Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming - 2

Chapter-2 Revision Tour -II

Python Revision Tour –II
In this tutorial we will discuss the following topics

S.No. Topics

1 Python: String
2 Python: List
3 Python: Tuple
4 Python: Dictionaries

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Python: String

What is String?

A string is a sequence of characters. Strings are basically just a bunch of words.

Strings are immutable. It means that the contents of the string cannot be changed
after it is created.

A literal/constant value to a string can be assigned using a single quotes, double

quotes or triple quotes.

Declaring a string in python

>>>myString = “String Manipulation”

>>>mystring

Output: String Manipulation

Traversing a string:-

Traversing refers to iterating through the elements of a string, one character at a

time. A string can be traversed using: for loop or while loop. For Example:

myname =”Amjad”

for ch in myname:

print (ch, end=‘-‘)

The above code will print:

A-m-j-a-d-

Access String with subscripts:

Let us understand with the help of an example:

myString = “PYTHON”
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OUTPUT:

Important points about accessing elements in the strings using subscripts:

Positive Index 0 1 2 3 4 5
myString ‘P’ ‘Y’ ‘T’ ‘H’ ‘O’ ‘N’
Negative Index -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

 Positive subscript helps in accessing the string from the beginning

 Negative subscript helps in accessing the string from the end.
 Subscript 0 or negative n (where n is length of the string) displays the first
element.
Example : A[0] or A[-6] will display ‘P’
 Subscript 1 or –ve (n-1) displays the second element.
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More on string Slicing:-
 The general form is: strName [start : end]
 start and end must both be integers
o - The substring begins at index start
o - The substring ends before index end
 The letter at index end is not included
Let us understand with the help of an example:
Positive Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
String A P Y t h o n P r o g
Negative Index -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

Lets we consider a string A= ’Python Prog’

S.No. Example OUTPUT Explanation
The print statement prints the
1 print (A [1 : 3]) Yt substring starting from subscript 1
and ending at subscript 2
Prints the substring starting from
2 print (A [3 : ]) hon Prog
subscript 3 to till the end of the string
The print statement extract the
3 print (A [ : 3]) Pyt substring before the third index
starting from the beginning
Omitting both the indices, directs the
python interpreter to extract the
4 print (A [ : ]) Python Prog
entire string starting from 0 till the
last index
For negative indices the python
interpreter counts from the right
5 print (A [-2 : ]) og
side. So the last two letters are
printed.
It extracts the substring form the
beginning. Since the negative index
6 print (A[ : -2]) Python Pr indicates slicing from the end of the
string. So the entire string except the
last two letters is printed.
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String methods & built in functions:-
Lets Consider two Strings: str1="Save Earth" and str2='welcome'
Syntax Description Example
len ( ) Return the length of the >>> print (len(str1))
string 10
capitalize ( ) Return the exact copy of >>>print (str2.capitalize())
the string with the first Welcome
letter in upper case
isalnum() Returns True if the string >>>print(str1.isalnum())
contains only letters and FALSE
digit. It returns False ,If The function returns False as
the string contains any space is an alphanumeric
special character like _ , character.
>>>print('Save1Earth'.isalnum())
@,#,* etc.
TRUE
isalpha() Returns True if the string >>> print('Click123'.isalpha())
contains only letters. FALSE
Otherwise return False. >>> print('python'.isalpha())
TRUE
isdigit() Returns True if the string >>>print (str2.isdigit())
contains only numbers. FALSE
Otherwise it returns
False.
lower() Returns the exact copy of >>>print (str1.lower())
the string with all the save earth
letters in lowercase.
islower() Returns True if the string >>>print (str2.islower())
is in lowercase. TRUE
isupper() Returns True if the string >>>print (str2.isupper())
is in uppercase. FALSE
upper() Returns the exact copy of >>>print (str2.upper())
the string with all letters WELCOME
in uppercase.

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Python: List
 The list is a type of data in Python used to store multiple objects.
 It is an ordered and mutable collection of comma-separated items between
square brackets [ ]

Example:
myList = [10, None, True, "I am a student", 250, 0]

 Lists can be indexed and updated, Examples:

Here, index 1 (None) updated with value ‘?’

 Lists can be nested

Example:

Output: [1, 'a', ['list', 64, [0, 1], False]]

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 List elements and lists can be deleted
Example:

 Lists can be iterated through using the for loop

Example:

 The len() function may be used to check the list's length

Example:

 If you have a list l1, then the following assignment: l2 = l1 does not make a
copy of the l1 list, but makes the variables l1 and l2 point to one and the
same list in memory.
Example:

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 If you want to copy a list or part of the list, you can do it by performing
slicing:
Example

 You can use negative indices to perform slices, too.

Example:

 The start and end parameters are optional when performing a slice:
Example:

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 You can delete slices using the del instruction:

Example:

 You can test if some items exist in a list or not using the keywords in and not
in, Example:

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Python: Tuple

 Tuples are ordered and unchangeable (immutable) collections of data. They can
be thought of as immutable lists. They are written in round brackets ( ):

Example:

OUTPUT: (1, 2, True, 'a student', (3, 4), [5, 6], None)

OUTPUT: [1, 2, True, 'a tupleString', (3, 4), [5, 6], None]

Each tuple element may be of a different type (i.e., integers, strings, booleans, etc.).

What is more, tuples can contain other tuples or lists (and the other way round).

 You can create an empty tuple like this:

Example:

OUTPUT: <class 'tuple'>

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 A one-element tuple may be created as follows:

Example:

Note: If you remove the comma, you will tell Python interpreter to create a variable,
not a tuple:

OUTPUT: <class 'tuple'>

OUTPUT: <class 'int'>

 You can access tuple elements by indexing them:

Example:

OUTPUT: [3, 4]

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 Tuples are immutable, which means you cannot change their elements (you
cannot append tuples, or modify, or remove tuple elements).

The following snippet will cause an exception:

TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

 However, you can delete a tuple as a whole:

NameError: name 'myTuple' is not defined

 Tuple can be iterated through using the for loop

 You can loop through a tuple elements

OUTPUT: 1 2 3

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 check if a specific element is (not)present in a tuple

OUTPUT: False

True

 use the len() function to check how many elements there are in a tuple

OUTPUT: Length of given tuple is: 4

 or even join/multiply tuples

OUTPUT:

join of t1 and t2 is: (1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4)

Multiplication of tuple t3 by 2: (1, 2, 3, 5, 1, 2, 3, 5)

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 You can also create a tuple using a Python built-in function called tuple(). This
is particularly useful when you want to convert a certain iterable (e.g., a list,
range, string, etc.) to a tuple:

OUTPUT: (1, 2, 'computer')

OUTPUT: [2, 4, 6]

OUTPUT: <class 'list'>

OUTPUT: (2, 4, 6)

OUTPUT: <class 'tuple'>

 By the same fashion, when you want to convert an iterable to a list, you can
use a Python built-in function called list():

OUTPUT: <class 'list'>

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Python: Dictionaries
 Dictionaries are unordered, changeable (mutable), and indexed collections of
data. (Note: In Python 3.6x dictionaries have become ordered by default).
 Each dictionary is a set of key: value pairs.
 You can create it by using the following Syntax:

my_dict = {'key1': 'value1','key2': 'value2','key3': 'value3'…'keyn': 'valuen'}

Dictionary Keys

 A dictionary as an unordered set of key: value pairs

 Dictionary keys must be unique
o A key in a dictionary is like an index in a list
o Python must know exactly which value you want
 Keys can be of any data type
o As long as it is immutable

Dictionary Values

 Dictionary keys have many rules, but the values do not have many restrictions
 They do not have to be unique
 They can be mutable or immutable

To Create Empty Dictionary:

 The function dict ( ) is used to create a new dictionary with no items. This
function is called built-in function. OR
 We can also create dictionary using { }.

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Example:

OUTPUT: { }

 To create a dictionary, use curly braces, and a colon (:) to separate keys from
their value
Example:

OUTPUT: {'input': 'keybord', 'output': 'monitor', 'language':

'python', 'os': 'windows- 8'}

In the above example

input, output, language and os are the keys of dictionary
keyboard, monitor, python and windows- 8 are values.
 If you want to access a dictionary item, you can do so by making a reference to
its key inside a pair of square brackets.
Example:

OUTPUT: monitor
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 By using the get() method
Example:

OUTPUT: python

 If you want to change the value associated with a specific key, you can do so by
referring to the item's key name in the following way:
Example:

In this example we change the value

associated with output key to printer
(i.e. change monitor to printer)

OUTPUT: printer

 To add or remove a key (and the associated value), use the following syntax:
Example:

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OUTPUT: Dictionary after adding new value {'input':
'keybord', 'output': 'monitor', 'language': 'python', 'os':
'windows- 8', 'memory': 'HDD'}

Dictionary after deletion {'input': 'keybord', 'output':

'monitor', 'language': 'python', 'os': 'windows- 8'}

 You can also insert an item to a dictionary by using the update() method, and
remove the last element by using the popitem() method

Example:

update() method add new pair-value(i.e. ‘network’:’ wi –

fi’ ) to the dictionary and

popitem() remove the last element from the dictionary.

OUTPUT: {'input': 'keybord', 'output': 'monitor', 'language': 'python', 'os':

'windows- 8', 'network': 'wi-fi'}

{'input': 'keybord', 'output': 'monitor', 'language': 'python', 'os': 'windows- 8'}

 You can use the for loop to loop through a dictionary

OUTPUT: input
Example:
output

language

os
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 If you want to loop through a dictionary's keys and values, you can use
the items() method

Example:

OUTPUT: input : keybord

output : monitor

language : python

os : windows- 8

 To check if a given key exists in a dictionary, you can use the in keyword:

Example:

OUTPUT: Yes

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 You can use the del keyword to remove a specific item, or delete a dictionary.
 To remove all the dictionary's items, you need to use the clear() method:

Example:

 To copy a dictionary, use the copy() method:

Example:

OUTPUT: Copied Dictionary: {'input': 'keybord', 'output':

'monitor', 'language': 'python', 'os': 'windows- 8'}

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