Data Fink Layer (Moxbile 2) B | Module 2 | Data Link Layer ei Ques 1) Define data tink layer, What are the data tink layer design iste? Discuss them, " Or What do you mean by flow control and error control An Data Link Layer ata Link Layer isthe second datactink layer is responsible frames. ‘This layer provides. synchronisation for the Physical level, The purpose of the data link layer is 10 transfer blocks of data without error between two adja devives. Adjacent devices are physically com ‘communication channel such as telephone ti cables, optical fibers. or satellites. Date with wo 1) How data frames can be reliably tran 2) How a shared communication medium of the OST model. The or ertor five transfer of data Data Link Layer Design Issues ‘The design issues of the data link layer are given belo 1) Services Provided to Network Layer: Of the data link layer is to provide services (0 the network layer. The principle service is transferring data from the network layer on the source machine to the network layer on the destination machine, ‘The job of the data link layer is to transmit the bits 10 the destination machine, so they can be handed over to the network layer. The actual transmission follows the path but it is easier to think in terms of two data link layer processes communicating using a data Tink protocol. The data link layer can be designed to offer various services. The actual services offered can vary from system to system 2) Framing: The data link layer needs 10 pack bits into frames, so that each frame is distinguishable from ‘another. Framing is the function of the data link layer that separates a message from one source 10 a destination or from other messages (0 other destinations, by adding a sender address and a destination address. ‘The destination address defines where the packet is to go: the sender address helps the recipient acknowledge the receipt. - i) Fixed-Size Framing: Frames can be of fixed or ‘variable size. In fixed-size framing, there is no need fining the boundaries of the frame; the size for det itself can he ased as a delimiter. An example of this type of framing as the ATM. wide-area network which uses frames of fixed size called cell, ws In Variable Size dy a way to define the end of the ie Fran it) Variable Feamin ne and the begining of the next, Historically two approaches were used for thiy purpose’ a) Character-Oriented Protocols: Ina Character-oriented Protocol, data to be carried: ute 8-bit characters fron a coding system such as ASCH, Figure 2.1 shows the fom frame in a character-oriented protocol Pag | Header “Ter | Fe igure 2: Frame in Charater-orened Protocol Character-oriented framing was popular when only text was exchanged by the data link layers. The flag could be selected to be any character not used for text ‘communication. b) Bit-Oriented Protocols: Ina bitoriented Protocol, the data section of a frame is a sequence of bits to be interpreted by the upper layer as text, graphic, audio, video and so on. However, in addition to headers (and possible trailers), still need a delimiter to separate one frame from the other. Most protocols use a special 8 bit pattem flag OILIIIIO as the delimiter to define the beginning and the end of the frame, as shown in figure 2.2. aa foe eet aac nb orsniio | Header | SMOUGe® Teak} onrn0 To Pe Figure 2.2: Frame fn a Bi-orinted Protocol 3) Flow Control: Flow control is a set of procedures that tells the sender how much data it can transmit before it must wait for an acknowledgment from the receiver. The flow of data must not be allowed 10 ‘overwhelm the receiver. Any receiving device has @ limited speed at which it can process incoming data and a limited amount of memory in which to store incoming dataFain ott ee pcan ea ome 1) edbackast Fm Conc 0s 2 treet men ne 8 7 ty Rate Based lo Cone: nee ps Sener y an ab is rh ‘eatge eemner The too eee Sr Shpent or onl psedes er det ‘ose sacpes 1" 4) rer Cott Er os Some Te oe erence ely cough den alos Tees cna he the eo et ue) es (xc or Esplin theafercat ror de —epaee ES rr erin a cos ancy Che oye Rent sk a ct ceting and correc ae hort notes om the Follow 7 Gam along wih cach block of data ME SNE hsm for det ting wu < plemented in sae ts ‘Semsuin and cometion vo? Anak write E med wang eae as esis E06 (Qun2) Wat An: EOF aon when he cytes Sos 21 En sae Dane es oh ar ncn eS sac fer rom oe at sn an cig ca. vars ce CIEE aetna ramen ion SEE ae are 6a change in ine jp Singlebit Errors Kham as unger 1.1 Sewers hon t Sater eme, oly sme ree epee one iil "evga TH aoa eo " aie tenes were ee mors cing eunan s ms sea no De sea mesa It wh a re chee wc ret ‘Ferrie er sow re Ce Capen Senta nn aed ae Skea eeu ate coe dante af 1 en © Cec a mpeof ' e O saan as Link Lye Mose 2) Whenever the lock of dats i eceved a the receiver's eh the payin computa and compared wih recived pry Bt caekins {he comets of te da For example et us consider the ats 101001 As contains od ber of 3) ts fons ‘bit with value I isasoited wits der imake even numberof Is. Is added wh othe at, “Alter adding these ‘I's the data tte transmited wil be 1101000. cast of ood ‘arty checking. the zero i aed toe ste ‘atte seme becomes 011000" 1 the data contains even number of 1's (ite 101001 hea is associated to the lel oft ata ia order to make odd sume of Is, Fos ita hat to Be uanemted eco enerte a number” coring tothe da, ‘tansmited. Before tanumission, the calclstion ‘performed by sending device an hen es miedo receiving device, as “redundancy check” cout Be redundant values (extra vale) along mils te ee me it ‘an have the following 27 ‘it method and 000 1000 O00 90001 ‘This method consists ofthe following steps: 4) Divo 1 bi ope ade afte least trarered. The imecge tenn ad by The exclusive ORed operation portormed ‘ei the distor and {most upc Be Cf the message The csr tas we ike fom the menge and ew aod to teal senerae athe Io fats ade 1 ©) The eulusne ORed operon i abo peloemed wa he remsinng proces wl tBebn mine messge ue not euhused 8) The result generated ser te excsne OR ‘peraon i the CRC chascten Suficen Bimber of leading sen ae aed tothe (ERC character meer ofr 1b. i) Checksum: In beck mend, dats divided Ik seen Sod eer sect ama mb The segmens sre aided withthe help of Ts compere ante node 1 find a the un Ste senders cod. Nest the oul cmap ueplemened 10 find tthe cheeky The ecksum otsined x suc wih a spre adhe suo recetver se show gure 26, Similar process i alsa flowed atthe sender's fd and sur fs ealeulted a the receners end. The sum ebsind complemented In ene The rest zero oF one (complete then this shows that recived data accept x shown in igure 2O(D) Whe i the result aot tre ete Shows tur result is tejecied, Consent following example wht at onina da sven. Indus data value of (= prop of git nd m= (gt inevery reap = ne CoxASere TIOTITID Cope So) igure 28ae frame HOWOLOT for . : 5) Let aw spose te menses TC neve "Toot. Compete —— = pats (Hess an the vison) in nan ean eo 0 weer ie oe ore fe in ie i enn eas ara qos nett rie ‘Ane: Hams Co sued for detecting and comeing rigneo1010 : eee a a cre oR ree i 2. cor = on on aoe sonar ot dt btw be ne amine ns : "D> De Ds Py Dy Ps P,—» 7-bits 60 dat bits andthe Pits are the the Deby ae he dala one Oe Fa cables eve pay over panty Bi Pg De Ds and Dy Py Wet for even Ta 3S Gand 7 PD- Da and Dy Pui et Fay ot overs. and (PBs Daan Dy he emend any uber bs, Oe cere weak! ave te following fora AIS i Fis Dan Dae Ds Pos Ds Ds PDP, Pes tse ach Fe Thi ive ae ote: Panty bits a ered NelGaing codes ofan ent ‘Tensated Fame 1910120111110 Qos.) spin bow CRC wen detcting errors for he Towing pajama: Gix) = x + x + 1. Consider Oe ‘forte snc 11101011 5) Find the codeword eneresponding to the above sequence, i) Suppose the lett most it is inverted dive to the ‘be on transmission ink on the above messast, ‘What sth result of receivers CR caleulation? How does the receiver know that are error ha ‘Ans: Dvir, gn) ee ext = 10011 m= 110101101 ESE: tes appending Four Zero its (1 less than ‘wsen 11OtOTOH a | ot) eaten ‘oon TRouout | oa | ‘con } Te | ee | | | Ba | | | ear | | | = a et ce {a igure above, the zo remainder shows thatthe data is teamed cores Now afer invening the ifn bt of he message. i= O1GLOH1OLTT0, the fal ans will no Be 00003 ‘hi wi ston tht an orbs cue Quss7) Das is 1011 must be trated Cosa ‘ven pariy, 7, Hamming cdetor hi data Ams P, must be an edr fr bts 13, 5.and7 woke een Prose ees be a in ode for bits 23, and 70 be even pay. Pet bea O inorder fer bs 5,6 and tbe even a ‘Therefore, the final code: DD Dm Dm 1 Penge a a trams ‘cn nna ea eae Shy Sc a tl co Speke he eee ene yea 8) Lee us suppose that the dat it 1011 are to be Romie. Determine ovr many even party, 7 bt and ‘Sing es rie osc as een Ame ye, Pi mast be 1 in order for bis 1,3 5, and 740 be ay Srensiy. °F mst be a0 in oer forbs 2.3.6 and 74 be ven party. 3), Pe mst be 0 inorder for bits 4. $6 a 7 wo be ven pay ‘The hamming code data nom obi can be easly traninited and cetied. The data receed a the vevenet fend in checked m ower to see wheter uae bas secu or nt. For even pany. bis 13.5 and. ms 2. 306. and 7. and bus 45.6, and 7 ac checked The ‘oblem bit can be determined by making » > bi ary Sumber ot ofthe tre purty hock if an enor sound Ti no eor has occured then ths shows at a i teamed cones ST old ete Qu 9) Discs the irl cates of fw cit reccs. or Explain the following Now contol protocols: 1) Stopand.Waie 2) Sliding Window ‘Ans: Categories of Flow Contr 1)" Stoprand-Wait Prtocl: In stop-and-wait prac the soure sends a packet aad only fer ecreng the sekoowedgement from the dsinatio, sends nett Pocket. Tus ia simple protocol, bu resol a hee ‘fdla, and he bandwid ot aed efficestly. ee 2 Spa et ‘When the sure (end system A sends the i packet, to the desomaon (end apstem BY) and wate for the sctnowlelgment the B sends an acknowledgement Packet. Then A sends the second packet, an 8 sealscompe News) vs pn ute tet - siding window of the . — nay se goncnas ee e ote tens Sts Sesh ae = Se a eb ats sn a on 2) Sine Wine Pc oe cee sine Nutr a 2 Cone, Sn: cy i at cat eenmunfe and espe ral psp dat Sing, HDLC hs een fin a» Se Tos conta res The stations can Tsun MASE Tigre Bet ad in ont Sg rary at eon a 5): Mit wth Sing Primary amt v0 faite Svoedar (Mutptn Uk) oo eel | | SS ence Pet Pat rary and tre Solan igre 218 cet y pomary atom 1 he sain [ie ar toes © cman a thee fo Be Saal wee ronn = eqns Teo selgeace: Sore wen thant hres age pom we ae Dine" S eabcaed coigeatons Catan ‘Serguece sapgert Beh Rl ple and ‘epee alae frome epoe ede TH de Mae (ARM: Os "tomes, Ne te Aryans Resp eosin ora at Ayeshronous Balance Deron between Neseogine ar Be ee We Tommaso cu Sal a ASO 1) Fagin runes? Go t8 kina What the frame format of HDLC? oF 7 raw teeta oem in HOC. (287 Ans: Frames Types UwHDLC Nah dit sed ctl ies stan Goma ase. Te woe a Uamumbered Frames (U-Franiss These 3 8 toe fares sh a Tk ty a ONE Tre nan ew fo th tt ta ts 9 neque nae. 2) Information Frames (Frames: The cary he cual information o dit and we nately ce, Simply as Eames. They can he edt gy ba scknowledgemon aft riage ea ek irames in the reverse din when te tat ing operated ABM oe ARS 1) Supervisory Frames (Frames): These wl for cm an flow contol ant hence emcin wa receive sequence munbec Frame Format in HDLC “The frame format of HDLC is shown in figure 249 —(i [sie [Ss [RT] Foe 20: HOC rane Fa ‘eft of cach eld a ore 1 Fag Fe Tv el fae MOLE ane an ne seas wth tater oF OT TUNIO nee tothe elon ae a em mes ‘Sneteneaon pom free 2) Address Feld: This ld contin the adds of the secondary ston secony ents the fame, icons fom ae An ates kane or several bytes long, depending on the seterk Gre ‘eof ables can entity uy 28 ston, 3) Control Field: This fd is tor 2 the frame use for flow and cn coe 4) Information Field: Th bore sepmentof| st " is Field contains the wer da fom the network layer of nctwork manger {nformaton ts length can vacy from one nee smother tt is always Fted within each nen 5) Frame Check Sequence (J detection Feld We sontans ete 9 FCS in an emor orstyee, i Pe Tye CONS ET Teeait REE Wate NAC Meum Aces Cont ab yer? AM:MAC Meum Asses Contr Sub Laser tel ue i dene wh es eto SSEy Shel long w aap est {iette NAC: Meum Aves Coe UNO pet Sea if Provide the basic functionality data hk layer eit Eienet LAN syacae Ma sob ser uo ESSER! wih aa aes sages nde RENAN Taupo dee fanny dierent ate, Fetus of MACALLC Gomis the acest whe sand shar a toons DTES 2) Provides scheme tht aces 8 LAS sacs pbty 3) Provides a mie compute irae wih WARS, since he LLC 1a sunt he etka pono ‘he WAN sandr 4) The LLC ss independeat of access meth, whee MAC is puna! pei The pnc the MD wah lesb eae ant te LAN (Qu 18) What tbe raced MACE Ams Structure of MAC ‘The snctre of MAC is dived into preamble. header and CRC (eee redundancy check 1) Preamble: ‘The purpne of the ile tine before transmission ste sto allo 2 smal ine era oe the receiver electrons i cic of themes ace alee completion of he previo frame" nove sae ‘rarssion By senng i # yt fob pestis eqvence, Ths consists of 2 aerating 1 an We followed bythe ptr 1 oo 9 MAC pain Pai ‘Te last byte, which Find with tbe “1 Anan 4 the “Start of Frame Delimiter” (SEDI. i nae {he station of sutons ta hn the at shane Synchwabaton. When enced sing Machoey teeing at 10 Mis he alemating te pene ASME suse mane ‘The purpose ofthe preamble i allow tne fe the receiver in each nae i artove lv te meee Digital Pha Lock Loop wich ined wsyodenne the receive data lok te heat atcha ) Header: The hear som the pts. 1) Destination Adres: A fhe dsinatnes ass. which spetin a ingle teens mal unica mode a grep atten re utcat mae ete st alten mee Abrocat me Sourve Address A oho we aes. wih 8 set t9 the sears ghoul unger me aves. Tis may Be wa By the fete nee Froweol fo nea the sine. Bt aly eho ‘mesbanisms are Ue Ty main fevton fe he alow ates arg. wh muy Beas svafgur the fcr aes ina dpe ‘Type A2ENe fekl whch ponaea Sean Access Ru (SAP! aki te Neo ped being camel e, the aloe OAS I tsaSecee EEE Ses LIC org sore 3) Ce Redundancy Check CRC: THe ECRC SEES 2 Stet ae rome ere Se 8 sn Enea rset corene of be MAC seson En Sa eval CR bo dca fame Ass frame we phe 5 Micietner ein fre es HOC Eis screen mab CRC (qe 6) De he vars pe cen rr cee or ‘Write ote on ALOHA and CSMA. (3021051) Maya ‘ror alocanng a multiple access chanel Mary aoe pets rch are asd AKSSBRE wines Py ager Sega TE Se meee 1) ALOHA: “ALOH ann soe ALON Naren see (one in SS whence here oa ame 0208" reese dessin 1 te fee seen mat See re See ee Soto ALOHA seeved & doses ae prot 5 Scotto cas sytem oF 3 Haul a wiles “ap ba ALOHA wor pects ise Rave Ma Tae se see ym, Wie ALON Pres umber of colton, thereby "efineney and irene OE Shean wa gen neteock nero anc oa wo enced. TH ap emreeaerd Senn ee oe Feel ceased Fame can be read by 2 more Fae rel called Cire Sese Malle Sot Se Tape ype ALOHA prot To minimise parsing neck ‘Became te Bet oom ea be eset ALORA Proto BY mang 2 sma See nN ee Se ce as, ramet LOM ' 7 "pe doubled. Assuming constant ible iemre me iste ee ee oa : vA Saces a cay lone ona wesafa aaa n: D2 teapot ovata of pial. This hi the fect fof doling the effiiency of the ALOHA otcol and tas come wo be known 38 Sioned ‘ALOHA igre 222) and (b)- ‘Carrie Sese Muiple Access (CSM): “Carvit ‘Sense dese te fc ta waster Tse 16 cae wave before tying sen, ‘Thats tes octet the presence of am enc sigma fom anuter sation before attempting © 1 a caries is semed, the station alte for trarsnison in progress to Fins before initia (um transmission, “Maliple Access” scribes i fact that multiple sation: send and receive of ‘medium. Trasmisions by one node ae genet ‘eccved bya ote ston: wing the meio. camer Sense Malople Assos (CSM8) imposes maton. Whe 2 SIC has dca fo meat SIC Fint ins to he cae vung atanccnen see ye ‘ertstnal sing tasvvet ty che eas This mye acered by mi ig wb 3 eats Aowins i the cab Te nd be Sart coming ter witha tr 10 ste ay Enbemet clock ving Marchese econ Dats toy set when no camer obenad (mo saree Fee ae pc eb eae Be Any NIC. whic Gow act ered e Cee iene to sce if eer NICS hins sured ty tame However. tis ale is unable to prevent two NICS tmaniting at the same Smet owe NIC Smalancousy x tanimitiag ica Nx sold se ide physical medium (ie acter wil we Snes camce geal and both wl eonele at pe ther SIC is caren wang the modiom (Qus17) How does pure ake and sce kis ater? nos) ns: Diference between Pre Ab nd Ste Tike 2 tows te ome bene ae ny Sones ater Table 2: DiteenceDtnen Pre Al nd Sid Aloha [Fare ata "Tse aats — S0C aho meanest ove tamumosion H x cere: 4 Tea few atl Ebert spe ise Terres of hs secs 4 or hat sy he FRecneth sam igh in pe wlth came ob AC (GRC. te cme the te renen te dacs ae shew sCRC cme Foor Ga al eran omens 2 rane before be eunrorg MIC hn ened ead it Edere etnesa mnman fae sue he mo ase ty hav ewan hes psa Tie mini ae i read oe dan eh te nent pe eof maa Reg ea SS tbe fea nich sensu met nee Sires i meh rie pute TAN Teer toe dene svat tree be Eocres a Scoping rams lose For example, wira rue oe me eanning NICK cath eect acorn of ee oun Us na ealoe) ooh rspodsin he ne way hy wanting ca ease The following sequence dept slice 1) Atame frame sent on the i red y NIC nS ae A shor Sine ater. mecner NIC aso rans ln this case, the malium. a sharia by Be nevi iC hanes tte let ~ ‘Sotelo Fis aio, any sto can Tr tis. aay sion Sa |wanemitthe data atany ume” |ermsmt e daa oe eponing of ay ume st [ie ix The Gine a] tn thn The une onan ant aot ‘soctnnad | ‘nos and ot global | sm ltl nto | {In Pure Aloha, Probability of In Sie “Aloha 3) Alter a period, equal Prepaganon ESAT sino’ | okt a scl tetwork the ener MC mea we a pole {enon we. nna senha eseeenca a Iles = sient Rao tae om ne ‘sing Ena gras Fie so is ae Se aes ad | mame of collisions t0 | number of collisions 10 half | tow. Sa Ts eecscntee | and doubles. the eficeny | ae Oe) EghintewrigseOUVCD EID — -A&s CSMA with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) IES,CSMAICD specifications have been standardized by IEEE 802.3 standard, A second clement 1 the Ethernet ES ovo eased to detect whe colin osc. there ts data waiting to be sent. cach tanning After one compete und ip propagation tne ae the one way propupati del th NICe a ae of the cllnson Recener will sth cone ‘eamcmiion of he Jan Sagums. Howcce sent ill comtinae te wane compe Jam Seems Finally th able Reco ll051) Wee maton CSMEVER. EHD or Hom collision is avoided in CSMAICAZ Desribe the ferent stati esd Forti 2018081 sms: Colson Avadanein CSMINCA CSSA wn Coen Ade CSET eae poem pl od aS temo nthe 8 kad ‘sah ins tans Some Mute Ase ete genes tah ands ase DOSTAG Status ken pase CSMAVCA works 102) dels po he SCUTEREE ESMALC increas not Tc a egies sending SEGA never cen folovetaning ay SENG haste ttc fea collision sesnanos a he (eo ano norm her devices motto ans unc Sone Nope Ase with Cason Ave GSM a he ae ASSO Shpec a sia see a SMSSEA once dns ys compa il Scr ae em mpi aos thm od SERIES rranacty s toting f See SSN mms he amu of a ams down rrr perma, TH Se SL tea pur maa abe Mii SEES nad eh WARS ic purus mporan or wieless networks, whee 1 ee uccunn of the ateranve CSMARD 1 ee ge he nen node problem. CSMACA src operace the Data ink Lye (ayer) of eost mde Cee sri Calin is ces Collen She imterframe space, the contention a owed hon nur 223. a |n ee eee etctmenpeioreeshired seu ot Se Cotes NOS TY eae ce rene a pr te Sa ie aa Sir i ee coca er In CSMAICA, he FS can ao be wet define the trae pry ston o Cantenion Window: The comention window i ay Stunt of vie dived ino sla A Station ta Ten to send choos aandom number of sores at ‘ra time Ths narber of tse winds cages coring oth fry exponential ack sey “Tis means hat it i 1 oe Sl the Fist ie a then doubles exch tie the station cannot detect tile chane fer te TS ine ‘In CSMAVCA, ifthe sation finds the channel busy. it ‘oes not ett he ier of he contention widow t ope the nee and rests i when the chan ‘comes 3) Acknowledgment: With ll these precautions, thee ‘al may ben casio fesulting in deswoyed dae tlion, the ua may be convpted during, Be transmission, The postive acknowledgement and he ‘in-out taner can ep arate ht the receiver bs reesve he rane (Qu 20) Deere the tun allacaton problem. ‘Or Wile short notes on the 1) Stale Channel Allocation |) Dynamic Chanel Allcation ‘ih Hybrid Channel Allocation ‘Ans Chant Alston Problem ‘Alain singe rst channel among competing 8 fs ele camel allaion. Channel allcaton eas the alain of hard ocllsin acl network. O8 th hae alocaed cls may then allow ses wi? ‘he allo communica via the eval came. In et ce eas wee lt oh rman witout inercence. Even hgh DE Yat of paces ane alloson can be ee ‘ater by st or amc oprah, Types of Channel Alocaion ‘TR 80 pe of hme allocation as: ‘RENE Channel Allocation in LANs und MANS Trot way of allocating single chanel 2% one unk, among multiple competing requeney Divison Malipteing DSH) sce are N mets, the hunduadth dre my oa fae portions each ner eng usp ne pac Sine each usr has 8 private freuen ba heres rontererence between users When te on all and Sted umber of wry exh of ahah en femy (aller) loud of walle tege tance ‘witching offices). FDM isa simple ad cine ‘location mechan The poor performance of static FDM can eauly be sen from simple qo they callie ee Mean ue dls = T Capaty of Chanel = Cs Esponetal eodabiny ‘wteteme deosty function = With hese partes the alte si fesse and the serce fate 18 HC framerce From te ‘qucving ther HC can BE shown tha fe Passon rosa and serie tes, te ee Now lets divide the ingle channel st N independ subchannels, exh wih apacy CIN bp The men Input fae on cach of the sub een {flexible to bend very easily. tm addition. thinne, Se tah Set no Irani only 20 machines ech SS WHE ean » teeters nae sees argent Ertaiun an hea connected. However, all these wires are used by at, ‘clephone company. 3% most ‘fice bulainge tealy wired this vay. anda many wane ahi ‘airs are usually available. This method is knows a 9 hase: 10a uses the fer een *fensive inthe market dc othe ces oh compas dod terminators, but hs exelent none ine i alo the method of choce whee moving Sees iely separted nob Han be use for seve {aa el or several kn dans. Wiping a PPing is much move comples than cope te hence it also provides good secunty preston Samee alse wise The following Homing table describes the main characterises of cable pions TOBASES|OHASES]-ToBASET [ORAS] Ba Cosxit naiciey [oer cable 50 | Umbiclded | oprical ese 0 | cedar [ter Tada Sia (ste [Bata ee iter) : ? [on-ont Smee 0 tas iw so Ans: Respoaibiity of Ethernet MAC Soblaser “The emo primary esposilies of Ethernet MAC areas hen below 1D) Data Encapsulation: Data eacspsaton ovis the prmaryfancvons |) Frame Delisting. Addressing. nd ii) Ere Destin, Data encepslation predate consis frame before transmission and’ after rising them. Tie MAC layer ads a Beader and tile to te Laser PDL the frame I the eaneminion of Pus they paced fn the media and in groping of bit ror ine ode, tbe use of ames spp. 2) Media Access Control: The repisemt frames fon the media and the remval of rams om the toed isthe funtion of MAC ssbliner manages the media acces coatmal as se name imps, It oa ination of fare wansmicion a ecoery {fom tranamisson fire duc oclisons (025) What do you understand by Fast Etre Abe ‘wre the Fat Eteret Gea ‘ans: Fast Ethernet Fast Ethernet a typeof Etberet stars that can cary taffic ata nomial rate of 100 Mbit as computed ‘andard beret speed of 10 Miva Uc TX (T= “owised” pai copper) hardware supports 10) mcgahse theme standards Sometimes fulldupex fast Bieret ss mentioning 200 Mbius" while this is cerainly meting becuse the level of improvement wll enly beached when talic patterns are symmeni 1) Lopcal parioning of fast Etemet ayers ito ‘Media Accesr Contraller (MAC) deals it) high level sues of medium availbiy 2). PHY stands foe Physleal Layer-nterfaced. As: 2SMHr synchronous parle ieroce 1 ase 10 Sonnet MAC an PHY, The tn a mat Independent intrace (MID, When two it 50 Le ‘ert tid oink PRY and MAC then i called {Tow media independent interface (RMIaon ga te Ponape mem re et nas te He Poe SETS POueASEFS & imesse-ro aerert acd a Pim Laer Fa Re ee meee pers te TA EIA Taig pom 7 “ SE Saran Tee enue FP Sd ees COREE NH TY | ee = pines 1 par of twisted wirey Soon meine ee <= Soa mB oy ees Te Bes oe MALTS Tee fe ae eS ee ee fio cs ovtsuct Sp Temonamys Sees om epee pas WOBASET2: Toe aes minsmine? os oper Seeveg es spe san ote EASES Ashe nae ended otto Bt min Sop lamer aemhang poe Se Niatic ties feeouk oh spn Tos desman = ne Be ecissee Spe Setntvte ite cpl a nel nw come Serene seem eps Te saring of me cigmal Sek the mL Peep ee vee eas 2 Paty Sime Pring sie ares Se Fe OE oem nabs me mececn me ie Seine a= Fier ee en Sem enn of fn WWRASE-AY: One yeruce of Fast Exhenet ® TBASEEK pon foe hess OE seevairent (STi) ight savelengths OOO Seren sete Ha oe OEE Tee a Te mune age oe oer sasecoe ua 5 11310 fo 2 200 8 tab ge meses OA fon fea oe poe oot Siemens sce ning Cope me po OS Scala & VSBASETA. TSBASEFK 018% seek rag a WE tae Se a eT ie crac ‘te protons “pum, WORASE-EK pl BS St cemppathie wih te 14 MBLs vere hansen a Link Lyer Mose 2) sy BASES: Thee a seria ot Feu Emer oer fel fee Ten ee relibode oe ero uaa oe Rene Nia ahem wien oe ae Fx cane tine oeencang nese Soe apeicany eu ce wvcengh ope ad a Tong ASESA on cnt wo ane Somers 90 alike 0BASE-FL1UOBASE-SX ope te te ue aap boa ee, ther otal fcr Ta sons ecg sae pune er tse ane aces® Re uppeced w boo adh te ee cag ipl st ot compasn Stone nse: sod ore nae (iste canbe oppor by Tas oe SX bes cepa te tong ASE 1) JOMBASE-BX: IBASEAN mes cage sind is a venion of cpasd Sher fon ES Esberoe (onlike ]00BASE-PX wach aes of Bers. 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Ame Physical Layer A miae of ecole fom the engin! Ederet ent ASSL STH Fier Chanel Specficaoon is we hy the Proywcal Lit of Gapabe Ebert Grgabe Eacret severly spp four paycal media peset ie Ser CoB oe and nt ey Taree wre det 2 (0mm and EMH AEE ey RP yh ne My 1 wane Pi Le ‘Any was cm lt A etn hac he Pte Chaos 880 agonal LAN NMEA Cen he eine See en noe ee, al Sue SN com feo, her Chae a i SO a WAS HEI in eee Che ty man comm tk LAN © og ‘evelopment ime mei ee aad aly 8 SOVhINE Th of medi Nae Noch at 2 Salling, pur, oe ane aX sana convts te etm Ne ASS! Wernimec Sanbinren nn, RT Tose Hy tame £130 em a able 2.7 sepsis the cabling dances 1 Nate 27 at Tes ont ones — ae yer(LX) | aa ‘Mai wang BSD laser -— Ff “on SS, wie 1 | oo ~~ 550m sig 800 Te | per 0 | | Samant Hs | uc = ‘Sw [iene — _ fa standcd foe Olga 2) toooBase-T: This, The gol of Oat eper O Exhere or gmat giveth INSHO P 1 ae te Catyay SUT Teh a "Ho? tab task force, this standard is being ie Aas expected Be lly developed by OT ee ee cue EF S211 Senin det 29) Pe Or what is W Requires cise LAN? Aad wnte the Wiese LAN - wie ag Ne 11 Sundar Vi LAN Ane EE eared LAN) faerie eee eet coe ee ma umplemented By way of an exteovion tot wed Da eS LANG ta ale a so a Be Saat praeiern teen es iar, Sec Commo ope Soe Sey Soca cone Seacoast Se acces "gure 227 Wires Network i Infrastructure Soe Infsucture nereorks not only provide access © other neces but 80 include forwarding fancies. medium aces oot Cellular phones ae (YPC inrasrostr-tised networks for wide area A ‘selte-ased cellular phones have an infest (the stele) 2) Adloc Newark: wis, ano att 2 desma! pe of wis nctwork om ‘figure 2.35, The network is ad hoe because it does seiyona peering infrastructure, such as route * Sel ets acess olin Grist) wireless netwons Instead, ac Darticipates in routing by forwarding data {oC odes so the dexmion of whic nes daca is rine easly ‘on the basis of somes atone Sass aoe, bere ane Nod or fowaring te boc networks make sense when needing ww smal, allvices LAN. gc) and ‘imam anc of mene Scape =, Vt 2 ae ewe 228 A Wve Neath Ade Nae (00) What the diferent wrdes LAN Sadan Ans: Wireless LAN Standards ‘he man stands of wireless LAN ae Ig m2: This sta pps 1 Mbps ne 2 meres, ony of i am Sc a 1d specu an infor IEE 80211 ao appa roriied acces vo the medium. The exe fee of ths snd i atey comervation for ice oe ‘riviess uer. Campin universes an compres cncoriging for usc of IEE 902.11 -bed LAR 2) HiperLAN2: HiperLAN2 is stor emerging WLAN standard proposed "ty. coon ‘Telcommunications Standard Incite (ETI) Te provides for use of comectoas that fe diferent 22 ‘ 6 6 \guaiy of service fr difeene apictios and hi is 2m excing feature of thir waar. Th wes ine Aviston mulipleing of roast sonmectom nia nd ica connestions, 3), Ml: Blo was promt by sever! ers of inst ike TBM, Escson, Lice Nokia ‘Mist Tete and Moc Te Bhs sles Fenn! At Network PAN) per st (Gs tnd and fers maxima vp ot Mbps dane Having low pover and sa ge, Bh ae feueney” hopping spread apecum (HSS) mean, = J ‘addionally sappons -hoe networking. WEEE 802.11 ind MiperLANZ ae typically infuses based setwork ‘The Mlutoth isa wires d-ho network, (Qu 31) Whats the ame format of 9021 res? ‘Ans: 802.1 Frame Format Figure 2.270) sows te general format ofthe conirol and ta of IEEE $02.11 frames. Formats of RTS. CTS co ACK trames have reduced umber of fields ay shows figure 2.2940), a4 ome + ams (ace laon se] Aswan ] see [ioos [renee Dwr Dr Tor [wo [er To] 7 Germs Frmat 2 ° fi ‘ es 2 é + ae 2 keweroaion [ere Fe = Fane Coo RT =Rary Oxon Bi Dirietnesinlt Fc fowe Magee Wi in Ea Piney SC = Seqene Cont MDTNiocoue ee En 1 Format of RTS, CTS, ACK framer Figure 229: Formato TERE 902.1 Frame 1) Frame Control (FC, 2 octets: I indicates the ype frame. Some ofits important subfields are a under: 1) Protocol version (2 bits): Ths field indicts the version of IEEE 802.11 protoel being used. i) Type (2 bits: This field indicates the type of frame (contol, dat, management) ii) Sub-type (4 bits): This field indicates the sub- ‘ype of the frame. iy) To DS (1 bid This bits sto 1 ifthe fame is destined for DS, °) From DS (1 bit): This bt is set 1 the fame is coming fom DS, ¥))_MP (More Fragment, 1 bi) This it is e101 ‘if more fragment art alo. i) RT Retry, it: This itis set to 1 this frame isretransmission of previous fame,‘iv PML Powe managment Ts ot tm oun ates mE 89) MD More data 1s Tae Be whee At thease wns ae duwend ot 1) WEP Wired casa pr bit is 1 af the ware eqursaent privacy reo ‘oie 40) Order (Lt he ee ed HF SINC ater Suey nee ic i ‘As duration ‘came a anc fae cafes 2) OM (Duratntconnectin 1,2 ote, fel indeaes the ue a {Seen for rele wansmison of hd iu ackowedgeme. AS comes ‘Memes suscanon ou somecton “er cme © 2) Address lds ets ents Tee Meee Ther met endo a Da and Sa we be ciao Oe oe Aa span ie a ‘Sng ae ws iene | ees ea and TA reer wo aos of PS iin Bitton sem D5) 4 con SC, 2 eH cis 4 ) Seqnenes Ser bell win wed for eam, Th he 12 as Se ra ne em ‘aaa: parol srt | ERC: Irs 32 fame CRC sequence fo Seton (es) What a he at verso TEE S211 sar? ° o ing ern Erbe 2 Eepmatie sont eeeiaet seat! Sony a a nd te a i come wees SEE ee tn os ose mee 0 Se Mae SEN” Sedete wha ee att IEF gs ss etre ice 24H ine er pete i pr cri em se ao oh cg passion oh >) TERE » ner bed Sele Camp News ry sonst TEEE 802.118 operates on 24045 EEE roost of oBO Mbps, whic se op and wae rhc under te aoe seen Msp ih tes 4 et extemsion of Dy E Seal Spt DSSS onthe PHY Layee ete Te TEE’ 202. sud eg spe te ace a ie apa a nea Se sete tes Sith te ‘Beata Mbps (Megabit) ‘an tig aces out compatible with both 802.115 a iugcens, Avast laptop compar vag ‘Sent cad wil beable wo acces exiting S02 Ip rps aswell ew 802 1g acces pin (qs 38) Whotarethe IEEE 90211 Architecture ‘ans TREE 8211 Architeetare igre 2 shows the ectetre of 802.11: le -| x t a Following ae the ain components of the 802.11 Toi! archi 1) Acces Point (AP): Tis is the cena point whi ‘cee series et to connect a numberof STA frome wile newark o oer vale etwas. 2, Staton (STA): A deskiop compute, laptop. of POA Is pe of wireless network client and STA i ‘si component af the wireless network. ‘Suton may te conser asa device which cons ‘Ancoeaity of the 802.11 pooch, that being MAC. PHY. anda conection othe witless media. Basal ‘be 02:11 fanctons are implemented in the ha snd sft ofaretworkinterae card (NIC) 3) Basi Service Set (BSS): The basi service set (BSS) is defied by IEEE 802.11 and is considered 28 building beck of a wireless LAN, This ea be et stationary oe mobile wireless stations, It ean a0 ‘tral tase station which is Known at the = Front (AP). The infrasmuetre, mode Will ‘inimam one APto forma BSS. 4) Estee Service Set ESS): is poop of oe trove miss APS comme oe Se thar defined single opal eeu Sema Sands by aro (led sabe Portal 1s considered san inererering nt in 9 Soer AN “ee 4 Independent Basie Service Set BSS): This is Miler nto and conn of ales to Peg Juco bce poi Dee aa) 1) Rapin te Bis and Sis wh cep? ‘Sawrte the ype Begs and Sic ‘ans: Networking Devices nd Switches pines A bade tom aes Bier or valley. 50 tng bigs ano Gomtiane the avng fom tnt se te eee Sir n compute eowocsige abo sine Sine purpose Hee biger comet tao of age ‘rworks (CANS) Ince compte soe, Savet rom ve nett ter’ Bogen ‘Sev, Iedvies he LAN to sepner e, te moan of a "ere 21 rds Connect New tt ae ame Prt Types of Bridges |) Transparent Bridges: Hardware network des (contains unique aes) ar wed by the transparent bridges to identify that whch data to be passed and which ofiter A abeis edo orth pr nfm whee a ‘ceived then the sores ble is wed compate afuns the destination adaess. There ae fur LANs networked using tee bridges in ‘opology as shown in figure S32 Tapa ni The anyaret brie we outing algorithm, town a1 spanning lgerthar 1 Sere Rate Rls Geely soc me Sigs ary mcr Te ne SEAE cis be oa ea Sd te her iy fons mane Be ‘etc ehertp be anaes 1) Teansational Bridges: To cones te dsl networks eter, anlional badges a ed They hve pon for he varios ind of setworks And te proces ose ope data epee on the conpecednctmrk, They conic he media ‘est meio to handle he conversion of he Frame fom the oe pet ante. 2) Switches: The dig switch the Reset (oe) of the mde network sytem whch proves «apres ‘gma pth betwern any pir of tached devices Tit oonection allows fll doplex tansmncons, ‘The etwork otface stands for the functions an hardware required for conmestog dip devices to {he network: Dipl switches ate tis, snpe sect sting nodes ‘Rate 29: ies Comming LASS ih Faget Tae A sich provides a now is pobem by cong ‘Bow wiou eoparasing peormuneThe such wants wo or nr devise otek analy sooth communicates Rewecn tee Seach ae ‘owed in hada ala sft and asa hall somsectons operat simuiopensh making ie ‘peatoes fas. Computes connec habs hve no comes or tanta ‘Types ofSwitees 1) CatThroagh Switch: A cutough swe is inexpensive and fas Aa coming pct es is sen by custrogh such an seccy seals i ut 10 the deaiusie LAN ston Atough if tat segment we, cals wl ‘scr andere nen matte veka ii) Storeand-Farward Switch: Eich nsamig packet ‘3 trough in memo By a areant wand wich. In is svi f etanin fe deste segment sty esse oe pack ul the spe is fe and hen send ot Soe anbfowan! vices ae generally slower and Sumy de to heir memory. bt bale the ‘el doe the some em a the LAN,ss: Beis from 2 10 SUEY a SEIS Ia ae verse of a dele Fier i Arca cencs ett LAN BATS So Seka Bose an SOE Ebert Sea eet iano te LLC sahara aoe Toe pact doce aw EE EC Beni (Rl beakers pense eamae coop be 802.1) sew nen tee ee Se Sige ee Be BE ggg MAC bane eH: Be Sie neater svete se ure pet SH TLC en en de A wwe OS Mage, Nee te reset se LC ne SUR mot wars wat Son Se etre s pn be wi ee fine i eat of te LA Tema ih ee ye as ad then EE eastern we hom ene epee FT cmap, the Dera fei 1 eg TSMC A pro! ad aes 90 we tere oe te coping ce et apenas CEL an the vent enone Ene SST ise racic meee ae a whee Syhsoeceee one msve we een pOblEN BIE ROT A OS SSSI Ber Se NEI sume he we ARENT UAT Sig we ances sate oo at SO TRS GL Rg ewe mae a tone Sees Ain pte gun ofsemae, BAN SIE AL and S026 ASSESS eS cee ting POF ae oe tamer eng oestanc r venetons Ebert has no one of gules of SSE < E fo cabe ce Ue eel Aso Guay of ae he numng overt Eee Quo 37 Fsphintie ibwing dessin ds 1 Repeaters 2) Hub or Whar repeater? Dict pes aa, ‘or ‘What the eof Bu in networking? Discuss about inp or ‘What active and pasive bub? Describe, Aes 1 Repeater: Repeats cused ws cot the 0 see tua ro iar LAN prow, Over ite 8 feeds e reach. While ewe ge moe aotweeks seenvid wing sine Fro eet til Pore 2.5: Repeater Rerneratesa Weak Signal A repeater i adevice which receives a digital se ‘8 + tansmassvn ream an regenerates the SSX FOOT wen Metiport Repeater hus = ms wt) Smart Repeaters fe im townenaiy woo wns Rag Se spore cen paces, 18) Optical Repeater: sll a met, They peat sh opal 2 Me Hote at ae cent statneet paar fe seiveek water sol Bane at nen SONS xo wher at pes eh Thee av avalate te all pak mats Ne Exsrct che Sar upto eer a apn -ncveh which wes ub Hubecua seat me ‘Seumuncaton device a thn wale pos Aiding ve removing 4 ence tr simple hat Any able Reeak can ans Pecan dese a ocacach eae Types of Hub re thee categories of Rahs Le use asthe sn ineligne but 1 Active Huby They hase cisions somponnts Which can amplify and. cleamep signs The hole process retermd as signal eget asthe orginal signals are regenerate fy sianng We deformed ements Tas, the network ewes RMT AM the tstnce emeeen devices cin FE apt Active uth ts sil to psne BaD BO evform the ext tsk Te a av mast my Oey cee Dad pateo et macend gt et thes Bi wey emma Wo me Sek 2 Ieee Habe Eahin! ae hat a can? AD cost a Se tee New managemen oe cu a ca Rukmwoctea menses Seetoemte = For example 8¢ arises. alate mate Sewn Gut Sows we some shee SmeeaE eek oe (Qe Dt she nal aren Whee he irene fren santas and stecenee ee Ans Rowter and Gateways 1 Rooters: Rewien a wa meee ahve “scouts ant Seon mona ae St ~ For example, seni se fou rere oe TAN Soe WAN 8 LAN i SS Route ae te whee patents a pa ‘vcee 27: Rote ‘Typeset Roater ilving are the mo Ree peat weer. 1) State Reuter: the stu us ting the ‘sian eoargura pets eens wuBo ii) Dynamic Router: In this, the first route is manually configured and all other routes & networks are automatically discovered, ‘On the basis of the cost and amount of link traffic it selects the best routes, It has the ability to direct the packets over the alternate routers, 2) Gateways: According to different network protocols, if two networks operate then a gateway is used 10 connect them. Network gateways can operate al any level of the OSI model on the basis of the types of protocols. Gateways typically work on OSI layer 4 or higher and basically translate protocols to allow terminals to be ‘communicated over two separate networks. B Tech, Sixth Seinester TP Solved Series (Computer Ne Figure 2.38: Gateways Connect Networks that use ‘This may be an either combinations of hardware or software. The can be implemented by using specialized software or by specially designed circuit card in a standard PC. For example, an Inteme: service provider (ISP) is a gateway which connect users in a home to the Internet, The gateway is alo referred to a computer routing waffic in an organization from individual workstations 10 outside network's Web server. Due to the protec translation, they may undergo from slow performance.