shapes, we use the rules to find area.
h h
h
b
b b
𝟏
𝑨= 𝒃𝒉
𝟐 𝑨 = 𝒃𝒉
b1
b1 b2 h
h b2
𝒃𝟏 + 𝒃𝟐
𝑨=൬ ൰𝒉
𝟐
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If the shape is not regular, you must count the squares under the graph and multiply it with the
value of the area of single square.
To find the acceleration on a certain time t of a moving object that is moving with changing
acceleration,
a- draw a point on the curved line projected form time t.
b- draw a tangent on the curved line.
c- find the gradient of the tangent.
Velocity
t Time
Q2
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Q3
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2.3 Equations of motion
When a body is moving in a uniform accelerated motion (resultant force ≠ 0 i.e not in
equilibrium), we can use the following equation
Equation
s is displacement in m
Equation 1: 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕
v is final velocity in ms-1 (𝒖+𝒗)
Equation 2: 𝒔 = ×𝒕
u is initial velocity in ms -1 𝟐
𝟏
a is acceleration in ms-2 Equation 3: 𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐
t is time in s Equation 4: 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒔
The above equations do not work if the velocity is constant (a = 0).
When the velocity is constant, we use v = s/t.
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Q4
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Q5
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Q6
Free fall
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When an object is falling due to gravity with ignorance of air resistance, it is freely falling.
We will consider the vertical motion in the absence of air resistance as a free fall whether the
object is moving upward or downward.
In free fall (vertical motion),
1- the only force acing on the moving object is its weight
2- the accelerating a of free fall is g which is equal to 9.81 ms-2 on Earth downward even if the
body moving upward.
3- if the object reaches highest point, the vertical final velocity is zero. (you use this point if the
question asks you to find maximum height).
4- if the object is dropped, the initial velocity u is zero.
5- we can use the same equation of motion to solve problems about free fall by using a = - 9.81
ms-2.
6- if it is thrown upward u is positive; if it is thrown downward u is negative.
7- if the object is above the point of release the vertical displacement s is positive; if it is below s
is negative.
8- if it is moving upward, vertical velocity v is positive and if it is moving downward v is
negative
If the vertical motion is in another planet or moon not Earth a is not 9.81ms-2.
If two bodies with different mass dropped at the same time in the absence of air (vacuum), they
reach ground at the same time since they have same acceleration.
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Q7
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Measuring gravitational acceleration g in lab
a- Measuring g using an electronic timer
In this method, a steel ball-bearing is held by an electromagnet (Figure below). When the current
to the magnet is switched off, the ball begins to fall and an electronic timer starts. The ball falls
through a trapdoor, and this breaks a circuit to stop the timer. This tells us the time taken for the
ball to fall from rest through the distance h between the bottom of the ball and the trapdoor.
Here is how we can use one of the equations of motion to find g:
displacement s = h time taken = t initial velocity u = 0 acceleration a = g
Substituting in :
𝟏
𝒔 = 𝒖𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝟏
𝒉 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐 u=0
and for any values of h and t we can calculate a value for g.
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A more satisfactory procedure is to take measurements of t for several different values of h. The
height of the ball bearing above the trapdoor is varied systematically, and the time of fall
measured several times to calculate an average for each height. Table and Figure below show some
typical results. We can deduce g from the gradient of the graph of h against t2.
The equation for a straight line through the origin is:
y = mx
In our experiment we have:
he gradient of the straight line of a graph of h against t2 is equal to g/2 .
b- Measuring g using a ticker-timer
Figure below shows a weight falling. As it falls, it pulls a tape through a ticker-timer. The
spacing of the dots on the tape increases steadily, showing that the weight is accelerating.
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Q8
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Q9
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Q10
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Projectile motion
Projectile motion is the movement of an object in two dimensions x and y.
In projectile motion, we consider that air resistance is negligible and the only acceleration is
gravitational acceleration g.
The horizontal acceleration ax = 0
The vertical acceleration ay = g = 9.81 ms-2
1- an object is launched with angle above horizontal
As shown in the following figure, an object is launched at initial velocity u with angle θ with
horizontal.
The velocity u has two components
Horizontal 𝑢ℎ = 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃
Vertical 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝜃
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vy = 0 v = vx
vy v v
uy Sy max vy
u vx vx
vx
ux
Sx max vy v
As shown above the object is slowing down as moving upward, reach to highest point and
speeding up downward, while it moves with constant horizontal velocity. This is evidence that
the body is only accelerating vertically downward.
Vertical y-axis Horizontal x-axis
a y = ay = g = -9.81 ms-2 ah = ax = 0
𝒖𝒗 = 𝒖𝒚 = 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒖𝒉 = 𝒖𝒙 = 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒗𝒚 = 𝒖𝒚 + 𝒂𝒚 𝒕
𝟏 𝒗𝒙 = 𝒖𝒙 since ax is zero
𝒔𝒚 = 𝒖𝒚 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒚 𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝒗𝒚 𝟐 = 𝒖𝒚 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂𝒚 𝒔𝒚 𝒔𝒙
𝒗𝒙 =
𝒕
𝒔𝒙 = 𝒗𝒙 × 𝒕
If we need to find maximum height (how high the object reaches or maximum vertical
displacement), vy = 0
If we need to find maximum horizontal displacement (Range), sy = 0
The time t is common for both x and y axis.
sy is vertical displacement in m sx is horizontal displacement in m
vy is final vertical velocity in ms-1 ux is initial horizontal velocity in ms-1
uy is initial vertical velocity in ms-1 vx is final horizontal velocity in ms-1
t is time in s
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2- an object is launched horizontally from vertical height
θ=0
u = ux
uy = 0
height = h = sy
Vertical y-axis Horizontal x-axis
a y = ay = g = -9.81 ms-2 ah = ax = 0
𝒖𝒗 = 𝒖 𝒚 = 𝟎 𝒖𝒉 = 𝒖𝒙 = 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝒗𝒚 = 𝒂𝒚 𝒕
𝟏 𝒗𝒙 = 𝒖𝒙 = 𝒖 since ax is zero
𝒔𝒚 = 𝒂𝒚 𝒕𝟐
𝟐
𝒗𝒚 𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂𝒚 𝒔𝒚 𝒔𝒙
𝒗𝒙 =
𝒕
𝒔𝒙 = 𝒗𝒙 × 𝒕
If we need to find velocity v, we use
𝒗 = √𝒗𝟐𝒚 + 𝒗𝟐𝒙
If we need to find displacement s, we use
𝒔 = √𝒔𝟐𝒚 + 𝒔𝟐𝒙
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Q11
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Q12
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Q13
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Q14
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If the air resistance is not negligible, the path of the projectile will be different.
Without air resistance
With air resistance
The projectile motion on moon or planet with less gravity than Earth is traveling greater
horivontal and virtical distance.
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On place with less gravity
On place with great gravity
Write your extra notes here
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