SST

Q. 1 Gandhiji visited Champaran to see the plight of Indigo planters in Champaran

Q. 2 Gomastha (also spelled Gumastha or Gumasta, Persian: agent) described an Indian agent of the British
East India Company

Give a brief description of the method of producing indigo dye?

Solution:

Historically, indigo was a natural dye extracted from the leaves of some plants of the Indigofera
genus, in particular Indigofera tinctoria; dye-bearing Indigofera plants were commonly grown and
used throughout the world, in Asia in particular, as an important crop, with the production of indigo
dyestuff economically

Production of indigo dye :

(i)After the harvest, the indigo plant was taken to the vats in the indigo factory. Three or four vats
were needed to manufacture the dye. Each vat had a separate function.
(ii)The leaves stripped off the indigo plant were first soaked in warm water in a vat, also known as
fermenting or steeper vat, for several hours.
(iii)When the plants fermented, the liquid began to boil and bubble. Now the rotten leaves were taken
out and the liquid drained into another vat that was placed just below the first
vat.
(iv)In the second vat, also known as the beater vat, the solution was continuously stirred and beaten
with paddles. When the liquid gradually turned green and then blue, lime water
was added to the vat. Gradually the indigo separated out in flakes, a muddy sediment settled at the
bottom of the vat and a clear liquid rose to the surface.
(v)This liquid was drained off and the sediment, i.e. indigo pulp transferred to another vat, also known
as the settling vat, and then pressed and dried for sale.

What were the main features of the ‘Nij’ system of cultivation?

Solution:

The nij cultivation was a part of the indigo cultivation. In nij cultivation, the planters produced indigo in
lands that he directly controlled. The planters either bought the land or rented it from other zamindars
and produced indigo by directly employing hired labourers. The problem with nij cultivation
Under nij cultivation, the planters found it difficult to expand the area. Indigo could only be cultivated
on fertile lands. Planters attempted to lease land around the indigo factory, and evict the peasants

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from the area. Nij cultivation on a large scale also required many ploughs and bullocks. Till the late
nineteenth century, planters were, therefore, reluctant to expand the area under nij cultivation.
main features
In NIJ cultivation, the planter themselves produce indigo
In NIJ cultivation planter directly employ hired labour to produce indigo

Famine
The literal meaning of famine is “extreme inadequacy and the scarcity of food.” Famine is the
phenomenon which occurs in a vast terrestrial area due to various environmental and biological
reasons. It is also caused by Some of the prime reasons are population imbalance, scarcity of water
or lack of rainfall, population imbalance, crop failure, government policies. This phenomenon is
usually accompanied or followed by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased
mortality. Famines may range from a few weeks to a few years in a community.
Characteristics of a Famine
A Famine is characterized by the following factors:
 Severe food shortage triggered causes like conflict, drought, crop failure, demographic
disequilibrium, governmental policies, and so on.
 Widespread death dues to diseases, starvation, and scarcity of food.
 Malnutrition and other deficiency diseases plaguing a huge amount of population.
 Crop failure leading to a nationwide scarcity of food.
 Poverty with various social disorganization consequences that include overcrowding, the
break-up of hygiene, escalated vermin, failure to bury the deceased, and unregulated
population growth and/or camp advancement that support the occurrence of epidemics and
diseases.

Mahal

This system was mainly devised to collect revenue from the villages which were called 'Mahal'.
This system aimed at ensuring stable revenue for the East India Company. The rajas and
taluqdars were in-charge of collecting revenue. Each Mahal comprised one or more villages
which was collectively responsible for the payment of revenues. It was introduced in 1833 by
William Bentinck. The village committees was held responsible for collection of the taxes.
According to the British revenue records, a 'Mahal' is a revenue estate which may be a village or a
group of villages.

Indigo

It is a plant which produces rich blue color used as dye. The indigo plant grows primarily in the
tropics. By the thirteenth century Indian indigo was being used by cloth manufacturers in Italy, France
and Britain to dye cloth. Cloth dyers, however, preferred indigo as a dye. The rich blue colour was
commonly called as Indigo and it was on a high demand in Europe as it was used for dyeing purpose.
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India was the biggest supplier of indigo in the world in 19th century. Indigo cultivation was one of the
reasons for poor condition of farmers and led ryots in various farmers

Science
External fertilization takes place in a) Frog (b)Human (c) Butterfly (d) Bird

Which of the following is viviparous animal? A)Hen (b) Butterfly (c) Human being (d) Frog

Answer Briefly

4.What are the two main modes of reproduction in animals?

There are two modes by which animals reproduce. These are: (i) Sexual reproduction, and (ii) Asexual
reproduction.

Sexual Reproduction in animals

Among the different modes of reproduction in animals, sexual reproduction is the most common one. Most animals
reproduce sexually, though in a variety of different ways.
It is the mode of reproduction in which gamete cells from two organisms, one male and one female, combine to form
a singular zygote. This zygote shares half of its genetic information with the father and the other half with the
mother. Though the basics of it remain the same, there are many different modes of sexual reproduction in both
plants and animals. The newly formed individual produced by sexual reproduction is different from parents, both
genetically and physically.

Asexual Reproduction in animals

Asexual reproduction is found in the single-celled organism such as the arch bacteria, eubacteria etc.
The different modes of asexual reproduction in animals include gemmules (sponges), fragmentation
(planarians), regeneration (echinoderms) and parthenogenesis (ants, wasps)
In asexual reproduction, an individual can reproduce without involvement with another individual of
that species. The division of a bacterial cell into two daughter cells is an example of asexual
reproduction. Asexual reproduction also found in many annelid worms including polychaetes and
some oligochaetes, turbellarians and sea stars.

5. Explain the male reproductive organs with the help of a neat diagram

The male reproductive system is mostly located outside of the body. A pair of testes (singular, testis),
scrotum, two sperm ducts and a penis, these are the male reproductive organs. The testes produce
the male gametes called sperms. Millions of male gametes (sperms) are produced by the testes.
Though sperms are very small in size, each has a head, a middle piece and a tail. Sperm is a single
cell with all the usual cell components. Penis and Urethra are a part of reproductive and urinary
systems. The purpose of the organs of the male reproductive system is to perform the following

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functions: To produce, maintain, and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and protective fluid
(semen) To discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract during sex.

Figure from notes

6.What purpose does the tail in a sperm serve?

The tip of the sperm head is the portion called the acrosome, which enables the sperm to penetrate
the egg. The midpiece contains the mitochondria which supplies the energy the tail needs to move.
The tail gives the sperm cell movement. In sperm, the tail acts as a propulsion system. The tail moves
with whip-like movements back and forth to propel the sperm. It helps the sperm to swim in the
female reproductive tract to reach and fertilize the ovum.

Figure from notes

7.What is fertilization? Explain with the help of a neat diagram

From notes

Computer
Q1. An initiative “Global Fishing Watch” was launched in 2016 to protect the world’s fisheries .Which SDG has been
aimed to achieve this initiative and how ?

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources. SDG 14 aims to reduce all marine
pollution by 2025 and to conserve marine and coastal ecosystems by 2020. Management plans will be
implemented to prevent over-fishing, illegal fishing, and to rehabilitate marine life.

The UN has defined 10 targets and 10 indicators for SDG 14 that include preventing and reducing marine
pollution and ocean acidification, protecting marine and coastal ecosystems, and regulating fishing. The targets also
call for an increase in scientific knowledge of the oceans.Some targets have a target year of 2020, some have a
target year of 2025 and some have no end year. Some targets are as :

 Reduce marine pollution

 Protect and restore ecosystems
 Reduce ocean acidification
 Sustainable fishing
 Conserve coastal and marine areas
 End subsidies contributing to overfishing
 Increase the economic benefits from sustainable use of marine resources
 Implement and enforce international sea law

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Q2. Write about the three domains of SDGs ?

Sustainable development, or sustainability, has been described in terms of three spheres, dimensions,
domains or pillars, i.e. the environment, the economy and society. ... It has also been worded as “economic,
environmental and social” or “ecology, economy and equity”.

Q3. Which goal mainly deals with the promotion of peaceful and inclusive societies ?

Goal 16 of the Sustainable Development Goals is dedicated to the promotion of peaceful and inclusive
societies for sustainable development, the provision of access to justice for all, and building effective,
accountable institutions at all level.

Q4. Pick out one theme of any goal and explain how AI can help in achieving the goal ?

Q5. Where and in which year were these SDGs set ?

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development — adopted
by world leaders in September 2015 at an historic the UN Sustainable Development Summit in New York

Q6. The SDGs are intended to be achieved by which year ?

The SDGs were set up in 2015 by the United Nations General Assembly and are
intended to be achieved by the year 2030. The 17 Goals were adopted by all UN
Member States in 2015. They are included in a UN Resolution called the 2030
Agenda or what is colloquially known as Agenda 2030.

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Chapter Name - Squares and Square roots

Q1. Which of the following will have 6 at unit place in their square?
a)1929
b)1106
c)2473
d) 1305
Q2. Which of the following digit can’t be at the unit place of a perfect square
number?
a)4
b)5
c) 8
d) 9

As we know that all the perfect square number ends with 1,4,9,6,5,00
So, a number having 2,3,7 or 8 at unit's place is never a perfect square.

Or

It is very easy to predict the ones digit of the square of any number, N:

 If N ends with a zero, its square N^2 must end with zero.
1. If N ends with a one, its square N^2 must end with one.
2. If N ends with a two, its square N^2 must end with four.
3. If N ends with a three, its square N^2 must end with nine.
4. If N ends with a four, its square N^2 must end with six.
5. If N ends with a five, its square N^2 must end with five.
6. If N ends with a six, its square N^2 must end with six.
7. If N ends with a seven, its square N^2 must end with nine.
8. If N ends with an eight, its square N^2 must end with six.
9. If N ends with a nine, its square N^2 must end with one.
The only possible ones-digits for a perfect square are: [014569].
Therefore, a perfect square cannot end with: [2,3,7,8].
Also note that the square root is irrational, for any number that ends in 2, 3, 7, or 8.

Q3. Find the value of x for 5X = 89 2 – 79 2 is equal to:

a)850
b)880
c)840
d) None of the above
Q4. Which one is the least square number divisible by each of the number 4,
8 and 12?
a)121
b)144
c)169
d) 400
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 For any number to be exactly divisible by 4,8, and 12, that number has to be exactly
divisible by the L.C.M. of those three numbers.

Now 4 = 2^2, 8 = 2^3 and 12 = 2^2 . 3

Therefore, L.C.M. of 4, 8 and 12 = 2^3 . 3 = 24

To find that number which is the smallest square number, we will take integral multiples
of the L.C.M. and check for the squareness of each of the multiples so obtained at
every step. The first number that will be a square will be the smallest square number.

24 x 1 = 24 (not a square)

24 x 2 = 48 (not a square)

24 x 3 = 72 (not a square)

24 x 4 = 96 (not a square)

24 x 5 = 120 (not a square)

24 x 6 = 144 = 12^2

Therefore, since 144 is the square of 12, 144 is the smallest square number which is
divisible by 4, 8, and 12 (Proved).

Q5. The sum of 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 +19

is: a)121
b)120
c)100
d) 110

1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 +19
Total consecutive odd numbers = 10
Thus n = 10
Therefore sum = n × n
= 10× 10 = 100

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 ASSIGNMENT ENGLISH

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable options.

Answer:
1. Mita attempted to jump (to jump/jumps) the queue.
2. Manoj swore never to reveal (reveal/to reveal) my secret.
3. Mohan agreed to reconsider (reconsidered/to reconsider) the decision.
4. Nidhi has offered to pick (to pick/picked) his friend from the station.
5. Nina hesitated to lend (lend/to lend) him money.
6. Jamal is not prepared to accept (to accept/accepts) his fault.
7. Farida refused to grant (grant/to grant) his permission.
8. Rita tried to help (to help/help) him.

2. Fill in the blanks using to + the right forms of the verbs in the box.

Answer:
1. Did you try to open the door without the key?
2. My mother promised to buy me a microscope.
3. The principal refused to let the students go to Shimla.
4. Did you remember to wish Suman? It was her birthday yesterday.
5. Dini is planning to go abroad for her higher studies.
6. Did you ask Uncle Mohan to bring you some toys?
7. It is difficult to explain our feelings to our parents.
8. We can take NH 47 to drive from Kanyakumari to Salem.
9. Mother seems to prefer Chinese food.
10. The cake was too hot to eat.

3. Combine each pair of the following sentences using too or enough and
an infinitive form of a suitable verb. One has been done for you.

Answer:
1.This basket is too small to hold twenty apples.
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2.The water is too cold to swim in it.
3. The bed was big enough to hold the three of us.
4. My bag is too small to hold all mv books.
5. It is too late to visit them today.
6. My school is too far for me to walk to school every day.

4. Fill in the blanks with suitable options given in brackets. One has been
done for you.

Answer:
Mrs. Varma helped the boys of class VIII enact (enact/to enact) the play, The
Merchant of Venice. She would not let anyone waste (waste/to waste) time.
One of the boys in the class was very nervous. He was not very confident he
could play (play/to play) his part well. He observed others enact (enact/to
enact) their parts with ease. Mrs. Varma asked him to recite (recite/to recite)
his lines. When he faltered, the teacher helped the boy learn (leam/to learn)
the dialogue. Mrs. Varma watched the boy regain (regain/to regain) his
confidence. He heard his friends cheer (cheer/to cheer) him. She had the
boys rehearse (rehearse/to rehearse) the play several times.

5. Combine the following pairs of sentences by making use of

participles. The first one has been done for you.

Answer:
1. Having reached the city, Mohan looked for a place to stay.
2. Seeing a decent hotel, he walked towards it.
3. Having met the manager, he was sure of getting a room.
4. Having taken his suitcase, the attendant asked Mohan to follow him.
5. Finding the suitcase difficult to carry, he walked very slowly.
6. Slipping on a step, he fell down with a thud.
7. Helping the man get up. Mohan asked him how he had fallen down.
8. Muttering something inaudible, he smiled sheepishly.

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6. Underline the wrong words in the following sentences and write the
right words in the blanks provided. One has been done for you.

Answer:
1. I am interested in travel to exotic destinations. traveling
2. I succeeded in convince him to come with us. convincing
3. He apologized for bother her. bothering
4. He insisted on write a letter to the president. ” writing
5. She is thinking of take up a job here. taking
6. She doesn’t feel like leave her hometown. leaving

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets.

Akira, Sneha, Deepali and Sushmita are in the Crooked Forest in

Poland, having (have) a picnic. They chose this spot because Sneha wanted
to see (see) the crooked trees growing (grow) there.
The forest gets its name from its oddly-shaped pine trees. The trees have a
90-degree bend at the base of their trunks. Then they curve
upwards making (make) giant C’s with their trunks. All the trees bend
northward at their base.
It is believed that a group of farmers planted these trees in 1930. They
manipulated the trees into bending (bend) this way.
We think they did this to get (get) naturally curved timber which can be used
to make (make) boats.
There are about 400 trees like this in the forest. This forest is surrounded by a
larger forest which has straight growing (grow) pine trees.

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