MATERIAL

INTRODUCTION TO 1

STRENGTH
TESTING
Strength testing evaluates a material or component’s ability to
withstand forces like tension, compression, bending, shear, torsion,
and impact without failure. It measures properties such as load
capacity, stress–strain behavior, yield strength, and deformation. These
tests ensure compliance with design and safety requirements while
aiding in material selection and quality control. Applicable to metals,
polymers, composites, ceramics, and various industrial components.

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IMPORTANCE OF STRENGTH TESTING
Safety & Reliability – Ensures materials/components can handle operational loads without
failure; prevents accidents in safety-critical industries.
Material Selection – Confirms tensile, compressive & shear strength match application
needs; avoids over/under-design.
Quality Control – Detects defects (heat-treatment errors, porosity, inconsistencies) &
ensures uniform production quality.
Design Compliance – Verifies designs meet ASTM, ISO, IS standards; essential for
certification & regulatory approval.
Performance Prediction – Provides data for fatigue life, fracture analysis & predictive
maintenance planning.
Cost Optimization – Minimizes material wastage & prevents costly recalls by identifying
weaknesses early.
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INDUSTRIES THAT REQUIRES

MATERIAL STRENGTH TESTING
Automotive & Transportation
Aerospace & Defence
Construction & Infrastructure
Manufacturing & Heavy Engineering
Energy & Power
Electronics & Consumer Goods
MAJOR TESTING METHODS
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1.Tensile Testing
2.Compression Testing
3.Flexural (Bend) Testing
4.Shear Testing
5.Impact Testing (Charpy & Izod)
6.Hardness Testing (Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers)
7.Fatigue Testing
8.Torsion Testing
9.Creep Testing
10.Fracture Toughness Testing
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1. Tensile Testing 5
Purpose: Evaluates a material’s resistance to uniaxial pulling force until fracture.
Specimen: Standard “dog-bone” or flat strip; dimensions per ASTM E8/E8M (metals)
or ISO 6892.
Test Setup: Specimen gripped in a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with axial alignment.
Loading Rate: As per standard — typically 0.015–0.05 mm/mm/min strain rate (metallics)
or constant crosshead speed for non-metals.
Measured Outputs: Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), Yield Strength (0.2% offset), %
Elongation, Modulus of Elasticity.

2. Compression Testing
Purpose: Determines the material’s ability to withstand uniaxial compressive
force without buckling or crushing.
Specimen: Cylindrical (e.g., Ø12 × 24 mm for metals — ASTM E9) or prismatic
for plastics (ISO 604). Ends must be flat and parallel.
Test Setup: Specimen placed between two hardened compression platens in UTM.

Loading Rate: Typically 0.5–1.0 mm/min for metals, 1–10 mm/min for plastics, as per standard.
Measured Outputs: Compressive Strength, Modulus, Yield Point in compression, % deformation at failure.
3. Flexural Testing 6

Purpose: Measures bending strength & stiffness.

Common Method: 3-point or 4-point bending.
Specimen: Rectangular or cylindrical bar.
Loading Rate: As per ASTM D790 / ISO 178 (e.g., 1–10 mm/min).
Output: Flexural Strength (MPa), Modulus (GPa).
4. Shear Testing
Purpose: Measures material’s resistance to sliding layers.
Common Method: Single/Double Shear, Torsion Shear.
Specimen: Plate, fastener, or composite laminate.
Loading Rate: ASTM D5379 / ISO 4585 (controlled displacement).
Output: Shear Strength (MPa), Modulus (GPa).
5. Impact Testing
Purpose: Measures material’s toughness & resistance to sudden load.
Specimen: Notched (Charpy, Izod), per ASTM E23 / ISO 148-1.
Principle: Pendulum strikes specimen → energy absorbed (J) calculated from swing height difference.
Test Conditions: Temperature-controlled for ductile-brittle transition studies.
Output: Impact energy (J), fracture appearance.
6. Hardness Testing 7
Purpose: Measures resistance to localized plastic deformation.
Methods & Standards:
Brinell (ASTM E10): Large ball indenter, HBW value.
Rockwell (ASTM E18): Depth of penetration, HR scale.
Vickers (ASTM E92): Micro-indent, HV value.
Specimen: Smooth, flat surface; load varies (10 gf – 3000 kgf).
Output: Hardness number (HBW, HR, HV).
7. Fatigue Testing (Repeated Loading Durability)
Purpose: Evaluate material’s resistance to failure under cyclic/repeated loads below yield strength.
Specimens: Standardized geometry per ASTM E466 / ISO 1099.
Procedure: Apply cyclic load (stress or strain controlled) until fracture
or target cycles reached.
Key Parameters:
Load type: Axial, bending, torsion.
Stress ratio (R): σ_min / σ_max.
Frequency: Typically 10–100 Hz (lower for high-precision or heat-sensitive materials).
Cycles to failure: Used to create S–N curve.
Applications: Automotive, aerospace, energy, structural component
8. Torsion Testing 8
Purpose: Determine material’s shear modulus, torsional strength, & ductility.
Specimen: Solid or tubular cylindrical shaft.
Procedure: Apply torque until failure while measuring twist angle.
Rate: Controlled angular displacement or torque increase per standards.
Key Outputs: Shear stress–strain curve, modulus of rigidity.
Standards: ASTM E143, ISO 7800.
9. Creep Testing
Purpose: Assess deformation under constant load at elevated temperature over time.
Specimen: Standard tensile specimen.
Procedure: Apply constant stress, measure strain over hours–years.
Phases: Primary (decelerating), Secondary (steady), Tertiary (accelerating to failure).
Outputs: Creep rate, rupture time, creep curves.
Standards: ASTM E139, ISO 204.

10. Fracture Toughness Testing

Purpose: Measure material’s resistance to crack propagation.
Specimen: Pre-cracked (CT – Compact Tension or SENB – Single Edge Notched Bend).
Procedure: Apply load, monitor crack growth & critical stress intensity factor (K_IC).
Environment: Room temp or specific service conditions.
Outputs: K_IC, J_IC, crack extension data. Standards: ASTM E399, ISO 12135.
STANDARDS FOR OF MATERIAL STRENGTH 9

Test Type Common ASTM Standards Common ISO Standards Notes

ASTM D790 (plastics), ASTM C1161

ISO 178 (plastics), ISO 14125 Specifies specimen size, span-to-depth
Flexural Testing (ceramics), ASTM E290 (metals – bend
(composites) ratio, loading rate
test)

ASTM D5379 (V-notched beam), ASTM ISO 4587 (adhesives), ISO 14130
Shear Testing Includes single & double shear methods
D2344 (short-beam), ASTM B769 (metals) (composites)

ASTM E23 (Charpy), ASTM D256 (Izod for Defines notch type, striker speed, energy
Impact Testing ISO 148-1 (Charpy), ISO 180 (Izod)
plastics) measurement

ASTM E18 (Rockwell), ASTM E10 (Brinell), ISO 6508 (Rockwell), ISO 6506 (Brinell), Conversion charts available between
Hardness Testing
ASTM E92 (Vickers) ISO 6507 (Vickers) scales

ASTM E466 (axial), ASTM E606 (strain- ISO 1099 (rotating bending), ISO 12106 Defines stress ratios, frequency, run-out
Fatigue Testing
controlled), ASTM E739 (statistical) (strain-controlled) criteria

Covers shear modulus, yield, fracture

Torsion Testing ASTM E143 (metals), ASTM A938 (wire) ISO 7800 (wire), ISO 10275 (metal sheet)
angle

ASTM E139 (tensile creep), ASTM D2990 Specifies temperature control, constant
Creep Testing ISO 204 (metals), ISO 899 (plastics)
(plastics) load application

ASTM E399 (plane strain), ASTM E1820 Covers specimen geometry, loading rate,
Fracture Toughness Testing ISO 12135 (metals), ISO 12737 (plastics)
(J-integral & CTOD) crack length measurement
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AT NOVEMBER SERVICES
Testing Facilities
November Services offers comprehensive Material Strength Testing
(MST) solutions along with expert consultancy to ensure your products
Consultancy Services meet global mechanical performance, safety, and compliance
standards. We conduct strength evaluation using internationally
recognized methods such as Tensile, Compression, Hardness, Impact,
Fatigue, and Torsion tests, aligned with standards like ASTM, ISO, and
BIS.
Engineering Services Utilizing advanced, calibrated machines and strict sample preparation
protocols, we accurately determine the mechanical properties of
metals, alloys, polymers, and other engineering materials. Our team
not only delivers precise testing but also supports certification, failure
Product Development analysis, and verification against customer or regulatory specifications.
Serving sectors like automotive, EV components, aerospace, heavy
machinery, defense, and manufacturing, November Services ensures
your raw materials and finished products are mechanically validated,
Product Research compliant, and production-ready—with detailed reporting and
technical insights that enhance both quality control and supplier
validation.
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YOUR ATTENTION
We appreciate the opportunity to present our capabilities in
diverse testing facilitiesies.
At November Services, we are committed to delivering precise,
reliable, and standards-compliant testing supported by expert
technical consultancy.
For inquiries, test bookings, or technical support, please don't
hesitate to contact us at your convenience.

Contact Information

Phone +91 8383807972

E-mail November.services25@gmail.com

Address JEWAR, Dayantpur,

Gautambuddha Nagar Uttar
Pradesh, 203135